Wildfires Are Killing California's Ancient Giants. Can Seedlings Save the Species?
Fat Bear Week Would Be Postponed by a Government Shutdown
Elevated Park Will Connect Crissy Field With Presidio
Severe Effect From Climate Change Predicted in National Parks
National Park Service Proposes Yosemite Entry Fee Hike: $70 Per Car
A Fight for the Future of Point Reyes
National Parks Have Some Work to Do to Become ‘Parks for All’
Can California Burn its Way Out of its Wildfire Problem?
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Can Seedlings Save the Species?","publishDate":1709035213,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Wildfires Are Killing California’s Ancient Giants. Can Seedlings Save the Species? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>On a late autumn day, a team of forestry workers spreads out among the burned trunks of giant sequoia trees. The 1,000-year-old trees in the grove are dead but still standing, killed in an extreme wildfire that raced through Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the shadow of one of the trees, the crew gets to work, pulling tiny, 4-inch seedlings out of bags clipped to their belts and tucking them into the dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wish it some luck, and that’s it,” says Micah Craig of the Eastern Sierra Conservation Corps, standing back to look at the young sequoia. He then grabs another seedling, part of a historic planting effort that the National Park Service hopes will be enough to preserve one of the world’s most iconic species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991564\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1991564 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ecologists estimate that up to 14,000 sequoias have been killed in recent wildfires, a shocking number for a species that was thought to survive most fires. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over only two years, about one-fifth of all giant sequoias have been killed in extreme wildfires in California. The numbers shocked ecologists since the enormous trees can live more than 2,000 years and have evolved to live with frequent, low-intensity fires in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent fires have burned bigger and more intensely than sequoias are accustomed to, a result of the way humans have changed the forest. After the 2020 and 2021 fires, scientists watched the sequoia groves to see if the next generation of trees is emerging to replace their lost parents. In some places, seedlings are filling the forest floor. In others, fewer are emerging from the burned soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smaller numbers of seedlings concerned scientists and the National Park Service. So, in a historic step, the agency, for the first time, has begun replanting some severely burned areas. With a life span of thousands of years, the new seedlings will grow up in a climate that’s rapidly changing. So, park officials are bringing in seedlings from other sequoia groves, ones that may have the genetic tools to handle a more hostile future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991565\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991565\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"1305\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85-800x803.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85-1020x1024.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85-160x161.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85-768x771.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With so many ancient trees killed, the National Park Service has sprouted hundreds of sequoia seedlings to replant the severely burned areas, along with other species normally found there like white fir and sugar pines. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project has run into opposition. A handful of conservation groups are suing to halt the effort, arguing that such intervention shouldn’t occur in an area designated as federal wilderness and that the sequoia trees could possibly regenerate adequately on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate is one occurring on public lands across the country as the impacts of climate change get worse. Land managers face a key question: As humans take an increasing toll on natural landscapes, how far should we go to fix it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991551\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991551\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sequoia National Park was created in 1890 to protect the mammoth trees for the public. Along with Kings Canyon National Park, the two parks are home to about 40% of all sequoias. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A carpet of green\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Hopeful signs have emerged in the wake of the KNP Complex Fire, which tore through Sequoia National Park in 2021. The forest floor is still scorched black, but in some areas, thousands of lime-green sequoia seedlings have sprung up a few inches high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s awesome,” says Christy Brigham, chief of resources management and science at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. “This is what has happened for millennia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lifecycle of sequoias is bound to fire. The massive trees, often 15 feet around, are protected from the heat by a thick, shaggy bark. Their lowest branches are far from the forest floor, reducing the chances they’ll ignite when smaller trees burn. And when a fire’s heat rises, the sequoias’ cones open up, releasing thousands of seeds. Those seeds sprout quickly in the newly cleared soil below their parent trees. Most of the seedlings will die, eventually leaving only one or two giant trees centuries from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991566\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1991566 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85-800x264.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85-1020x337.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85-768x253.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some areas of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks show a carpet of green — thousands of sequoia seedlings poking a few inches above the ground. In more severely burned areas, there are fewer emerging from the soil. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Lots of bad things are going to happen to these,” Brigham says, looking down at the carpet of green. “Another fire, fire after fire, before they get that big. Dead trees are going to fall on them. So they make a lot. A lot, a lot, a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High above, the thousand-year-old sequoias in this part of Redwood Mountain Grove are still alive, their broccoli-shaped tops still green. The fire burned at low or moderate intensity here because the forest floor was relatively clear of brush and other vegetation that could burn. National Park Service crews had previously done prescribed burns, purposely using fire to remove the dry, dead fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991567\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991567\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sequoia trees are susceptible to heat and drought, conditions that are expected to get more extreme as the climate keeps changing. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Gates of Mordor\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Farther down the trail, it’s a different story. Many of the giant sequoias have little or no green foliage left, their bare, jagged branches rising high above the rest of the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have now arrived at the location we call the Gates of Mordor,” Brigham says. “These trees are not coming back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The KNP Complex Fire roared up this sequoia grove in less than a day. Fire crews made a last-ditch effort to save some of the enormous trees, clearing the vegetation around them as the flames moved in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was horrible,” Brigham says. “I don’t think I’ve cried so much in my entire life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991568\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991568\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smaller pines and other trees, killed in California’s extreme droughts, acted as kindling in recent wildfires, fueling the intense burning. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The forest here was primed to burn. Historically, the Sierra Nevada saw regular low-grade wildfires caused by lightning strikes and set by Native American tribes \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/24/899422710/to-manage-wildfire-california-looks-to-what-tribes-have-known-all-along\">who shaped the landscape through controlled burning\u003c/a>. But for the last century, humans have extinguished wildfires, allowing dead and dry vegetation to build up on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme drought, exacerbated by climate change, has also led to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r5/news-events/?cid=FSEPRD1088646\">millions of smaller trees dying\u003c/a> in recent years. Water-stressed pines and other trees were more vulnerable to attacks from bark beetles. Researchers found that the \u003ca href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2023/09/25/uc-irvine-scientists-reveal-what-fuels-wildfires-in-sierra-nevada-mountains/\">dead trees acted as kindling, contributing to the extreme heat\u003c/a> and intensity of the KNP Complex Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with two other extreme fires in 2020–21, between \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/2021-fire-season-impacts-to-giant-sequoias.htm\">13% and 19% of all giant sequoias were killed\u003c/a>, up to more than 14,000 trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991569\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991569\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/following1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christy Brigham walks through Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have never seen anything like this in giant sequoia,” Brigham says. “Large giant sequoias, before now, survived wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many giant trees gone, teams from several federal agencies turned to another key issue: the next generation of sequoias. They surveyed how many seedlings are growing below the burned trees. \u003ca href=\"https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/view/5433/\">Two\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/view/5457/\">studies\u003c/a> from scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey found that some of the severely burned areas have lower densities of sequoia seedlings compared to the numbers found after previous fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brigham says it’s possible that too many sequoia cones and their seeds burned up in the fire. But with fewer adult trees left alive to make seeds in the future, there’s a risk some of this sequoia grove won’t come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These parks were in part established to conserve sequoias,” Brigham says. “What would it mean for that mission if we did nothing here?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991570\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991570\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mules and horses are stationed at a trailhead to help transport seedlings deep into the park. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A replanting effort begins\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the late afternoon, a line of mules winds its way through the burned sequoia grove. On their backs, they carry boxes of sequoia seedlings deep into the backcountry. A crew from the Eastern Sierra Conservation Corps takes the seedlings on the last steps of their journey, searching for planting spots that offer some protection from the upcoming summer heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Planting sequoias, that’s a legacy thing. Something we were all stoked to do that will transcend after us,” says crew member Micah Craig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991571\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991571\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85-800x367.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85-1020x468.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85-768x352.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Micah Craig and a team from the Eastern Sierra Conservation Corps replant sequoia seedlings. Some are from groves already experiencing hotter, drier conditions, which could give them a better shot at withstanding climate change. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of these sequoia seedlings were grown from seeds collected from this same grove. But 20% come from seeds collected from other groves. Sequoia seedlings are vulnerable to heat and drought, conditions that will get more extreme as the climate keeps changing. With that in mind, managers selected seeds from groves at lower elevations that already naturally live in hotter conditions. The idea is to increase the genetic diversity in case those trees are better adapted to a hotter, drier future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the ability to give this grove a little bit of a bigger toolkit for adapting to changing conditions, and that’s what we’re trying to do,” Brigham says. “We’re asking a lot of these trees to survive for 400 years, 1,000 years, and they can do it, but let’s give them a little help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991572\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991572\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mule train delivers boxes of sequoia seedlings through shrubs that have sprung up in the wake of the KNP Complex Fire. Sequoia seedlings do best in the first few years after a fire when there’s little vegetation to shade them out. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The technique, known as “assisted gene flow,” has been used in a handful of cases already to \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2110559118\">help coral survive a hotter climate\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanforests.org/article/the-race-to-save-the-whitebark-pine/\">whitebark pine trees resist disease\u003c/a>. It’s part of a larger toolkit land managers are beginning to consider as ecosystems struggle to keep up with climate change. The National Park Service has developed a new framework for considering when to intervene, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/climatechange/resistacceptdirect.htm\">“resist, accept, or direct\u003c/a>,” acknowledging that some ecosystems will need help to resist changes, while in others, change may be inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lawsuit filed to stop replanting\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A group of four conservation groups \u003ca href=\"https://wildernesswatch.org/lawsuit-filed-to-protect-seki\">is suing to halt the project\u003c/a>, contending that because the sequoia groves are protected under the federal Wilderness Act, a higher level of intervention isn’t appropriate. They argue that having wilderness protection means the land should remain untouched, even if that means losing sequoias there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to allow nature some places where human beings aren’t trying to be the managers, aren’t trying to be the gardeners,” says George Nickas, executive director of Wilderness Watch, one of the groups that filed suit. “Because we’re the ones that messed it up, it doesn’t flow that we’re the ones to fix it. That’s that sort of arrogance of humanism, if you will. That’s when we need to learn to step back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1991573\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wilderness Act specifies that protected areas should be “untrammeled by man.” That framing has frustrated Native American tribes in California, which shaped the landscape for millennia with cultural, or prescribed, burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service doesn’t comment on pending lawsuits. But \u003ca href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=342&projectID=107200&documentID=131953\">in public documents\u003c/a>, it responded that language in the Wilderness Act mandates that the land be “protected and managed so as to preserve its natural conditions,” and the act doesn’t infringe on the agency’s responsibility to preserve the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation groups’ lawsuit also contends that sequoias in severely burned areas could regenerate on their own. Sequoia seedlings tend to do best in places that have burned more intensely since it clears out vegetation that shades the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not worried about it because the system is massively and redundantly resilient to these sorts of disturbances,” says Chad Hanson, director of the John Muir Project, another group that joined the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991574\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991574\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“These parks were in part established to conserve sequoias,” says Christy Brigham of the National Park Service. “What would it mean for that mission if we did nothing here?” \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hanson contends that any number of sequoia seedlings, no matter how low, is adequate for the groves to endure into the future. However, numerous scientific studies show that sequoia seedlings have high rates of mortality over the first few centuries of life, with more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47941096#page/20/mode/1up\">90% dying in the first 20 years alone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In proposing the project, the National Park Service says climate change poses an even greater risk that sequoia seedlings will struggle to get established. Hanson says he’d prefer that the park service monitor the seedlings’ survival before making a decision to replant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I would say is if they start dying at high levels, which is inconsistent with the data we’ve had up until this point, then I would have to evaluate my assumptions and maybe would need to do something there,” Hanson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991575\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991575\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Light streams through the trees in Grant Grove in Kings Canyon National Park. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The debate is a sign of the increasingly complex decisions land managers are facing in a hotter climate. In the face of unprecedented impacts, the risk of losing species only worsens. Managers have to weigh bigger and bigger human interventions if they seek to preserve what’s left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brigham says that as one of the largest and longest-living species on the planet, giant sequoia trees are forcing that conversation to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You cannot look at them without thinking about 1,000 years in the future,” Brigham says. “They demand better of us. And I think we need that. We need those species that are being impacted by climate change that we love to be, like, hey, I think you can do better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wildfires+are+killing+California%27s+ancient+giants.+Can+seedlings+save+the+species%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Extreme wildfires have destroyed about one-fifth of all giant sequoia trees. To safeguard their future, the National Park Service is planting seedlings that could better survive a hotter climate.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1709058199,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":44,"wordCount":2423},"headData":{"title":"Wildfires Are Killing California's Ancient Giants. Can Seedlings Save the Species? | KQED","description":"Extreme wildfires have destroyed about one-fifth of all giant sequoia trees. To safeguard their future, the National Park Service is planting seedlings that could better survive a hotter climate.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Wildfires Are Killing California's Ancient Giants. Can Seedlings Save the Species?","datePublished":"2024-02-27T12:00:13.000Z","dateModified":"2024-02-27T18:23:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Ryan Kellman","nprByline":"\u003ca>Lauren Sommer, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/513324587/ryan-kellman\">Ryan Kellman","nprImageAgency":"NPR","nprStoryId":"1232963498","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1232963498&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2024/02/26/1232963498/sequoias-wildfires-climate-change-replanting?ft=nprml&f=1232963498","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 26 Feb 2024 05:00:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 26 Feb 2024 05:00:10 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 26 Feb 2024 05:00:10 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1991547/wildfires-are-killing-californias-ancient-giants-can-seedlings-save-the-species","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a late autumn day, a team of forestry workers spreads out among the burned trunks of giant sequoia trees. The 1,000-year-old trees in the grove are dead but still standing, killed in an extreme wildfire that raced through Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the shadow of one of the trees, the crew gets to work, pulling tiny, 4-inch seedlings out of bags clipped to their belts and tucking them into the dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wish it some luck, and that’s it,” says Micah Craig of the Eastern Sierra Conservation Corps, standing back to look at the young sequoia. He then grabs another seedling, part of a historic planting effort that the National Park Service hopes will be enough to preserve one of the world’s most iconic species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991564\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1991564 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9999_custom-97507e99af8b762a4029b26d5427f402a20fca1d-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ecologists estimate that up to 14,000 sequoias have been killed in recent wildfires, a shocking number for a species that was thought to survive most fires. