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She was drawn to KQED by her interests in science communication and multimedia.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/190f8c7ebf1f03859aa6ccb24d709fe6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Silvia Francis | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/190f8c7ebf1f03859aa6ccb24d709fe6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/190f8c7ebf1f03859aa6ccb24d709fe6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sfrancisbongue"},"dpotter":{"type":"authors","id":"6609","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6609","found":true},"name":"Daniel Potter","firstName":"Daniel","lastName":"Potter","slug":"dpotter","email":"dpotter@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Daniel Potter is a reporter for KQED Science. Before that, he worked at Nashville Public Radio for six years. He’s gathered tape for The New York Times, contributed to a growing list of podcasts, and done national features for NPR on everything from bats to meningitis. He tweets at @hellodanpo.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59396b9ad9c672dd4cd1d3e453425f12?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"hellodanpo","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Daniel Potter | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59396b9ad9c672dd4cd1d3e453425f12?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59396b9ad9c672dd4cd1d3e453425f12?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dpotter"},"lesleymcclurg":{"type":"authors","id":"11229","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11229","found":true},"name":"Lesley McClurg","firstName":"Lesley","lastName":"McClurg","slug":"lesleymcclurg","email":"lmcclurg@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news","science"],"title":"KQED Health Correspondent","bio":"Lesley McClurg is a health correspondent and fill-in host. Her work is regularly rebroadcast on numerous NPR and PBS shows. She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her daughter, cycling with her partner or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. 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He was approximately 14 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His death was \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2019/01/04/nr18-249/\">confirmed\u003c/a> by Hawaii’s Department of Land and Natural Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George was born as part of a last-ditch effort to save his species. Back in 1997, the last 10 known \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva \u003c/em>were brought into a University of Hawaii lab to try to increase their numbers. Some offspring resulted, but all of them died – except for George.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last remaining \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>, George lived out his days alone in a cage at DLNR’s snail lab in Kailua, Oahu, alongside 30 other species close to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who knew George say he kept to himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a snail he was a little bit of a hermit,” David Sischo, a wildlife biologist with the Hawaii Invertebrate Program, tells NPR. “I very rarely saw him outside of his shell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sischo said George likely died of old age, as 14 is “up there in snail years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While those who knew George use male pronouns to talk about him, George was a hermaphrodite. With both male and female parts, some snails can reproduce without a partner. But seemingly not \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>: George leaves no survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while George (named for \u003ca href=\"https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/lonesome-george/\">the last surviving\u003c/a> Pinta Island Galapagos tortoise) was but one shy snail, his death takes place amid a crisis for native snails in the Hawaiian Islands, which have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/is-hawaii-the-extinction-capital-of-the-world-exhibit-a-the-alala-bird/2016/04/25/3f45c6ac-f210-11e5-89c3-a647fcce95e0_story.html?utm_term=.3b138cd45e44\">called\u003c/a> “the extinction capital of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Island flora and fauna in general are pretty susceptible to pressures that are brought in from outside areas, such as introduced species,” Sischo explains. “A lot of the animals that evolved here don’t have a lot of natural defenses to mammalian predators and diseases that are brought in from mainland areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936474\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hawaii’s Snail Extinction Prevention Program works to save rare and endangered snail species, like those seen here. These species, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, occur nowhere else in the world. \u003ccite>(David Sischo/Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s native snail populations have been decimated by a series of invasive species arriving there, including \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/removerats/home/impacts-of-rodents-mongooses/\">rats\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/jacksons-chameleon/\">Jackson’s chameleons\u003c/a>, a native of Kenya brought to the islands as pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there is Snail Enemy Number One: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/euglandina-rosea\">rosy wolfsnail\u003c/a>. A predatory Florida snail introduced to Hawaii in the 1950s to control agricultural pests, it has an enormous appetite for other snails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately it hasn’t been a great bio control for what it was brought in for, and it’s just completely devouring our native snail fauna,” Sischo says. “That particular invasive species is probably the main driver of extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to save Hawaii’s imperiled snails, Sischo and his colleagues at the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/hip/sep/\">Snail Extinction Prevention Program\u003c/a> will jump into action if they recognize that a species’ population is crashing or spot a very rare snail. They will bring members of the species into captivity, put up predator-proof fencing around small habitat areas, and then reintroduce species into those areas. Sischo calls these measures “manning the lifeboats” – a sort of stopgap against extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time is running short: Sischo suspects most of the large tree snail species on the islands that are alive now will be extinct in the wild within the next five to 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the tools to protect these species, it’s just a matter of if we can do it in enough time,” he says. “It’s hard to convey that timeframe to people because they don’t understand how quickly we’re losing these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, biotechnology like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05665-1\">CRISPR “gene drives”\u003c/a> may be able to eliminate predators. And in 2017, a couple millimeters from George’s foot were taken to San Diego’s \u003ca href=\"https://institute.sandiegozoo.org/resources/frozen-zoo%C2%AE\">Frozen Zoo\u003c/a>, where his cells live on in deep freeze, waiting for advances in snail cloning. But those technologies aren’t here yet, so for now, Sischo and his colleagues move as fast as they can, scooping up rare snails and installing fences.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/gIm16jdqlTM\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2017, Honolulu Magazine visited George at the snail lab. (HONOLULUMagazine YouTube)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Snails have major cultural importance in the Hawaiian Islands, where folklore often depicts snails as being able to sing. People who grew up in the islands have told Sischo about walking up the hill from their houses, shaking the trees and collecting snails by the bucketload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, “it’s a ghost town” if you’re looking for native snails, Sischo says. “We go to these areas and the host plants are there, and the conditions are right, and they’re just not there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sischo’s line of work, witnessing the last days of a species is common. He estimates that since he began working with snails in 2007, he’s been the last person to see 10 or 20 species in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, his heart sank a bit when he learned that George had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not so much that this one particular snail died, but it’s all of the history that goes with George,” he says, explaining that \u003cem>A. apexfulva \u003c/em>was the very first snail species in the Hawaiian Islands to be described by Western science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, he’s the last of his kind. … To have that last individual perish under your watch, it’s pretty depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George%2C+Reclusive+Hawaiian+Snail+And+Last+Of+His+Kind%2C+Dies+At+14&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While he was but one very lonely \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva\u003c/em>, his death takes place amid a crisis for Hawaii's native snails, whose populations have been decimated by invasive species.