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His work has also appeared on the \u003cem>The California Report\u003c/em> morning show and \u003cem>KQED News\u003c/em>. His production credits include \u003cem>The California Report, The California Report Magazine\u003c/em> and KQED's local news podcast \u003cem>The Bay\u003c/em>. Other credits include NPR's \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>, WNYC's \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em>, WBUR's \u003cem>Here & Now\u003c/em>, WIRED and SFGate. Peter graduated from Brown University and earned a master's degree in journalism from Stanford. He's covered everything from homelessness to wildfires, health, the environment, arts and Thanksgiving in San Quentin prison. In other lives, he played rock n roll music and studied neuroscience. You can email him at: parcuni@kqed.org","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"peterarcuni","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Peter Arcuni | KQED","description":"Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/parcuni"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1981169":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1981169","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1981169","score":null,"sort":[1672340866000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-the-state-cut-their-water-these-california-users-created-a-collaborative-solution","title":"When the State Cut Their Water, These California Users Created a Collaborative Solution","publishDate":1672340866,"format":"standard","headTitle":"When the State Cut Their Water, These California Users Created a Collaborative Solution | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California Gov. Gavin Newsom stood at a podium placed on the sandy bottom of Lake Mendocino, a basin built to hold more than 20 billion gallons of water. It was spring, which meant that the reservoir should have held water from the winter rains that in past decades provided water to millions of Californians. Instead, on this afternoon in 2021, the ground was dry and cracked. Newsom was there to declare a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is intensifying both the frequency and the severity of dry periods,” he said. It was time for California to prepare for “what may be a prolonged drought at our doorstep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is contending with its driest three-year period on record. The lake reservoir where Newsom set his declaration supplies water to the Russian River, which in turn provides water for 600,000 people and to some of California’s best-known wineries. Now, the watershed and the reservoir where this drought began have become the proving ground for an innovative water agreement that aims to make more of scarce supplies. Creators say the program could become a prototype for accords elsewhere in the state and in the West, a beacon of collaboration in a place where water can be contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working through the state’s convoluted water rights system, the novel agreement inked this summer allows water users to voluntarily conserve. The water left over can be passed on to other users in the area who have less priority and who, without the program, may have been left with nothing. Very generally, in a normal year, users with older water rights are allowed first priority, and in times of shortage, junior users are the first to be cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the project ran for about four weeks of the growing season, an abbreviated test run that allowed some grape growers to keep plants alive after years of scrimping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it was for only a few more weeks than the previous year, for a farmer, particularly, that can be make or break,” said Elizabeth Salomone, general manager of the Russian River Flood Control and Water Conservation Improvement District, which has contracts to disburse water from Lake Mendocino and the Russian River to farmers and water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An order to reduce flows further upstream shut the program down early, but the agreement’s architects hope to keep it ready to run again next year as they plan for the potential of another dry winter in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>After privation, working together\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A few months after Newsom stood at the bottom of Lake Mendocino, water rights attorney Philip Williams recalls sitting in his law office, surrounded by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and framed paintings commemorating his time serving in the Army. He was logged onto a state court website, ready to sue California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My finger was on the trigger,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1981171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png\" alt=\"California Gov. Gavin Newsome has implemented a conservation program to provide water from Lake Mendocimo and the Russian River to drought-stricken wineries, farms and 600,000 area residents\" width=\"700\" height=\"820\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px-160x187.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2021, the state board that controls California water rights warned that Lake Mendocino was at a critically low level. Later in the summer, to prevent the reservoir from running dry, the state ordered thousands of users to stop diverting water from several rivers, a policy known as curtailment. The state even cut the rights for Ukiah, a town of about 20,000 in rural wine country with senior water rights that is one of Williams’ clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney thought the restrictions were wrong. Ukiah, which had access to recycled water and groundwater, wasn’t in danger of running out of supplies. But the town wanted to help other communities that didn’t have the same backup. The disagreement took Williams to the brink of legal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a lawyer by trade, litigation wasn’t Williams’ preferred remedy. A veteran who served in Iraq, Williams felt the war was an institutional failure. Though his tour was decades ago, taking the state to court felt similar to him — parties have long sued over water, yet the fights over water supplies continued. He thought there was a better path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This program is a way to show that we can get out of that cycle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Salomone, the state water board had floated the potential for alternatives to curtailment back in 2020, suggesting in a meeting with water providers and users in the Russian River watershed that they devise some type of sharing program for constrained supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, those types of agreements are exceedingly rare. A complex rights system governs water, designating who can pull from underground supplies, rivers and state-run reservoirs and canals at certain times. Williams also remembers the board raising the idea, on a call he took while driving. Others on the call met the proposal with silence, which he read as surprise. Water supplies reached severe lows before any such agreement could be hatched, and then came the curtailments in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ukiah was far from the only user upset by the policy, which affected thousands of rights holders, including municipalities and farms. In Redwood Valley, a community north of Ukiah that purchases most of its water, residents were each limited to 55 gallons per day, an amount the state sets for human health and safety needs. Some reported showering with rainwater collected from their roofs. Ukiah trucked water to the coast, where restaurants could only serve water on request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When users in the watershed got together in the fall to discuss solutions, the pain of those cuts and earlier ones remained fresh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was still a lot of bruising among the community,” said Salomone, who attended the meetings and helped coordinate the agreement. “So it took us a while to get the ball rolling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state hired a facilitator to help water users work together. Over the next several months, state regulators, water users, suppliers, tribes and city representatives including Williams met once a week, with many members gathering even