Whooping Cough 'Booster' Vaccine Protection Fades Quickly, Kaiser Study Shows
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State Issues Whooping Cough Warning
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You can follow her on Twitter: \u003ca title=\"https://twitter.com/laliferis\" href=\"https://twitter.com/laliferis\">@laliferis\u003c/a>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86c339d5cdcb0dcd2b6cf5d7c3f5886b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"laliferis","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lisa Aliferis | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86c339d5cdcb0dcd2b6cf5d7c3f5886b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86c339d5cdcb0dcd2b6cf5d7c3f5886b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lisaaliferis"},"adembosky":{"type":"authors","id":"3205","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"3205","found":true},"name":"April Dembosky","firstName":"April","lastName":"Dembosky","slug":"adembosky","email":"adembosky@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news","science"],"title":"KQED Health Correspondent","bio":"April Dembosky is the health correspondent for KQED News and a regular contributor to NPR. She specializes in covering altered states of mind, from postpartum depression to methamphetamine-induced psychosis to the insanity defense. Her investigative series on insurance companies sidestepping mental health laws won multiple awards, including first place in beat reporting from the national Association of Health Care Journalists. She is the recipient of numerous other prizes and fellowships, including a national Edward R. Murrow award for investigative reporting, a Society of Professional Journalists award for long-form storytelling, and a Carter Center Fellowship for Mental Health Journalism.\r\n\r\nDembosky reported and produced \u003cem>Soundtrack of Silence\u003c/em>, an audio documentary about music and memory that is currently being made into a feature film by Paramount Pictures.\r\n\r\nBefore joining KQED in 2013, Dembosky covered technology and Silicon Valley for \u003cem>The Financial Times of London,\u003c/em> and contributed business and arts stories to \u003cem>Marketplace \u003c/em>and \u003cem>The New York Times.\u003c/em> She got her undergraduate degree in philosophy from Smith College and her master's in journalism from the University of California, Berkeley. She is a classically trained violinist and proud alum of the first symphony orchestra at Burning Man.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ef92999be4ceb9ea60701e7dc276f813?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"adembosky","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["author"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"April Dembosky | KQED","description":"KQED Health Correspondent","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ef92999be4ceb9ea60701e7dc276f813?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ef92999be4ceb9ea60701e7dc276f813?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/adembosky"},"state-of-health":{"type":"authors","id":"8344","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"8344","found":true},"name":"State of Health","firstName":"State of Health","lastName":null,"slug":"state-of-health","email":"stateofhealth@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":null,"avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/66de4bf6d331fa7402bba1ffe8135e17?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"State of Health | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/66de4bf6d331fa7402bba1ffe8135e17?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/66de4bf6d331fa7402bba1ffe8135e17?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/state-of-health"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"stateofhealth_145269":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_145269","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"145269","score":null,"sort":[1454653890000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whooping-cough-booster-protection-fades-quickly-kaiser-study-shows","title":"Whooping Cough 'Booster' Vaccine Protection Fades Quickly, Kaiser Study Shows","publishDate":1454653890,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>In the late 1990s, a new version of the whooping cough vaccine was introduced. The big benefit was that it had fewer side effects. But in the years since, evidence has been mounting that this newer vaccine loses its effectiveness -- and fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Routine vaccination of 11- and 12-year-olds does not appear to be preventing outbreaks.'\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Dr. Nicola Klein, Kaiser Vaccine Study Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now, another study sheds light on how well the \"booster\" dose works. California requires this booster -- called Tdap -- for all incoming 7th graders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center looked at the protection level of 175,000 adolescents in the Kaiser Northern California system vaccinated with Tdap. And just as with earlier studies, they saw that protection faded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we found was the the Tdap vaccine offers moderate protection in the first year,\" said Dr. Nicola Klein, co-director of Kaiser's vaccine center, \"but then that rapidly decreased over the next four years, so by the time we were at four years after vaccination, it was down to nine percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been two statewide whooping cough -- also called pertussis -- epidemics in recent years. The first was in 2010, the second in 2014, which was the first where all adolescents had received only the newer pertussis vaccine, the \"acellular pertussis\" vaccine: five doses by age 6, plus the booster before 7th grade. The 2014 epidemic was even more severe than the one in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately,\" said Klein, \"routine vaccination of 11- and 12-year-olds does not appear to be preventing outbreaks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question becomes what to do about it -- especially since the authors predict the situation will only get worse. \"Future pertussis epidemics,\" they write in the study, will \"be larger as the cohort that has only received acellular pertussis vaccines ages.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the very end of the study, published in the journal Pediatrics, the authors raise the question of a different strategy, one where the vaccine was \"administered to adolescents in anticipation of a local pertussis outbreak, rather than on a routine basis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems like a good idea, but it's one that would be a significant departure for the U.S., according to Dr. Arthur Reingold, head of epidemiology at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The United State doesn't have a lot of experience in doing mass campaigns in response to or in preparation of an outbreak,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might also seem reasonable to give doses more frequently. But Reingold, who also chairs the pertussis group for the nation's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, says first you need a lot of evidence that extra doses are both safe and effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Give a dose at 12 [years], another one at 15 and another one at 18,\" Reingold questioned. \"It's expense and it's complicated, and it's not clear what the effects would be. There's not a clear solution at this point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A clear solution would be a new vaccine that is, again, safe and effective. Reingold says that's at least five years off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, no adolescents died or were hospitalized in the 2014 epidemic. Klein referred to pertussis as a \"mild to moderate disease.\" Yet, the illness is often referred to as \"the 100-day cough.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a deadly disease,\" Klein said, \"but it is an impact on kids' lives.\" And parents, too, who may have to take time off work to care for their sick children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It becomes a question of priorities in a limited-resources world. \"At the public health level, the emphasis is on preventing deaths and hospitalizations,\" Reingold said. \"How much money do we want to spend ... to prevent the 100-day cough?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a perfectly legitimate question, and I don't know the answer.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Routine vaccination against whooping cough does not appear to prevent outbreaks among adolescents.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1454692737,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":638},"headData":{"title":"Whooping Cough 'Booster' Vaccine Protection Fades Quickly, Kaiser Study Shows | KQED","description":"Routine vaccination against whooping cough does not appear to prevent outbreaks among adolescents.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Whooping Cough 'Booster' Vaccine Protection Fades Quickly, Kaiser Study Shows","datePublished":"2016-02-05T06:31:30.000Z","dateModified":"2016-02-05T17:18:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"145269 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=145269","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/02/04/whooping-cough-booster-protection-fades-quickly-kaiser-study-shows/","disqusTitle":"Whooping Cough 'Booster' Vaccine Protection Fades Quickly, Kaiser Study Shows","path":"/stateofhealth/145269/whooping-cough-booster-protection-fades-quickly-kaiser-study-shows","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the late 1990s, a new version of the whooping cough vaccine was introduced. The big benefit was that it had fewer side effects. But in the years since, evidence has been mounting that this newer vaccine loses its effectiveness -- and fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Routine vaccination of 11- and 12-year-olds does not appear to be preventing outbreaks.'\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Dr. Nicola Klein, Kaiser Vaccine Study Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now, another study sheds light on how well the \"booster\" dose works. California requires this booster -- called Tdap -- for all incoming 7th graders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center looked at the protection level of 175,000 adolescents in the Kaiser Northern California system vaccinated with Tdap. And just as with earlier studies, they saw that protection faded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we found was the the Tdap vaccine offers moderate protection in the first year,\" said Dr. Nicola Klein, co-director of Kaiser's vaccine center, \"but then that rapidly decreased over the next four years, so by the time we were at four years after vaccination, it was down to nine percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been two statewide whooping cough -- also called pertussis -- epidemics in recent years. The first was in 2010, the second in 2014, which was the first where all adolescents had received only the newer pertussis vaccine, the \"acellular pertussis\" vaccine: five doses by age 6, plus the booster before 7th grade. The 2014 epidemic was even more severe than the one in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately,\" said Klein, \"routine vaccination of 11- and 12-year-olds does not appear to be preventing outbreaks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question becomes what to do about it -- especially since the authors predict the situation will only get worse. \"Future pertussis epidemics,\" they write in the study, will \"be larger as the cohort that has only received acellular pertussis vaccines ages.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the very end of the study, published in the journal Pediatrics, the authors raise the question of a different strategy, one where the vaccine was \"administered to adolescents in anticipation of a local pertussis outbreak, rather than on a routine basis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems like a good idea, but it's one that would be a significant departure for the U.S., according to Dr. Arthur Reingold, head of epidemiology at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The United State doesn't have a lot of experience in doing mass campaigns in response to or in preparation of an outbreak,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might also seem reasonable to give doses more frequently. But Reingold, who also chairs the pertussis group for the nation's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, says first you need a lot of evidence that extra doses are both safe and effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Give a dose at 12 [years], another one at 15 and another one at 18,\" Reingold questioned. \"It's expense and it's complicated, and it's not clear what the effects would be. There's not a clear solution at this point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A clear solution would be a new vaccine that is, again, safe and effective. Reingold says that's at least five years off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, no adolescents died or were hospitalized in the 2014 epidemic. Klein referred to pertussis as a \"mild to moderate disease.\" Yet, the illness is often referred to as \"the 100-day cough.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a deadly disease,\" Klein said, \"but it is an impact on kids' lives.\" And parents, too, who may have to take time off work to care for their sick children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It becomes a question of priorities in a limited-resources world. \"At the public health level, the emphasis is on preventing deaths and hospitalizations,\" Reingold said. \"How much money do we want to spend ... to prevent the 100-day cough?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a perfectly legitimate question, and I don't know the answer.