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927217,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":966},"headData":{"title":"George, Reclusive Hawaiian Snail and Last of His Kind, Dies at 14 | KQED","description":"While he was but one very lonely Achatinella apexfulva, his death takes place amid a crisis for Hawaii's native snails, whose populations have been decimated by invasive species.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"George, Reclusive Hawaiian Snail and Last of His Kind, Dies at 14","datePublished":"2019-01-08T19:18:03.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:53:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Animals","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"David Sischo","nprByline":"Laurel Wamsley\u003cbr/>NPR","nprImageAgency":"Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources","nprStoryId":"682908544","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=682908544&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2019/01/07/682908544/george-reclusive-hawaiian-snail-and-last-of-his-kind-dies-at-14?ft=nprml&f=682908544","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 07 Jan 2019 18:36:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 07 Jan 2019 18:36:14 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 07 Jan 2019 18:36:26 -0500","path":"/science/1936468/george-reclusive-hawaiian-snail-and-last-of-his-kind-dies-at-14","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>George, the last of his species of Hawaiian land snail, died on New Year’s Day. He was approximately 14 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His death was \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2019/01/04/nr18-249/\">confirmed\u003c/a> by Hawaii’s Department of Land and Natural Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George was born as part of a last-ditch effort to save his species. Back in 1997, the last 10 known \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva \u003c/em>were brought into a University of Hawaii lab to try to increase their numbers. Some offspring resulted, but all of them died – except for George.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last remaining \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>, George lived out his days alone in a cage at DLNR’s snail lab in Kailua, Oahu, alongside 30 other species close to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who knew George say he kept to himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a snail he was a little bit of a hermit,” David Sischo, a wildlife biologist with the Hawaii Invertebrate Program, tells NPR. “I very rarely saw him outside of his shell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sischo said George likely died of old age, as 14 is “up there in snail years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While those who knew George use male pronouns to talk about him, George was a hermaphrodite. With both male and female parts, some snails can reproduce without a partner. But seemingly not \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>: George leaves no survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while George (named for \u003ca href=\"https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/lonesome-george/\">the last surviving\u003c/a> Pinta Island Galapagos tortoise) was but one shy snail, his death takes place amid a crisis for native snails in the Hawaiian Islands, which have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/is-hawaii-the-extinction-capital-of-the-world-exhibit-a-the-alala-bird/2016/04/25/3f45c6ac-f210-11e5-89c3-a647fcce95e0_story.html?utm_term=.3b138cd45e44\">called\u003c/a> “the extinction capital of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Island flora and fauna in general are pretty susceptible to pressures that are brought in from outside areas, such as introduced species,” Sischo explains. “A lot of the animals that evolved here don’t have a lot of natural defenses to mammalian predators and diseases that are brought in from mainland areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936474\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hawaii’s Snail Extinction Prevention Program works to save rare and endangered snail species, like those seen here. These species, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, occur nowhere else in the world. \u003ccite>(David Sischo/Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s native snail populations have been decimated by a series of invasive species arriving there, including \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/removerats/home/impacts-of-rodents-mongooses/\">rats\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/jacksons-chameleon/\">Jackson’s chameleons\u003c/a>, a native of Kenya brought to the islands as pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there is Snail Enemy Number One: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/euglandina-rosea\">rosy wolfsnail\u003c/a>. A predatory Florida snail introduced to Hawaii in the 1950s to control agricultural pests, it has an enormous appetite for other snails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately it hasn’t been a great bio control for what it was brought in for, and it’s just completely devouring our native snail fauna,” Sischo says. “That particular invasive species is probably the main driver of extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to save Hawaii’s imperiled snails, Sischo and his colleagues at the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/hip/sep/\">Snail Extinction Prevention Program\u003c/a> will jump into action if they recognize that a species’ population is crashing or spot a very rare snail. They will bring members of the species into captivity, put up predator-proof fencing around small habitat areas, and then reintroduce species into those areas. Sischo calls these measures “manning the lifeboats” – a sort of stopgap against extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time is running short: Sischo suspects most of the large tree snail species on the islands that are alive now will be extinct in the wild within the next five to 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the tools to protect these species, it’s just a matter of if we can do it in enough time,” he says. “It’s hard to convey that timeframe to people because they don’t understand how quickly we’re losing these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, biotechnology like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05665-1\">CRISPR “gene drives”\u003c/a> may be able to eliminate predators. And in 2017, a couple millimeters from George’s foot were taken to San Diego’s \u003ca href=\"https://institute.sandiegozoo.org/resources/frozen-zoo%C2%AE\">Frozen Zoo\u003c/a>, where his cells live on in deep freeze, waiting for advances in snail cloning. But those technologies aren’t here yet, so for now, Sischo and his colleagues move as fast as they can, scooping up rare snails and installing fences.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/gIm16jdqlTM\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2017, Honolulu Magazine visited George at the snail lab. (HONOLULUMagazine YouTube)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Snails have major cultural importance in the Hawaiian Islands, where folklore often depicts snails as being able to sing. People who grew up in the islands have told Sischo about walking up the hill from their houses, shaking the trees and collecting snails by the bucketload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, “it’s a ghost town” if you’re looking for native snails, Sischo says. “We go to these areas and the host plants are there, and the conditions are right, and they’re just not there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sischo’s line of work, witnessing the last days of a species is common. He estimates that since he began working with snails in 2007, he’s been the last person to see 10 or 20 species in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, his heart sank a bit when he learned that George had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not so much that this one particular snail died, but it’s all of the history that goes with George,” he says, explaining that \u003cem>A. apexfulva \u003c/em>was the very first snail species in the Hawaiian Islands to be described by Western science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, he’s the last of his kind. … To have that last individual perish under your watch, it’s pretty depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George%2C+Reclusive+Hawaiian+Snail+And+Last+Of+His+Kind%2C+Dies+At+14&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1936468/george-reclusive-hawaiian-snail-and-last-of-his-kind-dies-at-14","authors":["byline_science_1936468"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_16","science_40"],"tags":["science_1120","science_261","science_192","science_260","science_3838","science_1320"],"featImg":"science_1936469","label":"source_science_1936468"},"science_1920354":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920354","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920354","score":null,"sort":[1519769425000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"court-orders-state-officials-to-stop-spraying-pesticides-for-invasive-bugs","title":"Court