more frequently in smaller groups. After months of negotiations, they unveiled a voluntary sharing agreement designed to avoid the cuts many of them had just experienced. Users signed up, agreed to conserve a certain amount based on previous usage and shared the extra water with more junior users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water users accounting for about 42% of the watershed’s demand participated, which felt like a success to the organizers of an unproven program. Contributors like Salomone see it as a way to bend the inflexibility of California water law to modern conditions influenced by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does provide a creative mentality of looking at solutions that are locally driven and collaborative,” said Devon Jones, executive director at the Mendocino County Farm Bureau, a grower membership organization where Jones estimates about three-quarters of the work is water-related. “That in itself is an improvement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Appreciating a bit of leeway as supplies dry up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California gets three-quarters of its precipitation in the months between November and March. Some of that falls as snow, which melts and eventually runs from the mountains down to the ocean. But in recent years, winters have been dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cusp of December this year, Lake Mendocino looked about as empty as it did in April 2021 when Newsom made his announcement. Residents walked their dogs on the reservoir’s floor, and craggy rocks marked a historic shoreline yards above the lake’s exposed bottom. Part of the reason the basin is so dry is because of a lack of rain. Climate change is making precipitation patterns in California more erratic, increasing temperatures and melting snow earlier, which makes the state drier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With precipitation growing more inconsistent, users have had to look to other supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ukiah, where Lake Mendocino is located, concrete basins on the edge of town can hold up to 66 million gallons of recycled water, enough to supply roughly 30% of the city’s annual use and to provide nitrogen-rich water to nearby farms. Ukiah spent $34 million to build the facility, which came online in 2019. At the end of August, the basins that hold the recycled stores were completely empty, said Sean White, Ukiah’s director of water and sewer resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson Family Wines, one of the largest wine companies in the U.S., is recycling water, too. The company, which has vineyards across California, Oregon and abroad, now reuses water for washing wine barrels. In lean years, growers will also lop off weaker grape clusters to leave resources for more promising ones, or water just enough to keep vines alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other users rely on groundwater. The Dry Creek Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians, which owns sovereign land south of Ukiah and grows grapes on nearby vineyards, muscled through the last few years of drought using only wells. Though it supports the water sharing agreement, the Tribe didn’t sign on because it had sufficient water for its needs this year, said Christopher Ott, the Tribe’s environmental director. The Tribe will consider participating in future years if the program continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the sharing program began in July, it offered greater water supply for participants. Big wineries like Sutter Home and Gallo and cities including Ukiah and Healdsburg joined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants said the program offered a bit of leeway amid more state water curtailments. In 2021, for example, Healdsburg was forced to stop nearly all irrigation. This year, the agreement allowed the city 10% to 20% more water, according to Terry Crowley, the city’s utilities director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carolyn Wasem, senior vice president for government relations and external affairs at Jackson Family Wines, said the company was able to extend its growing weeks when water was available. “We had one more month of water or two more months of water than we would have had otherwise,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which to me was the ultimate goal,” said Susanne Zechiel, the company’s vice president for environmental regulatory compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement functioned for just a few weeks before it hit a snag: a federal commission ordered a reduction in water flows through a hydroelectric project and into Lake Mendocino. The reduced flows lowered the amount of water available to downstream users participating in the agreement. In August, the state put the program on indefinite hiatus and told participants that many of them would have to adhere to the very cuts they had tried to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order was intended to protect water storage levels and habitat for fish. But for many associated with the water sharing agreement, the change in flows was a frustrating wrinkle in an already complex process. It’s unclear when and if flows will increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barring any change in California’s drought emergency, the agreement officially ends at the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration was nothing short of remarkable, said Sam Boland-Brien, a program manager at the state water board who helped set it in motion, and it could help other areas dealing with scarce water — even within restrictive water rights systems — to look at sharing. In Nevada, a recent Supreme Court ruling green-lighted a plan in which farmers and ranchers will work to reduce use and can trade the water left over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, many expect the program to get a second shot next year. Its creators are working on a report to the state about how to improve the agreement for 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody looked at each other and said, ‘I’m better off with you than without you, and the only way we’re all going to get through the drought is if we work together and we share,” said Laurel Marcus, who helped develop the agreement and operates a certification program called Fish Friendly Farming in nine California counties. “I don’t know how many places that can happen, but I bet a lot of the rural West can do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In a potential beacon for other parched regions, a new program allowed users to share water.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846122,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":41,"wordCount":2034},"headData":{"title":"When the State Cut Their Water, These California Users Created a Collaborative Solution | KQED","description":"In a potential beacon for other parched regions, a new program allowed users to share water.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Inside Climate News","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Emma Foehringer Merchant \u003cbr>Inside Climate News \u003cbr>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1981169/when-the-state-cut-their-water-these-california-users-created-a-collaborative-solution","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Gov. Gavin Newsom stood at a podium placed on the sandy bottom of Lake Mendocino, a basin built to hold more than 20 billion gallons of water. It was spring, which meant that the reservoir should have held water from the winter rains that in past decades provided water to millions of Californians. Instead, on this afternoon in 2021, the ground was dry and cracked. Newsom was there to declare a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is intensifying both the frequency and the severity of dry periods,” he said. It was time for California to prepare for “what may be a prolonged drought at our doorstep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is contending with its driest three-year period on record. The lake reservoir where Newsom set his declaration supplies water to the Russian River, which in turn provides water for 600,000 people and to some of California’s best-known wineries. Now, the watershed and the reservoir where this drought began have become the proving ground for an innovative water agreement that aims to make more of scarce supplies. Creators say the program could become a prototype for accords elsewhere in the state and in