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/145269/whooping-cough-booster-protection-fades-quickly-kaiser-study-shows","authors":["240"],"categories":["stateofhealth_13"],"tags":["stateofhealth_2519","stateofhealth_715","stateofhealth_31","stateofhealth_152"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_25266","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_74222":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_74222","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"74222","score":null,"sort":[1441644051000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"siblings-most-common-cause-of-whooping-cough-infection-for-infants","title":"Siblings Most Common Cause of Whooping Cough Infection for Infants","publishDate":1441644051,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>Over the past decade, whooping cough has proven increasingly difficult to control. Over \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/fast-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\">48,000 Americans\u003c/a> caught the highly contagious bacterial disease in 2012, the most since 1955. And California experienced two epidemics that killed 13 babies in 2010 and 2014, when a total of 20,000 cases were reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although researchers found that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine refusal contributed \u003c/a>to the 2010 epidemic, health officials now face an even bigger problem: protection afforded by the whooping cough vaccine doesn’t last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/dtap.html\" target=\"_blank\">should get five doses\u003c/a> of the DTaP vaccine by age six, starting at two months, health experts say. While the vaccine is very effective in the short-term, protection begins to fade after the fifth dose, so kids need a booster when they turn 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, as evidence of the vaccine’s waning protection mounts, more and more vaccinated \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/surv-reporting.html\" target=\"_blank\">children and adolescents\u003c/a> are getting whooping cough, also known as pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a study shows, these older children and adolescents have become the most common source of infection for their baby sisters and brothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While doctors can identify a source of infection about half the time, the study, published Monday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org\" target=\"_blank\">Pediatrics\u003c/a>, shows that siblings –- as young as four and a half and as old as nine –- transmitted the disease in over 35 percent of cases with mothers responsible for infecting their babies in about 20 percent of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, mothers were the most common source of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough causes acute spasms of coughing, which are typically followed by high-pitched “\u003ca href=\"https://www.soundsofpertussis.com/\">whoops\u003c/a>” in the struggle to breathe. Infants, especially those too young to be vaccinated, face the greatest risk of severe illness and death from pertussis, as the deadly parasite overwhelms their still developing lungs. About half of infected babies must be hospitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, health officials have recommended that all pregnant women get a Tdap shot, says Tami Skoff, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Ez6lEliEAFWNE0XyinS8LGHEoqOaWp9H\"]“By vaccinating during pregnancy,” Skoff explains, “the mother passes protective antibodies to her baby that protect the baby against pertussis during the first few critical months of life, before the infant begins their own pertussis immunization.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/whooping-cough-vaccination-pregnant.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Early studies\u003c/a> in the United Kingdom show that vaccinating during pregnancy is a highly effective strategy to protect infants, says Skoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the UK program was introduced in 2012, babies whose mothers were vaccinated against pertussis at least a week before birth had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60686-3/abstract\">91 percent lower risk \u003c/a>of contracting the disease than babies whose mothers did not get a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the shift in disease transmission from mothers to siblings, should recommendations for a booster be shifted younger than the current age of 11, if mom is expecting a baby?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not a trivial decision, says Art Reingold, a UC Berkeley professor of public health. “Given what we know about the fairly rapid decline in vaccine-induced protection, one would want to at least model the likely effects of shifting the age for a booster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, because protection from the vaccine starts to fade from about 98 percent effectiveness to about 70 percent five years later, changing the timing of the booster could simply shift the burden of disease to other age groups, says Skoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most effective strategy is to get all pregnant women vaccinated \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/discond/pages/pertussis.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">during the third trimester\u003c/a> to protect babies for the first months of life, when pertussis is most likely to cause severe, life-threatening illness, says Reingold. The next most important thing to do, he says, is to make sure young children get all their shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an unknown source of infection for about 50 percent of cases, it’s still important for anyone who spends time with infants to be up to date on their pertussis vaccinations. Not just children, but all adults, too, including grandparents and caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This “\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780027_2\" target=\"_blank\">cocooning\u003c/a>” strategy has been recommended since the Tdap booster was introduced in 2005. But it’s proven difficult to implement, says Reingold, in part because many adults are not inclined to get vaccinated. But even if they were, it might not matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current “acellular” vaccine, which contains fragments of the parasite, was introduced in the late 1990s to replace the whole cell version. The whole cell vaccine afforded longer lasting protection but also caused more side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In pertussis, the disease is caused by toxins that are released by bacteria. The pertussis vaccine protects you against those toxins, but may not prevent you from spreading the bacteria to others — and causing illness in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this year, California has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%2520report%25208-3-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">more pertussis cases\u003c/a>, excluding the two recent epidemics, than in any year since the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts would love to develop a new vaccine that is not only safe but also affords protection over the long haul. But the incentives for manufacturers to invest substantial sums in the needed research and trials are extremely limited, says Reingold. “I don’t expect a new vaccine to provide us an alternative solution in the foreseeable future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until then, he says, nothing offers better protection to an unvaccinated baby than being born to a recently-vaccinated mother.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's not because they are unvaccinated, but because the vaccine's protection fades over time.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1441661776,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":893},"headData":{"title":"Siblings Most Common Cause of Whooping Cough Infection for Infants | KQED","description":"It's not because they are unvaccinated, but because the vaccine's protection fades over time.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Siblings Most Common Cause of Whooping Cough Infection for Infants","datePublished":"2015-09-07T16:40:51.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-07T21:36:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"74222 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=74222","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/07/siblings-most-common-cause-of-whooping-cough-infection-for-infants/","disqusTitle":"Siblings Most Common Cause of Whooping Cough Infection for Infants","nprByline":"Liza Gross","path":"/stateofhealth/74222/siblings-most-common-cause-of-whooping-cough-infection-for-infants","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the past decade, whooping cough has proven increasingly difficult to control. Over \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/fast-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\">48,000 Americans\u003c/a> caught the highly contagious bacterial disease in 2012, the most since 1955. And California experienced two epidemics that killed 13 babies in 2010 and 2014, when a total of 20,000 cases were reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although researchers found that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine refusal contributed \u003c/a>to the 2010 epidemic, health officials now face an even bigger problem: protection afforded by the whooping cough vaccine doesn’t last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/dtap.html\" target=\"_blank\">should get five doses\u003c/a> of the DTaP vaccine by age six, starting at two months, health experts say. While the vaccine is very effective in the short-term, protection begins to fade after the fifth dose, so kids need a booster when they turn 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, as evidence of the vaccine’s waning protection mounts, more and more vaccinated \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/surv-reporting.html\" target=\"_blank\">children and adolescents\u003c/a> are getting whooping cough, also known as pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a study shows, these older children and adolescents have become the most common source of infection for their baby sisters and brothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While doctors can identify a source of infection about half the time, the study, published Monday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org\" target=\"_blank\">Pediatrics\u003c/a>, shows that siblings –- as young as four and a half and as old as nine –- transmitted the disease in over 35 percent of cases with mothers responsible for infecting their babies in about 20 percent of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, mothers were the most common source of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough causes acute spasms of coughing, which are typically followed by high-pitched “\u003ca href=\"https://www.soundsofpertussis.com/\">whoops\u003c/a>” in the struggle to breathe. Infants, especially those too young to be vaccinated, face the greatest risk of severe illness and death from pertussis, as the deadly parasite overwhelms their still developing lungs. About half of infected babies must be hospitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, health officials have recommended that all pregnant women get a Tdap shot, says Tami Skoff, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“By vaccinating during pregnancy,” Skoff explains, “the mother passes protective antibodies to her baby that protect the baby against pertussis during the first few critical months of life, before the infant begins their own pertussis immunization.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/whooping-cough-vaccination-pregnant.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Early studies\u003c/a> in the United Kingdom show that vaccinating during pregnancy is a highly effective strategy to protect infants, says Skoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the UK program was introduced in 2012, babies whose mothers were vaccinated against pertussis at least a week before birth had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60686-3/abstract\">91 percent lower risk \u003c/a>of contracting the disease than babies whose mothers did not get a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the shift in disease transmission from mothers to siblings, should recommendations for a booster be shifted younger than the current age of 11, if mom is expecting a baby?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not a trivial decision, says Art Reingold, a UC Berkeley professor of public health. “Given what we know about the fairly rapid decline in vaccine-induced protection, one would want to at least model the likely effects of shifting the age for a booster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, because protection from the vaccine starts to fade from about 98 percent effectiveness to about 70 percent five years later, changing the timing of the booster could simply shift the burden of disease to other age groups, says Skoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most effective strategy is to get all pregnant women vaccinated \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/discond/pages/pertussis.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">during the third trimester\u003c/a> to protect babies for the first months of life, when pertussis is most likely to cause severe, life-threatening illness, says Reingold. The next most important thing to do, he says, is to make sure young children get all their shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an unknown source of infection for about 50 percent of cases, it’s still important for anyone who spends time with infants to be up to date on their pertussis vaccinations. Not just children, but all adults, too, including grandparents and caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This “\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780027_2\" target=\"_blank\">cocooning\u003c/a>” strategy has been recommended since the Tdap booster was introduced in 2005. But it’s proven difficult to implement, says Reingold, in part because many adults are not inclined to get vaccinated. But even if they were, it might not matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current “acellular” vaccine, which contains fragments of the parasite, was introduced in the late 1990s to replace the whole cell version. The whole cell vaccine afforded longer lasting protection but also caused more side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In pertussis, the disease is caused by toxins that are released by bacteria. The pertussis vaccine protects you against those toxins, but may not prevent you from spreading the bacteria to others — and causing illness in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this year, California has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%2520report%25208-3-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">more pertussis cases\u003c/a>, excluding the two recent epidemics, than in any year since the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts would love to develop a new vaccine that is not only safe but also affords protection over the long haul. But the incentives for manufacturers to invest substantial sums in the needed research and trials are extremely limited, says Reingold. “I don’t expect a new vaccine to provide us an alternative solution in the foreseeable future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until then, he says, nothing offers better protection to an unvaccinated baby than being born to a recently-vaccinated mother.