Orders State Officials to Stop Spraying Pesticides for Invasive Bugs","publishDate":1519769425,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Court Orders State Officials to Stop Spraying Pesticides for Invasive Bugs | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A California judge has ordered state officials to stop spraying chemicals to kill invasive insects until they prove they can do it safely. Sacramento County Superior Court Judge Timothy Frawley determined current practices to extinguish plants pests pose a risk to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This battle began in 2007 when former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger’s administration used airplanes to spray chemicals over Bay Area communities to kill the light brown apple moth. The state worried the insect would threaten the $45 billion agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerial spraying angered some residents and sparked lawsuits. Even though the eradication effort ceased in 2008, the issue inspired environmental advocates to push for tighter protections when the California Department of Food and Agriculture attacks non-native insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a decade later, the court has issued an injunction that requires the state to stop using 79 pesticides to ward off foreign bugs until officials address the impacts that spraying has on public health and the environment. The injunction takes effect in about two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers can still spray their fields and officials can continue deploying non-chemical ways to wipe out pests. The ruling does not affect efforts to eradicate invasive species that carry human diseases like the Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is a victory for 11 conservation and food safety organizations as well as the City of Berkeley, who argued that the state’s current program violates many California environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Officials have had the ability to do whatever they feel they need to do to manage any pest for thirty years,” says Paul Towers, advocate with Pesticide Action Network. He wants the state to allow for more public notice and scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is considering an appeal.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A district judge ordered state agriculture officials to examine whether current spraying practices are dangerous for human health. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928171,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":291},"headData":{"title":"Court Orders State Officials to Stop Spraying Pesticides for Invasive Bugs | KQED","description":"A district judge ordered state agriculture officials to examine whether current spraying practices are dangerous for human health. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Court Orders State Officials to Stop Spraying Pesticides for Invasive Bugs","datePublished":"2018-02-27T22:10:25.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:09:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1920354/court-orders-state-officials-to-stop-spraying-pesticides-for-invasive-bugs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A California judge has ordered state officials to stop spraying chemicals to kill invasive insects until they prove they can do it safely. Sacramento County Superior Court Judge Timothy Frawley determined current practices to extinguish plants pests pose a risk to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This battle began in 2007 when former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger’s administration used airplanes to spray chemicals over Bay Area communities to kill the light brown apple moth. The state worried the insect would threaten the $45 billion agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerial spraying angered some residents and sparked lawsuits. Even though the eradication effort ceased in 2008, the issue inspired environmental advocates to push for tighter protections when the California Department of Food and Agriculture attacks non-native insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a decade later, the court has issued an injunction that requires the state to stop using 79 pesticides to ward off foreign bugs until officials address the impacts that spraying has on public health and the environment. The injunction takes effect in about two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers can still spray their fields and officials can continue deploying non-chemical ways to wipe out pests. The ruling does not affect efforts to eradicate invasive species that carry human diseases like the Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is a victory for 11 conservation and food safety organizations as well as the City of Berkeley, who argued that the state’s current program violates many California environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Officials have had the ability to do whatever they feel they need to do to manage any pest for thirty years,” says Paul Towers, advocate with Pesticide Action Network. He wants the state to allow for more public notice and scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is considering an appeal.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920354/court-orders-state-officials-to-stop-spraying-pesticides-for-invasive-bugs","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_35","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_1320","science_2824"],"featImg":"science_1920395","label":"science"},"science_1915740":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1915740","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1915740","score":null,"sort":[1505854261000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"invasion-of-the-giant-tadpoles-wildlife-officials-say-its-no-joke","title":"Invasion of the Giant Tadpoles: Wildlife Officials Say It's No Joke","publishDate":1505854261,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Invasion of the Giant Tadpoles: Wildlife Officials Say It’s No Joke | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Swimmers at Lake Anza in the Berkeley Hills found a slimy surprise this summer: huge tadpoles bigger than they’d ever seen there before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They came in unnerving numbers — each five or six inches long. And they were rude.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The kids would scream every time they would step on them.’\u003ccite>Cecilia Martin, Lifeguard\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When you’re walking into the water, they wouldn’t even get out of the way,” recalls lifeguard Cecilia Martin, who sometimes struggled with her campers to avoid the many tadpoles underfoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kids would scream every time they would step on them—I actually stepped on them too,” recalls Martin with a chill. “They would squirm out of in between your toes, which is the most gross sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tadpoles’ appearance was mysterious, says Martin, who has worked as a lifeguard in the East Bay for four summers (her mom happens to be a news editor at KQED). “I had never seen that before, and my friends who had worked here before for five or six years, they’ve never seen it, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915749\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915749 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Anza, in Tilden Park, covers 8-10 acres -- too large for effective eradication of the slippery invaders.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Anza covers 8-10 acres in Tilden Regional Park — too large for effective eradication of the slippery invaders. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To find out what they were, we called Steve Bobzien, a wildlife ecologist for the East Bay Regional Park District. He checked out the lake, and was not happy with what he saw: “Thousands — literally tens of thousands of bullfrog tadpoles in Lake Anza.