the West, a beacon of collaboration in a place where water can be contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working through the state’s convoluted water rights system, the novel agreement inked this summer allows water users to voluntarily conserve. The water left over can be passed on to other users in the area who have less priority and who, without the program, may have been left with nothing. Very generally, in a normal year, users with older water rights are allowed first priority, and in times of shortage, junior users are the first to be cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the project ran for about four weeks of the growing season, an abbreviated test run that allowed some grape growers to keep plants alive after years of scrimping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it was for only a few more weeks than the previous year, for a farmer, particularly, that can be make or break,” said Elizabeth Salomone, general manager of the Russian River Flood Control and Water Conservation Improvement District, which has contracts to disburse water from Lake Mendocino and the Russian River to farmers and water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An order to reduce flows further upstream shut the program down early, but the agreement’s architects hope to keep it ready to run again next year as they plan for the potential of another dry winter in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>After privation, working together\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A few months after Newsom stood at the bottom of Lake Mendocino, water rights attorney Philip Williams recalls sitting in his law office, surrounded by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and framed paintings commemorating his time serving in the Army. He was logged onto a state court website, ready to sue California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My finger was on the trigger,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1981171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png\" alt=\"California Gov. Gavin Newsome has implemented a conservation program to provide water from Lake Mendocimo and the Russian River to drought-stricken wineries, farms and 600,000 area residents\" width=\"700\" height=\"820\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px-160x187.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2021, the state board that controls California water rights warned that Lake Mendocino was at a critically low level. Later in the summer, to prevent the reservoir from running dry, the state ordered thousands of users to stop diverting water from several rivers, a policy known as curtailment. The state even cut the rights for Ukiah, a town of about 20,000 in rural wine country with senior water rights that is one of Williams’ clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney thought the restrictions were wrong. Ukiah, which had access to recycled water and groundwater, wasn’t in danger of running out of supplies. But the town wanted to help other communities that didn’t have the same backup. The disagreement took Williams to the brink of legal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a lawyer by trade, litigation wasn’t Williams’ preferred remedy. A veteran who served in Iraq, Williams felt the war was an institutional failure. Though his tour was decades ago, taking the state to court felt similar to him — parties have long sued over water, yet the fights over water supplies continued. He thought there was a better path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This program is a way to show that we can get out of that cycle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Salomone, the state water board had floated the potential for alternatives to curtailment back in 2020, suggesting in a meeting with water providers and users in the Russian River watershed that they devise some type of sharing program for constrained supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, those types of agreements are exceedingly rare. A complex rights system governs water, designating who can pull from underground supplies, rivers and state-run reservoirs and canals at certain times. Williams also remembers the board raising the idea, on a call he took while driving. Others on the call met the proposal with silence, which he read as surprise. Water supplies reached severe lows before any such agreement could be hatched, and then came the curtailments in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ukiah was far from the only user upset by the policy, which affected thousands of rights holders, including municipalities and farms. In Redwood Valley, a community north of Ukiah that purchases most of its water, residents were each limited to 55 gallons per day, an amount the state sets for human health and safety needs. Some reported showering with rainwater collected from their roofs. Ukiah trucked water to the coast, where restaurants could only serve water on request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When users in the watershed got together in the fall to discuss solutions, the pain of those cuts and earlier ones remained fresh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was still a lot of bruising among the community,” said Salomone, who attended the meetings and helped coordinate the agreement. “So it took us a while to get the ball rolling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state hired a facilitator to help water users work together. Over the next several months, state regulators, water users, suppliers, tribes and city representatives including Williams met once a week, with many members gathering even more frequently in smaller groups. After months of negotiations, they unveiled a voluntary sharing agreement designed to avoid the cuts many of them had just experienced. Users signed up, agreed to conserve a certain amount based on previous usage and shared the extra water with more junior users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water users accounting for about 42% of the watershed’s demand participated, which felt like a success to the organizers of an unproven program. Contributors like Salomone see it as a way to bend the inflexibility of California water law to modern conditions influenced by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does provide a creative mentality of looking at solutions that are locally driven and collaborative,” said Devon Jones, executive director at the Mendocino County Farm Bureau, a grower membership organization where Jones estimates about three-quarters of the work is water-related. “That in itself is an improvement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Appreciating a bit of leeway as supplies dry up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California gets three-quarters of its precipitation in the months between November and March. Some of that falls as snow, which melts and eventually runs from the mountains down to the ocean. But in recent years, winters have been dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cusp of December this year, Lake Mendocino looked about as empty as it did in April 2021 when Newsom made his announcement. Residents walked their dogs on the reservoir’s floor, and craggy rocks marked a historic shoreline yards above the lake’s exposed bottom. Part of the reason the basin is so dry is because of a lack of rain. Climate change is making precipitation patterns in California more erratic, increasing temperatures and melting snow earlier, which makes the state drier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With precipitation growing more inconsistent, users have had to look to other supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ukiah, where Lake Mendocino is located, concrete basins on the edge of town can hold up to 66 million gallons of recycled water, enough to supply roughly 30% of the city’s annual use and to provide nitrogen-rich water to nearby farms. Ukiah spent $34 million to build the facility, which came online in 2019. At the end of August, the basins that hold the recycled stores were completely empty, said Sean White, Ukiah’s director of water and sewer resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson Family Wines, one of the largest wine companies in the U.S., is recycling water, too. The company, which has vineyards across California, Oregon and abroad, now reuses water for washing wine barrels. In lean years, growers will also lop off weaker grape clusters to leave resources for more promising ones, or water just enough to