Bay Area Housing Project Raises Concerns About Sea-Level Rise
Migratory Birds Return As Salt Ponds Heal: Documenting a Damaged World in Transition
Ancient River Beds Could Hold the Solution to California's Water Woes
Protecting California Wetlands May Come At a Cost
California Poised to Take Action To Protect Wetlands Amid Trump Rollbacks
One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land
California's Coastal Marshes Could Disappear by the End of the Century
Beneath the Pavement: A Forgotten Wetland Resurfaces in New Art Installation
San Francisco Bay Restoration Measure Clears Two-Thirds Hurdle
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By building there, the activists believe, the city will miss an opportunity to restore sensitive wetlands and areas for them to migrate to as seas rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshes are the region’s first line of defense against rising seas, and the Bay Area has \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218558\">just 15% of its wetlands left\u003c/a>. Environmental advocates want these ecosystems protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Eric Buescher, attorney, SF Baykeeper\"]‘In 2050, these areas are going to be inundated most of the time rather than just four times a year at the biggest tide peaks.’[/pullquote]Longtime Newark resident Taran Singh walks the marshland daily. He said for developers to build homes on the lip of the bay is shortsighted and will ensure disaster in the city’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are our only buffer zones for the bay with all the melting ice,” Singh said. “It’s going to be catastrophic for all the houses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists project seas could rise by at least 1 foot by 2050 and as much as 7 feet by 2100 because global emissions are still increasing. A recent study by researchers with the British Antarctic Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984927/what-does-unavoidable-west-antarctic-ice-shelf-melt-mean-for-the-bay-area\">suggests that rising sea levels will speed up this century no matter if the world curbs emissions.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s developer, \u003ca href=\"https://integralcommunities.com/about-us/\">Integral Communities\u003c/a>, plans to prevent future flooding by trucking in enough dirt to raise the buildings, and housing advocates say the new homes are a necessary step to combat the region’s ever-growing housing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1985325\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1985325\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-800x479.png\" alt='An image of a map from Google Earth that says \"Area 4 Newark\" and details with red, green and yellow lines showing specific areas.' width=\"800\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-800x479.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-1020x611.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-768x460.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-1536x920.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-2048x1227.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-1920x1150.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed site of the Mowry Village development. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy of Google Earth and the Citizens Committee to Complete the Refuge)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The developer would like to build more than 200 homes on 29 acres. The homes in Mowry Village \u003ca href=\"https://www.mowryvillage.com/\">would be two-story single-family houses with yards and two-car garages\u003c/a>, a type of dwelling developers say is often only available further inland. Another alternative the developers laid out for the spot is more than 400 affordable housing units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The developers submitted \u003ca href=\"https://www.newark.org/home/showpublisheddocument/9650/638264955872400000\">a draft environmental impact report to the city in August\u003c/a>, and the city council plans to debate the proposal at a meeting next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1984830,science_1982875,science_1982800\" label=\"Related Stories\"]The acreage is currently home to a Pick-n-Pull auto-parts yard. If the developer wants to build houses on the land, it will require testing for contaminants and potential remediation. The site abuts a flood control channel and is next to another disputed housing project where\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1978191/california-court-oks-controversial-newark-housing-plan-along-its-climate-vulnerable-wetlands\"> developers have pitched the city on nearly 500 homes adjacent to a wetland\u003c/a> near the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid flooding from rising seas, Principal Evan Knapp said they plan to raise the grade of the entire housing community by about 14 feet and boost the entrance road up 13 feet with dirt brought in from elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve tried mightily to make sure that we find commonality between environmental needs and development and provide some bridges to that,” he said. “This is one of those sites where when you start checking the boxes, it’s an overwhelming positive for the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a letter to city staff, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board asked the developer to consider other sea-level rise impacts, like rising groundwater, which could infiltrate the homes decades before water would lap over the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to the site’s proximity to San Francisco Bay, Katie Kulha, a senior water resource control engineer with the board, recommended the city require the developer to complete a vulnerability assessment for rising sea levels and groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of climate change, what happens here has ramifications on the entire region, said Jana Sokale, a Newark resident and member of the environmental group \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayrefuge.org/\">Citizens Committee to Complete the Refuge.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to harness the power of nature in whatever way we can to mitigate the impacts of burning fossil fuels,” she said. “People have yet to grasp that as sea level rises, these areas will drown.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a king tide event last January, water reached the property’s southern edge, and drone footage from the environmental watchdog group SF Baykeeper shows water permeating a small corner of it already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2050, these areas are going to be inundated most of the time rather than just four times a year at the biggest tide peaks,” said Eric Buescher, an attorney with the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists describe wetlands as the best climate solution to protect the region from surging seas. Wetlands are sponges that soak up water. The more wetlands there are, the fewer sea walls or human-made adaptation projects planners must create.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for our generation to protect one of the few remaining marshlands that we have,” said Victor Flores, East Bay resilience manager for the environmental group Greenbelt Alliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping the future climate in mind, Lynne Trulio, a San Jose State environmental studies professor, said instead of homes on these sites, the city could incorporate the land into the nearby wildlife refuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is not enough dirt to protect the entire Bay Area from sea-level rise to build giant levees when it really starts cranking,” she said. “Here’s a place where we wouldn’t have to do that because it has this topography that allows the marsh to move in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Newark residents like Nick Valencia — who is also worried about the looming impacts of climate change — support the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If seas go up a couple of inches or even a foot or two, I think everybody in Newark is kind of going to be in a bad spot,” he said. “But I tend to trust developers in coming up with plans to mitigate those impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Council, a regional business association, supports the project to create middle-income housing for teachers, firefighters and other critical community members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those people can’t afford to live in our communities, and it is outrageous that we would create a region as nice as the Bay Area and then say, ‘here’s the door’ to the people who are making that possible,” said Louis Mirante, vice president of public policy for the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newark Mayor Michael Hannon said that he has yet to review the project formally and is waiting for city staff to present recommendations. Hannon said he is “not sure” if the project is good for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I certainly don’t want to approve a project that 20 years from now folks living in that project are concerned about their health and safety,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is also anticipating creating a sea-level rise resiliency plan, which Hannon said could inform whether shoreline housing like the Mowry Village project is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is by far not a done deal,” he said. “We’re not blind or deaf to their concerns regarding rising sea levels. As information that may change that formula comes to us, we will certainly be looking at it and sensitive to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On turning the parcel back into a wetland, Hannon said he had not seen a proposal and “would have no objection to that at all.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With little land left in the Bay Area for wetlands, a contentious shoreline housing project in the South Bay is under fire by local climate activists, who argue it would destroy the region’s first line of defense against rising seas. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845827,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1268},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Housing Project Raises Concerns About Sea-Level Rise | KQED","description":"With little land left in the Bay Area for wetlands, a contentious shoreline housing project in the South Bay is under fire by local climate activists, who argue it would destroy the region’s first line of defense against rising seas. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay Area Housing Project Raises Concerns About Sea-Level Rise","datePublished":"2023-11-15T12:00:12.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:17:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1985322/bay-area-housing-project-raises-concerns-about-sea-level-rise","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate activists are pushing back on a contentious shoreline housing project in the South Bay city of Newark. By building there, the activists believe, the city will miss an opportunity to restore sensitive wetlands and areas for them to migrate to as seas rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshes are the region’s first line of defense against rising seas, and the Bay Area has \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218558\">just 15% of its wetlands left\u003c/a>. Environmental advocates want these ecosystems protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘In 2050, these areas are going to be inundated most of the time rather than just four times a year at the biggest tide peaks.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Eric Buescher, attorney, SF Baykeeper","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Longtime Newark resident Taran Singh walks the marshland daily. He said for developers to build homes on the lip of the bay is shortsighted and will ensure disaster in the city’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are our only buffer zones for the bay with all the melting ice,” Singh said. “It’s going to be catastrophic for all the houses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists project seas could rise by at least 1 foot by 2050 and as much as 7 feet by 2100 because global emissions are still increasing. A recent study by researchers with the British Antarctic Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984927/what-does-unavoidable-west-antarctic-ice-shelf-melt-mean-for-the-bay-area\">suggests that rising sea levels will speed up this century no matter if the world curbs emissions.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s developer, \u003ca href=\"https://integralcommunities.com/about-us/\">Integral Communities\u003c/a>, plans to prevent future flooding by trucking in enough dirt to raise the buildings, and housing advocates say the new homes are a necessary step to combat the region’s ever-growing housing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1985325\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1985325\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-800x479.png\" alt='An image of a map from Google Earth that says \"Area 4 Newark\" and details with red, green and yellow lines showing specific areas.' width=\"800\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-800x479.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-1020x611.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-768x460.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-1536x920.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-2048x1227.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/Screenshot-2023-11-14-at-4.03.51-PM-1920x1150.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed site of the Mowry Village development. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy of Google Earth and the Citizens Committee to Complete the Refuge)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The developer would like to build more than 200 homes on 29 acres. The homes in Mowry Village \u003ca href=\"https://www.mowryvillage.com/\">would be two-story single-family houses with yards and two-car garages\u003c/a>, a type of dwelling developers say is often only available further inland. Another alternative the developers laid out for the spot is more than 400 affordable housing units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The developers submitted \u003ca href=\"https://www.newark.org/home/showpublisheddocument/9650/638264955872400000\">a draft environmental impact report to the city in August\u003c/a>, and the city council plans to debate the proposal at a meeting next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1984830,science_1982875,science_1982800","label":"Related Stories "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The acreage is currently home to a Pick-n-Pull auto-parts yard. If the developer wants to build houses on the land, it will require testing for contaminants and potential remediation. The site abuts a flood control channel and is next to another disputed housing project where\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1978191/california-court-oks-controversial-newark-housing-plan-along-its-climate-vulnerable-wetlands\"> developers have pitched the city on nearly 500 homes adjacent to a wetland\u003c/a> near the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid flooding from rising seas, Principal Evan Knapp said they plan to raise the grade of the entire housing community by about 14 feet and boost the entrance road up 13 feet with dirt brought in from elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve tried mightily to make sure that we find commonality between environmental needs and development and provide some bridges to that,” he said. “This is one of those sites where when you start checking the boxes, it’s an overwhelming positive for the city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a letter to city staff, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board asked the developer to consider other sea-level rise impacts, like rising groundwater, which could infiltrate the homes decades before water would lap over the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to the site’s proximity to San Francisco Bay, Katie Kulha, a senior water resource control engineer with the board, recommended the city require the developer to complete a vulnerability assessment for rising sea levels and groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of climate change, what happens here has ramifications on the entire region, said Jana Sokale, a Newark resident and member of the environmental group \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayrefuge.org/\">Citizens Committee to Complete the Refuge.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to harness the power of nature in whatever way we can to mitigate the impacts of burning fossil fuels,” she said. “People have yet to grasp that as sea level rises, these areas will drown.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a king tide event last January, water reached the property’s southern edge, and drone footage from the environmental watchdog group SF Baykeeper shows water permeating a small corner of it already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2050, these areas are going to be inundated most of the time rather than just four times a year at the biggest tide peaks,” said Eric Buescher, an attorney with the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists describe wetlands as the best climate solution to protect the region from surging seas. Wetlands are sponges that soak up water. The more wetlands there are, the fewer sea walls or human-made adaptation projects planners must create.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for our generation to protect one of the few remaining marshlands that we have,” said Victor Flores, East Bay resilience manager for the environmental group Greenbelt Alliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping the future climate in mind, Lynne Trulio, a San Jose State environmental studies professor, said instead of homes on these sites, the city could incorporate the land into the nearby wildlife refuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is not enough dirt to protect the entire Bay Area from sea-level rise to build giant levees when it really starts cranking,” she said. “Here’s a place where we wouldn’t have to do that because it has this topography that allows the marsh to move in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Newark residents like Nick Valencia — who is also worried about the looming impacts of climate change — support the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If seas go up a couple of inches or even a foot or two, I think everybody in Newark is kind of going to be in a bad spot,” he said. “But I tend to trust developers in coming up with plans to mitigate those impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Council, a regional business association, supports the project to create middle-income housing for teachers, firefighters and other critical community members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those people can’t afford to live in our communities, and it is outrageous that we would create a region as nice as the Bay Area and then say, ‘here’s the door’ to the people who are making that possible,” said Louis Mirante, vice president of public policy for the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newark Mayor Michael Hannon said that he has yet to review the project formally and is waiting for city staff to present recommendations. Hannon said he is “not sure” if the project is good for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I certainly don’t want to approve a project that 20 years from now folks living in that project are concerned about their health and safety,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is also anticipating creating a sea-level rise resiliency plan, which Hannon said could inform whether shoreline housing like the Mowry Village project is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is by far not a done deal,” he said. “We’re not blind or deaf to their concerns regarding rising sea levels. As information that may change that formula comes to us, we will certainly be looking at it and sensitive to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On turning the parcel back into a wetland, Hannon said he had not seen a proposal and “would have no objection to that at all.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1985322/bay-area-housing-project-raises-concerns-about-sea-level-rise","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4417","science_4833","science_207"],"featImg":"science_1985328","label":"science"},"science_1979865":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979865","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979865","score":null,"sort":[1658926899000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"migratory-birds-return-as-salt-ponds-heal-documenting-a-damaged-world-in-transition","title":"Migratory Birds Return As Salt Ponds Heal: Documenting a Damaged World in Transition","publishDate":1658926899,"format":"image","headTitle":"Migratory Birds Return As Salt Ponds Heal: Documenting a Damaged World in Transition | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, taking photographs from a doorless helicopter was proving more difficult than San Francisco Bay Area photographer joSon had anticipated. Bundled in ski apparel and buckled into his seat, he had done his best to prepare. But the driving winds on this chilly November day quickly numbed his fingers, and more than once his camera smacked against his face as a gust rattled the two-seater aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four thousand feet below, the placid salt ponds that lured him to this precarious position draped the southern inland tip of San Francisco Bay like a multicolored quilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many Bay Area residents, joSon’s first glimpse of the South Bay’s salt ponds was from the relative comfort of a commercial airliner. Descending into San Francisco International Airport, travelers glimpse an otherworldly landscape of geometric lines and vibrant colors fringing the jagged coastline and muddy blue-green of the Bay — the result of more than 150 years of industrial salt mining. As bay water is pumped through a series of artificial ponds, sun and steady winds cause it to evaporate, leaving each pond saltier than the one before. And as the salinity changes, so do the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, giving each pond a unique color — from the lime green of Dunaliella algae in low-salinity pools to the rose-petal reds of salt-loving halobacteria in crystallization ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Levees neatly separate the photo into four squares of red and rose. One is the red of a stop sign, another is a desert rose, a third is a pale orange, and a fourth is a dark rose. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Halobacteria produce a red tinge in the South Bay’s saltiest ponds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The colors and patterns reminded joSon of rice paddies in Vietnam, where he spent part of his childhood and lived as a Buddhist monk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Pale lime water marks a salt pond at the top of the page in a curve with a foot shape at the bottom. On the left is another pond in yellow-gold. The lower right shows ??????