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over only two years, about one-fifth of all giant sequoias have been killed in extreme wildfires in California. The numbers shocked ecologists since the enormous trees can live more than 2,000 years and have evolved to live with frequent, low-intensity fires in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent fires have burned bigger and more intensely than sequoias are accustomed to, a result of the way humans have changed the forest. After the 2020 and 2021 fires, scientists watched the sequoia groves to see if the next generation of trees is emerging to replace their lost parents. In some places, seedlings are filling the forest floor. In others, fewer are emerging from the burned soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smaller numbers of seedlings concerned scientists and the National Park Service. So, in a historic step, the agency, for the first time, has begun replanting some severely burned areas. With a life span of thousands of years, the new seedlings will grow up in a climate that’s rapidly changing. So, park officials are bringing in seedlings from other sequoia groves, ones that may have the genetic tools to handle a more hostile future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991565\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991565\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"1305\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85-800x803.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85-1020x1024.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85-160x161.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/triptych-copy_custom-aba63a380fe8b5154c5bbefa59a5d34391c14706-s1300-c85-768x771.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With so many ancient trees killed, the National Park Service has sprouted hundreds of sequoia seedlings to replant the severely burned areas, along with other species normally found there like white fir and sugar pines. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project has run into opposition. A handful of conservation groups are suing to halt the effort, arguing that such intervention shouldn’t occur in an area designated as federal wilderness and that the sequoia trees could possibly regenerate adequately on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate is one occurring on public lands across the country as the impacts of climate change get worse. Land managers face a key question: As humans take an increasing toll on natural landscapes, how far should we go to fix it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991551\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991551\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0143-4701444110d81d883803d7f55e030103ea55df99-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sequoia National Park was created in 1890 to protect the mammoth trees for the public. Along with Kings Canyon National Park, the two parks are home to about 40% of all sequoias. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A carpet of green\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Hopeful signs have emerged in the wake of the KNP Complex Fire, which tore through Sequoia National Park in 2021. The forest floor is still scorched black, but in some areas, thousands of lime-green sequoia seedlings have sprung up a few inches high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s awesome,” says Christy Brigham, chief of resources management and science at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. “This is what has happened for millennia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lifecycle of sequoias is bound to fire. The massive trees, often 15 feet around, are protected from the heat by a thick, shaggy bark. Their lowest branches are far from the forest floor, reducing the chances they’ll ignite when smaller trees burn. And when a fire’s heat rises, the sequoias’ cones open up, releasing thousands of seeds. Those seeds sprout quickly in the newly cleared soil below their parent trees. Most of the seedlings will die, eventually leaving only one or two giant trees centuries from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991566\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1991566 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85-800x264.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85-1020x337.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/sap_1_custom-3e6531fb937b4d33bb53fd0ded107ff441cb96f7-s1300-c85-768x253.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some areas of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks show a carpet of green — thousands of sequoia seedlings poking a few inches above the ground. In more severely burned areas, there are fewer emerging from the soil. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Lots of bad things are going to happen to these,” Brigham says, looking down at the carpet of green. “Another fire, fire after fire, before they get that big. Dead trees are going to fall on them. So they make a lot. A lot, a lot, a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High above, the thousand-year-old sequoias in this part of Redwood Mountain Grove are still alive, their broccoli-shaped tops still green. The fire burned at low or moderate intensity here because the forest floor was relatively clear of brush and other vegetation that could burn. National Park Service crews had previously done prescribed burns, purposely using fire to remove the dry, dead fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991567\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991567\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0097_custom-4221da9369a4b356244c27dca988397cdbe1d694-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sequoia trees are susceptible to heat and drought, conditions that are expected to get more extreme as the climate keeps changing. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Gates of Mordor\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Farther down the trail, it’s a different story. Many of the giant sequoias have little or no green foliage left, their bare, jagged branches rising high above the rest of the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have now arrived at the location we call the Gates of Mordor,” Brigham says. “These trees are not coming back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The KNP Complex Fire roared up this sequoia grove in less than a day. Fire crews made a last-ditch effort to save some of the enormous trees, clearing the vegetation around them as the flames moved in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was horrible,” Brigham says. “I don’t think I’ve cried so much in my entire life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991568\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991568\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0086_custom-25e1a08104985a1944cd691c3b94db2c2791b3f0-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smaller pines and other trees, killed in California’s extreme droughts, acted as kindling in recent wildfires, fueling the intense burning. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The forest here was primed to burn. Historically, the Sierra Nevada saw regular low-grade wildfires caused by lightning strikes and set by Native American tribes \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/24/899422710/to-manage-wildfire-california-looks-to-what-tribes-have-known-all-along\">who shaped the landscape through controlled burning\u003c/a>. But for the last century, humans have extinguished wildfires, allowing dead and dry vegetation to build up on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme drought, exacerbated by climate change, has also led to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r5/news-events/?cid=FSEPRD1088646\">millions of smaller trees dying\u003c/a> in recent years. Water-stressed pines and other trees were more vulnerable to attacks from bark beetles. Researchers found that the \u003ca href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2023/09/25/uc-irvine-scientists-reveal-what-fuels-wildfires-in-sierra-nevada-mountains/\">dead trees acted as kindling, contributing to the extreme heat\u003c/a> and intensity of the KNP Complex Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with two other extreme fires in 2020–21, between \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/2021-fire-season-impacts-to-giant-sequoias.htm\">13% and 19% of all giant sequoias were killed\u003c/a>, up to more than 14,000 trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991569\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991569\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/following1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christy Brigham walks through Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have never seen anything like this in giant sequoia,” Brigham says. “Large giant sequoias, before now, survived wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many giant trees gone, teams from several federal agencies turned to another key issue: the next generation of sequoias. They surveyed how many seedlings are growing below the burned trees. \u003ca href=\"https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/view/5433/\">Two\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/view/5457/\">studies\u003c/a> from scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey found that some of the severely burned areas have lower densities of sequoia seedlings compared to the numbers found after previous fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brigham says it’s possible that too many sequoia cones and their seeds burned up in the fire. But with fewer adult trees left alive to make seeds in the future, there’s a risk some of this sequoia grove won’t come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These parks were in part established to conserve sequoias,” Brigham says. “What would it mean for that mission if we did nothing here?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991570\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991570\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9920_custom-51f8b8e47a06557d1b51bf3d56ece980a640df23-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mules and horses are stationed at a trailhead to help transport seedlings deep into the park. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A replanting effort begins\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the late afternoon, a line of mules winds its way through the burned sequoia grove. On their backs, they carry boxes of sequoia seedlings deep into the backcountry. A crew from the Eastern Sierra Conservation Corps takes the seedlings on the last steps of their journey, searching for planting spots that offer some protection from the upcoming summer heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Planting sequoias, that’s a legacy thing. Something we were all stoked to do that will transcend after us,” says crew member Micah Craig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991571\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991571\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85-800x367.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85-1020x468.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/dip2_custom-73668552806d16ffb0c6dacae938e5f448bd74e8-s1300-c85-768x352.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Micah Craig and a team from the Eastern Sierra Conservation Corps replant sequoia seedlings. Some are from groves already experiencing hotter, drier conditions, which could give them a better shot at withstanding climate change. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of these sequoia seedlings were grown from seeds collected from this same grove. But 20% come from seeds collected from other groves. Sequoia seedlings are vulnerable to heat and drought, conditions that will get more extreme as the climate keeps changing. With that in mind, managers selected seeds from groves at lower elevations that already naturally live in hotter conditions. The idea is to increase the genetic diversity in case those trees are better adapted to a hotter, drier future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the ability to give this grove a little bit of a bigger toolkit for adapting to changing conditions, and that’s what we’re trying to do,” Brigham says. “We’re asking a lot of these trees to survive for 400 years, 1,000 years, and they can do it, but let’s give them a little help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991572\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991572\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a9959-2_custom-e9b7b11a792ea7cf1dc6e8b853ed55ebbbfb0a4d-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mule train delivers boxes of sequoia seedlings through shrubs that have sprung up in the wake of the KNP Complex Fire. Sequoia seedlings do best in the first few years after a fire when there’s little vegetation to shade them out. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The technique, known as “assisted gene flow,” has been used in a handful of cases already to \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2110559118\">help coral survive a hotter climate\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanforests.org/article/the-race-to-save-the-whitebark-pine/\">whitebark pine trees resist disease\u003c/a>. It’s part of a larger toolkit land managers are beginning to consider as ecosystems struggle to keep up with climate change. The National Park Service has developed a new framework for considering when to intervene, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/climatechange/resistacceptdirect.htm\">“resist, accept, or direct\u003c/a>,” acknowledging that some ecosystems will need help to resist changes, while in others, change may be inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lawsuit filed to stop replanting\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A group of four conservation groups \u003ca href=\"https://wildernesswatch.org/lawsuit-filed-to-protect-seki\">is suing to halt the project\u003c/a>, contending that because the sequoia groves are protected under the federal Wilderness Act, a higher level of intervention isn’t appropriate. They argue that having wilderness protection means the land should remain untouched, even if that means losing sequoias there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to allow nature some places where human beings aren’t trying to be the managers, aren’t trying to be the gardeners,” says George Nickas, executive director of Wilderness Watch, one of the groups that filed suit. “Because we’re the ones that messed it up, it doesn’t flow that we’re the ones to fix it. That’s that sort of arrogance of humanism, if you will. That’s when we need to learn to step back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1991573\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a9967_custom-bd62b7ff8767a0ef8b596749df9464c66cc5b2af-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wilderness Act specifies that protected areas should be “untrammeled by man.” That framing has frustrated Native American tribes in California, which shaped the landscape for millennia with cultural, or prescribed, burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service doesn’t comment on pending lawsuits. But \u003ca href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=342&projectID=107200&documentID=131953\">in public documents\u003c/a>, it responded that language in the Wilderness Act mandates that the land be “protected and managed so as to preserve its natural conditions,” and the act doesn’t infringe on the agency’s responsibility to preserve the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation groups’ lawsuit also contends that sequoias in severely burned areas could regenerate on their own. Sequoia seedlings tend to do best in places that have burned more intensely since it clears out vegetation that shades the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not worried about it because the system is massively and redundantly resilient to these sorts of disturbances,” says Chad Hanson, director of the John Muir Project, another group that joined the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991574\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991574\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/0b6a0009_custom-fc1a11c18f2b2a5a05261042cce54f2e69a42616-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“These parks were in part established to conserve sequoias,” says Christy Brigham of the National Park Service. “What would it mean for that mission if we did nothing here?” \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hanson contends that any number of sequoia seedlings, no matter how low, is adequate for the groves to endure into the future. However, numerous scientific studies show that sequoia seedlings have high rates of mortality over the first few centuries of life, with more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47941096#page/20/mode/1up\">90% dying in the first 20 years alone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In proposing the project, the National Park Service says climate change poses an even greater risk that sequoia seedlings will struggle to get established. Hanson says he’d prefer that the park service monitor the seedlings’ survival before making a decision to replant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I would say is if they start dying at high levels, which is inconsistent with the data we’ve had up until this point, then I would have to evaluate my assumptions and maybe would need to do something there,” Hanson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991575\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991575\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/d9a0176-2_custom-564d5e3fb2efba9cd39533185311d638efd8c740-s1300-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Light streams through the trees in Grant Grove in Kings Canyon National Park. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The debate is a sign of the increasingly complex decisions land managers are facing in a hotter climate. In the face of unprecedented impacts, the risk of losing species only worsens. Managers have to weigh bigger and bigger human interventions if they seek to preserve what’s left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brigham says that as one of the largest and longest-living species on the planet, giant sequoia trees are forcing that conversation to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You cannot look at them without thinking about 1,000 years in the future,” Brigham says. “They demand better of us. And I think we need that. We need those species that are being impacted by climate change that we love to be, like, hey, I think you can do better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wildfires+are+killing+California%27s+ancient+giants.+Can+seedlings+save+the+species%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1991547/wildfires-are-killing-californias-ancient-giants-can-seedlings-save-the-species","authors":["byline_science_1991547"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4877","science_182","science_194","science_205","science_4417","science_4414","science_956"],"featImg":"science_1991548","label":"source_science_1991547"},"science_1984472":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984472","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984472","score":null,"sort":[1696090008000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fat-bear-week-would-be-postponed-by-a-government-shutdown","title":"Fat Bear Week Would Be Postponed by a Government Shutdown","publishDate":1696090008,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Fat Bear Week Would Be Postponed by a Government Shutdown | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s time for \u003ca href=\"https://explore.org/fat-bear-week\">Fat Bear Week\u003c/a>, when fans of famous behemoths like Otis, Holly and 747 vote for the plumpest bear in the land. This year’s competition runs from Oct. 4 through Oct. 10 — but it won’t start on time if Congress can’t reach a deal to avoid a partial government shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopefully a lapse doesn’t occur,” Katmai National Park and Preserve spokesperson Cynthia Hernandez told NPR on Friday. “However, should a lapse happen, we will need to postpone Fat Bear Week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deadline is looming: The government is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/09/29/1202474725/2023-government-shutdown-update\">set to run out of money\u003c/a> at the end of Sept. 30, meaning many federal employees would be put on unpaid furlough. During the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/28/680720032/national-parks-many-are-open-during-the-shutdown-their-bathrooms-not-so-much\">2018 shutdown\u003c/a>, some National Park Service locations were able to stay at least partially open, but they \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NatlParkService/status/1076468007688392706\">did not monitor or update social media\u003c/a> — a key component of Fat Bear Week.