keep vines alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other users rely on groundwater. The Dry Creek Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians, which owns sovereign land south of Ukiah and grows grapes on nearby vineyards, muscled through the last few years of drought using only wells. Though it supports the water sharing agreement, the Tribe didn’t sign on because it had sufficient water for its needs this year, said Christopher Ott, the Tribe’s environmental director. The Tribe will consider participating in future years if the program continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the sharing program began in July, it offered greater water supply for participants. Big wineries like Sutter Home and Gallo and cities including Ukiah and Healdsburg joined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants said the program offered a bit of leeway amid more state water curtailments. In 2021, for example, Healdsburg was forced to stop nearly all irrigation. This year, the agreement allowed the city 10% to 20% more water, according to Terry Crowley, the city’s utilities director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carolyn Wasem, senior vice president for government relations and external affairs at Jackson Family Wines, said the company was able to extend its growing weeks when water was available. “We had one more month of water or two more months of water than we would have had otherwise,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which to me was the ultimate goal,” said Susanne Zechiel, the company’s vice president for environmental regulatory compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement functioned for just a few weeks before it hit a snag: a federal commission ordered a reduction in water flows through a hydroelectric project and into Lake Mendocino. The reduced flows lowered the amount of water available to downstream users participating in the agreement. In August, the state put the program on indefinite hiatus and told participants that many of them would have to adhere to the very cuts they had tried to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order was intended to protect water storage levels and habitat for fish. But for many associated with the water sharing agreement, the change in flows was a frustrating wrinkle in an already complex process. It’s unclear when and if flows will increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barring any change in California’s drought emergency, the agreement officially ends at the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration was nothing short of remarkable, said Sam Boland-Brien, a program manager at the state water board who helped set it in motion, and it could help other areas dealing with scarce water — even within restrictive water rights systems — to look at sharing. In Nevada, a recent Supreme Court ruling green-lighted a plan in which farmers and ranchers will work to reduce use and can trade the water left over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, many expect the program to get a second shot next year. Its creators are working on a report to the state about how to improve the agreement for 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody looked at each other and said, ‘I’m better off with you than without you, and the only way we’re all going to get through the drought is if we work together and we share,” said Laurel Marcus, who helped develop the agreement and operates a certification program called Fish Friendly Farming in nine California counties. “I don’t know how many places that can happen, but I bet a lot of the rural West can do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1981169/when-the-state-cut-their-water-these-california-users-created-a-collaborative-solution","authors":["byline_science_1981169"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_1622","science_182","science_194","science_192","science_309","science_201","science_110"],"featImg":"science_1981170","label":"source_science_1981169"},"science_1960807":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1960807","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1960807","score":null,"sort":[1585787629000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-april-begins-californias-snowpack-is-about-half-of-normal","title":"As April Begins, California's Snowpack is About Half of Normal","publishDate":1585787629,"format":"standard","headTitle":"As April Begins, California’s Snowpack is About Half of Normal | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California water officials announced Wednesday that snowpack across the Sierra Nevada is measuring \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">53 percent\u003c/a> of the historical average for the start of April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> (DWR) conducted the fourth monthly snow survey of the season today at Phillips Station snow course south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR spokesman Chris Orrock says the region experienced a handful of big snow storms in March, but they weren’t enough to make up for a dry January and one of the driest Februaries on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we’re probably going to have one of the 10 worst snowpacks in California history,” says Orrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in California closely monitor Sierra snowpack leading up to April 1st, around the time when the spring runoff typically begins. The water that melts off the snowpack helps to replenish California’s reservoirs in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from melting Sierra snowpack accounts for about 30 percent of California’s annual water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrock says the majority of that snowpack accumulates from December through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“April 1st is kind of our benchmark. Typically that’s when we see the deepest snowpack with the most water,” says Orrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past decade, Sierra snowpack totals have varied significantly from year to year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past 10 years, we’ve seen three of our smallest snowpacks on record, but we’ve also seen three of our largest snowpacks on record,” said Sean de Guzman, DWR’s chief of Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecast Section, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 2020 will go down as a dry year, Orrock says runoff from last year’s snowpack, which was was well above average, has left the state’s major reservoirs near — or above — average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials say climate change has played a role in the variability observed in California’s snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While today’s survey results show our snowpack is better off than it was just last month, they still underscore the need for widespread, wise use of our water supplies,” said DWR Director Karla Nemeth in a statement. “California’s climate continues to show extreme unpredictability, and February’s record dryness is a clear example of the extremes associated with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CA_DWR/status/1245483339470929920\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As the wet season winds down, state water officials say snowpack across the Sierra Nevada is about half of what's normal.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847603,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":408},"headData":{"title":"As April Begins, California's Snowpack is About Half of Normal | KQED","description":"As the wet season winds down, state water officials say snowpack across the Sierra Nevada is about half of what's normal.