\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By 2050, sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Captivated, he returned to the South Bay salt ponds again and again, dangling from a helicopter, often in frigid temperatures, over the course of two years to capture their “bizarre beauty.” Over time, he noticed a transformation taking place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where some of the ponds once were, the locations were now flooded with seawater,” joSon told me. In place of the neon colors of industrial salt ponds, he began noticing “thousands of pearl-like brown and white dots” — flocks of American avocets (Recurvirostra americana) and other shorebirds returning to the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he didn’t yet realize it, joSon was documenting one of the largest wetland restoration projects in United States history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the multinational corporation Cargill sold more than 15,000 acres of its South Bay salt ponds — most but not all of its holdings — to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the California State Coastal Conservancy, and the California Department of Fish and Game. This sale launched the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979879\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two turquoise creeks run from the bottom of the image to the top. On the left, the creek shows branching tributaries. The creeks run parallel to a levee in the center of the photo, through a lush landscape of green and brown restored wetlands.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two creeks run parallel to a levee through restored South Bay wetlands. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the decades since, a consortium of more than a dozen nonprofits and state and federal agencies have collaborated to return much of the area to tidal marsh by mid-century. In doing so, they hope to recreate habitat for beleaguered native species, restore the coastline’s natural flood resilience, and improve the overall quality of the South Bay’s coastal ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nature has adapted in ways that are complicating their efforts. While the salt ponds have undeniably had negative impacts on many species, including threatened Ridgway’s rails (Rallus obsoletus), they have unintentionally benefited others, like canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) and buffleheads (Bucephala albeola), which overwinter on the shallow pools. More complicating still, the threat of climate change and sea-level rise has been looming ever larger since the project’s inception. Restoring the wetlands requires balancing the needs of plants and animals — including humans — that have long populated the South Bay’s wetlands with those of species that have more recently come to depend upon the human-made salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Exploitation of the salty South Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Despite their surreal present-day appearance, salt ponds have a history in the South Bay stretching nearly as far back as the wetlands themselves. Around 3,000 years ago, as the rapid rate of sea-level rise driven by the end of the last Ice Age began to slow, marsh plants took hold along the edges of the bay. The increased vegetation trapped more and more sediment from upstream erosion and tidal deposition, leveling out the transition from water to land and allowing wetlands to rise above the tidal flats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For millennia afterward, expansive mudflats bordered the South Bay’s shore, exposed twice daily at low tide. Upslope, verdant marshes were a meshwork of hundreds of plant species. Further inland still, bay water, filling natural depressions only during the highest winter tides, evaporated under the late-summer sun, leaving behind large natural salt deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID='science_1918301' label='What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">]\u003c/span>Even human harvesting of the ponds dates to prehistoric times. Long before European colonizers arrived, Ohlone people crystallized salt on willow twigs or burned small patches of marsh plants to reap the salty ash left behind. Such harvests were bountiful enough to not only enrich the Ohlone’s own food, but to trade with other tribes throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeological surveys of Ohlone shellmounds — sacred sites often constructed for burials — give us an idea of the region’s biodiversity during these early stewards’ time. Though mostly composed of shells from bay mussels, clams and oysters mixed with sand and clay, the mounds also contained remnants of other animals, including black-tailed deer, harbor seals, Chinook salmon and even species no longer found in the San Francisco estuary, such as Tule elk and sea otters. In some instances, the interred were not humans, but culturally significant species like the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), which went extinct in the wild in the 1980s and has since been reintroduced through captive breeding programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Swirls of pale gold, dusty gray and dark gold pour across the image, with dots of crusty islands in white and green running across the upper right corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As the salinity of the South Bay’s salt ponds changes so, too, does the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, resulting in an array of striking colors. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After arriving in the late 1700s, the Spanish quickly co-opted Indigenous salt harvesting techniques and enslaved the Ohlone to produce salt for export to Europe. Still, this early salt production remained relatively small in scale, relying on natural salinas — the Spanish term for elongated, landward pools used to harvest salt —the largest of which was the1,200-acre Crystal Salt Pond near the modern-day city of Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A curve of green water in the upper left corner abuts a yellow and green border, shaped to the bay's curve. On the other side of the bay, the sharp, 90-degree edges of man-made levees square off against the curving bay. The levees are in stripes of dark orange, indigo blue, and pale tan. Outside the levees is a broken landscape of pale brown with dark cracks running through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Along the coast of the South Bay, the soft curves of tidal wetlands often butt up against the straight lines of human-made levees. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The South Bay’s first artificial salt ponds were built by a German sailor named John Johnson in 1853. Even as he and others began manipulating the landscape, however, legal restrictions on how much acreage could be bought on credit meant that most salt ponds were small, family-run operations. Many families owned as few as 20 acres, and built pond levees against natural creeks and sloughs, minimizing impacts on the local ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 1868, California removed all acreage restrictions, clearing the way for land barons to purchase and “reclaim” vast swaths of wetlands. Almost immediately, speculators began buying up tracts of Bay Area wetlands with grand visions of industrialization to support the region’s burgeoning cities — themselves built atop meadows and oak woodlands. Within decades, shellmounds turned into shipping hubs, hunting grounds into game lodges, and family-owned ponds into corporate-owned saltworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of San Francisco Bay was being developed, the South Bay proved surprisingly difficult to break. The salty soil made agriculture untenable, and the shallow, muddy bay bottom stifled developers’ dreams of building the world’s most valuable industrial harbor. Salt harvesting, however, remained profitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1950s, artificial South Bay salt ponds, at this point almost entirely consolidated under the ownership of a single company called Leslie Salt, covered 25,000 acres and had consumed roughly half of historical tidal marshes. Levees crisscrossed the edges of the bay, segmenting the former marshes into pools of varying salinities and upending the hydrology that had long fed the wetlands. The wetlands that weren’t used for salt production were snatched up by real estate developers, who dredged, filled and built upon them to create communities like Foster City and Redwood Shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979888\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Triangular and rectangular shapes of dry brown land with fractal edges jut from the lower right and upper left corners of the image, into brownish-green water on the left of the image and baby blue water on the top of the image. Large river-like cracks in the dry land open to intrusion from the water.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a century and a half of rampant development has upended the natural hydrology of the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These projects, combined with a report from the Army Corps of Engineers advocating further filling of the bay, sparked outrage among ecologically conscious locals who wished to preserve the space for public access and wildlife. In 1961, environmentalists formed the Save San Francisco Bay Association (later known as Save the Bay, a key partner on the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization successfully advocated a ban on filling the bay to build more housing. In 1974, the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, the nation’s first urban wildlife refuge, was established on land formerly owned by Leslie Salt. A few years later, Leslie sold their remaining holdings to Cargill, which harvested and sold a million tons of salt per year at its peak — slightly more than the weight of the nearby Golden Gate Bridge. Of particular interest to joSon, some of that salt helped produce the napalm that the United States military used to destroy villages and lives during the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979877\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979877\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A bright orange square intrudes from the lower right corner of the image, bumping up against a levee of white and blue, separating the salt pond from the bay. Landscapes of green and brown spill in fractal shapes from the levee into the a pale turquoise water of the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A surreal patch of San Francisco Bay and artificial salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the time Cargill sold most of its ponds to the state of California, setting the stage for the West Coast’s largest wetlands restoration project, San Francisco Bay’s estuary was in dire straits. In total, somewhere between 80% and 95% of tidal wetlands had been degraded or developed. Removal of groundwater for reclamation had caused the land to actually sink in places — as much as 13 feet in the Santa Clara Valley — leaving the surrounding communities more vulnerable to flooding. Just 1,000 of the original 6,000 miles of channels that fed the bay and deposited the sediment and freshwater necessary for the wetlands to thrive were left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabric of interwoven wetland ecosystems that provide natural flood protection and habitat for thousands of species had been unraveled. One of the few, frayed threads remaining were the salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Migratory birds return\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When John Johnson, Leslie Salt, and other fortune-seekers began diking the South Bay for salt ponds, they likely put little thought into what it would mean for the surrounding waterfowl, shorebirds, and other wetland species. But while they were molding the land to their own purposes, nature was adapting to them. And though many species were forced out, others found sanctuary in the salty South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979889\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark brown and black waters swirl in curving lines through dark grey salt flats dotte,d by white birds.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even dry salt beds provide important habitat for local and transient species. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For threatened western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus), driven by beachgoers from the shorelines they historically populated, the salt ponds granted reprieve. Earthen islands built to dampen the tidal erosion of the levees and dried salt beds proved well-suited for camouflaging the sandy-feathered shorebirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, migratory water birds left with few places to roost and forage during their yearly journey along the 9,000-mile Pacific Flyway, a migration corridor stretching from Alaska to Patagonia, found a feast of brine shrimp and other invertebrates in the calm, shallow salt ponds. During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Thousands of white dots mark a landscape far below of dark green and brown. These are migratory birds in a single salt pond.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole Pacific Flyway comes through here,” says Dave Halsing, a California State Coastal Conservancy scientist and executive project manager for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project (SBSPRP). “For those couple of weeks, this is all there is. The whole Central Valley of California used to be marshy open space. Now it’s all subdivisions and farmland. The stopover has become the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even humans have benefitted to some degree from the salt ponds. Though not nearly as effective as wetlands, the ponds’ levees provide an important buffer between the bay and the surrounding communities, reducing flood risks during heavy rains and high tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside PostID='quest_20389']\u003c/span>Taking all of these unintended consequences into consideration has complicated efforts to restore the South Bay. “If all we had to do was tidal marsh restoration, it would be very simple,” Halsing says. “But it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, the SBSPRP is taking an adaptive approach, essentially treating the whole 50-year-long project as a series of smaller, more manageable endeavors, with the overall goal of restoring at least half of the 15,100 acres to tidal wetlands while maintaining current levels of flood protection and biodiversity. What this means in practice is breaching many of the ponds, preserving others as they are, and enhancing the rest by adding artificial islands for roosting, or altering salinity and water levels to attract certain species. Then the team monitors how those changes impact various species, and adjusts its strategy as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a distance, the work looks like a child’s sandbox, with mounds of earth surrounding bright yellow mechanical beasts of all shapes and sizes. Up close, it’s not all that different from any other construction site; half a dozen people or so busying about in hard hats and bright-colored vests, the loud rumble and hydraulic hisses of excavators and bulldozers roaring to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Donna Ball, San Francisco Estuary Institute']‘We had thought that it would take longer. It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.’[/pullquote]Once the groundwork has been laid according to a specific pond’s fate — levees raised or lowered, earth graded to the desired slope, flood channels added or gated — volunteers from Save the Bay work with project biologists for what Donna Ball, a San Francisco Estuary Institute biologist and lead scientist on the SBSPRP, says is one of the most important parts of restoring the ecosystem: replanting vegetation. “Putting plants in is really the habitat piece,” Ball says. “It’s really the meat of trying to think about each species and what they might need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, around 3,000 acres have been restored to tidal wetlands and 700 acres of ponds have been enhanced. Just as the first plants 3,000 years ago provided the foundation for the wetlands — and all the biodiversity they support — these initial plantings are bringing life back to the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, just eight years after breaching the first ponds, Ridgway’s rails were discovered meandering through the marsh. A year later, researchers found salt marsh harvest mice (Reithrodontomys raviventris), an endangered species endemic to the Bay Area, scampering around dense carpets of pickleweed. Even threatened longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) and other local fishes were visiting the surrounding waters in greater numbers than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetlands were returning much faster than anyone had anticipated. “We had thought that it would take longer,” Ball says. “It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, even with the number of artificial salt ponds shrinking, improvements to those that remain has actually increased migratory water bird numbers. A study from the U.S. Geological Survey found that between 2002 and 2014, the number of overwintering water birds (both waterfowl and shorebirds) that stopped over in the project area more than doubled. By comparison, in nearby ponds still owned by Cargill for salt production, there was virtually no change in water bird visitation over roughly the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979890\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of a white salt crust sits on top of winding dark red waters, wriggling through the salt crust. A dark yellow levee runs from the lower right corner to the upper left corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Though many of the South Bay’s salt ponds are being converted to tidal marsh, some will be left intact to support ground-nesting birds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And though they haven’t experienced a similar surge, western snowy plover populations have held steady thanks to habitat enhancements, including spreading oyster shells on dried salt ponds for improved camouflage and removing nearby perches used by predatory raptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SBSPRP was restoring balance to the South Bay wetlands. But increasingly, the weight of climate change has been threatening to tip the scales back out of whack. To ensure their progress would not be undone, the project leaders had to start planning not only for what the wetlands needed today, but for what they will need in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘A fighting chance’ as bay waters rise\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As I stand on one of the easternmost levees of Ravenswood, an open space preserve along the shore of the South Bay and one of three main restoration sites for the SBSPRP, it’s easy to grasp the Bay Area’s vulnerability to climate change. Within a 7-mile radius of me, over largely flat terrain, lies Redwood City, Palo Alto, and Menlo Park, with a combined population of nearly 200,000 people. Water from the bay practically laps at my feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a recent report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by 2050 sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. At the same time, flooding is expected to become more frequent and severe, with major flood events occurring five times as often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark orange salt pond water in the upper left corner meets a pale gold curve of levee. On the other side of the levee are the pale and dark brown wetlands, with dark green riparian areas twisting through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both levees and wetlands can protect surrounding communities from sea level rise. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While climate change had long been considered by the SBSPRP, Ball says the increasingly dire predictions about when the Bay Area could feel its effects — and how severe those impacts could be on people and wildlife — has ramped up the project’s urgency, since healthy wetlands can serve as a natural barrier to flooding and storm surges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key word, however, is healthy. Even under ideal conditions, it takes time for restored wetlands to go from sparse and fragile vegetation to lush and robust. And rising seas and severe storms are not ideal circumstances for adolescent wetlands, inundating or robbing the young upstarts of the sediment they need to develop and thrive. The sooner ponds can be breached and restoration started, the more likely it is that the wetlands will be able to mature into a resilient ecosystem. Indeed, a 2019 study from Point Blue Conservation Science, a key partner in the restoration project, showed that if tidal fluctuations weren’t restored to certain parts of the project area by mid-century, they might never accrete enough sediment to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even mature wetlands will eventually succumb to rising seas if rates of erosion and inundation outpace sedimentation. That is, unless they have somewhere to run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While plants might appear immobile, over long periods of time plant populations can move in response to their environment. For wetland flora such as salt marsh gumplant (Grindelia stricta) or alkali heath (Frankenia salina), both of which love salty soil but prefer drier conditions, this means extending their roots upland as water levels rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979871\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of marsh plants in peach, yellow, cream and brown falls from the upper left to the lower right, meeting a narrow triangle of grey-blue water. Long, narrow rivers run down the wetland to the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Given time, marsh plants will move upslope or downslope to more suitable soil. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Historically, there was plenty of space for Bay Area marshes to migrate. Gradually sloped transition zones, or ecotones, hundreds to thousands of feet wide, bordered much of the wetlands, providing a spectrum of overlapping habitats from subtidal to salt marsh to upland meadows. Today, development has encroached on 90% of those areas, reducing them in most places to just a handful of feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the South Bay’s nascent wetlands a fighting chance in the face of climate change, the SBSPRP is adding ecotones to many of their tidal marsh restoration sites during the latest phase of construction. Ecotones aren’t possible everywhere, but they have wide-ranging benefits. In addition to restoring wildlife habitat and tempering floods, they can preserve the beauty and accessibility of the wetlands for the region’s human inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979892\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979892 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A pale tan creek winds from the bottom of the image to the upper left corner, through lush green wetlands. The vegetation on either side of the creek is yellow-green, dark green and brown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small creek winds through restored wetlands in San Francisco’s South Bay. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rather than protecting the Bay Area from floods by building a levee that would turn San Francisco Bay into a giant bathtub, Ball says, ecotones and other nature-based solutions can help “maintain this habitat — even for people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A continual cycle of rebirth\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On a sunny early afternoon in spring, I visit Eden Landing Ecological Reserve, another of the main project sites for the SBSPRP. At the entrance, a sign briefly nods to the complicated history of the landscape, no doubt preparing visitors who might soon be confused by the presence of levees, flood control gates, and managed ponds in an ecological reserve. Moments into my walk, however, I feel no confusion: This land is undoubtedly wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I head toward the trail loop, marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris) burst from the grasses lining both sides of the path, chittering in alarm at my presence before sinking back into the tangle. To my right, a raft of American avocets, heads golden-brown, beaks slightly upturned, bob lazily in a shallow pond. To my left, a long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) slinks through the tidal mudflats foraging for invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further down the trail, I find myself face-to-face with the full scope of the restoration project. I pass a half dozen ponds of various water levels and shades of yellow, hinting at their differences in salinity. In most, an artificial island emerges a foot or so above the surface. I walk atop levees for most of the journey, occasionally crossing over a floodgate separating pond from pond, or pond from bay. At one of the outermost points from the trailhead I come upon a dried salt bed, a parched moonscape shattered at the edges and scattered with oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at each turn I find signs of life. Goldfinches, yellowthroats and song sparrows flitting through the tall upland grasses. Ducks, herons and egrets along the channels bordering the tidal marshes. Sandpipers, willets, and stilts on the islands of the managed ponds. I even come across an unattended egg nestled atop a patch of clover on the bank of the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel grateful for this space, a stone’s throw from busy metropolises and yet a world away. But strangely, I also find myself feeling thankful for the salt ponds — not only those that have been restored and enhanced, but also their human-made predecessors. Almost all of the restorable land along the shores of the South Bay exists because the industrial salt ponds unintentionally preserved this place. If not for the salt ponds, the area would have almost certainly been developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tension between what I know of the land’s tumultuous history and the peace I find there makes me think of joSon. Drawing on his past as a Buddhist monk, the photographer considers the restoration project a form of rebirth, a way of healing the wetlands while reconciling the land’s past traumas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concept of rebirth defines how we grow and redefine ourselves by simultaneously shedding and embracing our painful past,” he says. For him, the arc of the salt ponds’ history offers a way of thinking about how individuals, cultures and places can “adapt and move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the end of the trail, I come across the relics of a former salt harvesting operation, retained for posterity. Beyond, wooden pilings worn smooth by tides and time emerge from mudflats and murky ponds, supporting ghost structures no longer present. As the wetlands devour the scars of industry, a semblance of what this landscape once was — and has always been to the Ohlone, who continue to hold ceremonies at shellmound sites — is reemerging: a sacred place for plants, animals and people, a wetland in a constant cycle of being reborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In San Francisco's salty South Bay, an ambitious wetlands restoration project is attempting to balance a return to the ecological past with the realities of a warming future.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846227,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":57,"wordCount":4054},"headData":{"title":"Migratory Birds Return As Salt Ponds Heal: Documenting a Damaged World in Transition | KQED","description":"In San Francisco's salty South Bay, an ambitious wetlands restoration project is attempting to balance a return to the ecological past with the realities of a warming future.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Migratory Birds Return As Salt Ponds Heal: Documenting a Damaged World in Transition","datePublished":"2022-07-27T13:01:39.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:23:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"bioGraphic","sourceUrl":"https://www.calacademy.org/biographic","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Skylar Knight","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1979865/migratory-birds-return-as-salt-ponds-heal-documenting-a-damaged-world-in-transition","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, taking photographs from a doorless helicopter was proving more difficult than San Francisco Bay Area photographer joSon had anticipated. Bundled in ski apparel and buckled into his seat, he had done his best to prepare. But the driving winds on this chilly November day quickly numbed his fingers, and more than once his camera smacked against his face as a gust rattled the two-seater aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four thousand feet below, the placid salt ponds that lured him to this precarious position draped the southern inland tip of San Francisco Bay like a multicolored quilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many Bay Area residents, joSon’s first glimpse of the South Bay’s salt ponds was from the relative comfort of a commercial airliner. Descending into San Francisco International Airport, travelers glimpse an otherworldly landscape of geometric lines and vibrant colors fringing the jagged coastline and muddy blue-green of the Bay — the result of more than 150 years of industrial salt mining. As bay water is pumped through a series of artificial ponds, sun and steady winds cause it to evaporate, leaving each pond saltier than the one before. And as the salinity changes, so do the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, giving each pond a unique color — from the lime green of Dunaliella algae in low-salinity pools to the rose-petal reds of salt-loving halobacteria in crystallization ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Levees neatly separate the photo into four squares of red and rose. One is the red of a stop sign, another is a desert rose, a third is a pale orange, and a fourth is a dark rose. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2474-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Halobacteria produce a red tinge in the South Bay’s saltiest ponds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The colors and patterns reminded joSon of rice paddies in Vietnam, where he spent part of his childhood and lived as a Buddhist monk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Pale lime water marks a salt pond at the top of the page in a curve with a foot shape at the bottom. On the left is another pond in yellow-gold. The lower right shows ??????\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A2645-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By 2050, sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Captivated, he returned to the South Bay salt ponds again and again, dangling from a helicopter, often in frigid temperatures, over the course of two years to capture their “bizarre beauty.” Over time, he noticed a transformation taking place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where some of the ponds once were, the locations were now flooded with seawater,” joSon told me. In place of the neon colors of industrial salt ponds, he began noticing “thousands of pearl-like brown and white dots” — flocks of American avocets (Recurvirostra americana) and other shorebirds returning to the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he didn’t yet realize it, joSon was documenting one of the largest wetland restoration projects in United States history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the multinational corporation Cargill sold more than 15,000 acres of its South Bay salt ponds — most but not all of its holdings — to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the California State Coastal Conservancy, and the California Department of Fish and Game. This sale launched the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979879\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two turquoise creeks run from the bottom of the image to the top. On the left, the creek shows branching tributaries. The creeks run parallel to a levee in the center of the photo, through a lush landscape of green and brown restored wetlands.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3866-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two creeks run parallel to a levee through restored South Bay wetlands. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the decades since, a consortium of more than a dozen nonprofits and state and federal agencies have collaborated to return much of the area to tidal marsh by mid-century. In doing so, they hope to recreate habitat for beleaguered native species, restore the coastline’s natural flood resilience, and improve the overall quality of the South Bay’s coastal ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nature has adapted in ways that are complicating their efforts. While the salt ponds have undeniably had negative impacts on many species, including threatened Ridgway’s rails (Rallus obsoletus), they have unintentionally benefited others, like canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) and buffleheads (Bucephala albeola), which overwinter on the shallow pools. More complicating still, the threat of climate change and sea-level rise has been looming ever larger since the project’s inception. Restoring the wetlands requires balancing the needs of plants and animals — including humans — that have long populated the South Bay’s wetlands with those of species that have more recently come to depend upon the human-made salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Exploitation of the salty South Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Despite their surreal present-day appearance, salt ponds have a history in the South Bay stretching nearly as far back as the wetlands themselves. Around 3,000 years ago, as the rapid rate of sea-level rise driven by the end of the last Ice Age began to slow, marsh plants took hold along the edges of the bay. The increased vegetation trapped more and more sediment from upstream erosion and tidal deposition, leveling out the transition from water to land and allowing wetlands to rise above the tidal flats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For millennia afterward, expansive mudflats bordered the South Bay’s shore, exposed twice daily at low tide. Upslope, verdant marshes were a meshwork of hundreds of plant species. Further inland still, bay water, filling natural depressions only during the highest winter tides, evaporated under the late-summer sun, leaving behind large natural salt deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1918301","label":"label='What Are Those Weird, Pink Ponds in San Francisco Bay?\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">"},"numeric":["label='What","Are","Those","Weird,","Pink","Ponds","in","San","Francisco","Bay?\u003c/span>\u003cspan","style=\"font-weight:","400\">"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>Even human harvesting of the ponds dates to prehistoric times. Long before European colonizers arrived, Ohlone people crystallized salt on willow twigs or burned small patches of marsh plants to reap the salty ash left behind. Such harvests were bountiful enough to not only enrich the Ohlone’s own food, but to trade with other tribes throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeological surveys of Ohlone shellmounds — sacred sites often constructed for burials — give us an idea of the region’s biodiversity during these early stewards’ time. Though mostly composed of shells from bay mussels, clams and oysters mixed with sand and clay, the mounds also contained remnants of other animals, including black-tailed deer, harbor seals, Chinook salmon and even species no longer found in the San Francisco estuary, such as Tule elk and sea otters. In some instances, the interred were not humans, but culturally significant species like the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), which went extinct in the wild in the 1980s and has since been reintroduced through captive breeding programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Swirls of pale gold, dusty gray and dark gold pour across the image, with dots of crusty islands in white and green running across the upper right corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3459-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As the salinity of the South Bay’s salt ponds changes so, too, does the pigmented microorganisms that thrive in the brine, resulting in an array of striking colors. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After arriving in the late 1700s, the Spanish quickly co-opted Indigenous salt harvesting techniques and enslaved the Ohlone to produce salt for export to Europe. Still, this early salt production remained relatively small in scale, relying on natural salinas — the Spanish term for elongated, landward pools used to harvest salt —the largest of which was the1,200-acre Crystal Salt Pond near the modern-day city of Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A curve of green water in the upper left corner abuts a yellow and green border, shaped to the bay's curve. On the other side of the bay, the sharp, 90-degree edges of man-made levees square off against the curving bay. The levees are in stripes of dark orange, indigo blue, and pale tan. Outside the levees is a broken landscape of pale brown with dark cracks running through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4200-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Along the coast of the South Bay, the soft curves of tidal wetlands often butt up against the straight lines of human-made levees. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The South Bay’s first artificial salt ponds were built by a German sailor named John Johnson in 1853. Even as he and others began manipulating the landscape, however, legal restrictions on how much acreage could be bought on credit meant that most salt ponds were small, family-run operations. Many families owned as few as 20 acres, and built pond levees against natural creeks and sloughs, minimizing impacts on the local ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 1868, California removed all acreage restrictions, clearing the way for land barons to purchase and “reclaim” vast swaths of wetlands. Almost immediately, speculators began buying up tracts of Bay Area wetlands with grand visions of industrialization to support the region’s burgeoning cities — themselves built atop meadows and oak woodlands. Within decades, shellmounds turned into shipping hubs, hunting grounds into game lodges, and family-owned ponds into corporate-owned saltworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of San Francisco Bay was being developed, the South Bay proved surprisingly difficult to break. The salty soil made agriculture untenable, and the shallow, muddy bay bottom stifled developers’ dreams of building the world’s most valuable industrial harbor. Salt harvesting, however, remained profitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1950s, artificial South Bay salt ponds, at this point almost entirely consolidated under the ownership of a single company called Leslie Salt, covered 25,000 acres and had consumed roughly half of historical tidal marshes. Levees crisscrossed the edges of the bay, segmenting the former marshes into pools of varying salinities and upending the hydrology that had long fed the wetlands. The wetlands that weren’t used for salt production were snatched up by real estate developers, who dredged, filled and built upon them to create communities like Foster City and Redwood Shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979888\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Triangular and rectangular shapes of dry brown land with fractal edges jut from the lower right and upper left corners of the image, into brownish-green water on the left of the image and baby blue water on the top of the image. Large river-like cracks in the dry land open to intrusion from the water.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4310-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a century and a half of rampant development has upended the natural hydrology of the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These projects, combined with a report from the Army Corps of Engineers advocating further filling of the bay, sparked outrage among ecologically conscious locals who wished to preserve the space for public access and wildlife. In 1961, environmentalists formed the Save San Francisco Bay Association (later known as Save the Bay, a key partner on the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization successfully advocated a ban on filling the bay to build more housing. In 1974, the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, the nation’s first urban wildlife refuge, was established on land formerly owned by Leslie Salt. A few years later, Leslie sold their remaining holdings to Cargill, which harvested and sold a million tons of salt per year at its peak — slightly more than the weight of the nearby Golden Gate Bridge. Of particular interest to joSon, some of that salt helped produce the napalm that the United States military used to destroy villages and lives during the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979877\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979877\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A bright orange square intrudes from the lower right corner of the image, bumping up against a levee of white and blue, separating the salt pond from the bay. Landscapes of green and brown spill in fractal shapes from the levee into the a pale turquoise water of the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4239-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A surreal patch of San Francisco Bay and artificial salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the time Cargill sold most of its ponds to the state of California, setting the stage for the West Coast’s largest wetlands restoration project, San Francisco Bay’s estuary was in dire straits. In total, somewhere between 80% and 95% of tidal wetlands had been degraded or developed. Removal of groundwater for reclamation had caused the land to actually sink in places — as much as 13 feet in the Santa Clara Valley — leaving the surrounding communities more vulnerable to flooding. Just 1,000 of the original 6,000 miles of channels that fed the bay and deposited the sediment and freshwater necessary for the wetlands to thrive were left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabric of interwoven wetland ecosystems that provide natural flood protection and habitat for thousands of species had been unraveled. One of the few, frayed threads remaining were the salt ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Migratory birds return\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When John Johnson, Leslie Salt, and other fortune-seekers began diking the South Bay for salt ponds, they likely put little thought into what it would mean for the surrounding waterfowl, shorebirds, and other wetland species. But while they were molding the land to their own purposes, nature was adapting to them. And though many species were forced out, others found sanctuary in the salty South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979889\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark brown and black waters swirl in curving lines through dark grey salt flats dotte,d by white birds.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3705-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even dry salt beds provide important habitat for local and transient species. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For threatened western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus), driven by beachgoers from the shorelines they historically populated, the salt ponds granted reprieve. Earthen islands built to dampen the tidal erosion of the levees and dried salt beds proved well-suited for camouflaging the sandy-feathered shorebirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, migratory water birds left with few places to roost and forage during their yearly journey along the 9,000-mile Pacific Flyway, a migration corridor stretching from Alaska to Patagonia, found a feast of brine shrimp and other invertebrates in the calm, shallow salt ponds. During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Thousands of white dots mark a landscape far below of dark green and brown. These are migratory birds in a single salt pond.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A4348-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During one spring migration in the 1980s, researchers tallied more than 200,000 birds in a single salt pond. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole Pacific Flyway comes through here,” says Dave Halsing, a California State Coastal Conservancy scientist and executive project manager for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project (SBSPRP). “For those couple of weeks, this is all there is. The whole Central Valley of California used to be marshy open space. Now it’s all subdivisions and farmland. The stopover has become the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even humans have benefitted to some degree from the salt ponds. Though not nearly as effective as wetlands, the ponds’ levees provide an important buffer between the bay and the surrounding communities, reducing flood risks during heavy rains and high tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"quest_20389","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>Taking all of these unintended consequences into consideration has complicated efforts to restore the South Bay. “If all we had to do was tidal marsh restoration, it would be very simple,” Halsing says. “But it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, the SBSPRP is taking an adaptive approach, essentially treating the whole 50-year-long project as a series of smaller, more manageable endeavors, with the overall goal of restoring at least half of the 15,100 acres to tidal wetlands while maintaining current levels of flood protection and biodiversity. What this means in practice is breaching many of the ponds, preserving others as they are, and enhancing the rest by adding artificial islands for roosting, or altering salinity and water levels to attract certain species. Then the team monitors how those changes impact various species, and adjusts its strategy as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a distance, the work looks like a child’s sandbox, with mounds of earth surrounding bright yellow mechanical beasts of all shapes and sizes. Up close, it’s not all that different from any other construction site; half a dozen people or so busying about in hard hats and bright-colored vests, the loud rumble and hydraulic hisses of excavators and bulldozers roaring to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We had thought that it would take longer. It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","citation":"Donna Ball, San Francisco Estuary Institute","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Once the groundwork has been laid according to a specific pond’s fate — levees raised or lowered, earth graded to the desired slope, flood channels added or gated — volunteers from Save the Bay work with project biologists for what Donna Ball, a San Francisco Estuary Institute biologist and lead scientist on the SBSPRP, says is one of the most important parts of restoring the ecosystem: replanting vegetation. “Putting plants in is really the habitat piece,” Ball says. “It’s really the meat of trying to think about each species and what they might need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, around 3,000 acres have been restored to tidal wetlands and 700 acres of ponds have been enhanced. Just as the first plants 3,000 years ago provided the foundation for the wetlands — and all the biodiversity they support — these initial plantings are bringing life back to the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, just eight years after breaching the first ponds, Ridgway’s rails were discovered meandering through the marsh. A year later, researchers found salt marsh harvest mice (Reithrodontomys raviventris), an endangered species endemic to the Bay Area, scampering around dense carpets of pickleweed. Even threatened longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) and other local fishes were visiting the surrounding waters in greater numbers than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetlands were returning much faster than anyone had anticipated. “We had thought that it would take longer,” Ball says. “It’s great to know that we’re having a positive effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, even with the number of artificial salt ponds shrinking, improvements to those that remain has actually increased migratory water bird numbers. A study from the U.S. Geological Survey found that between 2002 and 2014, the number of overwintering water birds (both waterfowl and shorebirds) that stopped over in the project area more than doubled. By comparison, in nearby ponds still owned by Cargill for salt production, there was virtually no change in water bird visitation over roughly the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979890\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of a white salt crust sits on top of winding dark red waters, wriggling through the salt crust. A dark yellow levee runs from the lower right corner to the upper left corner.