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/09/GiantTadpoles.mp3\" title=\"Invasion of the Giant Tadpoles\" program=\"KQED Science\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a first, and not a welcome one. Ecological bullies to many California natives, bullfrogs are \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives/Species/Bullfrog\">an invasive species\u003c/a> here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re notorious for gobbling anything up that’s the size of their mouth or smaller,” Bobzien says. That could devastate the watershed’s remnant population of smaller California red-legged frogs, a species federally \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es_species/Accounts/Amphibians-Reptiles/es_ca-red-legged-frog.htm\">listed as threatened\u003c/a>. “Bullfrogs are also known to eat other vertebrates including bats, small birds, and rodents, even,” he notes. “So they’re pretty formidable predator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915746\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915746\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bullfrog tadpoles can be 5-or-6 inches long, and don't yield to human swimmers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bullfrog tadpoles can be 5-or-6 inches long, and don’t yield to human swimmers. \u003ccite>(Douglas Mills via \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/dmills727/\"> Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re also explosive breeders. How they got into Lake Anza is unclear, but getting rid of them now would be a challenge, to put it mildly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal would be to eradicate them, and that’s virtually going to be impossible,” Bobzien says. In a smaller pond, you might scoop them out with nets—or pump water out and bury them with a bulldozer. But that won’t work here. Besides the surrounding stream environment at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden\">Tilden Park\u003c/a>, the man-made \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/stewardship/water/lake_anza_water_quality\">Lake Anza\u003c/a> itself covers eight or ten acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you were to put on a full-on effort with a lot of funding, a lot of time, you’re still not going to be able to eradicate them.” At best, Bobzien hopes to keep the population in check, so bullfrogs don’t completely take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it only takes two survivors to produce thousands of eggs. Likely, the titanic tadpoles are in Lake Anza to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The squirmy East Bay interlopers do not bode well for threatened species in Lake Anza.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928377,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":588},"headData":{"title":"Invasion of the Giant Tadpoles: Wildlife Officials Say It's No Joke | KQED","description":"The squirmy East Bay interlopers do not bode well for threatened species in Lake Anza.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Invasion of the Giant Tadpoles: Wildlife Officials Say It's No Joke","datePublished":"2017-09-19T20:51:01.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:12:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1915740/invasion-of-the-giant-tadpoles-wildlife-officials-say-its-no-joke","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Swimmers at Lake Anza in the Berkeley Hills found a slimy surprise this summer: huge tadpoles bigger than they’d ever seen there before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They came in unnerving numbers — each five or six inches long. And they were rude.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The kids would scream every time they would step on them.’\u003ccite>Cecilia Martin, Lifeguard\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When you’re walking into the water, they wouldn’t even get out of the way,” recalls lifeguard Cecilia Martin, who sometimes struggled with her campers to avoid the many tadpoles underfoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kids would scream every time they would step on them—I actually stepped on them too,” recalls Martin with a chill. “They would squirm out of in between your toes, which is the most gross sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tadpoles’ appearance was mysterious, says Martin, who has worked as a lifeguard in the East Bay for four summers (her mom happens to be a news editor at KQED). “I had never seen that before, and my friends who had worked here before for five or six years, they’ve never seen it, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915749\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915749 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Anza, in Tilden Park, covers 8-10 acres -- too large for effective eradication of the slippery invaders.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Anza covers 8-10 acres in Tilden Regional Park — too large for effective eradication of the slippery invaders. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To find out what they were, we called Steve Bobzien, a wildlife ecologist for the East Bay Regional Park District. He checked out the lake, and was not happy with what he saw: “Thousands — literally tens of thousands of bullfrog tadpoles in Lake Anza.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/09/GiantTadpoles.mp3","title":"Invasion of the Giant Tadpoles","program":"KQED Science","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a first, and not a welcome one. Ecological bullies to many California natives, bullfrogs are \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives/Species/Bullfrog\">an invasive species\u003c/a> here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re notorious for gobbling anything up that’s the size of their mouth or smaller,” Bobzien says. That could devastate the watershed’s remnant population of smaller California red-legged frogs, a species federally \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es_species/Accounts/Amphibians-Reptiles/es_ca-red-legged-frog.htm\">listed as threatened\u003c/a>. “Bullfrogs are also known to eat other vertebrates including bats, small birds, and rodents, even,” he notes. “So they’re pretty formidable predator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915746\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915746\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bullfrog tadpoles can be 5-or-6 inches long, and don't yield to human swimmers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bullfrog tadpoles can be 5-or-6 inches long, and don’t yield to human swimmers. \u003ccite>(Douglas Mills via \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/dmills727/\"> Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re also explosive breeders. How they got into Lake Anza is unclear, but getting rid of them now would be a challenge, to put it mildly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal would be to eradicate them, and that’s virtually going to be impossible,” Bobzien says. In a smaller pond, you might scoop them out with nets—or pump water out and bury them with a bulldozer. But that won’t work here. Besides the surrounding stream environment at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden\">Tilden Park\u003c/a>, the man-made \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/stewardship/water/lake_anza_water_quality\">Lake Anza\u003c/a> itself covers eight or ten acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you were to put on a full-on effort with a lot of funding, a lot of time, you’re still not going to be able to eradicate them.” At best, Bobzien hopes to keep the population in check, so bullfrogs don’t completely take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it only takes two survivors to produce thousands of eggs. Likely, the titanic tadpoles are in Lake Anza to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1915740/invasion-of-the-giant-tadpoles-wildlife-officials-say-its-no-joke","authors":["6609"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1320"],"featImg":"science_1915752","label":"science"},"science_19295":{"type":"posts","id":"science_19295","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"19295","score":null,"sort":[1405124524000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"inspectors-at-lake-tahoe-intercept-invasive-mussels","title":"Inspectors at Lake Tahoe Intercept Invasive Mussels","publishDate":1405124524,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Inspectors at Lake Tahoe Intercept Invasive Mussels | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19299\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Quagga_fouled_outdrive.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19299\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Quagga_fouled_outdrive.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga_fouled_outdrive\" width=\"719\" height=\"481\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels colonize rapidly on hard surfaces such as this boat motor. (Courtesy of National Park Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently Tahoe watercraft inspectors found the highly invasive \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/quagga.shtml\">quagga mussel\u003c/a> on a boat coming from \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/invasives/quaggamussel/\">quagga-infested Lake Mead\u003c/a>. They were able to decontaminate the boat and stop the species from entering the lake. Inspector say this discovery emphasizes the importance of\u003ca href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/\"> mandatory boat inspections\u003c/a> for boaters wishing to launch their vessels into Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We have to keep our environment pristine in order for people to enjoy this beautiful resource.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Our economy depends on tourism. We have to keep our environment pristine in order for people to enjoy this beautiful resource” says Julie Regan of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a>, or TRPA. At popular tourist destinations such as Lake Tahoe, she says, invasive species are of particular concern. They have the potential to negatively impact the area not only ecologically, but also economically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the primary goals of the TRPA is to protect the lake from aquatic invasive species, says Regan. “We have one of the most protective programs in the entire united states,” she says. “We are a national model for prevention of invasive species”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/watercraft-inspector.