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1960807/as-april-begins-californias-snowpack-is-about-half-of-normal","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California water officials announced Wednesday that snowpack across the Sierra Nevada is measuring \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">53 percent\u003c/a> of the historical average for the start of April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> (DWR) conducted the fourth monthly snow survey of the season today at Phillips Station snow course south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR spokesman Chris Orrock says the region experienced a handful of big snow storms in March, but they weren’t enough to make up for a dry January and one of the driest Februaries on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we’re probably going to have one of the 10 worst snowpacks in California history,” says Orrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in California closely monitor Sierra snowpack leading up to April 1st, around the time when the spring runoff typically begins. The water that melts off the snowpack helps to replenish California’s reservoirs in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from melting Sierra snowpack accounts for about 30 percent of California’s annual water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrock says the majority of that snowpack accumulates from December through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“April 1st is kind of our benchmark. Typically that’s when we see the deepest snowpack with the most water,” says Orrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past decade, Sierra snowpack totals have varied significantly from year to year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past 10 years, we’ve seen three of our smallest snowpacks on record, but we’ve also seen three of our largest snowpacks on record,” said Sean de Guzman, DWR’s chief of Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecast Section, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 2020 will go down as a dry year, Orrock says runoff from last year’s snowpack, which was was well above average, has left the state’s major reservoirs near — or above — average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials say climate change has played a role in the variability observed in California’s snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While today’s survey results show our snowpack is better off than it was just last month, they still underscore the need for widespread, wise use of our water supplies,” said DWR Director Karla Nemeth in a statement. “California’s climate continues to show extreme unpredictability, and February’s record dryness is a clear example of the extremes associated with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1245483339470929920"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1960807/as-april-begins-californias-snowpack-is-about-half-of-normal","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_2397","science_1462","science_1243","science_1127","science_110"],"featImg":"science_1602282","label":"source_science_1960807"},"science_1939675":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1939675","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1939675","score":null,"sort":[1554102105000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"big-snow-year-is-good-and-bad-news-for-california-but-mostly-good","title":"California's Monster Snow Year ... 'It's Been a Wild Ride'","publishDate":1554102105,"format":"audio","headTitle":"California’s Monster Snow Year … ‘It’s Been a Wild Ride’ | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s been a beast of a year for snow in the Sierra Nevada range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the time of year—April 1—when the snowpack is typically at its peak and on Tuesday, the monthly manual survey revealed a \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snowpack at 162 percent\u003c/a> of the long-term average, thanks to more than 30 atmospheric river storms that swept across the state over the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ski slopes are still expecting to be open this summer on the 4th of July.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mammoth Mountain, which soars to 11,000 feet in the central Sierra, has had 50 feet of snow pile onto its sweeping inclines. The nearby Mammoth ski resort tweeted that it had broken its snowfall record for February—and it was only two weeks into the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely fantastic,” is how Ben Hatchett sums up the snow season. Hatchett is an atmospheric scientist at the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno, but he’ll rhapsodize at length about how the storm sequence lined up to produce a “dream season” on the slopes, with few intermittent melts and little rain at high elevations to create the fabled “Sierra cement” snow conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/k0oS7/7/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We never got those storms that end and then the sun comes out and it goes to 42 degrees, and everything gets cooked,” Hatchett recalls. “It just really stayed incredible for what we were hoping would be days, but then turned into weeks and then even to months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a wild ride,” admits Lara Kaylor, who works in the tourism office in Mammoth Lakes. She lives in a lower-elevation part of town, known locally as the Banana Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our snow banks are probably only about 20 feet high,” she muses, “versus 40 to 50 feet high.” And she’s not kidding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaylor says some extra snow shoveling is a fair trade-off for the obvious benefits. Tax collections from the tourist economy have already topped $3 million in the town of Mammoth Lakes, setting a local record. The town is nestled just below California’s highest ski slopes, which are projected to be open on the Fourth of July this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just kind of mind-blowing to people that you can come and ski in June,” says Kaylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1950px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939793\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11.jpeg\" alt=\"Photo: snow piled on tables\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1302\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11.jpeg 1950w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-768x513.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-1200x801.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-1920x1282.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1950px) 100vw, 1950px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tabletops outside of Smokeyard Restaurant in the Village at Mammoth. \u003ccite>(Mammoth Lakes Tourism/Dakota Snider)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The string of cold storms was also a boon to California’s water supply, increasing snow cover even at lower elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had such low [elevation] snow levels that we were able to accumulate snow over a humongous area of the Sierra Nevada,” notes Hatchett. “There’s a snowpack at two-or-three-thousand feet this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians count on Sierra snow for about a third of their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For flood managers, though, it’s right on the brink of having too much of a good thing. An abrupt warm-up at this point could melt much of that accumulated snow and send it cascading into reservoirs that are \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=rescond.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already brimming\u003c/a>—or at least at the point where operators are required to start releasing water to maintain room for flood control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a pulse of runoff two years ago that caused the collapse of both the primary and emergency spillways at Oroville Dam in Butte County. The state’s Department of Water Resources says \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11735564/oroville-dams-rebuilt-spillway-is-nearing-its-first-use-since-2017-disaster\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first test\u003c/a> of the newly rebuilt spillway could come as early as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Hatchett says that, unlike the winter just passed, the outlook for this spring is for above-average temperatures throughout most of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The year's biggest snowpack survey is tomorrow, and state officials are expecting to find near-record numbers. 4th of July skiing, ample water, big money for resort towns; is there a downside?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848761,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/k0oS7/7/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":630},"headData":{"title":"California's Monster Snow Year ... 'It's Been a Wild Ride' | KQED","description":"The year's biggest snowpack survey is tomorrow, and state officials are expecting to find near-record numbers. 4th of July skiing, ample water, big money for resort towns; is there a downside?