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3997-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Though many of the South Bay’s salt ponds are being converted to tidal marsh, some will be left intact to support ground-nesting birds. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And though they haven’t experienced a similar surge, western snowy plover populations have held steady thanks to habitat enhancements, including spreading oyster shells on dried salt ponds for improved camouflage and removing nearby perches used by predatory raptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SBSPRP was restoring balance to the South Bay wetlands. But increasingly, the weight of climate change has been threatening to tip the scales back out of whack. To ensure their progress would not be undone, the project leaders had to start planning not only for what the wetlands needed today, but for what they will need in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘A fighting chance’ as bay waters rise\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As I stand on one of the easternmost levees of Ravenswood, an open space preserve along the shore of the South Bay and one of three main restoration sites for the SBSPRP, it’s easy to grasp the Bay Area’s vulnerability to climate change. Within a 7-mile radius of me, over largely flat terrain, lies Redwood City, Palo Alto, and Menlo Park, with a combined population of nearly 200,000 people. Water from the bay practically laps at my feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a recent report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by 2050 sea levels along the West Coast are expected to rise between 4 and 8 inches. At the same time, flooding is expected to become more frequent and severe, with major flood events occurring five times as often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dark orange salt pond water in the upper left corner meets a pale gold curve of levee. On the other side of the levee are the pale and dark brown wetlands, with dark green riparian areas twisting through.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3554-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both levees and wetlands can protect surrounding communities from sea level rise. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While climate change had long been considered by the SBSPRP, Ball says the increasingly dire predictions about when the Bay Area could feel its effects — and how severe those impacts could be on people and wildlife — has ramped up the project’s urgency, since healthy wetlands can serve as a natural barrier to flooding and storm surges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key word, however, is healthy. Even under ideal conditions, it takes time for restored wetlands to go from sparse and fragile vegetation to lush and robust. And rising seas and severe storms are not ideal circumstances for adolescent wetlands, inundating or robbing the young upstarts of the sediment they need to develop and thrive. The sooner ponds can be breached and restoration started, the more likely it is that the wetlands will be able to mature into a resilient ecosystem. Indeed, a 2019 study from Point Blue Conservation Science, a key partner in the restoration project, showed that if tidal fluctuations weren’t restored to certain parts of the project area by mid-century, they might never accrete enough sediment to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even mature wetlands will eventually succumb to rising seas if rates of erosion and inundation outpace sedimentation. That is, unless they have somewhere to run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While plants might appear immobile, over long periods of time plant populations can move in response to their environment. For wetland flora such as salt marsh gumplant (Grindelia stricta) or alkali heath (Frankenia salina), both of which love salty soil but prefer drier conditions, this means extending their roots upland as water levels rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979871\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A landscape of marsh plants in peach, yellow, cream and brown falls from the upper left to the lower right, meeting a narrow triangle of grey-blue water. Long, narrow rivers run down the wetland to the bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3636-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Given time, marsh plants will move upslope or downslope to more suitable soil. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Historically, there was plenty of space for Bay Area marshes to migrate. Gradually sloped transition zones, or ecotones, hundreds to thousands of feet wide, bordered much of the wetlands, providing a spectrum of overlapping habitats from subtidal to salt marsh to upland meadows. Today, development has encroached on 90% of those areas, reducing them in most places to just a handful of feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the South Bay’s nascent wetlands a fighting chance in the face of climate change, the SBSPRP is adding ecotones to many of their tidal marsh restoration sites during the latest phase of construction. Ecotones aren’t possible everywhere, but they have wide-ranging benefits. In addition to restoring wildlife habitat and tempering floods, they can preserve the beauty and accessibility of the wetlands for the region’s human inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979892\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979892 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A pale tan creek winds from the bottom of the image to the upper left corner, through lush green wetlands. The vegetation on either side of the creek is yellow-green, dark green and brown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/07/88A3805-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small creek winds through restored wetlands in San Francisco’s South Bay. \u003ccite>(joSon/bioGraphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rather than protecting the Bay Area from floods by building a levee that would turn San Francisco Bay into a giant bathtub, Ball says, ecotones and other nature-based solutions can help “maintain this habitat — even for people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A continual cycle of rebirth\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On a sunny early afternoon in spring, I visit Eden Landing Ecological Reserve, another of the main project sites for the SBSPRP. At the entrance, a sign briefly nods to the complicated history of the landscape, no doubt preparing visitors who might soon be confused by the presence of levees, flood control gates, and managed ponds in an ecological reserve. Moments into my walk, however, I feel no confusion: This land is undoubtedly wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I head toward the trail loop, marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris) burst from the grasses lining both sides of the path, chittering in alarm at my presence before sinking back into the tangle. To my right, a raft of American avocets, heads golden-brown, beaks slightly upturned, bob lazily in a shallow pond. To my left, a long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) slinks through the tidal mudflats foraging for invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further down the trail, I find myself face-to-face with the full scope of the restoration project. I pass a half dozen ponds of various water levels and shades of yellow, hinting at their differences in salinity. In most, an artificial island emerges a foot or so above the surface. I walk atop levees for most of the journey, occasionally crossing over a floodgate separating pond from pond, or pond from bay. At one of the outermost points from the trailhead I come upon a dried salt bed, a parched moonscape shattered at the edges and scattered with oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at each turn I find signs of life. Goldfinches, yellowthroats and song sparrows flitting through the tall upland grasses. Ducks, herons and egrets along the channels bordering the tidal marshes. Sandpipers, willets, and stilts on the islands of the managed ponds. I even come across an unattended egg nestled atop a patch of clover on the bank of the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel grateful for this space, a stone’s throw from busy metropolises and yet a world away. But strangely, I also find myself feeling thankful for the salt ponds — not only those that have been restored and enhanced, but also their human-made predecessors. Almost all of the restorable land along the shores of the South Bay exists because the industrial salt ponds unintentionally preserved this place. If not for the salt ponds, the area would have almost certainly been developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tension between what I know of the land’s tumultuous history and the peace I find there makes me think of joSon. Drawing on his past as a Buddhist monk, the photographer considers the restoration project a form of rebirth, a way of healing the wetlands while reconciling the land’s past traumas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concept of rebirth defines how we grow and redefine ourselves by simultaneously shedding and embracing our painful past,” he says. For him, the arc of the salt ponds’ history offers a way of thinking about how individuals, cultures and places can “adapt and move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the end of the trail, I come across the relics of a former salt harvesting operation, retained for posterity. Beyond, wooden pilings worn smooth by tides and time emerge from mudflats and murky ponds, supporting ghost structures no longer present. As the wetlands devour the scars of industry, a semblance of what this landscape once was — and has always been to the Ohlone, who continue to hold ceremonies at shellmound sites — is reemerging: a sacred place for plants, animals and people, a wetland in a constant cycle of being reborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979865/migratory-birds-return-as-salt-ponds-heal-documenting-a-damaged-world-in-transition","authors":["byline_science_1979865"],"categories":["science_16","science_4550","science_40","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_194","science_4414","science_556","science_206","science_207"],"featImg":"science_1979870","label":"source_science_1979865"},"science_1978311":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1978311","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1978311","score":null,"sort":[1643663040000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ancient-river-beds-could-hold-the-solution-to-californias-water-woes","title":"Ancient River Beds Could Hold the Solution to California's Water Woes","publishDate":1643663040,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Ancient River Beds Could Hold the Solution to California’s Water Woes | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The “water detectives” that author Erica Gies followed are all asking the same question — she calls it “revolutionary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: What does water want?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water wants more access to its slow phases,” Gies said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her forthcoming book, “\u003ca href=\"https://slowwater.world/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Always Wins: Thriving in an Age of Drought and De\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://slowwater.world/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">luge\u003c/span>\u003c/a>,” details these detectives — water researchers who are part of what Gies calls the “slow water movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=small citation='Author Erica Gies']‘Putting the water in these paleo valleys could help to restore the health of the groundwater system. More water in rivers for fish, more water available to hydrate plants, reducing the severity of wildfires.’[/pullquote]That idea goes something like this: Modern societies control water, often speeding it off the land, reducing the time it spends in wetlands, floodplains and other slow-phase ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That creates all kinds of problems,” Gies told KQED’s Brian Watt. “We build cities on those wetlands and then they flood because the water still wants to go there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slow-water practitioners are trying to reverse this cycle, an endeavor Gies says is especially important in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Volatility. That’s what Californians can expect from their water in coming decades, according to research that predicts \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\">warming temperatures will exacerbate the state’s cycle\u003c/a> of flooding and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gies says California’s development decisions — how it builds cities, its agriculture and water management — are using up its groundwater and destroying its fragile wetlands.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> [aside postID='science_1502420' \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">label=\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">'Nature Provides Its Own Flood Control. Time to Use It?']\u003c/span>She found a potential solution (championed by UC Davis’s Graham Fogg, one of her water detectives): vast ancient riverbeds cut by glaciers thousands of years ago that now lie underneath California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her latest \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/capturing-the-flood-in-californias-ancient-underground-waterways/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">cover story\u003c/span> in Bay Nature magazine\u003c/a> is all about these ancient riverbeds. Gies spoke with KQED’s Watt about their potential to help California with its water problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Their conversation has been lightly edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt\u003c/strong>: The first line of your piece reads, “Tens of thousands of years ago, California’s Sierra Nevada mountains wore upon their shoulders the ancestors of today’s rivers.” That’s quite a picture. Do a little more painting for us here. How did these valleys come to be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Erica Gies\u003c/strong>: There were several phases of glaciers coming down from the north and then going back up. When the glaciers melt, they create quite a bit of powerful water, pushing downstream gravel, sand, other debris and cutting these really large canyons a mile wide, a hundred feet deep. As the glacial cycle progressed, sea levels rose, the water slowed, there was less ice melting, and all of that debris lost momentum and then backfilled those cut canyons with coarse cobble. And then over time, silt came down over it, creating the valley floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do we really know that they’re there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My main source in this article is \u003ca href=\"https://lawr.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/fogg-graham\">hydrogeologist Graham Fogg\u003c/a>, professor emeritus at UC Davis. He’s been tracking these for decades. He says there’s a predictability in these glacial cycles. He knows that every major stream coming off of the Sierra has these paleo valleys. That’s how he knows generally that they exist, but only three of them have been discovered over about 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sounds like the process of finding them has been really slow?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People use well logs; when people look for water, oil and gas, they drill with a hollow bit, bringing up a tube of sediment. You can see what happened from a geological perspective. Researchers were looking through 10,000 of these well logs trying to find the paleo valleys. Very time-consuming. But more recently, the Department of Water Resources has funded research for something called \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Data-and-Tools/AEM\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">airborne electromagnetic surveys\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. Basically, they fly a helicopter over the ground with this machinery underneath it, an instrument that uses an electrical current to generate a magnetic field that sends data to researchers about where there’s clay, which is 65% to 80% of the underground. But also where there’s this cobble, which are the places where the water flows much more rapidly than in the clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>These underground valleys could actually be of some use to the state?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That’s right. [The state] needs to think longer-term about it because that water comes in the wet years. With climate change, we’re getting bigger atmospheric river rainstorms and we’re seeing more flooding. [California needs to] capture this water to prevent it from flooding homes and businesses and to move it above these special paleo valleys. They’ll absorb the water very quickly, preventing flooding and then, in a slower time scale, that water will seep into the surrounding clays, raising the water table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That could do all kinds of beneficial things?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, the way that we’ve managed water in California has dramatically upset natural hydrology. The Central Valley used to flood almost every year. That’s a floodplain, meant to absorb floods. But we’ve levied it. We’ve moved the water south. We’ve done all this hyper-engineering so the water isn’t sitting on the land in the same way. And then we’ve made that worse by pumping groundwater. And as we’ve seen, the water table has fallen many feet below ground. That groundwater and surface water are the same water. They’re linked. When we pump groundwater, that’s not a new supply of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re actually reducing surface water, and a healthy groundwater system feeds springs, creeks that flow year-round, and wetlands. Putting the water in these paleo valleys could help to restore the health of the groundwater system. More water in rivers for fish, more water available to hydrate plants, reducing the severity of wildfires. Water would be higher also for people who were pumping it or taking it out of rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you want people to know about water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the world doesn’t reduce carbon emissions, which of course we need to do, we can still improve our drought and flooding situations locally by making space for slow water. These water detectives are advocating for an un-engineering that allows space for our water to slow on the land. There are a lot of ways that we can do that within our existing human habitat. And that’s what my book is about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Paleo valleys carved by outflows of melting water from ancient Sierra Nevada glaciers could help the state during dry and wet times. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846323,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1128},"headData":{"title":"Ancient River Beds Could Hold the Solution to California's Water Woes | KQED","description":"Paleo valleys carved by outflows of melting water from ancient Sierra Nevada glaciers could help the state during dry and wet times. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Ancient River Beds Could Hold the Solution to California's Water Woes","datePublished":"2022-01-31T21:04:00.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:25:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Water","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/b35abebd-1d85-4d4c-89c2-ae270133b98d/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1978311/ancient-river-beds-could-hold-the-solution-to-californias-water-woes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The “water detectives” that author Erica Gies followed are all asking the same question — she calls it “revolutionary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: What does water want?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water wants more access to its slow phases,” Gies said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her forthcoming book, “\u003ca href=\"https://slowwater.world/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Always Wins: Thriving in an Age of Drought and De\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://slowwater.world/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">luge\u003c/span>\u003c/a>,” details these detectives — water researchers who are part of what Gies calls the “slow water movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Putting the water in these paleo valleys could help to restore the health of the groundwater system. More water in rivers for fish, more water available to hydrate plants, reducing the severity of wildfires.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","citation":"Author Erica Gies","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>That idea goes something like this: Modern societies control water, often speeding it off the land, reducing the time it spends in wetlands, floodplains and other slow-phase ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That creates all kinds of problems,” Gies told KQED’s Brian Watt. “We build cities on those wetlands and then they flood because the water still wants to go there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slow-water practitioners are trying to reverse this cycle, an endeavor Gies says is especially important in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Volatility. That’s what Californians can expect from their water in coming decades, according to research that predicts \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\">warming temperatures will exacerbate the state’s cycle\u003c/a> of flooding and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gies says California’s development decisions — how it builds cities, its agriculture and water management — are using up its groundwater and destroying its fragile wetlands.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1502420","label":"\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">label=\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">'Nature Provides Its Own Flood Control. Time to Use It?'"},"numeric":["\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan","style=\"font-weight:","400\">label=\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan","style=\"font-weight:","400\">'Nature","Provides","Its","Own","Flood","Control.","Time","to","Use","It?'"