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>These bears woke up hangry\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever felt hangry, consider this: Brown bears in Alaska woke up this spring after not eating for about 6 months. And no, “hangry” might not be a technical term. But in this case, it’s apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the term I use,” media ranger Naomi Boak of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/katm/index.htm\">Katmai National Park and Preserve\u003c/a> told NPR, speaking from Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since this summer, when the sockeye salmon run began on the Brooks River, the bears have been feasting — and ballooning in size. In this competition, there can be only one — and they shall be rotund.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Which bears should people keep an eye out for?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Giants like 747 — whose name evokes the jumbo jet — and 480 Otis, a multiple Fat Bear Week \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/06/1043647458/fat-bear-week-champion-480-otis\">champion\u003c/a>, always impress. \u003ca href=\"https://explore.org/meet-the-bears\">This year’s bear bracket\u003c/a> also offers bios, with details about the large animals’ equally large personalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Brooks Falls - Katmai National Park, Alaska 2023 powered by EXPLORE.org\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HsLvnFQW_yM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two sisters and mothers, Bears 910 and 909, could make a big splash, Boak says. In a striking development, 910 is taking care of both bears’ cubs, after \u003ca href=\"https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/wildlife/2023/07/27/young-brown-bear-in-katmai-national-park-needed-a-family-so-an-aunt-adopted-her/\">adopting her sister’s offspring\u003c/a>, 909 Jr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s bear 164, whom the park rangers deem one of the most innovative bears. His fans know him as “Bucky Dent,” because of his unique forehead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is fishing where no other bear has dared to fish: right under the lip of the falls in front of what we call ‘the jacuzzi,’ which is where the most dominant bears like to fish,” Boak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He has grown enormously in the last year,” she said, “so I’d be on the lookout for him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2023 bear brackets and head-to-head matchups will announced during \u003ca href=\"https://gcc02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fexplore.org%2Flivecams%2Fbrown-bears%2Fbrooks-live-chat&data=05%7C01%7Cdarin_schroeder%40ios.doi.gov%7C2a3d9e1d9c3b4a2164e308dbb93ec77b%7C0693b5ba4b184d7b9341f32f400a5494%7C0%7C0%7C638307451507611073%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=XYyHrIhUlFZ5HJ1pQkn33OWZyioObdSnQLfF76A60t0%3D&reserved=0\">a live chat\u003c/a> on Oct. 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Just how heavy do these bears get?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984473\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984473\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A bear catches a fish in the river.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fans are eager to vote for their favorites during Fat Bear Week — but now they’re facing a delay, if Congress can’t reach a new funding deal. \u003ccite>(Felicia Jimenez/NPS photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As heavy as possible,” Boak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have some of the largest bears on the planet,” she added. “The big boars, the biggest guys, can get to be between 1,000 and 1,400 pounds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sows, or female bears can reach 700 or 800 pounds, she said. For the bears to enter hibernation safely, Boak said, “they need every ounce of fat they can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How much salmon do the bears eat?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The known record is “42 salmon in 5 1/2 hours,” Boak said, and it was set by 480 Otis, one of the river’s oldest and most well-known bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a limited timeframe, the bears pack on weight quickly — and when they’re young, it’s even more dramatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cubs are born at 1 pound and at the end of their first year, they could be 70 pounds,” Boak said. “And in their second year they can end the season at 200 pounds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I watch the bears?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1685px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984475\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1685\" height=\"1264\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349.jpg 1685w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1685px) 100vw, 1685px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two bear cousins became siblings this summer — and the new family fishes and lives together, led by 910. \u003ccite>(Felicia Jimenez/NPS Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Through the summer and early fall, fans can follow their favorite bears on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mphg2feuAPo\">webcams in the park\u003c/a>, watching as they try to pull sockeye salmon from rapids and waterfalls along the Brooks River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brooks River bears attract around 10 million virtual visitors to Explore.org’s bear cams each year. Last year, more than 1 million people voted for their favorite fat bear.[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"fat-bear-week\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People watch from their homes, offices and schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really love that children and teachers follow the bears,” Boak said. There’s even a \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd76xemOTn77775C1NKAX5NYwKDJFAt8JwcYFm_k9uFPOgh_w/viewform?fbclid=IwAR2eTiURzLpmMuv0CcqNNSDdflFVdUpzkaBc8FAmJbS6KMNiyoSONMx3tE8\">Google form (DOC)\u003c/a> to let students ask questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can follow the bears for years and really get to know their lives and their personalities and their soap operas,” Boak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why have Fat Bear Week?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The contest is fun — but it’s also a way to learn more about bears’ life cycles, and to celebrate the healthy ecosystem at Brooks River and Katmai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Bristol Bay ecosystem and watershed is really one of the last remaining healthy sockeye salmon runs in the world,” Boak said, “and it’s just gotten healthier and healthier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thriving ecosystem has helped bears reach maturity earlier. And this season has seen something of a baby boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had 36 cubs arrive here this year,” Boak said. For context, she said that in a normal season, the area would likely see a total of around 100 bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How old are the bears?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fat Bear Week contestants encompass a wide range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t discriminate by age,” Boak said, noting that if a bear is living independent of its mother, it can be in the contest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the younger bears, a \u003ca href=\"https://explore.org/meet-the-bears-fat-bear-junior\">Fat Bear Junior\u003c/a> contest precedes Fat Bear Week, giving cubs a chance to strut their stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the adult bears, there’s Sara, who is in her early 30s. Otis is in his late 20s — possibly 28 or 29, Boak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What happened in last year’s Fat Bear Week?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984476\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1918\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-1536x1151.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-2048x1534.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bears line up at the falls on the Brooks River in Katmai National Park and Preserve, hoping to snatch a salmon out of the air. \u003ccite>(N. Boak/NPS photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/11/1128052248/fat-bear-week-scandal-champion\">enormous 747 prevailed\u003c/a>, turning back a challenge from the female 901 — a young upstart whom the park described as “both exploratory and occasionally mischievous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fat Bear contestants are, of course, blissfully oblivious to the millions of people who watch and support them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it seems that the competition isn’t immune to our times: A key semifinal vote was recalibrated last fall, after organizers uncovered “spam votes” that were meant to send the blond-eared Holly sailing past 747 into the final.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is winter really coming?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The autumnal equinox (on Sept. 22 or Sept. 23 in the U.S., \u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/september-equinox.html?linkId=17281193\">depending on your time zone\u003c/a>) signals shorter days and the looming winter. Fat Bear Week normally starts a week or two later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know exactly what triggers the bears for hibernation,” Boak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all bears follow the same schedule. On the Brooks River, most of the bears go into hibernation in late October or early November. They emerge again in March or April, skinny and, yes, hangry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fat+Bear+Week+would+be+postponed+by+a+government+shutdown&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The brown bears of Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska have been bulking up for hibernation. If Congress doesn't approve a funding deal, Fat Bear Week will be put on hold.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845888,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1294},"headData":{"title":"Fat Bear Week Would Be Postponed by a Government Shutdown | KQED","description":"The brown bears of Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska have been bulking up for hibernation. If Congress doesn't approve a funding deal, Fat Bear Week will be put on hold.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fat Bear Week Would Be Postponed by a Government Shutdown","datePublished":"2023-09-30T16:06:48.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:18:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/arts/affiliate/npr","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Felicia Jimenez","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/14562108/bill-chappell\">Bill Chappell\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"NPS photo","nprStoryId":"1200850744","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1200850744&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/09/21/1200850744/fat-bear-week-2023-preview?ft=nprml&f=1200850744","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 29 Sep 2023 14:03:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 21 Sep 2023 16:18:34 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 29 Sep 2023 14:03:52 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984472/fat-bear-week-would-be-postponed-by-a-government-shutdown","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s time for \u003ca href=\"https://explore.org/fat-bear-week\">Fat Bear Week\u003c/a>, when fans of famous behemoths like Otis, Holly and 747 vote for the plumpest bear in the land. This year’s competition runs from Oct. 4 through Oct. 10 — but it won’t start on time if Congress can’t reach a deal to avoid a partial government shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopefully a lapse doesn’t occur,” Katmai National Park and Preserve spokesperson Cynthia Hernandez told NPR on Friday. “However, should a lapse happen, we will need to postpone Fat Bear Week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deadline is looming: The government is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/09/29/1202474725/2023-government-shutdown-update\">set to run out of money\u003c/a> at the end of Sept. 30, meaning many federal employees would be put on unpaid furlough. During the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/28/680720032/national-parks-many-are-open-during-the-shutdown-their-bathrooms-not-so-much\">2018 shutdown\u003c/a>, some National Park Service locations were able to stay at least partially open, but they \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NatlParkService/status/1076468007688392706\">did not monitor or update social media\u003c/a> — a key component of Fat Bear Week.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>These bears woke up hangry\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever felt hangry, consider this: Brown bears in Alaska woke up this spring after not eating for about 6 months. And no, “hangry” might not be a technical term. But in this case, it’s apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the term I use,” media ranger Naomi Boak of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/katm/index.htm\">Katmai National Park and Preserve\u003c/a> told NPR, speaking from Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since this summer, when the sockeye salmon run began on the Brooks River, the bears have been feasting — and ballooning in size. In this competition, there can be only one — and they shall be rotund.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Which bears should people keep an eye out for?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Giants like 747 — whose name evokes the jumbo jet — and 480 Otis, a multiple Fat Bear Week \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/06/1043647458/fat-bear-week-champion-480-otis\">champion\u003c/a>, always impress. \u003ca href=\"https://explore.org/meet-the-bears\">This year’s bear bracket\u003c/a> also offers bios, with details about the large animals’ equally large personalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Brooks Falls - Katmai National Park, Alaska 2023 powered by EXPLORE.org\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HsLvnFQW_yM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two sisters and mothers, Bears 910 and 909, could make a big splash, Boak says. In a striking development, 910 is taking care of both bears’ cubs, after \u003ca href=\"https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/wildlife/2023/07/27/young-brown-bear-in-katmai-national-park-needed-a-family-so-an-aunt-adopted-her/\">adopting her sister’s offspring\u003c/a>, 909 Jr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s bear 164, whom the park rangers deem one of the most innovative bears. His fans know him as “Bucky Dent,” because of his unique forehead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is fishing where no other bear has dared to fish: right under the lip of the falls in front of what we call ‘the jacuzzi,’ which is where the most dominant bears like to fish,” Boak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He has grown enormously in the last year,” she said, “so I’d be on the lookout for him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2023 bear brackets and head-to-head matchups will announced during \u003ca href=\"https://gcc02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fexplore.org%2Flivecams%2Fbrown-bears%2Fbrooks-live-chat&data=05%7C01%7Cdarin_schroeder%40ios.doi.gov%7C2a3d9e1d9c3b4a2164e308dbb93ec77b%7C0693b5ba4b184d7b9341f32f400a5494%7C0%7C0%7C638307451507611073%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=XYyHrIhUlFZ5HJ1pQkn33OWZyioObdSnQLfF76A60t0%3D&reserved=0\">a live chat\u003c/a> on Oct. 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Just how heavy do these bears get?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984473\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984473\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A bear catches a fish in the river.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53188057080_a355020dcd_o-b2ae685f618cbc3ea2c5b1dc82a681d7614ef378-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fans are eager to vote for their favorites during Fat Bear Week — but now they’re facing a delay, if Congress can’t reach a new funding deal. \u003ccite>(Felicia Jimenez/NPS photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As heavy as possible,” Boak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have some of the largest bears on the planet,” she added. “The big boars, the biggest guys, can get to be between 1,000 and 1,400 pounds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sows, or female bears can reach 700 or 800 pounds, she said. For the bears to enter hibernation safely, Boak said, “they need every ounce of fat they can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How much salmon do the bears eat?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The known record is “42 salmon in 5 1/2 hours,” Boak said, and it was set by 480 Otis, one of the river’s oldest and most well-known bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a limited timeframe, the bears pack on weight quickly — and when they’re young, it’s even more dramatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cubs are born at 1 pound and at the end of their first year, they could be 70 pounds,” Boak said. “And in their second year they can end the season at 200 pounds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I watch the bears?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1685px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984475\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1685\" height=\"1264\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349.jpg 1685w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/sister-bears-32f8ef47c87b7a5f0b23607dd9384465d53ae349-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1685px) 100vw, 1685px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two bear cousins became siblings this summer — and the new family fishes and lives together, led by 910. \u003ccite>(Felicia Jimenez/NPS Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Through the summer and early fall, fans can follow their favorite bears on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mphg2feuAPo\">webcams in the park\u003c/a>, watching as they try to pull sockeye salmon from rapids and waterfalls along the Brooks River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brooks River bears attract around 10 million virtual visitors to Explore.org’s bear cams each year. Last year, more than 1 million people voted for their favorite fat bear.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"related coverage ","tag":"fat-bear-week"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People watch from their homes, offices and schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really love that children and teachers follow the bears,” Boak said. There’s even a \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd76xemOTn77775C1NKAX5NYwKDJFAt8JwcYFm_k9uFPOgh_w/viewform?fbclid=IwAR2eTiURzLpmMuv0CcqNNSDdflFVdUpzkaBc8FAmJbS6KMNiyoSONMx3tE8\">Google form (DOC)\u003c/a> to let students ask questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can follow the bears for years and really get to know their lives and their personalities and their soap operas,” Boak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why have Fat Bear Week?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The contest is fun — but it’s also a way to learn more about bears’ life cycles, and to celebrate the healthy ecosystem at Brooks River and Katmai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Bristol Bay ecosystem and watershed is really one of the last remaining healthy sockeye salmon runs in the world,” Boak said, “and it’s just gotten healthier and healthier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thriving ecosystem has helped bears reach maturity earlier. And this season has seen something of a baby boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had 36 cubs arrive here this year,” Boak said. For context, she said that in a normal season, the area would likely see a total of around 100 bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How old are the bears?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fat Bear Week contestants encompass a wide range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t discriminate by age,” Boak said, noting that if a bear is living independent of its mother, it can be in the contest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the younger bears, a \u003ca href=\"https://explore.org/meet-the-bears-fat-bear-junior\">Fat Bear Junior\u003c/a> contest precedes Fat Bear Week, giving cubs a chance to strut their stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the adult bears, there’s Sara, who is in her early 30s. Otis is in his late 20s — possibly 28 or 29, Boak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What happened in last year’s Fat Bear Week?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984476\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1918\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-1536x1151.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-2048x1534.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/09/53189512967_a4911fcd44_o-283cf42fa6f554bff5ff28d91ac6dc3eaebdb434-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bears line up at the falls on the Brooks River in Katmai National Park and Preserve, hoping to snatch a salmon out of the air. \u003ccite>(N. Boak/NPS photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/11/1128052248/fat-bear-week-scandal-champion\">enormous 747 prevailed\u003c/a>, turning back a challenge from the female 901 — a young upstart whom the park described as “both exploratory and occasionally mischievous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fat Bear contestants are, of course, blissfully oblivious to the millions of people who watch and support them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it seems that the competition isn’t immune to our times: A key semifinal vote was recalibrated last fall, after organizers uncovered “spam votes” that were meant to send the blond-eared Holly sailing past 747 into the final.