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/74222/siblings-most-common-cause-of-whooping-cough-infection-for-infants","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_74222"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12","stateofhealth_13"],"tags":["stateofhealth_96","stateofhealth_715","stateofhealth_461","stateofhealth_31","stateofhealth_152"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_25266","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_56792":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_56792","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"56792","score":null,"sort":[1438722795000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"state-issues-whooping-cough-warning","title":"State Issues Whooping Cough Warning","publishDate":1438722795,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR15-053.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">issued a warning\u003c/a> Monday, particularly to pregnant women, about the prevalence and danger of whooping cough, and the need to increase the vaccination rate against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough, also called pertussis, can be deadly for infants and is responsible for one infant death already this year, according to Karen Smith, director of the state Public Health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said, so far this year, there have been 126 infant hospitalizations due to whooping cough, along with the death of one baby -- and they're preventable, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, it's estimated that fewer than half of all pregnant women in California are vaccinated against whooping cough,\" Smith said. \"We need to increase that number to help improve the health of our children and of our communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women need to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" target=\"_blank\">receive the whooping cough vaccination \u003c/a>in the last trimester of each pregnancy, Smith said, because the immunity decreases over time. Getting the vaccine is critical to stemming the spread of the illness, she said, which can be particularly dangerous for children under the age of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vaccinated mothers pass protective antibodies to their infants during pregnancy,\" Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whooping cough vaccine called Tdap is designed to prevent tetanus and diphtheria, as well as pertussis. Whooping cough causes a severe, persistent cough, sometimes strong enough to make infants vomit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the state declared a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/06/27/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks/\" target=\"_blank\">whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a> and reported the highest rate of the disease since the 1950s, Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher incidence of whooping cough in California, along with last year's measles outbreak that originated at Disneyland, led to legislation signed last month by Gov. Jerry Brown that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">eliminated the religious and \"personal belief\" exemptions\u003c/a> for childhood immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That law goes into effect July 1, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The state urged that pregnant women, in particular, receive vaccinations. Antibodies can be passed to the baby during pregnancy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1438723344,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":300},"headData":{"title":"State Issues Whooping Cough Warning | KQED","description":"The state urged that pregnant women, in particular, receive vaccinations. Antibodies can be passed to the baby during pregnancy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"State Issues Whooping Cough Warning","datePublished":"2015-08-04T21:13:15.000Z","dateModified":"2015-08-04T21:22:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"56792 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=56792","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/08/04/state-issues-whooping-cough-warning/","disqusTitle":"State Issues Whooping Cough Warning","nprByline":"David Gorn, California Healthline","path":"/stateofhealth/56792/state-issues-whooping-cough-warning","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR15-053.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">issued a warning\u003c/a> Monday, particularly to pregnant women, about the prevalence and danger of whooping cough, and the need to increase the vaccination rate against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough, also called pertussis, can be deadly for infants and is responsible for one infant death already this year, according to Karen Smith, director of the state Public Health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said, so far this year, there have been 126 infant hospitalizations due to whooping cough, along with the death of one baby -- and they're preventable, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, it's estimated that fewer than half of all pregnant women in California are vaccinated against whooping cough,\" Smith said. \"We need to increase that number to help improve the health of our children and of our communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women need to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" target=\"_blank\">receive the whooping cough vaccination \u003c/a>in the last trimester of each pregnancy, Smith said, because the immunity decreases over time. Getting the vaccine is critical to stemming the spread of the illness, she said, which can be particularly dangerous for children under the age of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vaccinated mothers pass protective antibodies to their infants during pregnancy,\" Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whooping cough vaccine called Tdap is designed to prevent tetanus and diphtheria, as well as pertussis. Whooping cough causes a severe, persistent cough, sometimes strong enough to make infants vomit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the state declared a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/06/27/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks/\" target=\"_blank\">whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a> and reported the highest rate of the disease since the 1950s, Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher incidence of whooping cough in California, along with last year's measles outbreak that originated at Disneyland, led to legislation signed last month by Gov. Jerry Brown that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">eliminated the religious and \"personal belief\" exemptions\u003c/a> for childhood immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That law goes into effect July 1, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/56792/state-issues-whooping-cough-warning","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_56792"],"categories":["stateofhealth_11"],"tags":["stateofhealth_461","stateofhealth_725","stateofhealth_152"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_56793","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_25251":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_25251","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"25251","score":null,"sort":[1430780475000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whooping-cough-vaccine-effectives-fades-and-fast","title":"Whooping Cough Vaccine Effectiveness Fades -- and Fast","publishDate":1430780475,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>Lately, Californians have been focused on a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">significant measles outbreak\u003c/a> that just ended. But in the last five years, state health officials have declared an epidemic of whooping cough (also known as pertussis) twice -- in 2010 and in 2014, when \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%20report%204-20-2015.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%20report%204-20-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">11,000 people were sickened\u003c/a> and three infants died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now an analysis from a recent whooping cough epidemic in Washington state shows that the effectiveness of the Tdap vaccine used to fight whooping cough waned significantly. For adolescents who received all their shots, effectiveness within one year of the final booster was 73 percent. That rate plummeted to 34 percent within two to four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(T)his waning is likely contributing to the increase in pertussis among adolescents,\" the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tdap protects against three diseases: tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. The pertussis protection is from the acellular pertussis vaccine. It was introduced in 1997 to replace the whole-cell vaccine, which caused more side effects. Monday's report\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" target=\"_blank\"> confirms an earlier analysis\u003c/a> that the acellular pertussis may be safer, but less effective, than the old one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-3358d.abstract\" href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-3358d.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">The study\u003c/a> was published Monday in the journal Pediatrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The take-home message is that the waning is there,\" said Dr. Art Reingold, a UC Berkeley professor of public health. \"You're protected initially but it wanes over time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn't mean anyone should skip the vaccine. Someone who is vaccinated, but becomes sick with whooping cough, should have a less severe course of illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors said that new vaccines are \"likely needed to reduce the burden of pertussis disease.\" But Reingold, who leads the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) group on pertussis, said he doesn't know of any pertussis vaccine development in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said that adding another dose of the vaccine at a later age would not help much, based on research that was presented to the ACIP group. \"(An additional dose) would have very little impact on pertussis,\" he said, \"in terms of cases prevented.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most severe cases are in very young infants, Reingold said. Babies cannot be vaccinated \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/vaccinate-baby.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/vaccinate-baby.html\" target=\"_blank\">until they are 2 months old\u003c/a>. To protect newborns before they can be vaccinated, the CDC recommends that women be vaccinated \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" target=\"_blank\">during the last trimester of every pregnancy\u003c/a> -- even if they received a vaccine before they became pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Babies will be born with circulating antibodies,\" Reingold said, \"and there's pretty good evidence that that will reduce the risk of hospitalization and death in babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca title=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-4118.full.pdf+html\" href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-4118.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">accompanying commentary\u003c/a>, Dr. James Cherry at UCLA said the findings about Tdap effectiveness were \"disappointing,\" but he also pointed to other drivers of recent pertussis outbreaks, including increased awareness and better, more sensitive, testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous reports have shown that \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine refusal\u003c/a> played a role in the 2010 whooping cough epidemic in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reingold also drew an interesting distinction between measles and pertussis having to do with herd immunity. If a great enough percentage of the population is immunized against measles, both individuals and the broader community are protected against outbreak. That's because the measles vaccine protects people against the virus that actually causes the measles illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in pertussis, the disease is caused by toxins that are released by bacteria. The pertussis vaccine protects people against those toxins, but may not prevent you from spreading the bacteria to others -- and causing illness in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outbreak of measles earlier this year was likely caused by someone who brought the disease back from abroad. Measles was eliminated in the United States in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pertussis is not going to go away with the current vaccine,\" Reingold said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"By two to four years after vaccination, vaccine effectiveness was only 34 percent, a new analysis finds.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1447183565,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":609},"headData":{"title":"Whooping Cough Vaccine Effectiveness Fades -- and Fast | KQED","description":"By two to four years after vaccination, vaccine effectiveness was only 34 percent, a new analysis finds.