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>She found a potential solution (championed by UC Davis’s Graham Fogg, one of her water detectives): vast ancient riverbeds cut by glaciers thousands of years ago that now lie underneath California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her latest \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/capturing-the-flood-in-californias-ancient-underground-waterways/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">cover story\u003c/span> in Bay Nature magazine\u003c/a> is all about these ancient riverbeds. Gies spoke with KQED’s Watt about their potential to help California with its water problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Their conversation has been lightly edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt\u003c/strong>: The first line of your piece reads, “Tens of thousands of years ago, California’s Sierra Nevada mountains wore upon their shoulders the ancestors of today’s rivers.” That’s quite a picture. Do a little more painting for us here. How did these valleys come to be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Erica Gies\u003c/strong>: There were several phases of glaciers coming down from the north and then going back up. When the glaciers melt, they create quite a bit of powerful water, pushing downstream gravel, sand, other debris and cutting these really large canyons a mile wide, a hundred feet deep. As the glacial cycle progressed, sea levels rose, the water slowed, there was less ice melting, and all of that debris lost momentum and then backfilled those cut canyons with coarse cobble. And then over time, silt came down over it, creating the valley floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do we really know that they’re there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My main source in this article is \u003ca href=\"https://lawr.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/fogg-graham\">hydrogeologist Graham Fogg\u003c/a>, professor emeritus at UC Davis. He’s been tracking these for decades. He says there’s a predictability in these glacial cycles. He knows that every major stream coming off of the Sierra has these paleo valleys. That’s how he knows generally that they exist, but only three of them have been discovered over about 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sounds like the process of finding them has been really slow?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People use well logs; when people look for water, oil and gas, they drill with a hollow bit, bringing up a tube of sediment. You can see what happened from a geological perspective. Researchers were looking through 10,000 of these well logs trying to find the paleo valleys. Very time-consuming. But more recently, the Department of Water Resources has funded research for something called \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Data-and-Tools/AEM\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">airborne electromagnetic surveys\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. Basically, they fly a helicopter over the ground with this machinery underneath it, an instrument that uses an electrical current to generate a magnetic field that sends data to researchers about where there’s clay, which is 65% to 80% of the underground. But also where there’s this cobble, which are the places where the water flows much more rapidly than in the clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>These underground valleys could actually be of some use to the state?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That’s right. [The state] needs to think longer-term about it because that water comes in the wet years. With climate change, we’re getting bigger atmospheric river rainstorms and we’re seeing more flooding. [California needs to] capture this water to prevent it from flooding homes and businesses and to move it above these special paleo valleys. They’ll absorb the water very quickly, preventing flooding and then, in a slower time scale, that water will seep into the surrounding clays, raising the water table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That could do all kinds of beneficial things?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, the way that we’ve managed water in California has dramatically upset natural hydrology. The Central Valley used to flood almost every year. That’s a floodplain, meant to absorb floods. But we’ve levied it. We’ve moved the water south. We’ve done all this hyper-engineering so the water isn’t sitting on the land in the same way. And then we’ve made that worse by pumping groundwater. And as we’ve seen, the water table has fallen many feet below ground. That groundwater and surface water are the same water. They’re linked. When we pump groundwater, that’s not a new supply of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re actually reducing surface water, and a healthy groundwater system feeds springs, creeks that flow year-round, and wetlands. Putting the water in these paleo valleys could help to restore the health of the groundwater system. More water in rivers for fish, more water available to hydrate plants, reducing the severity of wildfires. Water would be higher also for people who were pumping it or taking it out of rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you want people to know about water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the world doesn’t reduce carbon emissions, which of course we need to do, we can still improve our drought and flooding situations locally by making space for slow water. These water detectives are advocating for an un-engineering that allows space for our water to slow on the land. There are a lot of ways that we can do that within our existing human habitat. And that’s what my book is about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1978311/ancient-river-beds-could-hold-the-solution-to-californias-water-woes","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_194","science_572","science_4414","science_201","science_207"],"featImg":"science_1978313","label":"source_science_1978311"},"science_1931979":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1931979","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1931979","score":null,"sort":[1538169833000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-wetland-regulation-we-may-define-away-nature-at-our-own-peril","title":"Protecting California Wetlands May Come At a Cost","publishDate":1538169833,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Protecting California Wetlands May Come At a Cost | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4 reader-show-element\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>Efforts by the Trump administration to rewrite wetlands regulations could undermine natural functions that are crucial to clean drinking water, flood protection and wildlife habitat, says Jessica Kao.[contextly_sidebar id=”OpcUTnEDBs8TXTqs1CS2qw81zIKDEoHR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has moved decisively to weaken the Waters of the U.S. (WOTUS) rule, a federal regulatory process that seeks to protect wetlands and seasonal streams from excessive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This effort has suffered setbacks in the courts, which has only helped create more uncertainty about how these waters should be protected. To fill the regulatory void, California is moving to \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/09/03/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">adopt its own rules\u003c/a>, an effort that is hugely controversial but which may be necessary in the absence of sufficient federal oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands and ephemeral streams are essential habitat for wildlife, and vital filters for the drinking water we all depend on every day. In many cases, they also serve as flood protection, storing or slowing down storm runoff that would otherwise threaten downstream development.[contextly_sidebar id=”f7QgKHMyeec7cm4konTUZvzNY0AlwdMe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, it can be difficult to explain the importance of these waterways, which are often derided as swamps. So Water Deeply recently asked Jessica Kao to put it in her own words. Until her retirement in 2017, Kao was chief of staff at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Region 9, which oversees California, Hawaii, Nevada and Arizona. She was also regional lead staffer on the Obama administration’s multiyear WOTUS rulemaking endeavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why should people care about wetlands and ephemeral water bodies, such as seasonal streams?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Kao: Seasonal wetlands and streams – those that become wet in response to rain, snowmelt or increased subsurface flow – are the unsung heroes of a healthy watershed. They loom particularly large in the arid and semi-arid Southwest (California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado), constituting more than 80 percent of all waters. Often the headwaters or major tributaries of perennial streams, they store, transport and cycle water, nutrients and sediments throughout the watershed and provide crucial linkage between dry land and perennial rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a watershed scale, they improve water quality, attenuate erosion and flooding during high flows, recharge groundwater, maintain floodplains, and sustain vegetation, habitat and wildlife corridors. Seasonal wetlands are also vital to the survival of many reptiles and amphibians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All communities benefit from functioning watersheds. For effective and efficient management of overall watershed health, science counsels us to approach the important hydrologic, biochemical and ecological functions of our vast networks of seasonal waters in context and cumulatively, not in isolation. However, seasonal waters – many smaller in size – have been particularly susceptible to human disturbances, falling victim to people’s preconceptions of what a wetland or a stream should be and [being seen] as undeserving of protection.[contextly_sidebar id=”OSUoixiInEQKSmIinuKPS4PMLz9ScfE7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we should not ignore science, and we risk defining away nature at our own peril. California’s fast disappearing vernal pools – irreplaceable wetlands that swell up each spring in time to host unique plant communities and endangered species – are a reminder that to degrade and destroy is easy, but to rehabilitate and restore is difficult, if not impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the most important regulatory action we need now to start protecting these water bodies sufficiently, and end controversy and confusion around those protections?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kao: The effectiveness of the Clean Water Act, the most significant statute we have for safeguarding the health and safety of our nation’s water resources, is underpinned by the scope of WOTUS. Unfortunately, an end to the tremendous confusion over this foundational question engendered by the Supreme Court’s fractious 2006 decision (Rapanos) does not appear in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, a positive start would be refraining from procedural irregularities and political maneuvers to unravel years of WOTUS scientific reviews and rule-making efforts, and instead allowing balanced discussions informed by rule of law and science to proceed. In the meantime – as with combating climate change – where the federal government waffles and retreats, states like California can enact clear laws for their waters and beef up resources and expertise to engage in areas where the federal government once used to lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Efforts by the Trump administration to rewrite wetlands regulations could undermine natural functions that are crucial to clean drinking water, flood protection and wildlife habitat.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927449,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":708},"headData":{"title":"Protecting California Wetlands May Come At a Cost | KQED","description":"Efforts by the Trump administration to rewrite wetlands regulations could undermine natural functions that are crucial to clean drinking water, flood protection and wildlife habitat.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Protecting California Wetlands May Come At a Cost","datePublished":"2018-09-28T21:23:53.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:57:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1931979/on-wetland-regulation-we-may-define-away-nature-at-our-own-peril","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4 reader-show-element\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>Efforts by the Trump administration to rewrite wetlands regulations could undermine natural functions that are crucial to clean drinking water, flood protection and wildlife habitat, says Jessica Kao.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has moved decisively to weaken the Waters of the U.S. (WOTUS) rule, a federal regulatory process that seeks to protect wetlands and seasonal streams from excessive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This effort has suffered setbacks in the courts, which has only helped create more uncertainty about how these waters should be protected. To fill the regulatory void, California is moving to \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/09/03/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">adopt its own rules\u003c/a>, an effort that is hugely controversial but which may be necessary in the absence of sufficient federal oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands and ephemeral streams are essential habitat for wildlife, and vital filters for the drinking water we all depend on every day. In many cases, they also serve as flood protection, storing or slowing down storm runoff that would otherwise threaten downstream development.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, it can be difficult to explain the importance of these waterways, which are often derided as swamps. So Water Deeply recently asked Jessica Kao to put it in her own words. Until her retirement in 2017, Kao was chief of staff at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Region 9, which oversees California, Hawaii, Nevada and Arizona. She was also regional lead staffer on the Obama administration’s multiyear WOTUS rulemaking endeavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why should people care about wetlands and ephemeral water bodies, such as seasonal streams?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Kao: Seasonal wetlands and streams – those that become wet in response to rain, snowmelt or increased subsurface flow – are the unsung heroes of a healthy watershed. They loom particularly large in the arid and semi-arid Southwest (California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado), constituting more than 80 percent of all waters. Often the headwaters or major tributaries of perennial streams, they store, transport and cycle water, nutrients and sediments throughout the watershed and provide crucial linkage between dry land and perennial rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a watershed scale, they improve water quality, attenuate erosion and flooding during high flows, recharge groundwater, maintain floodplains, and sustain vegetation, habitat and wildlife corridors. Seasonal wetlands are also vital to the survival of many reptiles and amphibians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All communities benefit from functioning watersheds. For effective and efficient management of overall watershed health, science counsels us to approach the important hydrologic, biochemical and ecological functions of our vast networks of seasonal waters in context and cumulatively, not in isolation. However, seasonal waters – many smaller in size – have been particularly susceptible to human disturbances, falling victim to people’s preconceptions of what a wetland or a stream should be and [being seen] as undeserving of protection.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we should not ignore science, and we risk defining away nature at our own peril. California’s fast disappearing vernal pools – irreplaceable wetlands that swell up each spring in time to host unique plant communities and endangered species – are a reminder that to degrade and destroy is easy, but to rehabilitate and restore is difficult, if not impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the most important regulatory action we need now to start protecting these water bodies sufficiently, and end controversy and confusion around those protections?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kao: The effectiveness of the Clean Water Act, the most significant statute we have for safeguarding the health and safety of our nation’s water resources, is underpinned by the scope of WOTUS. Unfortunately, an end to the tremendous confusion over this foundational question engendered by the Supreme Court’s fractious 2006 decision (Rapanos) does not appear in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, a positive start would be refraining from procedural irregularities and political maneuvers to unravel years of WOTUS scientific reviews and rule-making efforts, and instead allowing balanced discussions informed by rule of law and science to proceed. In the meantime – as with combating climate change – where the federal government waffles and retreats, states like California can enact clear laws for their waters and beef up resources and expertise to engage in areas where the federal government once used to lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1931979/on-wetland-regulation-we-may-define-away-nature-at-our-own-peril","authors":["byline_science_1931979"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3514","science_201","science_207"],"featImg":"science_1920142","label":"source_science_1931979"},"science_1930685":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930685","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930685","score":null,"sort":[1536170412000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own","title":"California Poised to Take Action To Protect Wetlands Amid Trump Rollbacks","publishDate":1536170412,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Poised to Take Action To Protect Wetlands Amid Trump Rollbacks | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California officials are poised to seize control over a major arena of federal regulation in response to Trump administration rollbacks: the management and protection of wetlands.[contextly_sidebar id=”h5N7PXQNQywXy02nIa7ekC6Pwli7BEsu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are vital features on the landscape. Basically low spots in a watershed, when they fill with water they provide important habitat for birds, fish and other species. Wetlands also help control floods and recharge groundwater, and they filter the water we drink. On the other hand, being generally flat and maligned as “swamps,” they are popular places to pave and build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, wetlands have nearly disappeared across the western United States. That has given rise to the controversial policy known as the Waters of the U.S. rule, or WOTUS. The rule is an effort, first, to define wetlands, which turns out to be monumentally difficult. And second, to regulate development in and around wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of President Donald Trump’s first acts upon taking office in 2017 was to direct the Environmental Protection Agency to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/climate/trump-water-wotus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescind and rewrite\u003c/a> the WOTUS rule. The rule had been comprehensively updated in 2015 by the Obama administration, after years of analysis and public review. But Trump viewed it as overly broad. In January, the EPA fulfilled his promise by suspending the rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California decided to take action in response. Since 1993, it has been state law to avoid ongoing wetland losses – a so-called “no net loss” policy. So the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) began \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/wrapp.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preparing its own rules\u003c/a>, which would put the state in full control of wetland protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed later this year, it could become the first move by a state to seize a broad arena of regulatory power for itself in response to Trump’s regulatory rollbacks.[contextly_sidebar id=”2PoXn5ULD7oXKcJ8XO3phHJJySlLADjf”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our update will advance the ball and add clarity without giving up any authority that’s important to protect wetlands,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the SWRCB and a former EPA regional administrator during the Clinton administration. “That’s what we’re working on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WOTUS rule has been around – under various names and iterations – as a component of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>, which was first adopted by Congress in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overarching goal is to prevent pollution and erosion that harms water quality for people and wildlife. Building in wetlands and other water bodies, including the dredging needed to maintain harbors, often causes pollution by eliminating natural filtration and stirring up contaminated sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules have been jointly enforced by the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. They also apply to tidal waters, seasonal streams, ponds, lakes, playas, meadows, mudflats and any waters considered “navigable” or important to industry or commerce. As a result, how the rule is interpreted and applied has huge implications for the environment and the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, this interpretation had been left intentionally vague, both to provide regulatory flexibility and to avoid controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been confusion over the scope of WOTUS since 2001,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/our-faculty/faculty-profiles/holly-doremus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Holly Doremus\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental law at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the year the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the EPA and the Army Corps had been applying the law too broadly, and that some waters not connected to traditionally navigable waterways should not be regulated. A clear definition of regulated waterways had to be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second Supreme Court ruling in 2006 made things more confusing: a divided court held that waters with a “significant nexus” to something navigable could be regulated. This led to the 2015 WOTUS rule adopted by the Obama administration.[contextly_sidebar id=”uZWZn3wd1zciD7bUQInuUAod9GN3xUIR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s definitions left a lot of room for interpretation. As a result, the Obama administration drew a large regulatory circle after a years-long effort to analyze the issue. Now the Trump administration wants to draw it much smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The core of that problem is that wetlands are not necessarily water and they’re not necessarily dry land. It’s hard for the public to understand,” Doremus said. “If you or I went out and stood somewhere and looked around, we wouldn’t necessarily know whether a place should be a wetland or not. It does take a technical expert examination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140657/172345.ME_.0524.malibulagoon.001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"482\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of preschoolers walk across a bridge spanning the marshes of Malibu Lagoon in Southern California. This marsh is protected within a state park. But many of California’s remaining wetlands and marshes are not, prompting the state to propose a new program to oversee development in and near such water bodies. (Luis Sinco/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s “no net loss” wetlands policy arose from a 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/docs/wrapp2008/executive_order_w59_93.