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is winter really coming?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The autumnal equinox (on Sept. 22 or Sept. 23 in the U.S., \u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/september-equinox.html?linkId=17281193\">depending on your time zone\u003c/a>) signals shorter days and the looming winter. Fat Bear Week normally starts a week or two later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know exactly what triggers the bears for hibernation,” Boak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all bears follow the same schedule. On the Brooks River, most of the bears go into hibernation in late October or early November. They emerge again in March or April, skinny and, yes, hangry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fat+Bear+Week+would+be+postponed+by+a+government+shutdown&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984472/fat-bear-week-would-be-postponed-by-a-government-shutdown","authors":["byline_science_1984472"],"categories":["science_2874","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_956"],"featImg":"science_1984474","label":"source_science_1984472"},"science_1950770":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1950770","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1950770","score":null,"sort":[1573200068000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"presidio-parkway-tunnels-form-the-foundation-of-a-new-public-park","title":"Elevated Park Will Connect Crissy Field With Presidio","publishDate":1573200068,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Elevated Park Will Connect Crissy Field With Presidio | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As Presidio Parkway traffic underneath carried people from San Francisco to the Golden Gate Bridge, a ceremony Thursday marked the beginning of something new: an\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Aerial-of-Tunnel-Tops_panoramic-2019-FINAL.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> elevated park\u003c/a> that will connect Crissy Field on the waterfront with the Presidio. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The roadway has divided the two areas for eight decades. Since the former U.S. Army base at the Presidio became a national park 25 years ago, planners have transformed it into more than two square miles of urban green space. The new project, Tunnel Tops Park, is the most ambitious addition yet. Its 14 acres will offer free public access to a 360-degree view of the Golden Gate Bridge, the Marin Headlands, the Presidio and the San Francisco skyline. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since 1936, when crews built an elevated highway that linked San Francisco to the Golden Gate Bridge, vehicle traffic restricted access to the waterfront and blocked views of the bay. The highway’s demise presented an opportunity to build parts of the road underground and create public space. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=1ktqsq4NeI0&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reimagining Urban Spaces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Planners, including lead designer James Corner, best known as an architect of Lower Manhattan’s popular High Line park, expect Tunnel Tops to open in 2021. It reflects an international movement to repurpose neglected spaces like derelict bridges and railroad rights-of-way. It will add to the Presidio’s existing hiking and biking trails with almost two miles of paths, native plant meadows and picnic areas. The new park also will include a youth education campus and an immersive playground modeled on the habitat of the Presidio.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The nonprofit Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy has privately raised $86 million, and the Presidio Trust has donated another $20 million to the project. Organizers estimate its creation will cost $118 million.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Tunnel Tops will provide greater access to fresh air, beautiful views, gardens, and gathering spaces where people can come to relax, play and connect with each other,” Fraser said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">During the launch ceremony Nov. 7, Presidio Trust chief executive Jean Fraser pledged that \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">visitors will be able to walk from Crissy Field to the Presidio’s Main Post for the first time in eight decades.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Refuge For Many Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She isn’t just talking about human visitors. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tunnel Top Park will act as a wildlife corridor, allowing access to Crissy Marsh and Quartermaster Reach Marsh. Those are among the richest habitats in the Presidio. Michael Boland, chief park officer for The Presidio Trust, said, “We are using 21st century ecological principles to stitch the landscape back together.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Presidio is located along the Pacific Flyway, an important route for migrating birds. Tunnel Tops Park’s water features will be designed to attract migrating birds and other wildlife. Its horticulture staff will encourage plants like coyotebush to grow naturally where they will succeed. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Native species can flourish in urban areas when given the chance,” Boland said. “Tunnel Top is an ideal opportunity to explore the role cities can play in preserving biodiversity and addressing the extinction crisis.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fast Facts About Tunnel Tops Park\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Year project began: 2014\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Acres of new parkland: 14\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Total number of plants: 200,000\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Number of native plants: 100,000\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Total square feet of new construction: 6,528\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Design scoping: 10,000 community participants\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Year project opens: 2021\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In San Francisco, Tunnel Tops Park, scheduled to open in 2021, will offer free public access to a 360-degree view of the Golden Gate Bridge, Marin Headlands and San Francisco skyline.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848164,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":583},"headData":{"title":"Elevated Park Will Connect Crissy Field With Presidio | KQED","description":"In San Francisco, Tunnel Tops Park, scheduled to open in 2021, will offer free public access to a 360-degree view of the Golden Gate Bridge, Marin Headlands and San Francisco skyline.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Elevated Park Will Connect Crissy Field With Presidio","datePublished":"2019-11-08T08:01:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:56:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Parks","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Alice Woelfle","path":"/science/1950770/presidio-parkway-tunnels-form-the-foundation-of-a-new-public-park","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As Presidio Parkway traffic underneath carried people from San Francisco to the Golden Gate Bridge, a ceremony Thursday marked the beginning of something new: an\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Aerial-of-Tunnel-Tops_panoramic-2019-FINAL.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> elevated park\u003c/a> that will connect Crissy Field on the waterfront with the Presidio. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The roadway has divided the two areas for eight decades. Since the former U.S. Army base at the Presidio became a national park 25 years ago, planners have transformed it into more than two square miles of urban green space. The new project, Tunnel Tops Park, is the most ambitious addition yet. Its 14 acres will offer free public access to a 360-degree view of the Golden Gate Bridge, the Marin Headlands, the Presidio and the San Francisco skyline. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since 1936, when crews built an elevated highway that linked San Francisco to the Golden Gate Bridge, vehicle traffic restricted access to the waterfront and blocked views of the bay. The highway’s demise presented an opportunity to build parts of the road underground and create public space. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/1ktqsq4NeI0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/1ktqsq4NeI0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reimagining Urban Spaces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Planners, including lead designer James Corner, best known as an architect of Lower Manhattan’s popular High Line park, expect Tunnel Tops to open in 2021. It reflects an international movement to repurpose neglected spaces like derelict bridges and railroad rights-of-way. It will add to the Presidio’s existing hiking and biking trails with almost two miles of paths, native plant meadows and picnic areas. The new park also will include a youth education campus and an immersive playground modeled on the habitat of the Presidio.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The nonprofit Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy has privately raised $86 million, and the Presidio Trust has donated another $20 million to the project. Organizers estimate its creation will cost $118 million.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Tunnel Tops will provide greater access to fresh air, beautiful views, gardens, and gathering spaces where people can come to relax, play and connect with each other,” Fraser said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">During the launch ceremony Nov. 7, Presidio Trust chief executive Jean Fraser pledged that \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">visitors will be able to walk from Crissy Field to the Presidio’s Main Post for the first time in eight decades.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Refuge For Many Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She isn’t just talking about human visitors. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tunnel Top Park will act as a wildlife corridor, allowing access to Crissy Marsh and Quartermaster Reach Marsh. Those are among the richest habitats in the Presidio. Michael Boland, chief park officer for The Presidio Trust, said, “We are using 21st century ecological principles to stitch the landscape back together.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Presidio is located along the Pacific Flyway, an important route for migrating birds. Tunnel Tops Park’s water features will be designed to attract migrating birds and other wildlife. Its horticulture staff will encourage plants like coyotebush to grow naturally where they will succeed. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Native species can flourish in urban areas when given the chance,” Boland said. “Tunnel Top is an ideal opportunity to explore the role cities can play in preserving biodiversity and addressing the extinction crisis.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fast Facts About Tunnel Tops Park\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Year project began: 2014\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Acres of new parkland: 14\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Total number of plants: 200,000\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Number of native plants: 100,000\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Total square feet of new construction: 6,528\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Design scoping: 10,000 community participants\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Year project opens: 2021\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1950770/presidio-parkway-tunnels-form-the-foundation-of-a-new-public-park","authors":["byline_science_1950770"],"categories":["science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_205","science_1947","science_192","science_956","science_448"],"featImg":"science_1950777","label":"source_science_1950770"},"science_1931694":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1931694","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1931694","score":null,"sort":[1537927247000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"small-animals-in-national-parks-could-face-extinction-from-climate-change","title":"Severe Effect From Climate Change Predicted in National Parks","publishDate":1537927247,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Severe Effect From Climate Change Predicted in National Parks | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Global warming could drive many small animals and plants to extinction, according to the first study to measure the impact of climate change on America’s national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unless action is taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, higher temperatures\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aade09\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> could virtually eliminate the habitats\u003c/a> of small mammals, such as the mountain-dwelling \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915117/climate-change-spells-extinction-for-pikas-of-lake-tahoe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American pika\u003c/a>, according to the study, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research Letters\u003c/em>. The pika has become a kind of poster critter for climate threats, as it can only survive at high elevations, where temperatures remain cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human-caused emissions [are] shifting warmth up mountains, which could destroy suitable habitats from the tops of these mountains,” says Patrick Gonzales, a climate change scientist at UC Berkeley and lead author of the study. “We have more leverage to deal with this now, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions that could harm small mammals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they’re often located in regions that are hardest hit by global warming, such as at high elevation or upper latitudes. Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks also experienced a significant decline in annual rainfall compared to the U.S. as a whole, according to the joint study by UC Berkeley and the University of Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the current rate of emissions, temperatures in the most vulnerable parks could soar by as much as 16 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 — a rate that gives species little time to adapt or migrate to more suitable climates, if there are any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “bad news” for biodiversity, according to Rodolfo Dirzo, a biologist at Stanford University, who was not part of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since protected areas represent currently one of our best instruments to protect biodiversity, the fact that North American parks are going to experience such drastic changes in their climatic conditions is a critical message,” says Dirzo.[contextly_sidebar id=”2cAvntmHbAEBZ68IS79VMx3mCv8vcGuI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that many populations of small animals and plants are typically less vulnerable to anthropogenic warming, so the fact that these same populations are expected to experience such formidable challenges demands “immediate, effective action to prevent massive declines of our already threatened biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing climate conditions in our national parks also increases human vulnerability, according to Gonzalez. He points to San Francisco residents’ reliance on the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essential that park officials conserve the watershed so that water is plentiful and clean for human consumption,” says Gonzalez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers made their projections using data collected from weather stations located throughout the U.S. that track monthly temperature and rainfall going back to 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They created maps of the average annual temperature and rainfall amounts throughout the country, at points approximately 800 meters apart. They then compared the maps to historical temperature and rainfall data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed that on average, temperatures in national parks increased by nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit from 1895 to 2010 — roughly twice the warming experienced by the rest of the country. [contextly_sidebar id=”fsagCxvrtz8z5M5LkPwG8EXRRv8an2eW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks also saw a 12 percent decline in rainfall compared to 3 percent for the U.S. at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks in Alaska endured the greatest increases, while rainfall decreased the most in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also estimated future changes in temperature and precipitation using four different climate scenarios developed by the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scenarios include one where no action is taken to reduce emissions, one based on commitments made in the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paris Agreement \u003c/a>on climate three years ago, and two that range somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the most extreme climate change scenario, the study found that the collective average temperature of all the national parks could rise between 9 and 13 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abiding by the Paris Agreement could limit this rise to between roughly 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under both scenarios, projected temperature increases are greatest in Alaska’s national parks, while rainfall decreases most in the Virgin Islands and the southwestern U.S.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope that the maps can aid park officials in developing stronger measures to protect endangered species and park resources from the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results show that reducing pollution from human resources can save parks from the most extreme heat,” says Gonzalez. “Compared to the highest emissions scenario, a scenario of adhering to the Paris Agreement would lower the rate of heating in parks by two-thirds by the end of the century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, he says, only underscore the National Park Service’s mandate of protecting parks for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data can point parks in the direction of conserving the most vulnerable places or potential \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&ei=Ed2qW-BnsdL0A8-AiagF&q=refugia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugia\u003c/a>, which are stable places that might provide shelter to plant and animal species,” he says. “The future of these national parks is in our hands.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Small critters and plants could take a big hit from a changing climate, according to a new study. The researchers say abiding by the Paris climate agreement could curtail some of the more extreme effects.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927458,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":881},"headData":{"title":"Severe Effect From Climate Change Predicted in National Parks | KQED","description":"Small critters and plants could take a big hit from a changing climate, according to a new study. The researchers say abiding by the Paris climate agreement could curtail some of the more extreme effects.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Severe Effect From Climate Change Predicted in National Parks","datePublished":"2018-09-26T02:00:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:57:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1931694/small-animals-in-national-parks-could-face-extinction-from-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global warming could drive many small animals and plants to extinction, according to the first study to measure the impact of climate change on America’s national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unless action is taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, higher temperatures\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aade09\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> could virtually eliminate the habitats\u003c/a> of small mammals, such as the mountain-dwelling \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915117/climate-change-spells-extinction-for-pikas-of-lake-tahoe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American pika\u003c/a>, according to the study, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research Letters\u003c/em>. The pika has become a kind of poster critter for climate threats, as it can only survive at high elevations, where temperatures remain cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human-caused emissions [are] shifting warmth up mountains, which could destroy suitable habitats from the tops of these mountains,” says Patrick Gonzales, a climate change scientist at UC Berkeley and lead author of the study. “We have more leverage to deal with this now, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions that could harm small mammals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they’re often located in regions that are hardest hit by global warming, such as at high elevation or upper latitudes. Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks also experienced a significant decline in annual rainfall compared to the U.S. as a whole, according to the joint study by UC Berkeley and the University of Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the current rate of emissions, temperatures in the most vulnerable parks could soar by as much as 16 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 — a rate that gives species little time to adapt or migrate to more suitable climates, if there are any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “bad news” for biodiversity, according to Rodolfo Dirzo, a biologist at Stanford University, who was not part of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since protected areas represent currently one of our best instruments to protect biodiversity, the fact that North American parks are going to experience such drastic changes in their climatic conditions is a critical message,” says Dirzo.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that many populations of small animals and plants are typically less vulnerable to anthropogenic warming, so the fact that these same populations are expected to experience such formidable challenges demands “immediate, effective action to prevent massive declines of our already threatened biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing climate conditions in our national parks also increases human vulnerability, according to Gonzalez. He points to San Francisco residents’ reliance on the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essential that park officials conserve the watershed so that water is plentiful and clean for human consumption,” says Gonzalez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers made their projections using data collected from weather stations located throughout the U.S. that track monthly temperature and rainfall going back to 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They created maps of the average annual temperature and rainfall amounts throughout the country, at points approximately 800 meters apart. They then compared the maps to historical temperature and rainfall data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed that on average, temperatures in national parks increased by nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit from 1895 to 2010 — roughly twice the warming experienced by the rest of the country. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks also saw a 12 percent decline in rainfall compared to 3 percent for the U.S. at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks in Alaska endured the greatest increases, while rainfall decreased the most in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also estimated future changes in temperature and precipitation using four different climate scenarios developed by the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scenarios include one where no action is taken to reduce emissions, one based on commitments made in the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paris Agreement \u003c/a>on climate three years ago, and two that range somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the most extreme climate change scenario, the study found that the collective average temperature of all the national parks could rise between 9 and 13 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abiding by the Paris Agreement could limit this rise to between roughly 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under both scenarios, projected temperature increases are greatest in Alaska’s national parks, while rainfall decreases most in the Virgin Islands and the southwestern U.S.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope that the maps can aid park officials in developing stronger measures to protect endangered species and park resources from the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results show that reducing pollution from human resources can save parks from the most extreme heat,” says Gonzalez. “Compared to the highest emissions scenario, a scenario of adhering to the Paris Agreement would lower the rate of heating in parks by two-thirds by the end of the century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, he says, only underscore the National Park Service’s mandate of protecting parks for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data can point parks in the direction of conserving the most vulnerable places or potential \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&ei=Ed2qW-BnsdL0A8-AiagF&q=refugia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugia\u003c/a>, which are stable places that might provide shelter to plant and animal species,” he says. “The future of these national parks is in our hands.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1931694/small-animals-in-national-parks-could-face-extinction-from-climate-change","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_2874","science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_192","science_3370","science_2164","science_956","science_1349"],"featImg":"science_1931755","label":"source_science_1931694"},"science_1917212":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1917212","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1917212","score":null,"sort":[1508886717000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"national-park-service-proposes-yosemite-entry-fee-hike-70-per-car","title":"National Park Service Proposes Yosemite Entry Fee Hike: $70 Per Car","publishDate":1508886717,"format":"standard","headTitle":"National Park Service Proposes Yosemite Entry Fee Hike: $70 Per Car | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The National Park Service is floating a steep increase in entrance fees at 17 of its most popular parks, mostly in the West, to address a backlog of maintenance and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors to the Grand Canyon, Yosemite, Yellowstone, Zion, Joshua Tree, Kings Canyon and other national parks would be charged $70 per vehicle, up from the current fee of $30 for a weekly pass. At others, the hike is nearly triple, from $25 to $70.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 30-day public comment period opened Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke says the entrance fee increases will help restore and renovate the park units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to have a vision to look at the future of our parks and take action in order to ensure that our grandkids’ grandkids will have the same if not better experience than we have today,” he said in a statement. “Shoring up our parks’ aging infrastructure will do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal comes not long after many of the parks that charge entrance fees upped them. The rationale is the same this time around — to address a backlog of maintenance and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service estimated deferred maintenance across its sites at $11.3 billion as of September 2016, down from $11.9 billion in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service says it expects to raise $70 million a year with the latest proposal at a time when national parks repeatedly have been breaking visitation records and putting a strain on park resources. Nearly 6 million people visited the Grand Canyon last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher fees would apply during the five busiest, contiguous months. For most, that means May through September when many families are on vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Dahl, Arizona senior program manager for the National Parks Conservation Association, said maintenance costs should fall to Congress, not visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve supported increases at the parks, they are a huge value for the price of entrance,” he said. “But we want to look closely at this and we want local communities to look closely at this to see if it would impact visitation because we don’t want to price people out of the parks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all Park Service sites charge entrance fees. The 118 that do keep 80 percent of revenue and send 20 percent into a pot to help all park units with things like fixing restrooms, signs, trails and campgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entrance fee proposal applies to Arches, Bryce Canyon, Canyonlands and Zion in Utah; Yosemite, Sequoia, Kings Canyon and Joshua Tree in California; Grand Teton and Yellowstone in Wyoming; Mount Rainier and Olympic in Washington; Shenandoah in Virginia; Acadia in Maine; Rocky Mountain in Colorado; and the Grand Canyon in Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fees also would go up for pedestrians and motorcyclists. Annual passes for federal lands would be unchanged at $80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"NPSNewsRelease\">\u003cem>\u003cspan lang=\"EN\">A public comment period on the peak-season entrance fee proposal is open from October 24, 2017 to November 23, 2017, on the NPS Planning, Environment and Public Comment (PEPC) website \u003c/span>\u003ca id=\"anch_11\" href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/proposedpeakseasonfeerates\">https://parkplanning.nps.gov/proposedpeakseasonfeerates\u003c/a>\u003cspan lang=\"EN\">. Written comments can be sent to 1849 C Street, NW, Mail Stop: 2346 Washington, DC 20240.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The proposed fee changes would take effect in summer 2018, pending a public comment period. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928324,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":530},"headData":{"title":"National Park Service Proposes Yosemite Entry Fee Hike: $70 Per Car | KQED","description":"The proposed fee changes would take effect in summer 2018, pending a public comment period. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"National Park Service Proposes Yosemite Entry Fee Hike: $70 Per Car","datePublished":"2017-10-24T23:11:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:12:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Felicia Fonseca \u003c/br> Associated Press","path":"/science/1917212/national-park-service-proposes-yosemite-entry-fee-hike-70-per-car","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Park Service is floating a steep increase in entrance fees at 17 of its most popular parks, mostly in the West, to address a backlog of maintenance and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors to the Grand Canyon, Yosemite, Yellowstone, Zion, Joshua Tree, Kings Canyon and other national parks would be charged $70 per vehicle, up from the current fee of $30 for a weekly pass. At others, the hike is nearly triple, from $25 to $70.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 30-day public comment period opened Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke says the entrance fee increases will help restore and renovate the park units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to have a vision to look at the future of our parks and take action in order to ensure that our grandkids’ grandkids will have the same if not better experience than we have today,” he said in a statement. “Shoring up our parks’ aging infrastructure will do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal comes not long after many of the parks that charge entrance fees upped them. The rationale is the same this time around — to address a backlog of maintenance and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service estimated deferred maintenance across its sites at $11.3 billion as of September 2016, down from $11.9 billion in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service says it expects to raise $70 million a year with the latest proposal at a time when national parks repeatedly have been breaking visitation records and putting a strain on park resources. Nearly 6 million people visited the Grand Canyon last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher fees would apply during the five busiest, contiguous months. For most, that means May through September when many families are on vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Dahl, Arizona senior program manager for the National Parks Conservation Association, said maintenance costs should fall to Congress, not visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve supported increases at the parks, they are a huge value for the price of entrance,” he said. “But we want to look closely at this and we want local communities to look closely at this to see if it would impact visitation because we don’t want to price people out of the parks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all Park Service sites charge entrance fees. The 118 that do keep 80 percent of revenue and send 20 percent into a pot to help all park units with things like fixing restrooms, signs, trails and campgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entrance fee proposal applies to Arches, Bryce Canyon, Canyonlands and Zion in Utah; Yosemite, Sequoia, Kings Canyon and Joshua Tree in California; Grand Teton and Yellowstone in Wyoming; Mount Rainier and Olympic in Washington; Shenandoah in Virginia; Acadia in Maine; Rocky Mountain in Colorado; and the Grand Canyon in Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fees also would go up for pedestrians and motorcyclists. Annual passes for federal lands would be unchanged at $80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"NPSNewsRelease\">\u003cem>\u003cspan lang=\"EN\">A public comment period on the peak-season entrance fee proposal is open from October 24, 2017 to November 23, 2017, on the NPS Planning, Environment and Public Comment (PEPC) website \u003c/span>\u003ca id=\"anch_11\" href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/proposedpeakseasonfeerates\">https://parkplanning.nps.gov/proposedpeakseasonfeerates\u003c/a>\u003cspan lang=\"EN\">. Written comments can be sent to 1849 C Street, NW, Mail Stop: 2346 Washington, DC 20240.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1917212/national-park-service-proposes-yosemite-entry-fee-hike-70-per-car","authors":["byline_science_1917212"],"categories":["science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_956","science_1349","science_448","science_159"],"featImg":"science_1370439","label":"science"},"science_1866137":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1866137","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1866137","score":null,"sort":[1500656442000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-fight-for-the-future-of-point-reyes","title":"A Fight for the Future of Point Reyes","publishDate":1500656442,"format":"standard","headTitle":"A Fight for the Future of Point Reyes | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>An uncertain future faces the beloved landscape of the Point Reyes National Seashore. Here, amid rolling hills, a quarter of the seashore’s land is used for ranching and some environmental groups want cattle erased from the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.westernwatersheds.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Pt-Reyes-settlement-FILED.pdf\">settlement\u003c/a> reached July 12, between the National Park Service and environmental groups, requires the park to assess the impact of cattle grazing on the park’s ecosystems and halt the process of issuing long-term leases to the ranchers. Some worry it may set the gears in motion for a complete phase-out of ranching in the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conflict highlights fundamentally opposing views over the question of the purpose of protected land: native wildlife and recreation, or should it also preserve iconic human landscapes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1866426\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1866426\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-1180x780.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-960x634.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-520x344.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch.jpg 1604w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows going home to J Ranch \u003ccite>(Laura Watt / Sonoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>’s Worth Saving? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erik Molvar, the Executive Director of the Western Watersheds Project, thinks the natural elements of the park should be the priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d like to see the Pt. Reyes National Seashore return to the point where you have native plants and wildflowers,” he says. “Where you have the rare Tule elk thriving across the entire length and breadth of the national seashore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others believe that the historic character of the park should also have a role and the mix of ranches and wild land is what makes Pt. Reyes so special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is land that was being used for agricultural purposes for a long time at the time of the creation of this park,” says Nicolette Hahn Niman of BN Ranch, who raises cattle in Pt. Reyes and was a co-defendant with the National Park Service in the lawsuit, along with other ranchers. “It’s very much part of the human history of this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1866425\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1866425\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking down at Home Bay \u003ccite>(Laura Watt / Sonoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conflict Over the Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchers have grazed cattle in the area since the mid-1800s. Early European settlers found prime grazing land abundant with grasses and forbs. These coastal grasslands were most likely maintained by indigenous people, such as the Coast Miwok and their ancestors, who managed the land for thousands of years by burning, pruning and harvesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1960s, a combination of unfavorable economics, competition, labor costs, environmental regulation, taxes and land values threatened to put ranchers out of business. The NPS petitioned Congress for the creation of a federally protected area, after arrangements were made to keep existing ranches in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">‘If done right, it’s going to be a huge public service — it’s going to resolve controversies.‘ \u003ccite>Jeff Miller, Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Farming in the park takes a lot of water during drought years, which means less for wildlife, which are then producing polluted water which gets into estuaries, wetlands, and streams” says Jeff Miller, Conservation Advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity, one of the plaintiffs for the case. “There are too many animals out there and it’s having an impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molvar would like to see the removal of cattle from the landscape; he refers to them as an ‘invasive species.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we take the grazing pressure down a notch, the native grasses, forbs and wildflowers have some time to recover,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it is not universally accepted that removing the cattle would be better for the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes farming can be helpful to an ecosystem and sometimes it can be harmful,” says Laura Watt, professor of environmental history and planning at Sonoma State University and author of \u003cem>The Paradox of Preservation: Wilderness and Working Landscapes at Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/em>. She cites ecological benefits such as keeping down tall grasses that pose a fire hazard. “To say blanketly that is it good or bad is always going to be wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1866424\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1866424\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-800x630.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-800x630.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-768x605.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-1020x803.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-1180x929.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-960x756.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-240x189.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-375x295.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-520x410.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180.jpg 1450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tule elk wander into a cattle pasture on the Home Ranch \u003ccite>(Laura Watt / Sonoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is also an aesthetic value to ranching as a hallmark aspect of the Pt. Reyes landscape, Watt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cattle grazing were to stop all-together, the primary grazer left on the land would be the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj2sMXwm5TVAhUCwFQKHfIhBrAQFggoMAA&url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.nps.gov%252Fpore%252Flearn%252Fnature%252Ftule_elk.htm&usg=AFQjCNHpkFi0ynggHEJOlpvs9NZm37Dcpw\">Tule elk\u003c/a>. This native species went extinct from the area in the 1850s (largely because of uncontrolled hunting) and were reintroduced to the park multiple times in the past decades, once in 1978 and again in 1998. However, Tule elk compete with cattle for forage and are susceptible to the same diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the latest reintroduction, the elk have made a remarkable recovery, even becoming a victim of their own success. The park’s management of the elk has been a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2015/06/16/tule-elk-breed-problems-for-national-park-management/\">flashpoint\u003c/a> for controversy in recent years, sprouting much debate about how to control population size and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Everybody Wins?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both sides are hesitantly declaring the settlement a victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Settlements by their nature are compromises, which means nobody gets what they really want,” says Molvar, “but I think that it is certainly a step forward…from an openness and public process perspective. Now everyone will get a chance to provide their input.