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Whooping Cough Vaccine Effectiveness Fades -- and Fast","datePublished":"2015-05-04T23:01:15.000Z","dateModified":"2015-11-10T19:26:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"25251 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=25251","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/05/04/whooping-cough-vaccine-effectives-fades-and-fast/","disqusTitle":"Whooping Cough Vaccine Effectiveness Fades -- and Fast","path":"/stateofhealth/25251/whooping-cough-vaccine-effectives-fades-and-fast","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lately, Californians have been focused on a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">significant measles outbreak\u003c/a> that just ended. But in the last five years, state health officials have declared an epidemic of whooping cough (also known as pertussis) twice -- in 2010 and in 2014, when \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%20report%204-20-2015.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%20report%204-20-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">11,000 people were sickened\u003c/a> and three infants died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now an analysis from a recent whooping cough epidemic in Washington state shows that the effectiveness of the Tdap vaccine used to fight whooping cough waned significantly. For adolescents who received all their shots, effectiveness within one year of the final booster was 73 percent. That rate plummeted to 34 percent within two to four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(T)his waning is likely contributing to the increase in pertussis among adolescents,\" the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tdap protects against three diseases: tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. The pertussis protection is from the acellular pertussis vaccine. It was introduced in 1997 to replace the whole-cell vaccine, which caused more side effects. Monday's report\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" target=\"_blank\"> confirms an earlier analysis\u003c/a> that the acellular pertussis may be safer, but less effective, than the old one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-3358d.abstract\" href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-3358d.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">The study\u003c/a> was published Monday in the journal Pediatrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The take-home message is that the waning is there,\" said Dr. Art Reingold, a UC Berkeley professor of public health. \"You're protected initially but it wanes over time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn't mean anyone should skip the vaccine. Someone who is vaccinated, but becomes sick with whooping cough, should have a less severe course of illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors said that new vaccines are \"likely needed to reduce the burden of pertussis disease.\" But Reingold, who leads the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) group on pertussis, said he doesn't know of any pertussis vaccine development in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said that adding another dose of the vaccine at a later age would not help much, based on research that was presented to the ACIP group. \"(An additional dose) would have very little impact on pertussis,\" he said, \"in terms of cases prevented.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most severe cases are in very young infants, Reingold said. Babies cannot be vaccinated \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/vaccinate-baby.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/vaccinate-baby.html\" target=\"_blank\">until they are 2 months old\u003c/a>. To protect newborns before they can be vaccinated, the CDC recommends that women be vaccinated \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" target=\"_blank\">during the last trimester of every pregnancy\u003c/a> -- even if they received a vaccine before they became pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Babies will be born with circulating antibodies,\" Reingold said, \"and there's pretty good evidence that that will reduce the risk of hospitalization and death in babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca title=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-4118.full.pdf+html\" href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-4118.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">accompanying commentary\u003c/a>, Dr. James Cherry at UCLA said the findings about Tdap effectiveness were \"disappointing,\" but he also pointed to other drivers of recent pertussis outbreaks, including increased awareness and better, more sensitive, testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous reports have shown that \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine refusal\u003c/a> played a role in the 2010 whooping cough epidemic in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reingold also drew an interesting distinction between measles and pertussis having to do with herd immunity. If a great enough percentage of the population is immunized against measles, both individuals and the broader community are protected against outbreak. That's because the measles vaccine protects people against the virus that actually causes the measles illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in pertussis, the disease is caused by toxins that are released by bacteria. The pertussis vaccine protects people against those toxins, but may not prevent you from spreading the bacteria to others -- and causing illness in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outbreak of measles earlier this year was likely caused by someone who brought the disease back from abroad. Measles was eliminated in the United States in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pertussis is not going to go away with the current vaccine,\" Reingold said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/25251/whooping-cough-vaccine-effectives-fades-and-fast","authors":["240"],"categories":["stateofhealth_11","stateofhealth_13"],"tags":["stateofhealth_715","stateofhealth_461","stateofhealth_725","stateofhealth_152"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_25266","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_23054":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_23054","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"23054","score":null,"sort":[1418889792000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whooping-cough-infections-unusually-high-among-latino-babies","title":"Whooping Cough Infections Unusually High Among Latino Babies","publishDate":1418889792,"format":"aside","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/6358613209/in/photolist-aFTybe-9RUyFY-7Cwfbd-9kHVqA-9kERNV-9kHVoY-9kERPv-9kHVos-9kHVr9-9kHVtU-6FwV1P-6FB1HW-6FB1Zu-6FB2hj-fascRr-4RyPa4-8fgBCW-fasfXX-LfUf1-jtAnM8-6wGNPi-4RyMov-daAp25-Biunh-8U7Hrn-daAmXF-daAo6V-9HToam-9HTo1Y-9pj6J1-6vHWT9-9AL5wb-9AHaSX-9AHaPH-9AL5vd-9AL5CS-9AHaSa-9AHb7R-9AL5Hy-9AL5sW-9AL5u5-9pj69q-9pj6Ws-9pg3Lc-9pg3rT-9pj6rW-8Uawwf-4hyLna-gXRZmR-gXS3P1\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23074\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/12/6358613209_ee1a0662ef_o2-640x440.jpg\" alt=\"Babies get their first whooping cough vaccine at 2 months. (Kenneth Pornillos/World Bank via Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Babies get their first whooping cough vaccine at 2 months. (Kenneth Pornillos/World Bank via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By April Dembosky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials are trying to understand why Latino babies are contracting whooping cough at much higher rates than other babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is battling the worst whooping cough epidemic in 70 years. Nearly 10,000 cases have been reported in the state \u003ca title=\"Pertussis Report\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis_report11-26-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">so far this year\u003c/a>, and babies are especially prone to hospitalization or even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six out of 10 infants who have become ill during the current outbreak are Latino. Evidence explaining this is inconclusive, but experts have a few theories that range from a lack of Spanish language outreach to Latino cultural practices.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hispanics have larger household sizes and there may be cultural practices around visiting new infants that increase the number of contacts,” says Dr. Gil Chavez, deputy director of California’s department of public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babies cannot get their first dose of the vaccine until they are two months old. Some adults may be infected and not know it. The more siblings and extended family members that babies live or visit with, the more exposure they may have to whooping cough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Aunts, uncles, grandparents who may not have had a booster shot. They may be passing it on that way,\" says Michael Rodriguez, a family physician at UCLA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he points out that several other ethnic groups have large family sizes or live together because financial resources are limited. These factors alone cannot explain why Latino babies are disproportionately impacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really speaks to the lack of access to health insurance that’s particularly predominant within the Latino community,” says Sarah de Guia, executive director of the California Pan-Ethnic Health Network, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latinos make up 62 percent of the uninsured, she says, either because they cannot afford to pay for health insurance, or because they are afraid that signing up for coverage will expose family members who are not lawfully present in the U.S. Many undocumented parents are afraid they will be discovered and deported if they enroll their children, who are legal immigrants or citizens, into government coverage, like Medi-Cal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the primary reason why people are not getting the preventive care that they need,” she says –- like whooping cough vaccinations. “And then that impacts everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials attribute the ongoing epidemic to several factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough is cyclical in nature and tends to peak every three to five years. The last outbreak of the disease in California was in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doctors are discovering that immunity from the \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/10/whooping-cough-vaccine-does-its-effectiveness-wear-off-faster/#more-17595\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/10/whooping-cough-vaccine-does-its-effectiveness-wear-off-faster/#more-17595\" target=\"_blank\">current vaccine may be wearing off\u003c/a> on a similar timeline. Medical recommendations suggest booster shots after eight years, but doctors are seeing kids who received a booster three years ago getting sick. Public health officials are currently considering an update to the recommendations to account for the dip in immunity after three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compounding the problem of the vaccine is the fact that many kids in some areas are not getting vaccinated at all. The highest rates of whooping cough are found in the Bay Area counties of Sonoma, Napa, and Marin, which also have some of the highest rates of parents who opt-out of vaccinating their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors believe these kids are the root of the current and recent epidemics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of unvaccinated children that acted as the kindling to start an outbreak,” said Dr. Paul Katz, a pediatrician at Kaiser Permanente in San Rafael. “Those children were able to infect all the other children who were vaccinated but were too early for a booster –- they became the rest of the wood to start the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these factors combine to put babies at risk, especially babies who are not old enough to be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if Latino children and adults do not have health coverage, they are less likely to be visiting the doctor regularly and getting their booster shots, says Rodriguez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's public health department has done some outreach to encourage pregnant women to get vaccinated in the third trimester, in order to pass immunity on to the fetus. But little outreach has been done in Spanish, and most materials are distributed directly to doctors’ offices –- materials Latinos won't see if they don't have insurance and aren't going to the doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocate Sarah de Guia says more work needs to be done so pregnant women –- and adults -– in Latino communities know they need to renew their vaccinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important for public officials to provide culturally and linguistically appropriate outreach to make sure people are getting the message in their language, and in a way they will understand,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Six out of 10 infants who have become ill during the current whooping cough epidemic are Latino.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1418930932,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":809},"headData":{"title":"Whooping Cough Infections Unusually High Among Latino Babies | KQED","description":"Six out of 10 infants who have become ill during the current whooping cough epidemic are Latino.