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proclamation\u003c/a> by then governor Pete Wilson. The proclamation also declared that the state must work to increase wetland acreage over time. Although it has remained state policy ever since, the policy has not been fulfilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no formal state program to monitor wetland acreage, but evidence suggests total acreage has declined since 1993. The state has lost at \u003ca href=\"https://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/impacts/hydrology/wetlands/#sum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">least 91 percent\u003c/a> of its historic wetlands, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This federal rollback is a big threat,” said Rachel Zwillinger, water policy adviser at Defenders of Wildlife. “We have continued to lose wetlands. And there are losses occurring that are completely outside the permitting process, which is really problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California actually began drafting its own wetlands rule in 2004, partly to fulfill the “no net loss” policy and to provide more regulatory certainty. It went through several revisions but was never completed. The effort took on more urgency with Trump’s election in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s authority to regulate wetlands on its own arises from the general legal principles of statehood, Doremus said: states can adopt any regulations that promote the public welfare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, California has established the legal basis to protect all its waters in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/laws_regulations/docs/portercologne.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act\u003c/a>. The law, adopted in 1969, gives the state authority to enforce water quality in wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s new regulations would seek to protect wetlands and other waterways as “waters of the state.” Officially described as “dredge and fill” regulations, the rules would govern any activities that disturb wetlands and other surface waters.[contextly_sidebar id=”qKkpiVZtrcRRKdlrrEw5A34RWmC0zZij”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A starting point for the rules is simply defining a wetland. A key difference from federal regulations is that the state’s proposal does not require the presence of vegetation to declare that a water body is a wetland. The state rules require water to be present long enough for anaerobic (absence of oxygen) conditions to exist in the upper soil surface of the water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another goal is to streamline the process of obtaining a permit, for example, to dredge a harbor, or pave a parking lot in an area that may or may not be a wetland. Currently, due to the absence of clear state regulations, the permit process can vary quite a bit in different regions of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We won’t make it crystal clear, but we will make it way more clear than it is and give some degree of comfort to both the environmental community and the developer community,” said the SWRCB’s Marcus. “We’re trying to create enough clarity for good government while protecting precious wetlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though California is moving to adopt its own regulatory program, losing an active federal presence will be challenging. One reason is that the Army Corps plays a big role in identifying and mapping waterways that should be protected under the WOTUS rule – a process known as delineation. If federal changes eliminate or substantially shrink this role, the state’s workload is likely to increase substantially whether or not it adopts its own regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2449px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140751/947235791.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2449\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Donald Trump speaks before signing an executive order on Feb. 27, 2017, to begin the rollback of the Waters of the U.S. rule. The rule, adopted by the Obama administration in 2015, is designed to protect wetlands and other waterways from dredging and development. (Aude Guerrucci-Pool/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s moves so far have been followed by more court actions and more uncertainty. The latest development came on Aug. 16, when a federal judge in South Carolina \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060094329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued an injunction\u003c/a> against the administration’s February order suspending WOTUS. But the order only applies in 26 states not covered by stays issued in two previous court rulings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the West, this means the Obama-era WOTUS rules are again in force in California, Oregon, Washington and Texas, but not in Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the state water board’s delays, another pressure has come to bear: Gov. Jerry Brown’s term ends this year. Even assuming another Democrat replaces him, the transition to a new administration will be disruptive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Marcus’ own term as chair of the water board ends in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been really disappointed the state board has not yet finalized the policy,” Zwillinger said. “It’s been a decade in the making. And with the new, urgent threat at the federal level, we’d like to see it get across the finish line in this [state] administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus could not say when the water board might adopt the new rules. The board has already held many days of public hearings and workshops on the draft policy. But more deliberations will be required before adoption, and none have been scheduled yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s so contentious, we’re trying to get it right,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/09/03/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Trump administration is moving to weaken the so-called Waters of the U.S. rule, which protects wetlands and other waterways from development. California plans its own regulations to fill the gap.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927529,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1707},"headData":{"title":"California Poised to Take Action To Protect Wetlands Amid Trump Rollbacks | KQED","description":"The Trump administration is moving to weaken the so-called Waters of the U.S. rule, which protects wetlands and other waterways from development. California plans its own regulations to fill the gap.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Poised to Take Action To Protect Wetlands Amid Trump Rollbacks","datePublished":"2018-09-05T18:00:12.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1930685/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California officials are poised to seize control over a major arena of federal regulation in response to Trump administration rollbacks: the management and protection of wetlands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are vital features on the landscape. Basically low spots in a watershed, when they fill with water they provide important habitat for birds, fish and other species. Wetlands also help control floods and recharge groundwater, and they filter the water we drink. On the other hand, being generally flat and maligned as “swamps,” they are popular places to pave and build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, wetlands have nearly disappeared across the western United States. That has given rise to the controversial policy known as the Waters of the U.S. rule, or WOTUS. The rule is an effort, first, to define wetlands, which turns out to be monumentally difficult. And second, to regulate development in and around wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of President Donald Trump’s first acts upon taking office in 2017 was to direct the Environmental Protection Agency to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/climate/trump-water-wotus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescind and rewrite\u003c/a> the WOTUS rule. The rule had been comprehensively updated in 2015 by the Obama administration, after years of analysis and public review. But Trump viewed it as overly broad. In January, the EPA fulfilled his promise by suspending the rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California decided to take action in response. Since 1993, it has been state law to avoid ongoing wetland losses – a so-called “no net loss” policy. So the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) began \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/wrapp.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preparing its own rules\u003c/a>, which would put the state in full control of wetland protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed later this year, it could become the first move by a state to seize a broad arena of regulatory power for itself in response to Trump’s regulatory rollbacks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our update will advance the ball and add clarity without giving up any authority that’s important to protect wetlands,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the SWRCB and a former EPA regional administrator during the Clinton administration. “That’s what we’re working on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WOTUS rule has been around – under various names and iterations – as a component of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>, which was first adopted by Congress in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overarching goal is to prevent pollution and erosion that harms water quality for people and wildlife. Building in wetlands and other water bodies, including the dredging needed to maintain harbors, often causes pollution by eliminating natural filtration and stirring up contaminated sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules have been jointly enforced by the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. They also apply to tidal waters, seasonal streams, ponds, lakes, playas, meadows, mudflats and any waters considered “navigable” or important to industry or commerce. As a result, how the rule is interpreted and applied has huge implications for the environment and the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, this interpretation had been left intentionally vague, both to provide regulatory flexibility and to avoid controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been confusion over the scope of WOTUS since 2001,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/our-faculty/faculty-profiles/holly-doremus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Holly Doremus\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental law at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the year the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the EPA and the Army Corps had been applying the law too broadly, and that some waters not connected to traditionally navigable waterways should not be regulated. A clear definition of regulated waterways had to be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second Supreme Court ruling in 2006 made things more confusing: a divided court held that waters with a “significant nexus” to something navigable could be regulated. This led to the 2015 WOTUS rule adopted by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s definitions left a lot of room for interpretation. As a result, the Obama administration drew a large regulatory circle after a years-long effort to analyze the issue. Now the Trump administration wants to draw it much smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The core of that problem is that wetlands are not necessarily water and they’re not necessarily dry land. It’s hard for the public to understand,” Doremus said. “If you or I went out and stood somewhere and looked around, we wouldn’t necessarily know whether a place should be a wetland or not. It does take a technical expert examination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140657/172345.ME_.0524.malibulagoon.001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"482\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of preschoolers walk across a bridge spanning the marshes of Malibu Lagoon in Southern California. This marsh is protected within a state park. But many of California’s remaining wetlands and marshes are not, prompting the state to propose a new program to oversee development in and near such water bodies. (Luis Sinco/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s “no net loss” wetlands policy arose from a 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/docs/wrapp2008/executive_order_w59_93.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proclamation\u003c/a> by then governor Pete Wilson. The proclamation also declared that the state must work to increase wetland acreage over time. Although it has remained state policy ever since, the policy has not been fulfilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no formal state program to monitor wetland acreage, but evidence suggests total acreage has declined since 1993. The state has lost at \u003ca href=\"https://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/impacts/hydrology/wetlands/#sum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">least 91 percent\u003c/a> of its historic wetlands, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This federal rollback is a big threat,” said Rachel Zwillinger, water policy adviser at Defenders of Wildlife. “We have continued to lose wetlands. And there are losses occurring that are completely outside the permitting process, which is really problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California actually began drafting its own wetlands rule in 2004, partly to fulfill the “no net loss” policy and to provide more regulatory certainty. It went through several revisions but was never completed. The effort took on more urgency with Trump’s election in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s authority to regulate wetlands on its own arises from the general legal principles of statehood, Doremus said: states can adopt any regulations that promote the public welfare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, California has established the legal basis to protect all its waters in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/laws_regulations/docs/portercologne.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act\u003c/a>. The law, adopted in 1969, gives the state authority to enforce water quality in wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s new regulations would seek to protect wetlands and other waterways as “waters of the state.” Officially described as “dredge and fill” regulations, the rules would govern any activities that disturb wetlands and other surface waters.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A starting point for the rules is simply defining a wetland. A key difference from federal regulations is that the state’s proposal does not require the presence of vegetation to declare that a water body is a wetland. The state rules require water to be present long enough for anaerobic (absence of oxygen) conditions to exist in the upper soil surface of the water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another goal is to streamline the process of obtaining a permit, for example, to dredge a harbor, or pave a parking lot in an area that may or may not be a wetland. Currently, due to the absence of clear state regulations, the permit process can vary quite a bit in different regions of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We won’t make it crystal clear, but we will make it way more clear than it is and give some degree of comfort to both the environmental community and the developer community,” said the SWRCB’s Marcus. “We’re trying to create enough clarity for good government while protecting precious wetlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though California is moving to adopt its own regulatory program, losing an active federal presence will be challenging. One reason is that the Army Corps plays a big role in identifying and mapping waterways that should be protected under the WOTUS rule – a process known as delineation. If federal changes eliminate or substantially shrink this role, the state’s workload is likely to increase substantially whether or not it adopts its own regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2449px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140751/947235791.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2449\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Donald Trump speaks before signing an executive order on Feb. 27, 2017, to begin the rollback of the Waters of the U.S. rule. The rule, adopted by the Obama administration in 2015, is designed to protect wetlands and other waterways from dredging and development. (Aude Guerrucci-Pool/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s moves so far have been followed by more court actions and more uncertainty. The latest development came on Aug. 16, when a federal judge in South Carolina \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060094329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued an injunction\u003c/a> against the administration’s February order suspending WOTUS. But the order only applies in 26 states not covered by stays issued in two previous court rulings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the West, this means the Obama-era WOTUS rules are again in force in California, Oregon, Washington and Texas, but not in Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the state water board’s delays, another pressure has come to bear: Gov. Jerry Brown’s term ends this year. Even assuming another Democrat replaces him, the transition to a new administration will be disruptive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Marcus’ own term as chair of the water board ends in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been really disappointed the state board has not yet finalized the policy,” Zwillinger said. “It’s been a decade in the making. And with the new, urgent threat at the federal level, we’d like to see it get across the finish line in this [state] administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus could not say when the water board might adopt the new rules. The board has already held many days of public hearings and workshops on the draft policy. But more deliberations will be required before adoption, and none have been scheduled yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s so contentious, we’re trying to get it right,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/09/03/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930685/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own","authors":["byline_science_1930685"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_192","science_3322","science_201","science_207"],"featImg":"science_1927729","label":"source_science_1930685"},"science_1927677":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1927677","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1927677","score":null,"sort":[1532462432000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-pop-up-wetlands-helped-birds-through-californias-5-year-drought","title":"One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land","publishDate":1532462432,"format":"standard","headTitle":"One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>An innovative scheme to leverage Central Valley farmland as temporary wetlands on the Pacific Flyway helped birds navigate California’s five-year drought, according to \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5147/\">a new analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four years ago, in the midst of California’s most punishing drought on record, conservation groups began working with growers and citizen scientists to identify and maintain habitat for wetland birds on agricultural land, as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">KQED reported.\u003c/a> The Central Valley is in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, and millions of birds stop to rest at wetlands in the region during their migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of historically occurring natural wetlands in the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/suppl/10.3996/012014-JFWM-003/suppl_file/012014-jfwm-003.s10.pdf?code=ufws-site\">are gone, largely displaced by agriculture\u003c/a>, the birds have to work with what’s there. So, conservation groups devised a strategy to help them out: The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Resources Conservation Service started paying rice farmers to keep their fields flooded during the post-harvest months, allowing migratory birds to take refuge in these “pop-up wetlands.” For farmers and conservationists, participating in this type of incentive program was risky: farmers had to put in additional labor, the conservation groups offset the estimated costs, and neither group knew for sure whether the plan would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">Read the backstory of the BirdReturns program in this KQED Quest feature\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But now enough time has elapsed to get some answers. Researchers used satellite data to understand how wetland bird habitat changed over the course of the drought and to estimate how much the incentive programs for farmers helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From satellite images taken between 2000 and 2015, the researchers could detect how much open water was available for birds during non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought years. They found that the severe drought dramatically reduced available wetland habitat, with declines of up to 80 percent in agricultural areas and up to 60 percent in managed wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little surprised at the magnitude of the decline in some of the wetlands,” recalls Matt Reiter, principal scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, and lead author on the study. “Maybe it shouldn’t have been, given how much coverage the drought was getting and it was the first time we started seeing water curtailment, and certainly the price of water was going up, and so it shouldn’t have surprised me but it did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess the effect of incentives for flooded farms, the researchers honed in on rice fields, calculating what percent of the total flooded rice habitat could be attributed to two incentive programs during times of severe drought. The Nature Conservancy’s \u003ca href=\"http://birdreturns.org/\">BirdReturns\u003c/a> program was responsible for up to 61 percent of available flooded rice habitat in the fall and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s \u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP)\u003c/a> provided up to 100 percent of available habitat in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two programs operated at different times of year: BirdReturns focuses on the fall and spring, and WHEP on the winter months. In the analysis, these complementary timelines functioned to maintain wetland habitat in rice fields for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help. However, the direct effects of drought on birds are not yet clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our big questions now is, ‘Okay, so what?’” says Reiter. “What does this mean for the birds? Are the birds falling out of the sky? Are the birds declining? Did the drought really impact their populations?