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2019/04/Watt2wayHatchettBigSnowYear.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":166,"path":"/science/1939675/big-snow-year-is-good-and-bad-news-for-california-but-mostly-good","audioDuration":166000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been a beast of a year for snow in the Sierra Nevada range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the time of year—April 1—when the snowpack is typically at its peak and on Tuesday, the monthly manual survey revealed a \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snowpack at 162 percent\u003c/a> of the long-term average, thanks to more than 30 atmospheric river storms that swept across the state over the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ski slopes are still expecting to be open this summer on the 4th of July.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mammoth Mountain, which soars to 11,000 feet in the central Sierra, has had 50 feet of snow pile onto its sweeping inclines. The nearby Mammoth ski resort tweeted that it had broken its snowfall record for February—and it was only two weeks into the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely fantastic,” is how Ben Hatchett sums up the snow season. Hatchett is an atmospheric scientist at the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno, but he’ll rhapsodize at length about how the storm sequence lined up to produce a “dream season” on the slopes, with few intermittent melts and little rain at high elevations to create the fabled “Sierra cement” snow conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/k0oS7/7/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We never got those storms that end and then the sun comes out and it goes to 42 degrees, and everything gets cooked,” Hatchett recalls. “It just really stayed incredible for what we were hoping would be days, but then turned into weeks and then even to months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a wild ride,” admits Lara Kaylor, who works in the tourism office in Mammoth Lakes. She lives in a lower-elevation part of town, known locally as the Banana Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our snow banks are probably only about 20 feet high,” she muses, “versus 40 to 50 feet high.” And she’s not kidding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaylor says some extra snow shoveling is a fair trade-off for the obvious benefits. Tax collections from the tourist economy have already topped $3 million in the town of Mammoth Lakes, setting a local record. The town is nestled just below California’s highest ski slopes, which are projected to be open on the Fourth of July this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just kind of mind-blowing to people that you can come and ski in June,” says Kaylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1950px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939793\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11.jpeg\" alt=\"Photo: snow piled on tables\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1302\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11.jpeg 1950w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-768x513.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-1200x801.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/01_2019-02-15-New-Snow-Miles-Weaver-11-1920x1282.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1950px) 100vw, 1950px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tabletops outside of Smokeyard Restaurant in the Village at Mammoth. \u003ccite>(Mammoth Lakes Tourism/Dakota Snider)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The string of cold storms was also a boon to California’s water supply, increasing snow cover even at lower elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had such low [elevation] snow levels that we were able to accumulate snow over a humongous area of the Sierra Nevada,” notes Hatchett. “There’s a snowpack at two-or-three-thousand feet this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians count on Sierra snow for about a third of their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For flood managers, though, it’s right on the brink of having too much of a good thing. An abrupt warm-up at this point could melt much of that accumulated snow and send it cascading into reservoirs that are \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=rescond.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already brimming\u003c/a>—or at least at the point where operators are required to start releasing water to maintain room for flood control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a pulse of runoff two years ago that caused the collapse of both the primary and emergency spillways at Oroville Dam in Butte County. The state’s Department of Water Resources says \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11735564/oroville-dams-rebuilt-spillway-is-nearing-its-first-use-since-2017-disaster\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first test\u003c/a> of the newly rebuilt spillway could come as early as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Hatchett says that, unlike the winter just passed, the outlook for this spring is for above-average temperatures throughout most of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1939675/big-snow-year-is-good-and-bad-news-for-california-but-mostly-good","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3840","science_3370","science_109","science_1462","science_3830","science_110"],"featImg":"science_1939722","label":"source_science_1939675"},"science_1938853":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1938853","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1938853","score":null,"sort":[1551998137000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"photos-latest-winter-storm-lights-up-southern-california-sky","title":"PHOTOS: Latest Winter Storm Lights Up Southern California Sky","publishDate":1551998137,"format":"standard","headTitle":"PHOTOS: Latest Winter Storm Lights Up Southern California Sky | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Another very wet storm rolled into Southern California with spectacular lightning, thunderclaps and downpours, but evacuations were canceled Wednesday as significant debris and mud flows did not materialize.[contextly_sidebar id=”tWwS64gSK0n3mJCNQWGlKUyVmC0LZa4e”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous traffic accidents, localized street flooding and canyon rock falls snarled Los Angeles area traffic, but conditions were diminishing to showers as the system moved east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm was the latest atmospheric river to flow into the state this winter. The National Weather Service reported “copious” lightning strikes as the long plume of Pacific moisture approached the coast late Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sky over Southern California was streaked with bolts as thunder boomed and rattled the region. The weather service said it was “one of the more electrically active systems” seen all winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1938868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-768x546.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938863\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938863\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-768x525.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-1020x697.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lightning strikes in the skies above Santa Barbara, CA, March 5, 2019. \u003ccite>(Mike Eliason/Santa Barbara County Fire Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was just thrilling. We were amazed,” said Jennifer Kennedy of Santa Monica, who was driving with her son near Los Angeles International Airport when the skies opened up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We started to see some really huge lightning strikes out over the water,” she said. “We wondered if it would affect flight operations at the airport.