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Whooping Cough Infections Unusually High Among Latino Babies","datePublished":"2014-12-18T08:03:12.000Z","dateModified":"2014-12-18T19:28:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"23054 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=23054","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/12/18/whooping-cough-infections-unusually-high-among-latino-babies/","disqusTitle":"Whooping Cough Infections Unusually High Among Latino Babies","path":"/stateofhealth/23054/whooping-cough-infections-unusually-high-among-latino-babies","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/6358613209/in/photolist-aFTybe-9RUyFY-7Cwfbd-9kHVqA-9kERNV-9kHVoY-9kERPv-9kHVos-9kHVr9-9kHVtU-6FwV1P-6FB1HW-6FB1Zu-6FB2hj-fascRr-4RyPa4-8fgBCW-fasfXX-LfUf1-jtAnM8-6wGNPi-4RyMov-daAp25-Biunh-8U7Hrn-daAmXF-daAo6V-9HToam-9HTo1Y-9pj6J1-6vHWT9-9AL5wb-9AHaSX-9AHaPH-9AL5vd-9AL5CS-9AHaSa-9AHb7R-9AL5Hy-9AL5sW-9AL5u5-9pj69q-9pj6Ws-9pg3Lc-9pg3rT-9pj6rW-8Uawwf-4hyLna-gXRZmR-gXS3P1\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23074\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/12/6358613209_ee1a0662ef_o2-640x440.jpg\" alt=\"Babies get their first whooping cough vaccine at 2 months. (Kenneth Pornillos/World Bank via Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Babies get their first whooping cough vaccine at 2 months. (Kenneth Pornillos/World Bank via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By April Dembosky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials are trying to understand why Latino babies are contracting whooping cough at much higher rates than other babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is battling the worst whooping cough epidemic in 70 years. Nearly 10,000 cases have been reported in the state \u003ca title=\"Pertussis Report\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis_report11-26-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">so far this year\u003c/a>, and babies are especially prone to hospitalization or even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six out of 10 infants who have become ill during the current outbreak are Latino. Evidence explaining this is inconclusive, but experts have a few theories that range from a lack of Spanish language outreach to Latino cultural practices.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hispanics have larger household sizes and there may be cultural practices around visiting new infants that increase the number of contacts,” says Dr. Gil Chavez, deputy director of California’s department of public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babies cannot get their first dose of the vaccine until they are two months old. Some adults may be infected and not know it. The more siblings and extended family members that babies live or visit with, the more exposure they may have to whooping cough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Aunts, uncles, grandparents who may not have had a booster shot. They may be passing it on that way,\" says Michael Rodriguez, a family physician at UCLA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he points out that several other ethnic groups have large family sizes or live together because financial resources are limited. These factors alone cannot explain why Latino babies are disproportionately impacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really speaks to the lack of access to health insurance that’s particularly predominant within the Latino community,” says Sarah de Guia, executive director of the California Pan-Ethnic Health Network, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latinos make up 62 percent of the uninsured, she says, either because they cannot afford to pay for health insurance, or because they are afraid that signing up for coverage will expose family members who are not lawfully present in the U.S. Many undocumented parents are afraid they will be discovered and deported if they enroll their children, who are legal immigrants or citizens, into government coverage, like Medi-Cal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the primary reason why people are not getting the preventive care that they need,” she says –- like whooping cough vaccinations. “And then that impacts everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials attribute the ongoing epidemic to several factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough is cyclical in nature and tends to peak every three to five years. The last outbreak of the disease in California was in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doctors are discovering that immunity from the \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/10/whooping-cough-vaccine-does-its-effectiveness-wear-off-faster/#more-17595\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/10/whooping-cough-vaccine-does-its-effectiveness-wear-off-faster/#more-17595\" target=\"_blank\">current vaccine may be wearing off\u003c/a> on a similar timeline. Medical recommendations suggest booster shots after eight years, but doctors are seeing kids who received a booster three years ago getting sick. Public health officials are currently considering an update to the recommendations to account for the dip in immunity after three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compounding the problem of the vaccine is the fact that many kids in some areas are not getting vaccinated at all. The highest rates of whooping cough are found in the Bay Area counties of Sonoma, Napa, and Marin, which also have some of the highest rates of parents who opt-out of vaccinating their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors believe these kids are the root of the current and recent epidemics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of unvaccinated children that acted as the kindling to start an outbreak,” said Dr. Paul Katz, a pediatrician at Kaiser Permanente in San Rafael. “Those children were able to infect all the other children who were vaccinated but were too early for a booster –- they became the rest of the wood to start the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these factors combine to put babies at risk, especially babies who are not old enough to be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if Latino children and adults do not have health coverage, they are less likely to be visiting the doctor regularly and getting their booster shots, says Rodriguez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's public health department has done some outreach to encourage pregnant women to get vaccinated in the third trimester, in order to pass immunity on to the fetus. But little outreach has been done in Spanish, and most materials are distributed directly to doctors’ offices –- materials Latinos won't see if they don't have insurance and aren't going to the doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocate Sarah de Guia says more work needs to be done so pregnant women –- and adults -– in Latino communities know they need to renew their vaccinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important for public officials to provide culturally and linguistically appropriate outreach to make sure people are getting the message in their language, and in a way they will understand,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/23054/whooping-cough-infections-unusually-high-among-latino-babies","authors":["8344"],"categories":["stateofhealth_11"],"tags":["stateofhealth_325","stateofhealth_725","stateofhealth_152"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_23074","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_20207":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_20207","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"20207","score":null,"sort":[1405539535000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sonoma-county-has-highest-whooping-cough-rate-in-statewide-epidemic","title":"Sonoma County Has Highest Whooping Cough Rate in Statewide Epidemic","publishDate":1405539535,"format":"aside","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20212\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ethansparrow/4957499682/in/photolist-8y5tWs-8iYQHE-7T23S8-mhYq6b-e8s4T4-ejD8mX-bmq17n-5Xdf3C-dmfcNe-fngGKR-8y6kE5-ay3keW-bDwxda-frnE1E-eRVdxu-iGj2s3-4PaZm3-ejD8n8-9mbH2q-fr8ms2-6ijRSy-bMNTGn-9sVBc2-byNCUs-e96wUn-9XuUWF-cufQ97-hYXu5g-aqrdSm-cD8TMf-8ucatF-eg4g1e-6KNycu-bWMYNR-94zxe7-enWety-cLhR67-eZDpUb-dNg7wp-ebjL8c-itAX6Q-dNGjyE-ebqoZA-m3j1fV-nKV4E6-6HsnSH-hP5Hfv-7Gjpkm-awim1M-af5Whz\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20212 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/07/4957499682_c983513f8a_bcrop-640x388.jpg\" alt=\"Napa has the second highest rate of the disease. (Esparrow1/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"388\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Napa has the second highest rate of the disease. (Esparrow1/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Lynne Shallcross\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a little over a month since California \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/06/13/whooping-cough-reaches-epidemic-level-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">declared a whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a>, and according to the most recent data from the state, three neighboring Bay Area counties have the highest rates of the disease statewide: Sonoma, Napa and Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County's rate of whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is almost 120 cases per 100,000 people. Napa County's rate is 90 per 100,000, and Marin's rate is 65 per 100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County's interim health officer, Karen Holbrook, says the number of cases reported each week has peaked and is now declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not what the state is experiencing as a whole, but we are coming down,” Holbrook says. “Will that hold indefinitely remains to be seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holbrook says California is seeing a whooping cough epidemic partly because the disease is cyclical, with cases spiking every three to five years.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, Holbrook says, the immunity from the current vaccine, introduced in the 1990s, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" target=\"_blank\">fades more quickly\u003c/a> than the previous version. The current vaccine has fewer side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holbrook says she also thinks clinicians in her county are doing a good job of recognizing and diagnosing cases. “I can’t prove that relative to the other counties, but I honestly feel that that’s contributing to our (higher) rate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin County Public Health Officer Matthew Willis says not all communities will have the same incidence of pertussis because of different factors and vulnerabilities, both known and unknown. Of the known factors, Willis echoes Holbrook’s points — and adds one more: vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Marin, it’s likely that pertussis was able to establish more of a foothold because of lower vaccination rates,” Willis says. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">Marin’s rate of personal belief exemptions\u003c/a>, which allow parents to opt out of vaccines for their children, is among the highest in the state, according to statewide data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear, he says: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent pertussis. The vaccine does not provide lifetime immunity and boosters are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those who should be vaccinated, babies and pregnant women are of particular importance, says Jennifer Henn, an epidemiologist with Napa County's Public Health Division. “Infants, especially infants under six months of age, are especially vulnerable to severe disease and even death if they become infected with the pertussis bacteria.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infants generally cannot get their first pertussis vaccine until they are eight weeks, but in light of the epidemic, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/06/27/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks/\" target=\"_blank\">state health officers said \u003c/a>babies can be vaccinated as young as six weeks. Pregnant mothers should be vaccinated in the third trimester of every pregnancy in order for their children to receive antibodies in the womb. People who are around infants, such as other members of the household or caregivers, should also be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/159002693&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Ng1M7L5S1Gy1LBl1ZTFiYhPZNt6CsCYd\"]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sonoma, Napa and Marin counties have the three highest whooping cough rates in California.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1405712451,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://w.soundcloud.com/player/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":504},"headData":{"title":"Sonoma County Has Highest Whooping Cough Rate in Statewide Epidemic | KQED","description":"Sonoma, Napa and Marin counties have the three highest whooping cough rates in California.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sonoma County Has Highest Whooping Cough Rate in Statewide Epidemic","datePublished":"2014-07-16T19:38:55.000Z","dateModified":"2014-07-18T19:40:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20207 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=20207","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/07/16/sonoma-county-has-highest-whooping-cough-rate-in-statewide-epidemic/","disqusTitle":"Sonoma County Has Highest Whooping Cough Rate in Statewide Epidemic","path":"/stateofhealth/20207/sonoma-county-has-highest-whooping-cough-rate-in-statewide-epidemic","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20212\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ethansparrow/4957499682/in/photolist-8y5tWs-8iYQHE-7T23S8-mhYq6b-e8s4T4-ejD8mX-bmq17n-5Xdf3C-dmfcNe-fngGKR-8y6kE5-ay3keW-bDwxda-frnE1E-eRVdxu-iGj2s3-4PaZm3-ejD8n8-9mbH2q-fr8ms2-6ijRSy-bMNTGn-9sVBc2-byNCUs-e96wUn-9XuUWF-cufQ97-hYXu5g-aqrdSm-cD8TMf-8ucatF-eg4g1e-6KNycu-bWMYNR-94zxe7-enWety-cLhR67-eZDpUb-dNg7wp-ebjL8c-itAX6Q-dNGjyE-ebqoZA-m3j1fV-nKV4E6-6HsnSH-hP5Hfv-7Gjpkm-awim1M-af5Whz\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20212 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/07/4957499682_c983513f8a_bcrop-640x388.jpg\" alt=\"Napa has the second highest rate of the disease. (Esparrow1/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"388\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Napa has the second highest rate of the disease. (Esparrow1/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Lynne Shallcross\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a little over a month since California \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/06/13/whooping-cough-reaches-epidemic-level-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">declared a whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a>, and according to the most recent data from the state, three neighboring Bay Area counties have the highest rates of the disease statewide: Sonoma, Napa and Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County's rate of whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is almost 120 cases per 100,000 people. Napa County's rate is 90 per 100,000, and Marin's rate is 65 per 100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County's interim health officer, Karen Holbrook, says the number of cases reported each week has peaked and is now declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not what the state is experiencing as a whole, but we are coming down,” Holbrook says. “Will that hold indefinitely remains to be seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holbrook says California is seeing a whooping cough epidemic partly because the disease is cyclical, with cases spiking every three to five years.