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat is a pretty good proxy for population impacts, since habitat loss has been documented to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000426\">leading cause of wetland bird declines\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142\">of wildlife declines more generally\u003c/a>. And \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1658\">research has shown\u003c/a> that bird densities can be very high in flooded agricultural fields. But Reiter and his colleagues want to put some real numbers on the effects of severe drought on wetland birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927732\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1200x405.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1920x648.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1180x398.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-960x324.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-240x81.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-375x127.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-520x175.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill Cranes are one of many wetland bird species that can be found in the flooded rice fields. \u003ccite>(Bob Wick/BLM)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incentive programs are set to continue for the time being — but both are dependent on ongoing funding: the BirdReturns program relies on funding from the nonprofit Nature Conservancy, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s WHEP is counting on a renewal of funds in the federal Farm Bill. Ideally, Reiter says, the incentive programs would be “a short-term thing, that instills a new kind of management ethic that then sort of propagates itself forward.” It’s uncertain whether that will ever happen, so funding is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reiter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Different versions of these incentive programs have been around for a very long time, so it gives you some hope that they will stay around,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there’s the new analysis, which Reiter hopes will reach people who may be considering similar conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our study really shows the value of these incentive programs,” he says, “and so we just hope that managers can see these data and see that — hey — there is real value in doing these programs, and particularly in drought years, as we saw, and think about how we can make sure that these are sustained into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, birds visiting the Central Valley have a little more room to roost.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new analysis shows that an innovative partnership in the Central Valley seems to have paid off.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927659,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":932},"headData":{"title":"One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land | KQED","description":"A new analysis shows that an innovative partnership in the Central Valley seems to have paid off.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land","datePublished":"2018-07-24T20:00:32.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:00:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Animals","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1927677/how-pop-up-wetlands-helped-birds-through-californias-5-year-drought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An innovative scheme to leverage Central Valley farmland as temporary wetlands on the Pacific Flyway helped birds navigate California’s five-year drought, according to \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5147/\">a new analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four years ago, in the midst of California’s most punishing drought on record, conservation groups began working with growers and citizen scientists to identify and maintain habitat for wetland birds on agricultural land, as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">KQED reported.\u003c/a> The Central Valley is in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, and millions of birds stop to rest at wetlands in the region during their migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of historically occurring natural wetlands in the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/suppl/10.3996/012014-JFWM-003/suppl_file/012014-jfwm-003.s10.pdf?code=ufws-site\">are gone, largely displaced by agriculture\u003c/a>, the birds have to work with what’s there. So, conservation groups devised a strategy to help them out: The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Resources Conservation Service started paying rice farmers to keep their fields flooded during the post-harvest months, allowing migratory birds to take refuge in these “pop-up wetlands.” For farmers and conservationists, participating in this type of incentive program was risky: farmers had to put in additional labor, the conservation groups offset the estimated costs, and neither group knew for sure whether the plan would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">Read the backstory of the BirdReturns program in this KQED Quest feature\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But now enough time has elapsed to get some answers. Researchers used satellite data to understand how wetland bird habitat changed over the course of the drought and to estimate how much the incentive programs for farmers helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From satellite images taken between 2000 and 2015, the researchers could detect how much open water was available for birds during non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought years. They found that the severe drought dramatically reduced available wetland habitat, with declines of up to 80 percent in agricultural areas and up to 60 percent in managed wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little surprised at the magnitude of the decline in some of the wetlands,” recalls Matt Reiter, principal scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, and lead author on the study. “Maybe it shouldn’t have been, given how much coverage the drought was getting and it was the first time we started seeing water curtailment, and certainly the price of water was going up, and so it shouldn’t have surprised me but it did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess the effect of incentives for flooded farms, the researchers honed in on rice fields, calculating what percent of the total flooded rice habitat could be attributed to two incentive programs during times of severe drought. The Nature Conservancy’s \u003ca href=\"http://birdreturns.org/\">BirdReturns\u003c/a> program was responsible for up to 61 percent of available flooded rice habitat in the fall and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s \u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP)\u003c/a> provided up to 100 percent of available habitat in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two programs operated at different times of year: BirdReturns focuses on the fall and spring, and WHEP on the winter months. In the analysis, these complementary timelines functioned to maintain wetland habitat in rice fields for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help. However, the direct effects of drought on birds are not yet clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our big questions now is, ‘Okay, so what?’” says Reiter. “What does this mean for the birds? Are the birds falling out of the sky? Are the birds declining? Did the drought really impact their populations?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat is a pretty good proxy for population impacts, since habitat loss has been documented to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000426\">leading cause of wetland bird declines\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142\">of wildlife declines more generally\u003c/a>. And \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1658\">research has shown\u003c/a> that bird densities can be very high in flooded agricultural fields. But Reiter and his colleagues want to put some real numbers on the effects of severe drought on wetland birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927732\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1200x405.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1920x648.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1180x398.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-960x324.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-240x81.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-375x127.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-520x175.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill Cranes are one of many wetland bird species that can be found in the flooded rice fields. \u003ccite>(Bob Wick/BLM)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incentive programs are set to continue for the time being — but both are dependent on ongoing funding: the BirdReturns program relies on funding from the nonprofit Nature Conservancy, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s WHEP is counting on a renewal of funds in the federal Farm Bill. Ideally, Reiter says, the incentive programs would be “a short-term thing, that instills a new kind of management ethic that then sort of propagates itself forward.” It’s uncertain whether that will ever happen, so funding is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reiter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Different versions of these incentive programs have been around for a very long time, so it gives you some hope that they will stay around,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there’s the new analysis, which Reiter hopes will reach people who may be considering similar conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our study really shows the value of these incentive programs,” he says, “and so we just hope that managers can see these data and see that — hey — there is real value in doing these programs, and particularly in drought years, as we saw, and think about how we can make sure that these are sustained into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, birds visiting the Central Valley have a little more room to roost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1927677/how-pop-up-wetlands-helped-birds-through-californias-5-year-drought","authors":["11518"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_163","science_1622","science_207"],"featImg":"science_1927729","label":"source_science_1927677"},"science_1920141":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920141","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920141","score":null,"sort":[1519263883000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-coastal-marshes-could-disappear-by-the-end-of-the-century","title":"California's Coastal Marshes Could Disappear by the End of the Century","publishDate":1519263883,"format":"image","headTitle":"California’s Coastal Marshes Could Disappear by the End of the Century | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The prognosis for California’s coastal wetlands is not good — and that has broad implications for the state’s resilience against the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaao3270\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from the U.S. Geological Survey and the UCLA indicate that by the end of the century coastal marshlands in the Golden State could effectively be gone as a result of rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Flooding of the wetlands starts happening the middle of this century. We have some time to figure out solutions to these problems.’\u003ccite>Karen Thorne, USGS research ecologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The loss of marshes, which act as a sponge during storm surges, would leave cities, towns and roads in low-lying areas near the coast vulnerable to flooding. Wetlands also clean water as it flows from the land toward the sea, purify air and absorb carbon. They’re also, if healthy, incredibly rich in life, hosting fish, birds and are dominated by plants such as grasses, rushes and reeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Demise Not Guaranteed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet loss of landscapes such as the Bolinas Lagoon or the marsh that follows the Petaluma River into San Pablo Bay is not inevitable. Researchers evaluated three sea level rise scenarios. In the most optimistic, least-rise projection, wetlands will be able to hold on through the end of the century. In the mid- and severe-level projections, they will be gone by 2100 and will start disappearing mid-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920146\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920146\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1020x590.jpg\" alt=\"A marshland.\" width=\"640\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1020x590.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-800x463.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-768x444.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1920x1110.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1180x682.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-960x555.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-240x139.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-375x217.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-520x301.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794.jpg 1951w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North end of Marin County’s Bolinas Lagoon from California Highway 1. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bolinas_Lagoon_2794.jpg\">Stepheng3\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have found that when you present these types of results, you know they can be sort of daunting and paralyzing,” says Karen Thorne, USGS research ecologist and co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uj2MFSG6H64rH9Gkr5c4TmRJ6F2OVTBS”]”But the flooding of the wetlands starts happening the middle of this century. And so we have some time to figure out solutions to these problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acting to Save Wetlands\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have long been projections for West Coast sea level rise but this study takes a more fine-grained approach based on extensive field work at individual marshes. And it’s the first time that the fate of marshes from the Canadian border to Southern California have been modeled based on current sea level rise projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that a lot of managers and decision makers on the ground needed information at a scale more relevant to them . . . at high resolution,” Thorne says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”wA5n19Q9YbjSJFtxh7W8eMel1GGlS32F”]Some wetlands managers are seeking to make room for new wetlands in upland areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea is if we expand the amount of wetland available there would be areas for it to migrate inland and provide more habitat in areas that won’t be flooded as soon,” Thorne says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/seal_beach/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a> is trying another approach. Managers are taking sediment dredged from the local bay and applying it to the wetland to artificially increase its elevation and maintain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIuOmqrM794&\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 voters in nine Bay Area counties voted to increase property taxes to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/measure-aa-asks-bay-area-residents-to-help-protect-against-sea-level-rise/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fund the restoration of thousands of acres of wetlands\u003c/a> in the Bay. This could help compensate for some of the loss due to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco is sort of leading the charge on what to do about this,” says Thorne. “That’s important because we still have some time to prevent loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New study indicates California's coastal marshes will be submerged under rising seas -- but scientists say we still have time to act.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928187,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":584},"headData":{"title":"California's Coastal Marshes Could Disappear by the End of the Century | KQED","description":"New study indicates California's coastal marshes will be submerged under rising seas -- but scientists say we still have time to act.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California's Coastal Marshes Could Disappear by the End of the Century","datePublished":"2018-02-22T01:44:43.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:09:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1920141/californias-coastal-marshes-could-disappear-by-the-end-of-the-century","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The prognosis for California’s coastal wetlands is not good — and that has broad implications for the state’s resilience against the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaao3270\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from the U.S. Geological Survey and the UCLA indicate that by the end of the century coastal marshlands in the Golden State could effectively be gone as a result of rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Flooding of the wetlands starts happening the middle of this century. We have some time to figure out solutions to these problems.’\u003ccite>Karen Thorne, USGS research ecologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The loss of marshes, which act as a sponge during storm surges, would leave cities, towns and roads in low-lying areas near the coast vulnerable to flooding. Wetlands also clean water as it flows from the land toward the sea, purify air and absorb carbon. They’re also, if healthy, incredibly rich in life, hosting fish, birds and are dominated by plants such as grasses, rushes and reeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Demise Not Guaranteed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet loss of landscapes such as the Bolinas Lagoon or the marsh that follows the Petaluma River into San Pablo Bay is not inevitable. Researchers evaluated three sea level rise scenarios. In the most optimistic, least-rise projection, wetlands will be able to hold on through the end of the century. In the mid- and severe-level projections, they will be gone by 2100 and will start disappearing mid-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920146\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920146\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1020x590.jpg\" alt=\"A marshland.\" width=\"640\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1020x590.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-800x463.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-768x444.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1920x1110.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1180x682.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-960x555.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-240x139.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-375x217.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-520x301.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794.jpg 1951w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North end of Marin County’s Bolinas Lagoon from California Highway 1. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bolinas_Lagoon_2794.jpg\">Stepheng3\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have found that when you present these types of results, you know they can be sort of daunting and paralyzing,” says Karen Thorne, USGS research ecologist and co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”But the flooding of the wetlands starts happening the middle of this century. And so we have some time to figure out solutions to these problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acting to Save Wetlands\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have long been projections for West Coast sea level rise but this study takes a more fine-grained approach based on extensive field work at individual marshes. And it’s the first time that the fate of marshes from the Canadian border to Southern California have been modeled based on current sea level rise projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that a lot of managers and decision makers on the ground needed information at a scale more relevant to them . . . at high resolution,” Thorne says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Some wetlands managers are seeking to make room for new wetlands in upland areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea is if we expand the amount of wetland available there would be areas for it to migrate inland and provide more habitat in areas that won’t be flooded as soon,” Thorne says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/seal_beach/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a> is trying another approach. Managers are taking sediment dredged from the local bay and applying it to the wetland to artificially increase its elevation and maintain it.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xIuOmqrM794'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xIuOmqrM794'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2016 voters in nine Bay Area counties voted to increase property taxes to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/measure-aa-asks-bay-area-residents-to-help-protect-against-sea-level-rise/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fund the restoration of thousands of acres of wetlands\u003c/a> in the Bay. This could help compensate for some of the loss due to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco is sort of leading the charge on what to do about this,” says Thorne. “That’s important because we still have some time to prevent loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920141/californias-coastal-marshes-could-disappear-by-the-end-of-the-century","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_35","science_2873"],"tags":["science_3370","science_813","science_838","science_207"],"featImg":"science_1920142","label":"science"},"science_1885106":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1885106","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1885106","score":null,"sort":[1501866037000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"beneath-the-pavement-a-forgotten-wetland-resurfaces-in-new-art-installation","title":"Beneath the Pavement: A Forgotten Wetland Resurfaces in New Art Installation","publishDate":1501866037,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Beneath the Pavement: A Forgotten Wetland Resurfaces in New Art Installation | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The corner of 17th Street and Folsom is a magnet for water when it rains. Perhaps the water remembers where it belongs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 years ago, the area now known as San Francisco’s Mission District was a vast marsh where frogs splashed and croaked, tules swished in the winds and ducks peacefully floated. The headwaters of Mission Creek met with a tidal inlet, forming a pool whose center was right where 17th and Folsom cross today. For many who walk these streets daily, what’s underneath has been long forgotten. But there are some in the Mission District community who have advocated for years to turn the empty lot into reminder of what the city looked like in its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, that corner took on new life, harkening back to a bygone landscape with the opening of the new In Chan Kaajal community park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 31,850-square-foot park holds a community garden, outdoor amphitheater, fitness equipment and a playground. It also features art installations and a water fountain commemorating Mission Creek and the water that once passed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We live in an amnesiac culture,” said Chris Carlsson, a local historian and co-author of the second edition of \u003cem>Nancy Olmsted’s Vanished Waters: The History of San Francisco’s Mission Bay\u003c/em>. “And beyond the amnesia, it’s almost impossible to learn about what’s underneath the pavement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The designers of the park decided early on that celebrating the Mission District’s natural and cultural history would be central to the project’s mission. The park’s name, revealed at the opening, means “my little town” in Mayan, honoring the community of Mayans who reside there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Oscar Grande, community organizer at People Organizing to Demand Environmental and Economic Justice, community groups involved in the park’s development committed to honoring the indigenous and native cultures once sustained by the fertile lands. One of their guiding principles was “En armonia con la naturaleza,” Spanish for “In harmony with nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the installations acknowledge the juxtaposition of urban culture and the natural environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our natural history,” he says and reconnecting with it means reconnecting with the natural landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imprint of Vanished Waterways\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlsson, who runs online local history archives FoundSF.org and Shaping San Francisco, says there were no flat areas in San Francisco at all before European settlers arrived. Instead, there were sand dunes, ridges, freshwater ponds, natural springs and long stretches of swampy wetlands like those that comprised the Mission. A tidal inlet from Mission Bay drew seawater up to the tidal pool, while the headwaters of Mission Creek cascaded down a steep dropoff, traveling down 18th Street on its way to the tidal pool and Mission Bay beyond. The topography remains the same—steep streets now line these hills. But the natural waterways have vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1885291\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1885291\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-1020x738.jpg\" alt=\"A map depicting the natural habitat upon which the Mission District was built shows how modern-day San Francisco traces its vanished waterways. \" width=\"640\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-1020x738.