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park has five years to conduct impact statements and create a general management plan to articulate their plan, and how ranching either fits or conflicts with those goals. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfnps.org/files/pdf/Mgmt_Docs/Park_Specific_Pages/PORE/PORE_1980_GMP.pdf\">previous\u003c/a> plan was created in 1980 and, according to all parties, is in desperate need of an update.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1866427\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1866427\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-800x538.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-1020x686.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-1180x794.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-960x646.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-375x252.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-520x350.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach.jpg 1597w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drake’s Beach. The National Seashore was originally founded in part to provide public beach access to urban people in the Bay Area \u003ccite>(Laura Watt / Sonoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good deal all around,” says Miller. “It focuses on the issues that are most contentious right now, everyone can weigh in, and the park service can decide appropriate uses under what conditions moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The end goal is certainly not to maximize commercial endeavors for private parties. That’s not the highest use of National Park public land. Our end goal is to have a plan amendment that looks at these issues that is based on good science and information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niman agrees that there are upsides to the settlement. “These are the conversations about management that are taking place more now because of this legal action,” she says. “To me that’s the silver lining of this whole process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unusual aspect of the settlement is that it requires the NPS to assess the impact of different ranching scenarios in the park, including ending ranching completely. Some worry this could be the first steps towards phasing it out. This would follow a trend of commercial operations being booted from the seashore, such as Drakes Bay Oyster Co., which was required to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/31/commercial-operations-close-at-drakes-bay-oyster-company/\">end its operations\u003c/a> after legal action in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking forward\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, everything is going to stay the same. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>That was one of the things that everyone could agree to in the settlement. During this time, ranches can receive short-term five-year leases. In the next four years the park will hold numerous public hearings, in addition to a public comment period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If done right, it’s going to be a huge public service,” says Miller, “it’s going to resolve controversies.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ranching has existed in Point Reyes since its creation in 1963, but a new court settlement may threaten its future.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928503,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1248},"headData":{"title":"A Fight for the Future of Point Reyes | KQED","description":"Ranching has existed in Point Reyes since its creation in 1963, but a new court settlement may threaten its future.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Fight for the Future of Point Reyes","datePublished":"2017-07-21T17:00:42.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:15:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1866137/a-fight-for-the-future-of-point-reyes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An uncertain future faces the beloved landscape of the Point Reyes National Seashore. Here, amid rolling hills, a quarter of the seashore’s land is used for ranching and some environmental groups want cattle erased from the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.westernwatersheds.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Pt-Reyes-settlement-FILED.pdf\">settlement\u003c/a> reached July 12, between the National Park Service and environmental groups, requires the park to assess the impact of cattle grazing on the park’s ecosystems and halt the process of issuing long-term leases to the ranchers. Some worry it may set the gears in motion for a complete phase-out of ranching in the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conflict highlights fundamentally opposing views over the question of the purpose of protected land: native wildlife and recreation, or should it also preserve iconic human landscapes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1866426\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1866426\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-1180x780.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-960x634.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch-520x344.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/cowsgoinghome-Kranch.jpg 1604w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows going home to J Ranch \u003ccite>(Laura Watt / Sonoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>’s Worth Saving? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erik Molvar, the Executive Director of the Western Watersheds Project, thinks the natural elements of the park should be the priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d like to see the Pt. Reyes National Seashore return to the point where you have native plants and wildflowers,” he says. “Where you have the rare Tule elk thriving across the entire length and breadth of the national seashore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others believe that the historic character of the park should also have a role and the mix of ranches and wild land is what makes Pt. Reyes so special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is land that was being used for agricultural purposes for a long time at the time of the creation of this park,” says Nicolette Hahn Niman of BN Ranch, who raises cattle in Pt. Reyes and was a co-defendant with the National Park Service in the lawsuit, along with other ranchers. “It’s very much part of the human history of this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1866425\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1866425\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9818-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking down at Home Bay \u003ccite>(Laura Watt / Sonoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conflict Over the Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchers have grazed cattle in the area since the mid-1800s. Early European settlers found prime grazing land abundant with grasses and forbs. These coastal grasslands were most likely maintained by indigenous people, such as the Coast Miwok and their ancestors, who managed the land for thousands of years by burning, pruning and harvesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1960s, a combination of unfavorable economics, competition, labor costs, environmental regulation, taxes and land values threatened to put ranchers out of business. The NPS petitioned Congress for the creation of a federally protected area, after arrangements were made to keep existing ranches in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">‘If done right, it’s going to be a huge public service — it’s going to resolve controversies.‘ \u003ccite>Jeff Miller, Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Farming in the park takes a lot of water during drought years, which means less for wildlife, which are then producing polluted water which gets into estuaries, wetlands, and streams” says Jeff Miller, Conservation Advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity, one of the plaintiffs for the case. “There are too many animals out there and it’s having an impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molvar would like to see the removal of cattle from the landscape; he refers to them as an ‘invasive species.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we take the grazing pressure down a notch, the native grasses, forbs and wildflowers have some time to recover,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it is not universally accepted that removing the cattle would be better for the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes farming can be helpful to an ecosystem and sometimes it can be harmful,” says Laura Watt, professor of environmental history and planning at Sonoma State University and author of \u003cem>The Paradox of Preservation: Wilderness and Working Landscapes at Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/em>. She cites ecological benefits such as keeping down tall grasses that pose a fire hazard. “To say blanketly that is it good or bad is always going to be wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1866424\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1866424\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-800x630.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-800x630.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-768x605.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-1020x803.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-1180x929.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-960x756.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-240x189.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-375x295.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180-520x410.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_9795-e1500585369180.jpg 1450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tule elk wander into a cattle pasture on the Home Ranch \u003ccite>(Laura Watt / Sonoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is also an aesthetic value to ranching as a hallmark aspect of the Pt. Reyes landscape, Watt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cattle grazing were to stop all-together, the primary grazer left on the land would be the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj2sMXwm5TVAhUCwFQKHfIhBrAQFggoMAA&url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.nps.gov%252Fpore%252Flearn%252Fnature%252Ftule_elk.htm&usg=AFQjCNHpkFi0ynggHEJOlpvs9NZm37Dcpw\">Tule elk\u003c/a>. This native species went extinct from the area in the 1850s (largely because of uncontrolled hunting) and were reintroduced to the park multiple times in the past decades, once in 1978 and again in 1998. However, Tule elk compete with cattle for forage and are susceptible to the same diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the latest reintroduction, the elk have made a remarkable recovery, even becoming a victim of their own success. The park’s management of the elk has been a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2015/06/16/tule-elk-breed-problems-for-national-park-management/\">flashpoint\u003c/a> for controversy in recent years, sprouting much debate about how to control population size and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Everybody Wins?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both sides are hesitantly declaring the settlement a victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Settlements by their nature are compromises, which means nobody gets what they really want,” says Molvar, “but I think that it is certainly a step forward…from an openness and public process perspective. Now everyone will get a chance to provide their input.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park has five years to conduct impact statements and create a general management plan to articulate their plan, and how ranching either fits or conflicts with those goals. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfnps.org/files/pdf/Mgmt_Docs/Park_Specific_Pages/PORE/PORE_1980_GMP.pdf\">previous\u003c/a> plan was created in 1980 and, according to all parties, is in desperate need of an update.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1866427\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1866427\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-800x538.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-1020x686.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-1180x794.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-960x646.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-375x252.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach-520x350.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/drakesbeach.jpg 1597w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drake’s Beach. The National Seashore was originally founded in part to provide public beach access to urban people in the Bay Area \u003ccite>(Laura Watt / Sonoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good deal all around,” says Miller. “It focuses on the issues that are most contentious right now, everyone can weigh in, and the park service can decide appropriate uses under what conditions moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The end goal is certainly not to maximize commercial endeavors for private parties. That’s not the highest use of National Park public land. Our end goal is to have a plan amendment that looks at these issues that is based on good science and information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niman agrees that there are upsides to the settlement. “These are the conversations about management that are taking place more now because of this legal action,” she says. “To me that’s the silver lining of this whole process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unusual aspect of the settlement is that it requires the NPS to assess the impact of different ranching scenarios in the park, including ending ranching completely. Some worry this could be the first steps towards phasing it out. This would follow a trend of commercial operations being booted from the seashore, such as Drakes Bay Oyster Co., which was required to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/31/commercial-operations-close-at-drakes-bay-oyster-company/\">end its operations\u003c/a> after legal action in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking forward\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, everything is going to stay the same. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>That was one of the things that everyone could agree to in the settlement. During this time, ranches can receive short-term five-year leases. In the next four years the park will hold numerous public hearings, in addition to a public comment period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If done right, it’s going to be a huge public service,” says Miller, “it’s going to resolve controversies.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1866137/a-fight-for-the-future-of-point-reyes","authors":["11361"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_205","science_3370","science_956"],"featImg":"science_1866428","label":"science"},"science_877072":{"type":"posts","id":"science_877072","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"877072","score":null,"sort":[1470666654000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all","title":"National Parks Have Some Work to Do to Become ‘Parks for All’","publishDate":1470666654,"format":"audio","headTitle":"National Parks Have Some Work to Do to Become ‘Parks for All’ | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":3081,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Olive Tambou was shaking when she set up her tent for the first time, on a middle school field trip in Yosemite. She was terrified bears might visit her overnight, but camping beneath massive pine trees changed her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I loved being outdoors,” Tambou says with a huge smile. “It felt natural, really good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”rJWy0QcvIz0xWUmjJRl1Oz84K4T4jvnz”]Tambou is originally from Cameroon in Central Africa, and her family traditionally doesn’t spend much time outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now she takes a bus twice a week from her home in Visitacion Valley to the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA). Walking along the San Francisco Bay shoreline at Crissy Field, Tambou says she doesn’t mind the three-hour round trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I love going to parks!” Tambou exclaims, as she spreads her arms to the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s part of a high school \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/learn/youth/leadership/iyel/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">internship program\u003c/a> designed to inspire people of many ethnic identities to care about national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Our Green Spaces Are Still So White\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, our country’s most scenic parks and cultural monuments drew more than 300 million visitors, but most of them fell in the U.S. census category of “White, non-Hispanic.” The most recent nationwide visitor \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/CompSurvey2008_2009RaceEthnicity.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> in 2009 showed that only one in five tourists was a person of color. Yet the nation is about twice that diverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-900386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop.png\" alt=\"Diversity_Desktop\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1223\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-400x255.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-800x510.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-768x489.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-1440x917.png 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-1180x752.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-960x612.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-900387\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Mobile.png\" alt=\"Diversity_Mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Mobile.png 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Mobile-400x711.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t feel a sense of connection,” says \u003ca href=\"http://userwww.sfsu.edu/nroberts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Roberts\u003c/a>, professor at San Francisco State University. “They just don’t feel that relationship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberts researches race and culture in outdoor recreation. She says the parks have struggled to welcome people of all backgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Parks For All,’ ‘Parks Forever,’ ‘America’s Best Idea’ — a lot of those are clichés in minority communities,” says Roberts, “because they’re still trying to figure out, ‘Okay, I hear that, but I’m not seeing the changes.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberts says the parks \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2015/03/26/national-park-service-director-on-the-future-of-americas-parks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">need to make changes\u003c/a> that would show people of all backgrounds they’re welcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service does preserve places that are historically and culturally significant to many peoples. Think of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/cech/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">birthplace of the farmworker movement\u003c/a> in California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/azru/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aztec ruins \u003c/a>in New Mexico, and an \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/afbg/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">African burial ground\u003c/a> in Manhattan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_895965\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3824px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-895965\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers.jpg\" alt=\"Park rangers explain flora and fauna at Chrissy Field to a group of visitors from the Mission District who took free shuttles to Chrissy Field. \" width=\"3824\" height=\"2868\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers.jpg 3824w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3824px) 100vw, 3824px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Park rangers explain flora and fauna at Crissy Field to a group of visitors from the Mission District who took free shuttles to Crissy Field. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But across the system, most park employees are Caucasian. The uniforms make rangers look like immigration officials. And, Roberts says, many African-Americans, particularly elders, fear the outdoors and carry the scars of slavery and lynchings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What people do for leisure, historically, was not spending time in the outdoors,” Roberts says, “because they worked in the outdoors or they were killed in the outdoors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Urban Parks for City People\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park Service leaders are aware of these barriers and, since the 1970s, they’ve been trying, somewhat unsuccessfully it appears, to increase diversity to catch up with the country’s shifting demographics. During that decade, Congress created the country’s first urban parks — GGNRA was one of them — and one goal was to attract minorities and low-income people to parks that were closer to cities, so people didn’t have to travel for hours to experience a national park.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘What people do for leisure, historically, was not spending time in the outdoors, because they worked in the outdoors or they were killed in the outdoors.’\u003ccite>Nina Roberts, San Francisco State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We have got to bring the natural world back to the people,” said Interior Secretary Walter Hickel in 1970, “rather than have them live in an environment where everything is paved over with concrete.