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, Holbrook says, the immunity from the current vaccine, introduced in the 1990s, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" target=\"_blank\">fades more quickly\u003c/a> than the previous version. The current vaccine has fewer side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holbrook says she also thinks clinicians in her county are doing a good job of recognizing and diagnosing cases. “I can’t prove that relative to the other counties, but I honestly feel that that’s contributing to our (higher) rate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin County Public Health Officer Matthew Willis says not all communities will have the same incidence of pertussis because of different factors and vulnerabilities, both known and unknown. Of the known factors, Willis echoes Holbrook’s points — and adds one more: vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Marin, it’s likely that pertussis was able to establish more of a foothold because of lower vaccination rates,” Willis says. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">Marin’s rate of personal belief exemptions\u003c/a>, which allow parents to opt out of vaccines for their children, is among the highest in the state, according to statewide data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear, he says: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent pertussis. The vaccine does not provide lifetime immunity and boosters are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those who should be vaccinated, babies and pregnant women are of particular importance, says Jennifer Henn, an epidemiologist with Napa County's Public Health Division. “Infants, especially infants under six months of age, are especially vulnerable to severe disease and even death if they become infected with the pertussis bacteria.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infants generally cannot get their first pertussis vaccine until they are eight weeks, but in light of the epidemic, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/06/27/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks/\" target=\"_blank\">state health officers said \u003c/a>babies can be vaccinated as young as six weeks. Pregnant mothers should be vaccinated in the third trimester of every pregnancy in order for their children to receive antibodies in the womb. People who are around infants, such as other members of the household or caregivers, should also be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/159002693&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Ng1M7L5S1Gy1LBl1ZTFiYhPZNt6CsCYd\"]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/20207/sonoma-county-has-highest-whooping-cough-rate-in-statewide-epidemic","authors":["240"],"categories":["stateofhealth_11","stateofhealth_13"],"tags":["stateofhealth_715","stateofhealth_461","stateofhealth_31","stateofhealth_152"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_20210","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_19771":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_19771","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"19771","score":null,"sort":[1403894581000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks","title":"Whooping Cough Epidemic Continues -- 1,100 New Cases in Last Two Weeks","publishDate":1403894581,"format":"aside","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-e1392067906728.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17600\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the two weeks since California health officials \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/06/13/whooping-cough-reaches-epidemic-level-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">declared a whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a>, the state has added 1,100 more cases, officials with the California Department of Public Health said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That brings the total number of cases to 4,558. A third infant died of the disease recently. The baby, from Sacramento County, had started showing symptoms at just 3 weeks of age. The baby was hospitalized for more than a year and then passed away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infants are at particular risk because they cannot be vaccinated until they are several weeks old. Generally, the recommendation is that babies receive the first dose of vaccine at 8 weeks, but in light of the epidemic, state health officials say babies can be vaccinated at 6 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->In addition, state epidemiologist Dr. Gil Chavez urged all pregnant women to be vaccinated against whooping cough, also called pertussis, in their third trimester of pregnancy. A mother's antibodies can transfer some immunity to the baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vaccination of pregnant women is the most important thing that can be done to protect infants until they are old enough to be vaccinated,\" Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"7455d8aa2ed6216eb4324f02dc422ec3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women should receive a pertussis vaccine with every pregnancy, Chavez added. So even if a woman bore a child in the last few years, she needs to be revaccinated in the third trimester of a new pregnancy to help give each baby immunity from whooping cough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 4,558 cases, 142 have been hospitalized and more than 80 percent of those hospitalized are infants less than 4 months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a great deal of attention has been paid to those who choose not to vaccinate their children, Chavez said the most important drivers of this year's epidemic are more likely the cyclical nature of whooping cough as an illness and the fact that the vaccine against whooping cough wanes over time. It does not confer lifetime immunity, and boosters are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chavez said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization is reviewing whether boosters of this newer whooping cough vaccine, introduced in the late 1990s because it reduces side effects, might need more frequent boosters. \"We just have to wait and see if and when they make a different recommendation,\" Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three counties in the state with the highest rates of whooping cough are Marin, Napa and Sonoma.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\"> Marin has the highest vaccine-refusal rate\u003c/a> in the Bay Area and one of the highest in the state. California last had a whooping cough epidemic in 2010. In later research, scientists determined that vaccine refusals \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption///\" target=\"_blank\">helped to fuel that epidemic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State health officials said they don't yet know if this year's epidemic will be worse than in 2010. In the meantime, officials say people should make sure vaccines for themselves and especially their children are up to date. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has an easy-to-use \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.vaccines.gov/more_info/features/healthmapvaccinefinder.html\" target=\"_blank\">adult vaccine finder\u003c/a>\" available to anyone. County health departments often provide vaccinations as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Vaccines are key, and pregnant women should be vaccinated in third trimester to protect their babies.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1403904921,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":522},"headData":{"title":"Whooping Cough Epidemic Continues -- 1,100 New Cases in Last Two Weeks | KQED","description":"Vaccines are key, and pregnant women should be vaccinated in third trimester to protect their babies.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Whooping Cough Epidemic Continues -- 1,100 New Cases in Last Two Weeks","datePublished":"2014-06-27T18:43:01.000Z","dateModified":"2014-06-27T21:35:21.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"19771 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=19771","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/06/27/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks/","disqusTitle":"Whooping Cough Epidemic Continues -- 1,100 New Cases in Last Two Weeks","path":"/stateofhealth/19771/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-e1392067906728.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17600\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the two weeks since California health officials \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/06/13/whooping-cough-reaches-epidemic-level-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">declared a whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a>, the state has added 1,100 more cases, officials with the California Department of Public Health said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That brings the total number of cases to 4,558. A third infant died of the disease recently. The baby, from Sacramento County, had started showing symptoms at just 3 weeks of age. The baby was hospitalized for more than a year and then passed away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infants are at particular risk because they cannot be vaccinated until they are several weeks old. Generally, the recommendation is that babies receive the first dose of vaccine at 8 weeks, but in light of the epidemic, state health officials say babies can be vaccinated at 6 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->In addition, state epidemiologist Dr. Gil Chavez urged all pregnant women to be vaccinated against whooping cough, also called pertussis, in their third trimester of pregnancy. A mother's antibodies can transfer some immunity to the baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vaccination of pregnant women is the most important thing that can be done to protect infants until they are old enough to be vaccinated,\" Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women should receive a pertussis vaccine with every pregnancy, Chavez added. So even if a woman bore a child in the last few years, she needs to be revaccinated in the third trimester of a new pregnancy to help give each baby immunity from whooping cough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 4,558 cases, 142 have been hospitalized and more than 80 percent of those hospitalized are infants less than 4 months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a great deal of attention has been paid to those who choose not to vaccinate their children, Chavez said the most important drivers of this year's epidemic are more likely the cyclical nature of whooping cough as an illness and the fact that the vaccine against whooping cough wanes over time. It does not confer lifetime immunity, and boosters are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chavez said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization is reviewing whether boosters of this newer whooping cough vaccine, introduced in the late 1990s because it reduces side effects, might need more frequent boosters. \"We just have to wait and see if and when they make a different recommendation,\" Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three counties in the state with the highest rates of whooping cough are Marin, Napa and Sonoma.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\"> Marin has the highest vaccine-refusal rate\u003c/a> in the Bay Area and one of the highest in the state. California last had a whooping cough epidemic in 2010. In later research, scientists determined that vaccine refusals \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption///\" target=\"_blank\">helped to fuel that epidemic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State health officials said they don't yet know if this year's epidemic will be worse than in 2010. In the meantime, officials say people should make sure vaccines for themselves and especially their children are up to date. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has an easy-to-use \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.vaccines.gov/more_info/features/healthmapvaccinefinder.html\" target=\"_blank\">adult vaccine finder\u003c/a>\" available to anyone. County health departments often provide vaccinations as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/19771/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks","authors":["240"],"categories":["stateofhealth_11"],"tags":["stateofhealth_715","stateofhealth_461","stateofhealth_31","stateofhealth_152"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_17600","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_17595":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_17595","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"17595","score":null,"sort":[1392068211000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whooping-cough-vaccine-does-its-effectiveness-wear-off-faster","title":"Whooping Cough Vaccine: Does Its Effectiveness Wear Off Faster?","publishDate":1392068211,"format":"aside","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-e1392067906728.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17600\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new rise in whooping cough cases in California is raising questions among doctors about whether there are problems with the current vaccine. California \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Pertussis%20report%202-4-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">public health data \u003c/a>show a spike in whooping cough cases in 2013 compared to the year before, and last week officials confirmed the first death from the disease since the major outbreak of 2010: an infant in Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The attempt at making vaccines safer has created a potential lapse in protection.