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta Air Lines Flight 2432 returned to LAX “out of an abundance of caution” after encountering lightning Tuesday, the airline said. The 110 passengers were put aboard another flight to Seattle, a statement said, noting that airliners are designed to withstand lightning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Barbara County authorities were able to lift evacuation orders for an estimated 3,000 residents of communities below hills and mountains scarred by several recent wildfires, including parts of Montecito where a debris flow in January 2018 ravaged neighborhoods and killed more than 20 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/EliasonMike/status/1103196090721959936\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Highway Patrol reported numerous incidents of roadway flooding in the mountains northeast of Bakersfield and in areas of the San Joaquin Valley, as well as in the Owens Valley at the foot of the Eastern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scenic stretch of Highway 1 near the popular tourist area of Big Sur was closed after the road surface broke apart while “several large boulders are perched above the coast route,” state transportation officials said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors in Death Valley National Park were urged to use caution as roads flooded in one of the driest spots in the country. In a typical March, the Furnace Creek rain gauge in Death Valley records about 0.3 inches of rainfall. In a 24-hour period between Tuesday and Wednesday, the same gauge measured 0.84 inches, the weather service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With just two weeks left in the season, California is flush with water and a vital snowpack that’s significantly above normal, and drought and abnormal dryness have been pushed to the fringes of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One inch of rain fell in downtown Los Angeles as of 2 p.m. Wednesday, breaking the previous record for the date of .88 inches set in 1884, the weather service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With showers still occurring and more rain in the near- and long-term forecasts, downtown LA was nearing 18 inches so far this season. That’s more than 6 inches above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snow continued to fall in the Sierra Nevada, where winter storm warnings were to remain in effect for high elevations until early Thursday. The Mammoth Mountain ski resort reported more than 51 feet of snow on its summit so far this season.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lightning struck Santa Barbara skies on Tuesday as the latest atmospheric river storm hit the state.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848813,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":589},"headData":{"title":"PHOTOS: Latest Winter Storm Lights Up Southern California Sky | KQED","description":"Lightning struck Santa Barbara skies on Tuesday as the latest atmospheric river storm hit the state.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Weather","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Associated Press","path":"/science/1938853/photos-latest-winter-storm-lights-up-southern-california-sky","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another very wet storm rolled into Southern California with spectacular lightning, thunderclaps and downpours, but evacuations were canceled Wednesday as significant debris and mud flows did not materialize.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous traffic accidents, localized street flooding and canyon rock falls snarled Los Angeles area traffic, but conditions were diminishing to showers as the system moved east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm was the latest atmospheric river to flow into the state this winter. The National Weather Service reported “copious” lightning strikes as the long plume of Pacific moisture approached the coast late Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sky over Southern California was streaked with bolts as thunder boomed and rattled the region. The weather service said it was “one of the more electrically active systems” seen all winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1938868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-768x546.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938863\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938863\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-768x525.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-1020x697.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lightning strikes in the skies above Santa Barbara, CA, March 5, 2019. \u003ccite>(Mike Eliason/Santa Barbara County Fire Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was just thrilling. We were amazed,” said Jennifer Kennedy of Santa Monica, who was driving with her son near Los Angeles International Airport when the skies opened up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We started to see some really huge lightning strikes out over the water,” she said. “We wondered if it would affect flight operations at the airport.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta Air Lines Flight 2432 returned to LAX “out of an abundance of caution” after encountering lightning Tuesday, the airline said. The 110 passengers were put aboard another flight to Seattle, a statement said, noting that airliners are designed to withstand lightning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Barbara County authorities were able to lift evacuation orders for an estimated 3,000 residents of communities below hills and mountains scarred by several recent wildfires, including parts of Montecito where a debris flow in January 2018 ravaged neighborhoods and killed more than 20 people.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1103196090721959936"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The California Highway Patrol reported numerous incidents of roadway flooding in the mountains northeast of Bakersfield and in areas of the San Joaquin Valley, as well as in the Owens Valley at the foot of the Eastern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scenic stretch of Highway 1 near the popular tourist area of Big Sur was closed after the road surface broke apart while “several large boulders are perched above the coast route,” state transportation officials said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors in Death Valley National Park were urged to use caution as roads flooded in one of the driest spots in the country. In a typical March, the Furnace Creek rain gauge in Death Valley records about 0.3 inches of rainfall. In a 24-hour period between Tuesday and Wednesday, the same gauge measured 0.84 inches, the weather service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With just two weeks left in the season, California is flush with water and a vital snowpack that’s significantly above normal, and drought and abnormal dryness have been pushed to the fringes of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One inch of rain fell in downtown Los Angeles as of 2 p.m. Wednesday, breaking the previous record for the date of .88 inches set in 1884, the weather service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With showers still occurring and more rain in the near- and long-term forecasts, downtown LA was nearing 18 inches so far this season. That’s more than 6 inches above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snow continued to fall in the Sierra Nevada, where winter storm warnings were to remain in effect for high elevations until early Thursday. The Mammoth Mountain ski resort reported more than 51 feet of snow on its summit so far this season.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1938853/photos-latest-winter-storm-lights-up-southern-california-sky","authors":["byline_science_1938853"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_16","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_2227","science_3838","science_1746","science_5190","science_110","science_365"],"featImg":"science_1938866","label":"source_science_1938853"},"science_1926167":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926167","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926167","score":null,"sort":[1529539130000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"report-finds-industrial-chemicals-in-public-water-supply-more-toxic-than-thought","title":"Report Finds Industrial Chemicals in Water Supply More Toxic Than Thought","publishDate":1529539130,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Report Finds Industrial Chemicals in Water Supply More Toxic Than Thought | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A family of industrial chemicals turning up in public water supplies around the country is even more toxic than previously thought, threatening human health at concentrations seven to 10 times lower than once realized, according to a government report released Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”aqvGWhtLLdNK6U1XV4gfDx1eLFcDQKu7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals are called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl. They were used in such goods as fire-suppressing foam, nonstick pans, fast-food wrappers, and stain-resistant fabric and carpet, but are no longer used in U.S. manufacturing. Water sampling has found contamination in water around military bases, factories and other sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exposure at high levels is linked to liver damage, developmental problems and some forms of cancer, among other risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft of the report, by the Department of Health and Human Services’ toxicology office, had set off alarms within the Trump administration earlier this year. A January email from a White House official, released under the Freedom of Information Act, referred to the findings as a “potential public relations nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft went under months of government review before Wednesday’s publication, but the key finding — that the chemicals are dangerous at specific levels much lower than previously stated — was not changed.