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-800x579.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-768x556.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-1920x1390.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-1180x854.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-960x695.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map depicting the natural habitat upon which the Mission District was built shows how modern-day San Francisco traces its vanished waterways. \u003ccite>(Christopher Richard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“People don’t have a sense of the original landscape, or the unbelievable abundance and ease of living that was once the norm here before Europeans arrived,” Carlsson said. “The water was teeming with life. The wetlands were full of birds and fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ohlone and other native tribes gathered here, sustained by the rich offerings such as the salmon runs and the acorn bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When settlers first arrived, they hand carried water in buckets from a spring at Corbett and Clayton streets. Cattle ranches dotted the landscape before the Mission developed into a San Francisco suburb, its appeal bolstered by the new streetcars that could easily whisk workers to the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetlands were soon paved over, the creek confined to culverts and Mission Bay filled in. But the landscape’s legacy remained: Mission Creek is the reason the street grid takes the curve it does at 11th and Mission streets. And, Carlsson says, cyclists find that the easiest, most natural bike routes often trace the wiggles of buried streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1885292\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 936px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1885292 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps.jpg\" alt=\"A composite of what the Mission wetlands may have looked like, drawn from historical maps, first-hand written accounts and old photos as well as photos of still-existing ecosystems that resemble the natural landscape of San Francisco. \" width=\"936\" height=\"702\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps.jpg 936w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A composite of what the Mission wetlands may have looked like, drawing from historical maps, first-hand written accounts and old photos as well as photos of still-existing ecosystems that resemble the natural landscape of San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Mark Brest van Kempen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The former marshland proved an unsteady foundation for the budding town. When the 1906 earthquake struck, the tremors lashed cracks in the Mission streets built on soft, wet soil. According to Olmsted’s book, the trail of collapsed buildings lined up with the old channel of Mission Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Natural Flow of Water’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco artist Carmen Lomas Garza drew inspiration from the area’s natural history when developing what would become two larger-than-life iron cutouts worked into In Chan Kaajal’s fencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Though Mission Creek may today be confined to culverts, In Chan Kaajal has brought water back to the surface\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There is a natural flow of water there,” Garza said. “I wanted to focus in on how the creek was important in ancient times for the animals in that area and the first people who were in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great blue heron she created carries a bare twig in its beak with which to line its nest, a behavior Garza herself has seen in the local heron population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California condors were also native to San Francisco, once scanning the luscious wetlands for a quick meal. The iron cutouts – funded by the San Francisco Arts Commission – recall not just the landscape, but also the indigenous people who revered these birds as symbolizing their elders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water resurfaces in the park through a long trough-like fountain split in two. Visitors can walk between them. Each section has a series of fountains that send thin jets of water arcing down the trough. It’s low enough for children to climb upon and splash down the troughs. The fountains turn on and off with the press of a button. The opening ceremony took place earlier this summer on a relentlessly sunny afternoon, and local kids found the fountain irresistible. They splashed, shrieked and soaked themselves and anyone within a surprising range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Mission Creek may today be confined to culverts, In Chan Kaajal has brought water back to the surface, though that may mean splashing a few unsuspecting passersby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think you gotta wear a rain jacket when you go to that park,” Grande joked.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new community park in San Francisco memorializes the wetlands and wildlife of a bygone era.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928450,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1122},"headData":{"title":"Beneath the Pavement: A Forgotten Wetland Resurfaces in New Art Installation | KQED","description":"A new community park in San Francisco memorializes the wetlands and wildlife of a bygone era.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Beneath the Pavement: A Forgotten Wetland Resurfaces in New Art Installation","datePublished":"2017-08-04T17:00:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:14:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1885106/beneath-the-pavement-a-forgotten-wetland-resurfaces-in-new-art-installation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The corner of 17th Street and Folsom is a magnet for water when it rains. Perhaps the water remembers where it belongs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 years ago, the area now known as San Francisco’s Mission District was a vast marsh where frogs splashed and croaked, tules swished in the winds and ducks peacefully floated. The headwaters of Mission Creek met with a tidal inlet, forming a pool whose center was right where 17th and Folsom cross today. For many who walk these streets daily, what’s underneath has been long forgotten. But there are some in the Mission District community who have advocated for years to turn the empty lot into reminder of what the city looked like in its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, that corner took on new life, harkening back to a bygone landscape with the opening of the new In Chan Kaajal community park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 31,850-square-foot park holds a community garden, outdoor amphitheater, fitness equipment and a playground. It also features art installations and a water fountain commemorating Mission Creek and the water that once passed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We live in an amnesiac culture,” said Chris Carlsson, a local historian and co-author of the second edition of \u003cem>Nancy Olmsted’s Vanished Waters: The History of San Francisco’s Mission Bay\u003c/em>. “And beyond the amnesia, it’s almost impossible to learn about what’s underneath the pavement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The designers of the park decided early on that celebrating the Mission District’s natural and cultural history would be central to the project’s mission. The park’s name, revealed at the opening, means “my little town” in Mayan, honoring the community of Mayans who reside there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Oscar Grande, community organizer at People Organizing to Demand Environmental and Economic Justice, community groups involved in the park’s development committed to honoring the indigenous and native cultures once sustained by the fertile lands. One of their guiding principles was “En armonia con la naturaleza,” Spanish for “In harmony with nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the installations acknowledge the juxtaposition of urban culture and the natural environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our natural history,” he says and reconnecting with it means reconnecting with the natural landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imprint of Vanished Waterways\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlsson, who runs online local history archives FoundSF.org and Shaping San Francisco, says there were no flat areas in San Francisco at all before European settlers arrived. Instead, there were sand dunes, ridges, freshwater ponds, natural springs and long stretches of swampy wetlands like those that comprised the Mission. A tidal inlet from Mission Bay drew seawater up to the tidal pool, while the headwaters of Mission Creek cascaded down a steep dropoff, traveling down 18th Street on its way to the tidal pool and Mission Bay beyond. The topography remains the same—steep streets now line these hills. But the natural waterways have vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1885291\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1885291\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-1020x738.jpg\" alt=\"A map depicting the natural habitat upon which the Mission District was built shows how modern-day San Francisco traces its vanished waterways. \" width=\"640\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-1020x738.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-800x579.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-768x556.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-1920x1390.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-1180x854.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-960x695.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Habitats-on-Modern-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map depicting the natural habitat upon which the Mission District was built shows how modern-day San Francisco traces its vanished waterways. \u003ccite>(Christopher Richard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“People don’t have a sense of the original landscape, or the unbelievable abundance and ease of living that was once the norm here before Europeans arrived,” Carlsson said. “The water was teeming with life. The wetlands were full of birds and fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ohlone and other native tribes gathered here, sustained by the rich offerings such as the salmon runs and the acorn bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When settlers first arrived, they hand carried water in buckets from a spring at Corbett and Clayton streets. Cattle ranches dotted the landscape before the Mission developed into a San Francisco suburb, its appeal bolstered by the new streetcars that could easily whisk workers to the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetlands were soon paved over, the creek confined to culverts and Mission Bay filled in. But the landscape’s legacy remained: Mission Creek is the reason the street grid takes the curve it does at 11th and Mission streets. And, Carlsson says, cyclists find that the easiest, most natural bike routes often trace the wiggles of buried streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1885292\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 936px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1885292 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps.jpg\" alt=\"A composite of what the Mission wetlands may have looked like, drawn from historical maps, first-hand written accounts and old photos as well as photos of still-existing ecosystems that resemble the natural landscape of San Francisco. \" width=\"936\" height=\"702\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps.jpg 936w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Mission-Bay-c1700-by-Mark-Brest-van-Kempen_7786ps-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A composite of what the Mission wetlands may have looked like, drawing from historical maps, first-hand written accounts and old photos as well as photos of still-existing ecosystems that resemble the natural landscape of San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Mark Brest van Kempen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The former marshland proved an unsteady foundation for the budding town. When the 1906 earthquake struck, the tremors lashed cracks in the Mission streets built on soft, wet soil. According to Olmsted’s book, the trail of collapsed buildings lined up with the old channel of Mission Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Natural Flow of Water’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco artist Carmen Lomas Garza drew inspiration from the area’s natural history when developing what would become two larger-than-life iron cutouts worked into In Chan Kaajal’s fencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Though Mission Creek may today be confined to culverts, In Chan Kaajal has brought water back to the surface\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There is a natural flow of water there,” Garza said. “I wanted to focus in on how the creek was important in ancient times for the animals in that area and the first people who were in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great blue heron she created carries a bare twig in its beak with which to line its nest, a behavior Garza herself has seen in the local heron population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California condors were also native to San Francisco, once scanning the luscious wetlands for a quick meal. The iron cutouts – funded by the San Francisco Arts Commission – recall not just the landscape, but also the indigenous people who revered these birds as symbolizing their elders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water resurfaces in the park through a long trough-like fountain split in two. Visitors can walk between them. Each section has a series of fountains that send thin jets of water arcing down the trough. It’s low enough for children to climb upon and splash down the troughs. The fountains turn on and off with the press of a button. The opening ceremony took place earlier this summer on a relentlessly sunny afternoon, and local kids found the fountain irresistible. They splashed, shrieked and soaked themselves and anyone within a surprising range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Mission Creek may today be confined to culverts, In Chan Kaajal has brought water back to the surface, though that may mean splashing a few unsuspecting passersby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think you gotta wear a rain jacket when you go to that park,” Grande joked.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1885106/beneath-the-pavement-a-forgotten-wetland-resurfaces-in-new-art-installation","authors":["11376"],"categories":["science_4450"],"tags":["science_448","science_5183","science_207"],"featImg":"science_1885289","label":"science"},"science_758072":{"type":"posts","id":"science_758072","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"758072","score":null,"sort":[1465372697000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"san-francisco-bay-restoration-measure-in-close-race","title":"San Francisco Bay Restoration Measure Clears Two-Thirds Hurdle","publishDate":1465372697,"format":"standard","headTitle":"San Francisco Bay Restoration Measure Clears Two-Thirds Hurdle | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A measure to restore San Francisco Bay wetlands and prepare for sea level rise appears to have passed with about 69 percent of the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday morning, unofficial counts had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/measure-aa-asks-bay-area-residents-to-help-protect-against-sea-level-rise/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measure AA \u003c/a>clearing the required two-thirds vote by more than 31,000 votes. That’s a margin unlikely to be overcome by the few ballots yet to be counted. The $12 per year parcel tax would raise $500 million over 20 years for environmental restoration. The measure requires a two-thirds margin of all the votes cast among counties surrounding the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters worked for more than a decade to put the rare, all-Bay Area measure on the ballot. Thousands of acres of the bay’s shoreline are slated for restoration, but have lacked a funding source. Around 80 percent of the bay’s wetlands have been lost since the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People in the Bay Area love San Francisco Bay,” said David Lewis, executive director or Save the Bay. “They want it to be clean and healthy. The money raised by Measure AA could restore 10,000 to 15,000 acres of tidal marsh.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also one of the first times climate change adaptation has been put before voters. Sea level could rise 2 feet by midcentury and Measure AA supporters say wetlands are a key strategy in the face of rising water, since they absorb storm surges and protect important infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some anti-tax groups opposed the measure, saying a flat $12 per parcel would be unfair. Low-income households would pay the same as large tech campuses located right on the shoreline, like Google and Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure AA doesn’t specify exactly what restoration would take place. Instead, restoration projects would apply to the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority, a special governing board made up of local elected officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the $25 million raised each year would be given out based on geographic region, while the other half could be allocated to any county. The projects must meet specific goals, like restoring habitat for wildlife, protecting shoreline communities from floods or improving water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parcel tax would begin in tax year 2017, with the first restoration funds being awarded in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Measure AA marks one of the first instances that climate change adaptation has been put before voters. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930086,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":383},"headData":{"title":"San Francisco Bay Restoration Measure Clears Two-Thirds Hurdle | KQED","description":"Measure AA marks one of the first instances that climate change adaptation has been put before voters. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"San Francisco Bay Restoration Measure Clears Two-Thirds Hurdle","datePublished":"2016-06-08T07:58:17.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:41:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/758072/san-francisco-bay-restoration-measure-in-close-race","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A measure to restore San Francisco Bay wetlands and prepare for sea level rise appears to have passed with about 69 percent of the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday morning, unofficial counts had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/measure-aa-asks-bay-area-residents-to-help-protect-against-sea-level-rise/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measure AA \u003c/a>clearing the required two-thirds vote by more than 31,000 votes. That’s a margin unlikely to be overcome by the few ballots yet to be counted. The $12 per year parcel tax would raise $500 million over 20 years for environmental restoration. The measure requires a two-thirds margin of all the votes cast among counties surrounding the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters worked for more than a decade to put the rare, all-Bay Area measure on the ballot. Thousands of acres of the bay’s shoreline are slated for restoration, but have lacked a funding source. Around 80 percent of the bay’s wetlands have been lost since the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People in the Bay Area love San Francisco Bay,” said David Lewis, executive director or Save the Bay. “They want it to be clean and healthy. The money raised by Measure AA could restore 10,000 to 15,000 acres of tidal marsh.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also one of the first times climate change adaptation has been put before voters. Sea level could rise 2 feet by midcentury and Measure AA supporters say wetlands are a key strategy in the face of rising water, since they absorb storm surges and protect important infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some anti-tax groups opposed the measure, saying a flat $12 per parcel would be unfair. Low-income households would pay the same as large tech campuses located right on the shoreline, like Google and Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure AA doesn’t specify exactly what restoration would take place. Instead, restoration projects would apply to the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority, a special governing board made up of local elected officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the $25 million raised each year would be given out based on geographic region, while the other half could be allocated to any county. The projects must meet specific goals, like restoring habitat for wildlife, protecting shoreline communities from floods or improving water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parcel tax would begin in tax year 2017, with the first restoration funds being awarded in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/758072/san-francisco-bay-restoration-measure-in-close-race","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_2006","science_208","science_206","science_207"],"featImg":"science_758073","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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