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough, or pertussis as it is referred to in medical circles, is cyclical in nature and tends to peak every three to five years. But doctors are now finding evidence that the new vaccine may start to wear off on a similar timeline, despite medical recommendations that allow for a span of eight years between booster shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"75e2b90f971831849adca0e1633a4908\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The efficacy of the new vaccine is really good, it works. It’s just that it wanes, and it wanes more quickly,” said Dr. Michael Witte, a pediatrician in Pt. Reyes, north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new acellular whooping cough vaccine was introduced in the 1990s. It has fewer side effects than the earlier whole-cell vaccine that had been in use since the 1940s. By 2001, the old vaccine was completely phased out. So while many adolescent kids have received boosters of the new vaccine, they would have gotten shots when they were babies that included the old vaccine.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids who are now between 11 and 15 years old -- the main group that is getting sick -- are the first generation to have received only the new vaccine. That is leading doctors treating them to conclude that immunity from the acellular vaccine starts to wear off after three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"0518368a6e2e7d73af4dc8bfccc32f06\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pertussis vaccines have never been that strong,” said Paul Katz, a pediatrician at Kaiser Permanente in San Rafael. “But the attempt at making vaccines safer has created a potential lapse in protection in older people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Katz’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinmedicalsociety.org/magazine/articles/?articleid=608\" target=\"_blank\">recent research\u003c/a> in Marin County shows that kids who have received had only the new vaccine are five times more likely to get whooping cough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current medical recommendation is for kids to get four whooping cough shots in the first two years of life, then a booster before kindergarten and another in middle school. That’s a span of up to eight years. Now doctors are talking about whether the recommendations need to be updated to account for the three year dip in the vaccine’s effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This phenomenon of waning immunity is just coming to the surface,” said Dr. James Watt, the chief of communicable disease control for the California Department of Public Health. He says the review of current recommendations has reached the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks at the national level are looking at information about the effectiveness of giving additional doses, whether there are issues with any local reactions associated with additional doses, things like that,” he said.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Katz and Dr. Witte agree that the root of both the 2010 and 2013 whooping cough outbreaks in Marin was a cluster of kids who had never been vaccinated. Marin has the highest rate of the disease of any county in California, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Pertussis%20report%202-4-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">public health data\u003c/a>. Doctors believe those numbers are directly related to the county's comparatively high rate of parents who \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">declined to vaccinate\u003c/a> their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of unvaccinated children that acted as the kindling to start an outbreak,” said Dr. Katz. “Those children were able to infect all the other children who were vaccinated but were too early for a booster – they became the rest of the wood to start the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">new state law\u003c/a> that went into effect in January now requires families who refuse vaccines to talk to a health care provider about the risks and benefits of vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/134124755&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new rise in whooping cough cases in California is raising questions among doctors about whether there are problems with the current vaccine. California public health data show a spike in whooping cough cases in 2013 compared to the year before, and last week officials confirmed the first death from the disease since the major outbreak of 2010: an infant in Riverside.\r\n\r\nWhooping cough, or pertussis as it is referred to in medical circles, is cyclical in nature and tends to peak every three to five years. But doctors are now finding evidence that the new vaccine may start to wear off on a similar timeline, despite medical recommendations that allow for a span of eight years between booster shots.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1392310917,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://w.soundcloud.com/player/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":681},"headData":{"title":"Whooping Cough Vaccine: Does Its Effectiveness Wear Off Faster? | KQED","description":"A new rise in whooping cough cases in California is raising questions among doctors about whether there are problems with the current vaccine. California public health data show a spike in whooping cough cases in 2013 compared to the year before, and last week officials confirmed the first death from the disease since the major outbreak of 2010: an infant in Riverside.\r\n\r\nWhooping cough, or pertussis as it is referred to in medical circles, is cyclical in nature and tends to peak every three to five years. But doctors are now finding evidence that the new vaccine may start to wear off on a similar timeline, despite medical recommendations that allow for a span of eight years between booster shots.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Whooping Cough Vaccine: Does Its Effectiveness Wear Off Faster?","datePublished":"2014-02-10T21:36:51.000Z","dateModified":"2014-02-13T17:01:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17595 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=17595","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/10/whooping-cough-vaccine-does-its-effectiveness-wear-off-faster/","disqusTitle":"Whooping Cough Vaccine: Does Its Effectiveness Wear Off Faster?","path":"/stateofhealth/17595/whooping-cough-vaccine-does-its-effectiveness-wear-off-faster","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-e1392067906728.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17600\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new rise in whooping cough cases in California is raising questions among doctors about whether there are problems with the current vaccine. California \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Pertussis%20report%202-4-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">public health data \u003c/a>show a spike in whooping cough cases in 2013 compared to the year before, and last week officials confirmed the first death from the disease since the major outbreak of 2010: an infant in Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The attempt at making vaccines safer has created a potential lapse in protection.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough, or pertussis as it is referred to in medical circles, is cyclical in nature and tends to peak every three to five years. But doctors are now finding evidence that the new vaccine may start to wear off on a similar timeline, despite medical recommendations that allow for a span of eight years between booster shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The efficacy of the new vaccine is really good, it works. It’s just that it wanes, and it wanes more quickly,” said Dr. Michael Witte, a pediatrician in Pt. Reyes, north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new acellular whooping cough vaccine was introduced in the 1990s. It has fewer side effects than the earlier whole-cell vaccine that had been in use since the 1940s. By 2001, the old vaccine was completely phased out. So while many adolescent kids have received boosters of the new vaccine, they would have gotten shots when they were babies that included the old vaccine.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids who are now between 11 and 15 years old -- the main group that is getting sick -- are the first generation to have received only the new vaccine. That is leading doctors treating them to conclude that immunity from the acellular vaccine starts to wear off after three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pertussis vaccines have never been that strong,” said Paul Katz, a pediatrician at Kaiser Permanente in San Rafael. “But the attempt at making vaccines safer has created a potential lapse in protection in older people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Katz’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinmedicalsociety.org/magazine/articles/?articleid=608\" target=\"_blank\">recent research\u003c/a> in Marin County shows that kids who have received had only the new vaccine are five times more likely to get whooping cough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current medical recommendation is for kids to get four whooping cough shots in the first two years of life, then a booster before kindergarten and another in middle school. That’s a span of up to eight years. Now doctors are talking about whether the recommendations need to be updated to account for the three year dip in the vaccine’s effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This phenomenon of waning immunity is just coming to the surface,” said Dr. James Watt, the chief of communicable disease control for the California Department of Public Health. He says the review of current recommendations has reached the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks at the national level are looking at information about the effectiveness of giving additional doses, whether there are issues with any local reactions associated with additional doses, things like that,” he said.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Katz and Dr. Witte agree that the root of both the 2010 and 2013 whooping cough outbreaks in Marin was a cluster of kids who had never been vaccinated. Marin has the highest rate of the disease of any county in California, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Pertussis%20report%202-4-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">public health data\u003c/a>. Doctors believe those numbers are directly related to the county's comparatively high rate of parents who \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">declined to vaccinate\u003c/a> their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of unvaccinated children that acted as the kindling to start an outbreak,” said Dr. Katz. “Those children were able to infect all the other children who were vaccinated but were too early for a booster – they became the rest of the wood to start the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">new state law\u003c/a> that went into effect in January now requires families who refuse vaccines to talk to a health care provider about the risks and benefits of vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/134124755&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/17595/whooping-cough-vaccine-does-its-effectiveness-wear-off-faster","authors":["3205"],"categories":["stateofhealth_11","stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_715","stateofhealth_461","stateofhealth_31","stateofhealth_152"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_17600","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_7833":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_7833","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"7833","score":null,"sort":[1344036773000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one","title":"Today's Whooping Cough Vaccine May Be Safer, But Less Effective than the Old One","publishDate":1344036773,"format":"aside","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/interactives/GH_Vaccine_Map/index.html#map\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7858 \" title=\"Each green circle in the interactive map above shows a whooping cough outbreak. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM.png\" alt=\"Each green circle shows a whooping cough outbreak. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\" width=\"404\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM.png 404w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM-400x193.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM-320x154.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Each green circle depicts a whooping cough outbreak this year. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the map illustrates, many areas in the country are in the grip of \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/pertussis/\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/pertussis/\" target=\"_blank\">whooping cough\u003c/a> outbreaks, everywhere but California. More on California in a minute. Let's first take a look at a new(ish) vaccine and see how its limitations might be contributing to the outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, the U.S. and other developed countries switched from one kind of vaccine against whooping cough (also called pertussis) to another. The older vaccine was very effective but there were concerns about a rare side effect, a neurological disorder, which may (or may not) have been connected to the vaccine. More commonly, the vaccine caused the same minor side effects that we traditionally associate with shots: redness, soreness at the injection site, etc. Except that with the old pertussis vaccine, the side effects occurred more frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her \u003ca title=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\" target=\"_blank\">wired.com blog\u003c/a> noted science reporter Maryn McKenna recaps the research and wonders if there could have been an unexpected trade-off with this new vaccine -- that it is less effective and therefore contributing to the outbreaks we're seeing now. From McKenna's blog Superbug:\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the most recent research, a letter published \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1273011\" target=\"_blank\">Tuesday night in JAMA\u003c/a>, researchers in Queensland, Australia examined the incidence of whooping cough in children who were born in 1998, the year in which that province began phasing out whole-cell pertussis vaccine (known as there as DTwP) in favor of less-reactive acellular vaccine (known as DTaP). Children who were born in that year and received a complete series of infant pertussis shots (at 2, 4 and 6 months) might have received all-whole cell, all-acellular, or a mix — and because of the excellent record-keeping of the state-based healthcare system, researchers were able to confirm which children received which shots. (NB: Queensland kids, like kids in the US, \u003ca href=\"http://www.health.qld.gov.au/immunisation/documents/natimmsched_adult_ch.