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Longtime San Francisco activist Amy Meyer remembers a heated Sierra Club meeting one night in the early 1970s, when a woman from Chinatown spoke confidently to the group of white activists discussing land preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meyer says the woman told them, “‘Look if you don’t get the people from Chinatown to understand what you’re talking about, the next generation is going to pave over Yosemite.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 27, 1972 Congress established both the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Gateway National Recreation Area in New York City. It was the beginning of a wave of urban parks, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Monica Mountains\u003c/a> in greater Los Angeles, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/cuva/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cuyahoga Valley\u003c/a> near Cleveland. Today you can visit a national park site in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/urban/upload/UrbanAgenda_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">40 of the country’s 50 \u003c/a>most populated cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Strategies to Lure New Visitors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years the Park Service has tried numerous outreach programs such as summer camps and free days, designed to attract people of color. Currently, GGNRA is offering free shuttles to the park every Saturday from designated libraries in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the parks have stumbled occasionally in their outreach. For example, youth programs used to accept students on a first-come, first-served basis. So for years, the programs filled with white kids from private schools who had savvy parents. In another example, inner city kids are often recruited for beach clean-ups. So their first experience with the outdoors is picking up someone else’s trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are subtle ways the park has discriminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a local park here in Washington D.C., for a time, the only signs in Spanish were “No drinking allowed in the park,'” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.npca.org/people/alan-spears\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Spears\u003c/a>, director of cultural resources with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Parks Conservation Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_895963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-895963\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis.jpg\" alt=\"Youth intership camping trip at Point Reyes, CA. From left to right: Lurleen Frazier, Sarah Hoang, Olive Tambou, Stela Zouradakis\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Youth intership camping trip at Point Reyes, CA. From left to right: Lurleen Frazier, Sarah Hoang, Olive Tambou, Stela Zouradakis \u003ccite>(Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Securing the Parks’ Futures\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spears says the marketing to people of color hasn’t worked. The message has to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we say to them is not, ‘We’ve got a cure for your crappy life with National Parks,’” says Spears. “But rather, ‘We’ve got a park system. It’s increasingly relevant to you and your community and, boy, we really need your help.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Help in protecting the park’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2050 whites will no longer be the U.S. majority. So Spears says minority votes will be increasingly important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every session of Congress,” he says, “we get someone who thinks it would be a good idea to sell off a portion of a national park in order to put up an outlet mall or something else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just votes to preserve wild lands. It’s votes to preserve the places that tell the stories of all Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, the NPS has published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2011/08/national-park-service-issues-5-year-call-action-plan-moving-toward-its-second-century8687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Call to Action\u003c/a> which outlines priorities for the organization’s future. It states: “In our second century, we will fully represent our nation’s ethnically and culturally diverse communities.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As the National Park Service celebrates its 100th year, we look at challenges facing the parks over the next century.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929806,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1226},"headData":{"title":"National Parks Have Some Work to Do to Become ‘Parks for All’ | KQED","description":"As the National Park Service celebrates its 100th year, we look at challenges facing the parks over the next century.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"National Parks Have Some Work to Do to Become ‘Parks for All’","datePublished":"2016-08-08T14:30:54.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:36:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBNationalParksDiversityMcClurg160808.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/877072/national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Olive Tambou was shaking when she set up her tent for the first time, on a middle school field trip in Yosemite. She was terrified bears might visit her overnight, but camping beneath massive pine trees changed her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I loved being outdoors,” Tambou says with a huge smile. “It felt natural, really good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Tambou is originally from Cameroon in Central Africa, and her family traditionally doesn’t spend much time outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now she takes a bus twice a week from her home in Visitacion Valley to the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA). Walking along the San Francisco Bay shoreline at Crissy Field, Tambou says she doesn’t mind the three-hour round trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I love going to parks!” Tambou exclaims, as she spreads her arms to the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s part of a high school \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/learn/youth/leadership/iyel/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">internship program\u003c/a> designed to inspire people of many ethnic identities to care about national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Our Green Spaces Are Still So White\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, our country’s most scenic parks and cultural monuments drew more than 300 million visitors, but most of them fell in the U.S. census category of “White, non-Hispanic.” The most recent nationwide visitor \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/CompSurvey2008_2009RaceEthnicity.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> in 2009 showed that only one in five tourists was a person of color. Yet the nation is about twice that diverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-900386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop.png\" alt=\"Diversity_Desktop\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1223\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-400x255.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-800x510.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-768x489.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-1440x917.png 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-1180x752.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Desktop-960x612.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-900387\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Mobile.png\" alt=\"Diversity_Mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Mobile.png 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Diversity_Mobile-400x711.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t feel a sense of connection,” says \u003ca href=\"http://userwww.sfsu.edu/nroberts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Roberts\u003c/a>, professor at San Francisco State University. “They just don’t feel that relationship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberts researches race and culture in outdoor recreation. She says the parks have struggled to welcome people of all backgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Parks For All,’ ‘Parks Forever,’ ‘America’s Best Idea’ — a lot of those are clichés in minority communities,” says Roberts, “because they’re still trying to figure out, ‘Okay, I hear that, but I’m not seeing the changes.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberts says the parks \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2015/03/26/national-park-service-director-on-the-future-of-americas-parks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">need to make changes\u003c/a> that would show people of all backgrounds they’re welcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service does preserve places that are historically and culturally significant to many peoples. Think of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/cech/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">birthplace of the farmworker movement\u003c/a> in California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/azru/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aztec ruins \u003c/a>in New Mexico, and an \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/afbg/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">African burial ground\u003c/a> in Manhattan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_895965\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3824px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-895965\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers.jpg\" alt=\"Park rangers explain flora and fauna at Chrissy Field to a group of visitors from the Mission District who took free shuttles to Chrissy Field. \" width=\"3824\" height=\"2868\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers.jpg 3824w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/nat-parks-rangers-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3824px) 100vw, 3824px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Park rangers explain flora and fauna at Crissy Field to a group of visitors from the Mission District who took free shuttles to Crissy Field. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But across the system, most park employees are Caucasian. The uniforms make rangers look like immigration officials. And, Roberts says, many African-Americans, particularly elders, fear the outdoors and carry the scars of slavery and lynchings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What people do for leisure, historically, was not spending time in the outdoors,” Roberts says, “because they worked in the outdoors or they were killed in the outdoors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Urban Parks for City People\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park Service leaders are aware of these barriers and, since the 1970s, they’ve been trying, somewhat unsuccessfully it appears, to increase diversity to catch up with the country’s shifting demographics. During that decade, Congress created the country’s first urban parks — GGNRA was one of them — and one goal was to attract minorities and low-income people to parks that were closer to cities, so people didn’t have to travel for hours to experience a national park.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘What people do for leisure, historically, was not spending time in the outdoors, because they worked in the outdoors or they were killed in the outdoors.’\u003ccite>Nina Roberts, San Francisco State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We have got to bring the natural world back to the people,” said Interior Secretary Walter Hickel in 1970, “rather than have them live in an environment where everything is paved over with concrete.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Longtime San Francisco activist Amy Meyer remembers a heated Sierra Club meeting one night in the early 1970s, when a woman from Chinatown spoke confidently to the group of white activists discussing land preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meyer says the woman told them, “‘Look if you don’t get the people from Chinatown to understand what you’re talking about, the next generation is going to pave over Yosemite.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 27, 1972 Congress established both the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Gateway National Recreation Area in New York City. It was the beginning of a wave of urban parks, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Monica Mountains\u003c/a> in greater Los Angeles, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/cuva/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cuyahoga Valley\u003c/a> near Cleveland. Today you can visit a national park site in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/urban/upload/UrbanAgenda_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">40 of the country’s 50 \u003c/a>most populated cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Strategies to Lure New Visitors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years the Park Service has tried numerous outreach programs such as summer camps and free days, designed to attract people of color. Currently, GGNRA is offering free shuttles to the park every Saturday from designated libraries in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the parks have stumbled occasionally in their outreach. For example, youth programs used to accept students on a first-come, first-served basis. So for years, the programs filled with white kids from private schools who had savvy parents. In another example, inner city kids are often recruited for beach clean-ups. So their first experience with the outdoors is picking up someone else’s trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are subtle ways the park has discriminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a local park here in Washington D.C., for a time, the only signs in Spanish were “No drinking allowed in the park,'” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.npca.org/people/alan-spears\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Spears\u003c/a>, director of cultural resources with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Parks Conservation Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_895963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-895963\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis.jpg\" alt=\"Youth intership camping trip at Point Reyes, CA. From left to right: Lurleen Frazier, Sarah Hoang, Olive Tambou, Stela Zouradakis\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Point-ReyesFrom-left-to-right-Lurleen-Frazier-Sarah-Hoang-Olive-Tambou-Stela-Zouradakis-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Youth intership camping trip at Point Reyes, CA. From left to right: Lurleen Frazier, Sarah Hoang, Olive Tambou, Stela Zouradakis \u003ccite>(Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Securing the Parks’ Futures\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spears says the marketing to people of color hasn’t worked. The message has to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we say to them is not, ‘We’ve got a cure for your crappy life with National Parks,’” says Spears. “But rather, ‘We’ve got a park system. It’s increasingly relevant to you and your community and, boy, we really need your help.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Help in protecting the park’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2050 whites will no longer be the U.S. majority. So Spears says minority votes will be increasingly important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every session of Congress,” he says, “we get someone who thinks it would be a good idea to sell off a portion of a national park in order to put up an outlet mall or something else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just votes to preserve wild lands. It’s votes to preserve the places that tell the stories of all Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, the NPS has published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2011/08/national-park-service-issues-5-year-call-action-plan-moving-toward-its-second-century8687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Call to Action\u003c/a> which outlines priorities for the organization’s future. It states: “In our second century, we will fully represent our nation’s ethnically and culturally diverse communities.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/877072/national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all","authors":["11229"],"series":["science_3081"],"categories":["science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_956","science_1349"],"featImg":"science_895961","label":"science_3081"},"science_10944":{"type":"posts","id":"science_10944","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"10944","score":null,"sort":[1384571245000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem","title":"Can California Burn its Way Out of its Wildfire Problem?","publishDate":1384571245,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Can California Burn its Way Out of its Wildfire Problem? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/11/20131118science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11068\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/nightburn-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11068\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/nightburn-large.jpg\" alt=\"A nighttime prescribed burn in the Stanislaus National Forest in California's Sierra Nevada. (Eric Knapp/U.S. Forest Service)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nighttime prescribed burn in the Stanislaus National Forest in California’s Sierra Nevada. (Eric Knapp/U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire, which consumed more than 250,000 acres in and around Yosemite National Park this summer, is a prime example of America’s dangerous legacy of putting out too many wildfires. After a century of suppressing the flames, firefighting agencies have let the brush and small trees get so thick, that when a fire does get going, it can turn into a monster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who fight and study fire generally agree that one of the best tools for preventing massive wildfires is prescribed burning: intentionally setting smaller fires before the big ones hit. But there are major challenges to fighting fire with fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Setting the Forest on Fire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny day earlier this fall, about 50 Forest Service firefighters, mostly men, all wearing the Forest Service uniform of fire-resistant bright yellow shirts and fire-resistant dark green pants, are working a prescribed burn in the Shasta National Forest, near Redding, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/fightfirewithfire/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Setting fire to a forest actually requires many of the same tactics as putting one out. The crews are planning today to burn a slope near Shasta Lake, bordered on three sides by fire lines, and on the fourth by the lake itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had earlier cleared fire lines, strips without brush and leaves, that will contain the flames. As they begin their work this morning, they burn what they call “the black,” an area ahead of and along the edges of the area to be burned that creates a safety zone for them and helps keep the fire from spreading. Then, beginning at the top of the ridge and working their way down (fire travels uphill, so this helps keep it in check), the crews set flame to dead leaves, and let the fire do its work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/settingfire.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11079\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/settingfire.jpg\" alt=\"A firefighter works a prescribed burn at the Shasta National Forest.(Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A firefighter works a prescribed burn at the Shasta National Forest.(Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is not a scene from \u003cem>“Bambi,”\u003c/em> with flames raging and animals fleeing. For the most part, the fire barely reaches a foot high. It kills bushes and smaller trees and clears out leaves and brush. But most of the bigger, older trees survive. Fires like this have, on occasion, gotten out of control and turned into wildfires in their own right. But this one is well under control. It’s the end of the wildfire season, and the firefighters — many of whom are on the elite hotshot teams that fight the biggest fires — are relaxed while monitoring the flames, talking about their kids and their dogs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always like seeing fire on the ground,” says Eric Knapp, an ecologist with the Forest Service. He says prescribed burns are good for the environment, for animals, for preventing massive wildfires and for keeping firefighters and the public safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But getting them done is tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/fireline.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11081 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/fireline.jpg\" alt=\"A fire line marks the left-hand side of the burn. (It looks like a hiking trail.) The area to the left of the line burned previously. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fire line marks the left-hand side of the burn. (It looks like a hiking trail.) The area to the left of the line burned previously. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Not Easy to Fight Fire with Fire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The window for conducting prescribed burns is narrow: when it’s dry enough that a fire will start, but not so dry that it will rage. “We have a limited opportunity to burn, maybe a week or two every year,” says Knapp. “And (we have) a limited number of resources to get a lot of acres done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often the people conducting the burns are seasonal firefighters, who are only budgeted for six months. “A lot of their seasons are spent dealing with wildfire during the hotter, drier times,” says Knapp. In fact, at the Shasta burn, some of the firefighters are on the second-to-last day of their contracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the smoke. “It’s a carcinogen,” Knapp acknowledges. “And there are people who are legitimately strongly affected.” Because of that, regional air quality districts tightly regulate prescribed burns. Another burn, scheduled to take place near Redding on the same day we went to Shasta, was cancelled because of smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/smoke.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/smoke.jpg\" alt=\"Smoke rises from the prescribed burn at the Shasta National Forest. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke rises from the prescribed burn at the Shasta National Forest. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And sometimes it just comes down to a public relations issue. Not everyone sees the benefit of starting fires. “There’s a consensus among the scientists and the land managers,” Knapp says. “I don’t believe there’s a consensus in the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It’s like we’re losing the race, we’re just not losing it quite as fast.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It all adds up to mean that not enough acres burn. “Every year we fall further behind and the fuel continues to build up,” says Knapp. “If it weren’t for prescribed burning, we’d fall behind even more. But it’s like we’re losing the race, we’re just not losing it quite as fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Backlog\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California alone, about 15 million acres of forest are in need of some kind of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a huge deficit,” says Scott Stephens, a fire scientist at University of California, Berkeley. Before the year 1800, he says, 4.5 million acres burned in California every year. Fires started either by Native Americans or by lightning were generally smaller and less intense, but much more frequent. Many areas burned every ten years or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/firefighters.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11089\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/firefighters.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighters monitor the flames and keep the burn on the right side of the fire line. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters monitor the flames and keep the burn on the right side of the fire line. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But because of aggressive fire suppression policies that managers followed for decades, many places haven’t burned in a century or more. Some forests are so overgrown, they have ten times the number of trees as they had historically. That’s the difference between running through the trees, arms outstretched, maybe with a couple of friends by your side, and not being able to crawl through. Forests like these are more susceptible to giant wildfires, because there’s more fuel to burn and it burns hotter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We’re carrying these forests that are incredibly vulnerable forward into climate change. It’s a disaster really.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We’re carrying these forests that are incredibly vulnerable forward into climate change,” says Stephens. “It’s a disaster really.” Because, he explains, California’s changing climate will make the fire season longer, and the prescribed-burn season shorter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caught in the middle are the firefighting agencies, each with different approaches and priorities. The National Park Service and the Forest Service both have prescribed burn programs, but while the parks are concerned with conservation, the Forest Service must also take into account logging, and other land uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency, CalFire, has its own constraints, fighting many wildfires close to development in the “wildland-urban interface.” This mingling of forest and residential areas makes prescribed burns still more difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11092\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/burning.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11092\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/burning.jpg\" alt=\"The firefighters set the fire in spots then let it spread uphill. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The firefighters set the fire in spots then let it spread uphill. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Success and a Nightmare Scenario\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this summer’s Rim Fire — the largest known fire in the Sierra Nevada and the third-largest in California history — is a lesson in the dangers of fire suppression, it also offers glimmers of hope about the benefits of prescribed burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where I started my division assignment on the Rim Fire, was in areas where the Forest Service had recently completed some prescribed burns,” says Tom Garcia, the fire manager at Whiskeytown National Recreation Area. “And we were able to stall that fire out in that particular area and buy some decision space and some time.” With that extra time, Garcia says, they were able to get ahead of the fire, and save some nearby homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11098\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 308px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/ericknapp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/ericknapp.jpg\" alt=\"Eric Knapp, an ecologist with the Forest Service, says we're going to have to accept more frequent fires. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"308\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Knapp, an ecologist with the Forest Service, says we’re going to have to accept more frequent fires. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My real nightmare scenario is current conditions going forward,” says Stephens. He says he hopes the Rim Fire will serve as a turning point: a glimpse of the path we’re on, and an opportunity to choose a different path that includes more thinning, more prescribed burns and more ability to manage and take advantage of fires that start naturally. A few of the National Forests in California are currently reviewing their management plans, and Stephens says he sees that as an opportunity to bring in more fire, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t do it now we’re going to set people up in the future for less decision space. They’re going to have less options. It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to have longer drier periods,” he says. “50 years from now, 80 years from now, they will just wish that we would have moved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knapp, the Forest Service ecologist, says he’s optimistic about the future. But major wildfires will be a part of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to have to accept the fact that we live in an environment with occasional fire and that fire is more intense,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because after a century of admonishments from Smokey Bear, even with the best efforts of firefighters, even with prescribed burns and logging and managed wildland fire, the era of catastrophic fires is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"People who fight and study fire generally agree that one of the best tools for preventing massive wildfires is prescribed burning: intentionally setting smaller fires before the big ones hit. But there are major challenges to fighting fire with fire.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934684,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/fightfirewithfire/_files/iframe.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1636},"headData":{"title":"Can California Burn its Way Out of its Wildfire Problem? | KQED","description":"People who fight and study fire generally agree that one of the best tools for preventing massive wildfires is prescribed burning: intentionally setting smaller fires before the big ones hit. But there are major challenges to fighting fire with fire.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can California Burn its Way Out of its Wildfire Problem?","datePublished":"2013-11-16T03:07:25.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:58:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/11/20131118science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/10944/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/11/20131118science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11068\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/nightburn-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11068\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/nightburn-large.jpg\" alt=\"A nighttime prescribed burn in the Stanislaus National Forest in California's Sierra Nevada. (Eric Knapp/U.S. Forest Service)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nighttime prescribed burn in the Stanislaus National Forest in California’s Sierra Nevada. (Eric Knapp/U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire, which consumed more than 250,000 acres in and around Yosemite National Park this summer, is a prime example of America’s dangerous legacy of putting out too many wildfires. After a century of suppressing the flames, firefighting agencies have let the brush and small trees get so thick, that when a fire does get going, it can turn into a monster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who fight and study fire generally agree that one of the best tools for preventing massive wildfires is prescribed burning: intentionally setting smaller fires before the big ones hit. But there are major challenges to fighting fire with fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Setting the Forest on Fire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny day earlier this fall, about 50 Forest Service firefighters, mostly men, all wearing the Forest Service uniform of fire-resistant bright yellow shirts and fire-resistant dark green pants, are working a prescribed burn in the Shasta National Forest, near Redding, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/fightfirewithfire/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Setting fire to a forest actually requires many of the same tactics as putting one out. The crews are planning today to burn a slope near Shasta Lake, bordered on three sides by fire lines, and on the fourth by the lake itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had earlier cleared fire lines, strips without brush and leaves, that will contain the flames. As they begin their work this morning, they burn what they call “the black,” an area ahead of and along the edges of the area to be burned that creates a safety zone for them and helps keep the fire from spreading. Then, beginning at the top of the ridge and working their way down (fire travels uphill, so this helps keep it in check), the crews set flame to dead leaves, and let the fire do its work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/settingfire.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11079\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/settingfire.jpg\" alt=\"A firefighter works a prescribed burn at the Shasta National Forest.(Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A firefighter works a prescribed burn at the Shasta National Forest.(Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is not a scene from \u003cem>“Bambi,”\u003c/em> with flames raging and animals fleeing. For the most part, the fire barely reaches a foot high. It kills bushes and smaller trees and clears out leaves and brush. But most of the bigger, older trees survive. Fires like this have, on occasion, gotten out of control and turned into wildfires in their own right. But this one is well under control. It’s the end of the wildfire season, and the firefighters — many of whom are on the elite hotshot teams that fight the biggest fires — are relaxed while monitoring the flames, talking about their kids and their dogs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always like seeing fire on the ground,” says Eric Knapp, an ecologist with the Forest Service. He says prescribed burns are good for the environment, for animals, for preventing massive wildfires and for keeping firefighters and the public safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But getting them done is tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/fireline.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11081 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/fireline.jpg\" alt=\"A fire line marks the left-hand side of the burn. (It looks like a hiking trail.) The area to the left of the line burned previously. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fire line marks the left-hand side of the burn. (It looks like a hiking trail.) The area to the left of the line burned previously. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Not Easy to Fight Fire with Fire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The window for conducting prescribed burns is narrow: when it’s dry enough that a fire will start, but not so dry that it will rage. “We have a limited opportunity to burn, maybe a week or two every year,” says Knapp. “And (we have) a limited number of resources to get a lot of acres done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often the people conducting the burns are seasonal firefighters, who are only budgeted for six months. “A lot of their seasons are spent dealing with wildfire during the hotter, drier times,” says Knapp. In fact, at the Shasta burn, some of the firefighters are on the second-to-last day of their contracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the smoke. “It’s a carcinogen,” Knapp acknowledges. “And there are people who are legitimately strongly affected.” Because of that, regional air quality districts tightly regulate prescribed burns. Another burn, scheduled to take place near Redding on the same day we went to Shasta, was cancelled because of smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/smoke.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/smoke.jpg\" alt=\"Smoke rises from the prescribed burn at the Shasta National Forest. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke rises from the prescribed burn at the Shasta National Forest. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And sometimes it just comes down to a public relations issue. Not everyone sees the benefit of starting fires. “There’s a consensus among the scientists and the land managers,” Knapp says. “I don’t believe there’s a consensus in the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It’s like we’re losing the race, we’re just not losing it quite as fast.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It all adds up to mean that not enough acres burn. “Every year we fall further behind and the fuel continues to build up,” says Knapp. “If it weren’t for prescribed burning, we’d fall behind even more. But it’s like we’re losing the race, we’re just not losing it quite as fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Backlog\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California alone, about 15 million acres of forest are in need of some kind of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a huge deficit,” says Scott Stephens, a fire scientist at University of California, Berkeley. Before the year 1800, he says, 4.5 million acres burned in California every year. Fires started either by Native Americans or by lightning were generally smaller and less intense, but much more frequent. Many areas burned every ten years or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/firefighters.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11089\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/firefighters.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighters monitor the flames and keep the burn on the right side of the fire line. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters monitor the flames and keep the burn on the right side of the fire line. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But because of aggressive fire suppression policies that managers followed for decades, many places haven’t burned in a century or more. Some forests are so overgrown, they have ten times the number of trees as they had historically. That’s the difference between running through the trees, arms outstretched, maybe with a couple of friends by your side, and not being able to crawl through. Forests like these are more susceptible to giant wildfires, because there’s more fuel to burn and it burns hotter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We’re carrying these forests that are incredibly vulnerable forward into climate change. It’s a disaster really.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We’re carrying these forests that are incredibly vulnerable forward into climate change,” says Stephens. “It’s a disaster really.” Because, he explains, California’s changing climate will make the fire season longer, and the prescribed-burn season shorter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caught in the middle are the firefighting agencies, each with different approaches and priorities. The National Park Service and the Forest Service both have prescribed burn programs, but while the parks are concerned with conservation, the Forest Service must also take into account logging, and other land uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency, CalFire, has its own constraints, fighting many wildfires close to development in the “wildland-urban interface.” This mingling of forest and residential areas makes prescribed burns still more difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11092\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/burning.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11092\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/burning.jpg\" alt=\"The firefighters set the fire in spots then let it spread uphill. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The firefighters set the fire in spots then let it spread uphill. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Success and a Nightmare Scenario\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this summer’s Rim Fire — the largest known fire in the Sierra Nevada and the third-largest in California history — is a lesson in the dangers of fire suppression, it also offers glimmers of hope about the benefits of prescribed burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where I started my division assignment on the Rim Fire, was in areas where the Forest Service had recently completed some prescribed burns,” says Tom Garcia, the fire manager at Whiskeytown National Recreation Area. “And we were able to stall that fire out in that particular area and buy some decision space and some time.” With that extra time, Garcia says, they were able to get ahead of the fire, and save some nearby homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11098\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 308px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/ericknapp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/ericknapp.jpg\" alt=\"Eric Knapp, an ecologist with the Forest Service, says we're going to have to accept more frequent fires. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"308\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Knapp, an ecologist with the Forest Service, says we’re going to have to accept more frequent fires. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My real nightmare scenario is current conditions going forward,” says Stephens. He says he hopes the Rim Fire will serve as a turning point: a glimpse of the path we’re on, and an opportunity to choose a different path that includes more thinning, more prescribed burns and more ability to manage and take advantage of fires that start naturally. A few of the National Forests in California are currently reviewing their management plans, and Stephens says he sees that as an opportunity to bring in more fire, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t do it now we’re going to set people up in the future for less decision space. They’re going to have less options. It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to have longer drier periods,” he says. “50 years from now, 80 years from now, they will just wish that we would have moved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knapp, the Forest Service ecologist, says he’s optimistic about the future. But major wildfires will be a part of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to have to accept the fact that we live in an environment with occasional fire and that fire is more intense,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because after a century of admonishments from Smokey Bear, even with the best efforts of firefighters, even with prescribed burns and logging and managed wildland fire, the era of catastrophic fires is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/10944/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem","authors":["200"],"categories":["science_46","science_30","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_5178","science_112","science_763","science_956","science_448","science_959","science_607","science_113"],"featImg":"science_11066","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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