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/watercraft-inspector.jpg\" alt=\"watercraft inspector\" width=\"228\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tahoe watercraft inspectors check that boats are clean and free of mussels. (Courtesy of Tahoe Resource Conservation District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The TRPA collaborates with the \u003ca href=\"http://tahoercd.org/\">Tahoe Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> to run a watercraft inspection program. Funding for the program is split between the federal government and fees from boaters in Lake Tahoe. Since the start of the boating season in May, inspectors have intercepted invasive species on boats 24 times. Regan describes the program as the front line of defense for protecting the lake from invasive species such as the quagga mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quagga mussels are of particular concern because they are small and hard to detect. They are prolific breeders and have the potential to change the ecology of the lake by consuming food that would otherwise go to native species. They can also cause damage to water infrastructure, potentially affecting drinking water quality for area residents. When quagga mussels do invade a water body, it is virtually impossible to eradicate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Mandatory boat inspections stop invasive species from endangering Lake Tahoe’s pristine ecosystem.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933293,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":366},"headData":{"title":"Inspectors at Lake Tahoe Intercept Invasive Mussels | KQED","description":"Mandatory boat inspections stop invasive species from endangering Lake Tahoe’s pristine ecosystem.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Inspectors at Lake Tahoe Intercept Invasive Mussels","datePublished":"2014-07-12T00:22:04.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:34:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/19295/inspectors-at-lake-tahoe-intercept-invasive-mussels","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19299\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Quagga_fouled_outdrive.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19299\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Quagga_fouled_outdrive.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga_fouled_outdrive\" width=\"719\" height=\"481\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels colonize rapidly on hard surfaces such as this boat motor. (Courtesy of National Park Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently Tahoe watercraft inspectors found the highly invasive \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/quagga.shtml\">quagga mussel\u003c/a> on a boat coming from \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/invasives/quaggamussel/\">quagga-infested Lake Mead\u003c/a>. They were able to decontaminate the boat and stop the species from entering the lake. Inspector say this discovery emphasizes the importance of\u003ca href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/\"> mandatory boat inspections\u003c/a> for boaters wishing to launch their vessels into Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We have to keep our environment pristine in order for people to enjoy this beautiful resource.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Our economy depends on tourism. We have to keep our environment pristine in order for people to enjoy this beautiful resource” says Julie Regan of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a>, or TRPA. At popular tourist destinations such as Lake Tahoe, she says, invasive species are of particular concern. They have the potential to negatively impact the area not only ecologically, but also economically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the primary goals of the TRPA is to protect the lake from aquatic invasive species, says Regan. “We have one of the most protective programs in the entire united states,” she says. “We are a national model for prevention of invasive species”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/watercraft-inspector.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/watercraft-inspector.jpg\" alt=\"watercraft inspector\" width=\"228\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tahoe watercraft inspectors check that boats are clean and free of mussels. (Courtesy of Tahoe Resource Conservation District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The TRPA collaborates with the \u003ca href=\"http://tahoercd.org/\">Tahoe Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> to run a watercraft inspection program. Funding for the program is split between the federal government and fees from boaters in Lake Tahoe. Since the start of the boating season in May, inspectors have intercepted invasive species on boats 24 times. Regan describes the program as the front line of defense for protecting the lake from invasive species such as the quagga mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quagga mussels are of particular concern because they are small and hard to detect. They are prolific breeders and have the potential to change the ecology of the lake by consuming food that would otherwise go to native species. They can also cause damage to water infrastructure, potentially affecting drinking water quality for area residents. When quagga mussels do invade a water body, it is virtually impossible to eradicate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/19295/inspectors-at-lake-tahoe-intercept-invasive-mussels","authors":["6564"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1320"],"featImg":"science_19299","label":"science"},"science_18812":{"type":"posts","id":"science_18812","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"18812","score":null,"sort":[1404170332000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"an-unwelcome-visitor-threatens-a-california-species","title":"Water Snakes Invading California Threaten Native Species","publishDate":1404170332,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Water Snakes Invading California Threaten Native Species | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18816\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 895px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\" alt=\"The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\" width=\"895\" height=\"508\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water snakes from the eastern United States are being found in increasing numbers throughout California’s waterways, and biologists at the University of California at Davis are growing concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and the southern water snake thrive in suburban areas and human-disturbed habitats but are harmless to humans. However, they may pose a threat to native aquatic species, including some types of frogs, snakes and salamanders because they compete for the same food source or directly pray on the native species. The invasive water snakes have been found in some areas near Sacramento as well as near Long Beach in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California’\u003ccite>— Jonathan Rose, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California where many of our native aquatic species are being replaced by non-native species,” says \u003ca href=\"http://toddlab.ucdavis.edu/jrose.html\">Jonathan Rose\u003c/a>, a doctoral candidate at UC Davis. Rose has been working under\u003ca href=\"http://wfcb.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/todd.php\"> Dr. Brian Todd\u003c/a>, an Assistant Professor of Wildlife Biology, to analyze the snake’s potential to spread through California and the Western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0100277\">The study\u003c/a> by Rose and Todd lists which areas will be affected if populations of the invasive water snakes continue to spread. According to their projections, invasive snakes could spread throughout the western United States, overlapping with the habitats of native aquatic dwellers like the foothill yellow-legged frog, the giant garter snake, the California giant salamander and the California tiger salamander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These non-native water snakes present yet another threat or stress to many already imperiled species,” Rose says. Many of the native aquatic species are already at risk due to changes in their habitats and the introduction of other non-native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18843\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 465px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\" alt=\"WatersnakeSalamander_JDW (1)\" width=\"465\" height=\"349\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southern water snake, which commonly feeds on the endangered mole salamander, is one of two water snake species invading California’s waterways. (J.D. Willson/University of Arkansas)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Non-native water snakes have been present in