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">also receive\u003c/a> boosters after the infant series, along with a final booster in their preteen years.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were prompted to investigate because, like the US, Australia is enduring a ferocious pertussis epidemic. When they examined the disease history for 40,694 children whose vaccine history could be verified, they found 267 pertussis cases between 1999 and 2011. They said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Children who received a 3-dose DTaP primary course had higher rates of pertussis than those who received a 3-dose DTwP primary course in the preepidemic and outbreak periods. Among those who received mixed courses, rates in the current epidemic were highest for children receiving DTaP as their first dose. This pattern remained when looking at subgroups with 1 or 2 DTwP doses in the first year of life, although it did not reach statistical significance. Children who received a mixed course with DTwP as the initial dose had incidence rates that were between rates for the pure course DTwP and DTaP cohorts.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Even if the current vaccine is less effective than its forebear, McKenna makes clear that the vaccine is still highly valuable. Dr. Gil Chavez, state epidemiologist and deputy director of the department's Center for Infectious Diseases, concurs. \"We are aware of reports of acellular vaccine being less effective,\" he told me in an interview. \"From the onset of the use of these vaccines, we public health professionals try to weigh both safety and effectiveness. The new vaccines are very safe, so we, the public health community, went to that because of safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to the recent history of whooping cough outbreaks in California. While California is not suffering now, the Golden State had a fierce outbreak in 2010 -- 9,000 cases and nine infants died. In response, the state mounted a massive vaccination campaign for 11 to 18-year-olds. More than\u003ca title=\"More than 97 percent of students enrolled in grades 7 through 12 were vaccinated.\" href=\"More%20than%2097%20percent%20of%20students%20enrolled%20in%20grades%207%20through%2012%20were%20vaccinated.\" target=\"_blank\"> 97 percent of students\u003c/a> enrolled in grades 7 through 12 were vaccinated during the 2011-2012 school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of that vaccination effort, cases dwindled from 9,000 in 2010 to 409 \"suspect, probable and confirmed\" whooping cough cases as July 24, according to state officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a parent of an incoming 7th grader, note that California now requires all entering 7th graders must be vaccinated with the booster before starting school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also recommends that adults ages 19 to 64 get the booster. And just this week, the CDC \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6125a4.htm?s_cid=mm6125a4_e%0d%0a\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6125a4.htm?s_cid=mm6125a4_e%0d%0a\" target=\"_blank\">formally recommended\u003c/a> adults \u003cem>over \u003c/em>age 65 be vaccinated as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These recommendations are not only for individuals but also for that \"herd immunity\" provided by vaccinating a population. No vaccine is 100 percent effective, but the greater the number of people who are vaccinated, the less likely we are to see outbreaks. This protection is especially important in infants too young to be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even if you vaccinate a baby for pertussis, vaccination starts at two months, they complete a full series by 8 months,\" Chavez said. \"When you have outbreaks and you have a lot of whooping cough circulating, babies are vulnerable. ... We recommend anyone who is around a baby be immunized. we experienced 9 (infant) deaths in 2010, none in 2011, none in 2012. That is an important component of this tragedy, besides immunizing babies, immunize any adult who is around infants.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As the map illustrates, many areas in the country are in the grip of whooping cough outbreaks, everywhere but California. More on California in a minute. Let's first take a look at a new(ish) vaccine and see how its limitations might be contributing to the outbreaks.\r\n\r\nIn the 1990s, the U.S. and other developed countries switched from one kind of vaccine against whooping cough (also called pertussis) to another. The older vaccine was very effective but there were concerns about a rare side effect, a neurological disorder, which may (or may not) have been connected to the vaccine. More commonly, the vaccine caused the same minor side effects that we traditionally associate with shots: redness, soreness at the injection site, etc. Except that with the old pertussis vaccine, the side effects occurred more frequently.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1344281999,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":881},"headData":{"title":"Today's Whooping Cough Vaccine May Be Safer, But Less Effective than the Old One | KQED","description":"As the map illustrates, many areas in the country are in the grip of whooping cough outbreaks, everywhere but California. More on California in a minute. Let's first take a look at a new(ish) vaccine and see how its limitations might be contributing to the outbreaks.\r\n\r\nIn the 1990s, the U.S. and other developed countries switched from one kind of vaccine against whooping cough (also called pertussis) to another. The older vaccine was very effective but there were concerns about a rare side effect, a neurological disorder, which may (or may not) have been connected to the vaccine. More commonly, the vaccine caused the same minor side effects that we traditionally associate with shots: redness, soreness at the injection site, etc. Except that with the old pertussis vaccine, the side effects occurred more frequently.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Today's Whooping Cough Vaccine May Be Safer, But Less Effective than the Old One","datePublished":"2012-08-03T23:32:53.000Z","dateModified":"2012-08-06T19:39:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"7833 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=7833","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/","disqusTitle":"Today's Whooping Cough Vaccine May Be Safer, But Less Effective than the Old One","path":"/stateofhealth/7833/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/interactives/GH_Vaccine_Map/index.html#map\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7858 \" title=\"Each green circle in the interactive map above shows a whooping cough outbreak. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM.png\" alt=\"Each green circle shows a whooping cough outbreak. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\" width=\"404\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM.png 404w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM-400x193.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM-320x154.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Each green circle depicts a whooping cough outbreak this year. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the map illustrates, many areas in the country are in the grip of \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/pertussis/\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/pertussis/\" target=\"_blank\">whooping cough\u003c/a> outbreaks, everywhere but California. More on California in a minute. Let's first take a look at a new(ish) vaccine and see how its limitations might be contributing to the outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, the U.S. and other developed countries switched from one kind of vaccine against whooping cough (also called pertussis) to another. The older vaccine was very effective but there were concerns about a rare side effect, a neurological disorder, which may (or may not) have been connected to the vaccine. More commonly, the vaccine caused the same minor side effects that we traditionally associate with shots: redness, soreness at the injection site, etc. Except that with the old pertussis vaccine, the side effects occurred more frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her \u003ca title=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\" target=\"_blank\">wired.com blog\u003c/a> noted science reporter Maryn McKenna recaps the research and wonders if there could have been an unexpected trade-off with this new vaccine -- that it is less effective and therefore contributing to the outbreaks we're seeing now. From McKenna's blog Superbug:\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the most recent research, a letter published \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1273011\" target=\"_blank\">Tuesday night in JAMA\u003c/a>, researchers in Queensland, Australia examined the incidence of whooping cough in children who were born in 1998, the year in which that province began phasing out whole-cell pertussis vaccine (known as there as DTwP) in favor of less-reactive acellular vaccine (known as DTaP). Children who were born in that year and received a complete series of infant pertussis shots (at 2, 4 and 6 months) might have received all-whole cell, all-acellular, or a mix — and because of the excellent record-keeping of the state-based healthcare system, researchers were able to confirm which children received which shots. (NB: Queensland kids, like kids in the US, \u003ca href=\"http://www.health.qld.gov.au/immunisation/documents/natimmsched_adult_ch.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">also receive\u003c/a> boosters after the infant series, along with a final booster in their preteen years.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were prompted to investigate because, like the US, Australia is enduring a ferocious pertussis epidemic. When they examined the disease history for 40,694 children whose vaccine history could be verified, they found 267 pertussis cases between 1999 and 2011. They said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Children who received a 3-dose DTaP primary course had higher rates of pertussis than those who received a 3-dose DTwP primary course in the preepidemic and outbreak periods. Among those who received mixed courses, rates in the current epidemic were highest for children receiving DTaP as their first dose. This pattern remained when looking at subgroups with 1 or 2 DTwP doses in the first year of life, although it did not reach statistical significance. Children who received a mixed course with DTwP as the initial dose had incidence rates that were between rates for the pure course DTwP and DTaP cohorts.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Even if the current vaccine is less effective than its forebear, McKenna makes clear that the vaccine is still highly valuable. Dr. Gil Chavez, state epidemiologist and deputy director of the department's Center for Infectious Diseases, concurs. \"We are aware of reports of acellular vaccine being less effective,\" he told me in an interview. \"From the onset of the use of these vaccines, we public health professionals try to weigh both safety and effectiveness. The new vaccines are very safe, so we, the public health community, went to that because of safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to the recent history of whooping cough outbreaks in California. While California is not suffering now, the Golden State had a fierce outbreak in 2010 -- 9,000 cases and nine infants died. In response, the state mounted a massive vaccination campaign for 11 to 18-year-olds. More than\u003ca title=\"More than 97 percent of students enrolled in grades 7 through 12 were vaccinated.\" href=\"More%20than%2097%20percent%20of%20students%20enrolled%20in%20grades%207%20through%2012%20were%20vaccinated.\" target=\"_blank\"> 97 percent of students\u003c/a> enrolled in grades 7 through 12 were vaccinated during the 2011-2012 school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of that vaccination effort, cases dwindled from 9,000 in 2010 to 409 \"suspect, probable and confirmed\" whooping cough cases as July 24, according to state officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a parent of an incoming 7th grader, note that California now requires all entering 7th graders must be vaccinated with the booster before starting school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also recommends that adults ages 19 to 64 get the booster. And just this week, the CDC \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6125a4.htm?s_cid=mm6125a4_e%0d%0a\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6125a4.htm?s_cid=mm6125a4_e%0d%0a\" target=\"_blank\">formally recommended\u003c/a> adults \u003cem>over \u003c/em>age 65 be vaccinated as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These recommendations are not only for individuals but also for that \"herd immunity\" provided by vaccinating a population. No vaccine is 100 percent effective, but the greater the number of people who are vaccinated, the less likely we are to see outbreaks. This protection is especially important in infants too young to be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even if you vaccinate a baby for pertussis, vaccination starts at two months, they complete a full series by 8 months,\" Chavez said. \"When you have outbreaks and you have a lot of whooping cough circulating, babies are vulnerable. ... We recommend anyone who is around a baby be immunized. we experienced 9 (infant) deaths in 2010, none in 2011, none in 2012. That is an important component of this tragedy, besides immunizing babies, immunize any adult who is around infants.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/7833/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one","authors":["240"],"categories":["stateofhealth_14"],"tags":["stateofhealth_31","stateofhealth_152"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_7858","label":"stateofhealth"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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