California for quite a while now. As of 2008 it is unlawful to possess one of these water snakes as a pet, but Rose says they were likely introduced as a result of people releasing their pet snakes before this ban was in place. It is unclear exactly how many of these snakes are in California presently, but there are roughly 300 in the Sacramento area, according to Rose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they currently pose no immediate threat to native species, non-native species often pass a threshold at which the population grows rapidly and starts spreading. According to Rose, we are at the early stage where snakes haven’t spread out of control as far as we know. The snakes aren’t having any negative effects on native species but that could change at any time. “These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower’\u003ccite>Jonathan Rose\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The common water snake is of particular concern, says Rose, because it is geographically widespread and able to survive in a variety of climates. Rose says that some snakes are capable of producing litters of 50 or more offspring. They also reach sexual maturity at two or three years of age, so their populations can grow rapidly and bounce back from negative influences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Rose, it is possible that the snakes have already spread throughout the state without our knowledge. If they are more established than we realize, they will eventually start to compete with aquatic species. But it may not be too late. Rose explained that the best case scenario is that fish and wildlife agencies put together a management plan to determine where these species are and act quickly to eradicate their populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. Sightings and pictures of introduced water snakes can be reported to \u003ca href=\"mailto:californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\">californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Biologists at UC Davis are growing concerned about the presence of non-native aquatic snakes in California’s waterways. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933404,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":725},"headData":{"title":"Water Snakes Invading California Threaten Native Species | KQED","description":"Biologists at UC Davis are growing concerned about the presence of non-native aquatic snakes in California’s waterways. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Water Snakes Invading California Threaten Native Species","datePublished":"2014-06-30T23:18:52.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:36:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/18812/an-unwelcome-visitor-threatens-a-california-species","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18816\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 895px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\" alt=\"The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\" width=\"895\" height=\"508\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water snakes from the eastern United States are being found in increasing numbers throughout California’s waterways, and biologists at the University of California at Davis are growing concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and the southern water snake thrive in suburban areas and human-disturbed habitats but are harmless to humans. However, they may pose a threat to native aquatic species, including some types of frogs, snakes and salamanders because they compete for the same food source or directly pray on the native species. The invasive water snakes have been found in some areas near Sacramento as well as near Long Beach in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California’\u003ccite>— Jonathan Rose, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California where many of our native aquatic species are being replaced by non-native species,” says \u003ca href=\"http://toddlab.ucdavis.edu/jrose.html\">Jonathan Rose\u003c/a>, a doctoral candidate at UC Davis. Rose has been working under\u003ca href=\"http://wfcb.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/todd.php\"> Dr. Brian Todd\u003c/a>, an Assistant Professor of Wildlife Biology, to analyze the snake’s potential to spread through California and the Western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0100277\">The study\u003c/a> by Rose and Todd lists which areas will be affected if populations of the invasive water snakes continue to spread. According to their projections, invasive snakes could spread throughout the western United States, overlapping with the habitats of native aquatic dwellers like the foothill yellow-legged frog, the giant garter snake, the California giant salamander and the California tiger salamander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These non-native water snakes present yet another threat or stress to many already imperiled species,” Rose says. Many of the native aquatic species are already at risk due to changes in their habitats and the introduction of other non-native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18843\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 465px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\" alt=\"WatersnakeSalamander_JDW (1)\" width=\"465\" height=\"349\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southern water snake, which commonly feeds on the endangered mole salamander, is one of two water snake species invading California’s waterways. (J.D. Willson/University of Arkansas)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Non-native water snakes have been present in California for quite a while now. As of 2008 it is unlawful to possess one of these water snakes as a pet, but Rose says they were likely introduced as a result of people releasing their pet snakes before this ban was in place. It is unclear exactly how many of these snakes are in California presently, but there are roughly 300 in the Sacramento area, according to Rose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they currently pose no immediate threat to native species, non-native species often pass a threshold at which the population grows rapidly and starts spreading. According to Rose, we are at the early stage where snakes haven’t spread out of control as far as we know. The snakes aren’t having any negative effects on native species but that could change at any time. “These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower’\u003ccite>Jonathan Rose\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The common water snake is of particular concern, says Rose, because it is geographically widespread and able to survive in a variety of climates. Rose says that some snakes are capable of producing litters of 50 or more offspring. They also reach sexual maturity at two or three years of age, so their populations can grow rapidly and bounce back from negative influences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Rose, it is possible that the snakes have already spread throughout the state without our knowledge. If they are more established than we realize, they will eventually start to compete with aquatic species. But it may not be too late. Rose explained that the best case scenario is that fish and wildlife agencies put together a management plan to determine where these species are and act quickly to eradicate their populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. Sightings and pictures of introduced water snakes can be reported to \u003ca href=\"mailto:californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\">californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/18812/an-unwelcome-visitor-threatens-a-california-species","authors":["6564"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_5178","science_1320"],"featImg":"science_18815","label":"science"},"science_14466":{"type":"posts","id":"science_14466","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"14466","score":null,"sort":[1392998418000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"seven-things-to-know-about-the-sixth-mass-extinction","title":"Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction","publishDate":1392998418,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14482\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\" alt=\"Coral Reef at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coral reefs are the first major ecosystems that could be wiped out by human impacts. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\">Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta love an author who manages to turn complex scientific theories and millions of years of history into an easy-to-understand thesis — even if that thesis is that humans are causing mass extinction. Elizabeth Kolbert’s book \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9780805092998\">“The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History”\u003c/a> centers around two ideas: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that we’re causing much of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolbert joined \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201402191000\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> to discuss her book and the disappearance of everything from the snails of the Hawaiian islands to bats in upstate New York. The topic isn’t a cheery one, but as Kolbert writes in the introduction, “If extinction is a morbid topic, mass extinction is, well, massively so. It’s also a fascinating one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are highlights from the Forum interview, edited for clarity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. We Don’t Know Yet How Bad This Extinction Will Be\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are clearly at a time of very high extinction rates. Whether we rise to the level of the major – the five major – mass extinctions of the last half billion years certainly remains to be determined. There have also been, somewhat oxymoronically, “minor” mass extinctions in the record. Where this extinction event is going to fit into that is obviously impossible to know when you’re in the midst of it. But increasingly you hear scientists comparing us to the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs and many other groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\" alt=\"Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (Kevin Walsh/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/86624586@N00/513424023/\">Kevin Walsh/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Based on Carbon Emissions, We May Be On Track For the Worst Mass Extinction, Ever\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst mass extinction in the history of the planet happened about 250 million years ago at the end of what’s known as the Permian period. And it’s believed that it was caused by this major burst of volcanic activity that emitted a lot of CO2 into the air and warmed the planet very radically and changed the chemistry of the oceans very radically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And very soberingly, scientists have recently tried to figure out at what rate was CO2 being emitted at that point. And the best estimate that they can come up with – this is a pretty recent paper – suggests that we are pouring CO2 into the air faster than was poured into the air in the events leading up to the end of the Permian extinction. So you increasingly hear ‘We cannot rule out that kind of an outcome: the Permian,’ which was the worst mass extinction in history. I find that – even I, who wrote this book, and feel like I couldn’t be surprised by much anymore – find that, just extremely sobering and terrifying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Invasive Species Have Created a “New Pangea”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Invasive species actually are implicated in, some people would say, the majority of extinctions we know about. Invasive species turn out to be really important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Effectively about 250 million years ago all of the continents of the world were smushed together in this supercontinent that has been called Pangea. And then they drifted apart due to plate tectonics and we eventually got the world as we know it, with seven continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we’re doing by bringing together all of the flora and fauna of the world just by transporting things around the world, in a biological sense, is erasing those boundaries between the continents and smushing them back together. So a term has been coined: the ‘New Pangea.’ We are creating the New Pangea. We’re bringing everything back together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that can have, it turns out, very devastating consequences. Often it has no consequences — you move something around the world, it can’t make it in a new place so it just disappears, or it establishes itself and it doesn’t do any damage, it just sort of coexists with what was there before. But a certain percentage of the time, and even if it’s a very small percentage – [because] you are doing it over and over again, it obviously adds up – a certain percentage of the time you bring together these evolutionary lineages that have been separated for tens of millions of years and very devastating things happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14485\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\" alt=\"Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. White-Nose Syndrome, a European Fungus, Is Decimating North American Bats\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fungus] has been traced back to Europe – it came over quite possibly on someone’s shoe, or in their suitcase. It almost certainly landed somewhere in upstate New York, because that is where we first started to see these huge die-offs. It’s very devastating to bats, it gets on their skin, it irritates their skin. You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/\">see it\u003c/a>. It looks like the bats have been dunked in talcum powder or cocaine, some people have said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens is that bats in the North Eastern U.S. hibernate during the winter. So they hang by their toes, their body temperature drops, their immune system shuts down and they really, really need to conserve energy. They are very small little creatures, they need that energy to get through the winter – there’s nothing to eat. And this fungus irritates them, they wake up, they fly around, there’s nothing to eat, they drop dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Coral Reefs Could Be the First Major Ecosystems to Disappear Because of Humans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many marine scientists believe that coral reefs will be the first major ecosystem to be done in by human impacts. So there will still be corals, but they will no longer be able to form these fantastic reefs that support a tremendous variety of species anywhere between half a million and something like nine million species spend part of their lives on coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing water temperatures are really dramatically affecting reefs. Reefs have this interesting symbiosis going on. They have algae inside them, that feed them, that provide carbohydrates for them and that they get a lot of their energy from. And when water temperatures get too high this relationship breaks down, they expel [the algae] and they basically starve to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_bleach.html\">Coral bleaching events\u003c/a>, which are happening more and more frequently because water temperatures are going up, those are already really reducing coral cover in a lot of parts of the world. So for example, in the Great Barrier Reef, which is the world’s largest reef, coral cover has declined by something like 50 percent just in the last few decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. The Chemistry of the Oceans Is Changing Radically\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you talk to scientists – certainly if you talk to marine scientists – one thing that really, really worries them that has not gotten the press it deserves is this issue of ocean acidification. That’s the phenomenon where, when you pour CO2 into the air as we are — there’s just no debate about that, we’re pouring about ten billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere every year just by burning fossil fuels — a lot of it is going to end up in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When CO2 dissolves in water it forms a weak acid. It forms carbonic acid … And it’s changing the chemistry of the oceans very radically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. There’s No Saying What Will Survive This Extinction Event\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are actively interested in this question precisely because we seem to be in another mass extinction event. What comes through? What tends to come through these extinction events? And they’ve found very very few rules. It’s very hard to say that there’s a rule. The dinosaurs were the dominate group on Earth for tens of millions of years and they all – every species of non-avian dinosaur dies out. Why is that? No one really knows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to the complete interview below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/135726672&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Elizabeth Kolbert’s book “The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History” centers around two premises: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that humans are causing much of it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934143,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1408},"headData":{"title":"Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction | KQED","description":"Elizabeth Kolbert’s book “The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History” centers around two premises: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that humans are causing much of it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction","datePublished":"2014-02-21T16:00:18.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:49:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/14466/seven-things-to-know-about-the-sixth-mass-extinction","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14482\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\" alt=\"Coral Reef at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coral reefs are the first major ecosystems that could be wiped out by human impacts. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\">Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta love an author who manages to turn complex scientific theories and millions of years of history into an easy-to-understand thesis — even if that thesis is that humans are causing mass extinction. Elizabeth Kolbert’s book \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9780805092998\">“The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History”\u003c/a> centers around two ideas: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that we’re causing much of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolbert joined \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201402191000\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> to discuss her book and the disappearance of everything from the snails of the Hawaiian islands to bats in upstate New York. The topic isn’t a cheery one, but as Kolbert writes in the introduction, “If extinction is a morbid topic, mass extinction is, well, massively so. It’s also a fascinating one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are highlights from the Forum interview, edited for clarity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. We Don’t Know Yet How Bad This Extinction Will Be\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are clearly at a time of very high extinction rates. Whether we rise to the level of the major – the five major – mass extinctions of the last half billion years certainly remains to be determined. There have also been, somewhat oxymoronically, “minor” mass extinctions in the record. Where this extinction event is going to fit into that is obviously impossible to know when you’re in the midst of it. But increasingly you hear scientists comparing us to the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs and many other groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\" alt=\"Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (Kevin Walsh/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/86624586@N00/513424023/\">Kevin Walsh/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Based on Carbon Emissions, We May Be On Track For the Worst Mass Extinction, Ever\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst mass extinction in the history of the planet happened about 250 million years ago at the end of what’s known as the Permian period. And it’s believed that it was caused by this major burst of volcanic activity that emitted a lot of CO2 into the air and warmed the planet very radically and changed the chemistry of the oceans very radically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And very soberingly, scientists have recently tried to figure out at what rate was CO2 being emitted at that point. And the best estimate that they can come up with – this is a pretty recent paper – suggests that we are pouring CO2 into the air faster than was poured into the air in the events leading up to the end of the Permian extinction. So you increasingly hear ‘We cannot rule out that kind of an outcome: the Permian,’ which was the worst mass extinction in history. I find that – even I, who wrote this book, and feel like I couldn’t be surprised by much anymore – find that, just extremely sobering and terrifying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Invasive Species Have Created a “New Pangea”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Invasive species actually are implicated in, some people would say, the majority of extinctions we know about. Invasive species turn out to be really important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Effectively about 250 million years ago all of the continents of the world were smushed together in this supercontinent that has been called Pangea. And then they drifted apart due to plate tectonics and we eventually got the world as we know it, with seven continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we’re doing by bringing together all of the flora and fauna of the world just by transporting things around the world, in a biological sense, is erasing those boundaries between the continents and smushing them back together. So a term has been coined: the ‘New Pangea.’ We are creating the New Pangea. We’re bringing everything back together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that can have, it turns out, very devastating consequences. Often it has no consequences — you move something around the world, it can’t make it in a new place so it just disappears, or it establishes itself and it doesn’t do any damage, it just sort of coexists with what was there before. But a certain percentage of the time, and even if it’s a very small percentage – [because] you are doing it over and over again, it obviously adds up – a certain percentage of the time you bring together these evolutionary lineages that have been separated for tens of millions of years and very devastating things happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14485\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\" alt=\"Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. White-Nose Syndrome, a European Fungus, Is Decimating North American Bats\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fungus] has been traced back to Europe – it came over quite possibly on someone’s shoe, or in their suitcase. It almost certainly landed somewhere in upstate New York, because that is where we first started to see these huge die-offs. It’s very devastating to bats, it gets on their skin, it irritates their skin. You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/\">see it\u003c/a>. It looks like the bats have been dunked in talcum powder or cocaine, some people have said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens is that bats in the North Eastern U.S. hibernate during the winter. So they hang by their toes, their body temperature drops, their immune system shuts down and they really, really need to conserve energy. They are very small little creatures, they need that energy to get through the winter – there’s nothing to eat. And this fungus irritates them, they wake up, they fly around, there’s nothing to eat, they drop dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Coral Reefs Could Be the First Major Ecosystems to Disappear Because of Humans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many marine scientists believe that coral reefs will be the first major ecosystem to be done in by human impacts. So there will still be corals, but they will no longer be able to form these fantastic reefs that support a tremendous variety of species anywhere between half a million and something like nine million species spend part of their lives on coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing water temperatures are really dramatically affecting reefs. Reefs have this interesting symbiosis going on. They have algae inside them, that feed them, that provide carbohydrates for them and that they get a lot of their energy from. And when water temperatures get too high this relationship breaks down, they expel [the algae] and they basically starve to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_bleach.html\">Coral bleaching events\u003c/a>, which are happening more and more frequently because water temperatures are going up, those are already really reducing coral cover in a lot of parts of the world. So for example, in the Great Barrier Reef, which is the world’s largest reef, coral cover has declined by something like 50 percent just in the last few decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. The Chemistry of the Oceans Is Changing Radically\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you talk to scientists – certainly if you talk to marine scientists – one thing that really, really worries them that has not gotten the press it deserves is this issue of ocean acidification. That’s the phenomenon where, when you pour CO2 into the air as we are — there’s just no debate about that, we’re pouring about ten billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere every year just by burning fossil fuels — a lot of it is going to end up in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When CO2 dissolves in water it forms a weak acid. It forms carbonic acid … And it’s changing the chemistry of the oceans very radically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. There’s No Saying What Will Survive This Extinction Event\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are actively interested in this question precisely because we seem to be in another mass extinction event. What comes through? What tends to come through these extinction events? And they’ve found very very few rules. It’s very hard to say that there’s a rule. The dinosaurs were the dominate group on Earth for tens of millions of years and they all – every species of non-avian dinosaur dies out. Why is that? No one really knows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to the complete interview below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/135726672&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/14466/seven-things-to-know-about-the-sixth-mass-extinction","authors":["70"],"categories":["science_30","science_29","science_31","science_35","science_38","science_40"],"tags":["science_1320","science_1321"],"featImg":"science_14482","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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