[contextly_sidebar id=”v4zcwzbOTXqHs66iBK4EcM26bHe6ktjS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, which scheduled a series of hearings on the chemicals, said last month that it would move toward formally declaring the two most common forms of PFAS as hazardous substances and make recommendations for groundwater cleanup, among other steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. manufacturers agreed in 2006 to an EPA-crafted deal to stop using one of the most common forms of the chemical in consumer products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings will likely lead state and local water systems with the contaminant to boost filtering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we test, the more we find,” Olga Naidenko, a science adviser to the Environmental Working Group nonprofit, said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A draft of the government report had set off alarms within the Trump administration earlier this year. A January email from a White House official referred to the findings as a “potential public relations nightmare.”\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927781,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":317},"headData":{"title":"Report Finds Industrial Chemicals in Water Supply More Toxic Than Thought | KQED","description":"A draft of the government report had set off alarms within the Trump administration earlier this year. A January email from a White House official referred to the findings as a “potential public relations nightmare.”\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Ellen Knickmeyer\u003cbr />Associated Press","path":"/science/1926167/report-finds-industrial-chemicals-in-public-water-supply-more-toxic-than-thought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A family of industrial chemicals turning up in public water supplies around the country is even more toxic than previously thought, threatening human health at concentrations seven to 10 times lower than once realized, according to a government report released Wednesday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals are called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl. They were used in such goods as fire-suppressing foam, nonstick pans, fast-food wrappers, and stain-resistant fabric and carpet, but are no longer used in U.S. manufacturing. Water sampling has found contamination in water around military bases, factories and other sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exposure at high levels is linked to liver damage, developmental problems and some forms of cancer, among other risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft of the report, by the Department of Health and Human Services’ toxicology office, had set off alarms within the Trump administration earlier this year. A January email from a White House official, released under the Freedom of Information Act, referred to the findings as a “potential public relations nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft went under months of government review before Wednesday’s publication, but the key finding — that the chemicals are dangerous at specific levels much lower than previously stated — was not changed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, which scheduled a series of hearings on the chemicals, said last month that it would move toward formally declaring the two most common forms of PFAS as hazardous substances and make recommendations for groundwater cleanup, among other steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. manufacturers agreed in 2006 to an EPA-crafted deal to stop using one of the most common forms of the chemical in consumer products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings will likely lead state and local water systems with the contaminant to boost filtering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we test, the more we find,” Olga Naidenko, a science adviser to the Environmental Working Group nonprofit, said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926167/report-finds-industrial-chemicals-in-public-water-supply-more-toxic-than-thought","authors":["byline_science_1926167"],"categories":["science_35","science_39","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1191","science_5181","science_110"],"featImg":"science_1926169","label":"source_science_1926167"},"science_1921720":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921720","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921720","score":null,"sort":[1522168205000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fountaingrove-water-contamination-could-cost-santa-rosa-an-unexpected-43-million","title":"Water Contamination Could Cost Santa Rosa an Unexpected $43 Million","publishDate":1522168205,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Water Contamination Could Cost Santa Rosa an Unexpected $43 Million | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Chemical contamination from the North Bay Fires could now force Santa Rosa to replace the water delivery system for the severely burned Fountaingrove neighborhood, at an unbudgeted cost of $43 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa water officials \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will present an update\u003c/a> on the problem and a recommendation about how to address it at a meeting Tuesday at 2 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was merciless on Fountaingrove’s hillsides, leaving just 13 homes standing out of hundreds in a nearly 200-square-mile area. Connecting those homes to the water system were pipes made of high-density polyethylene or HDPE — a kind of plastic preferred for its cost, and for its flexibility in terrain that can be shaken by earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plastic has a downside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastics burn,” says Santa Rosa’s Director of Water, Ben Horenstein. “And no question when plastics burn and melt, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class='\"pullquote'>’No question when plastics burn, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.’\u003ccite>Ben Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That happened last October, says Horenstein. After an investigation, he says his department believes melted components released cancer-causing benzene, along with other hydrocarbons and contaminants that were then sucked further into the city’s depressurized water system. Sitting in the water mains, the contaminants migrated into the plastic mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water department learned of the problem only when returning residents reported bad odors and tastes. Hundreds of subsequent water samples found benzene in all of the mains and lines within an advisory area, where residents were warned not to boil or drink tap water. Testing beyond the advisory area in greater Santa Rosa \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">found benzene\u003c/a> in some smaller lines, but no water mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Risks to Old Systems\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Division of Drinking Water \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920335\">has said that\u003c/a> Santa Rosa’s problem is the first of its kind reported in California. But Horenstein suspects this could have happened in other communities, where smell and odor telltales weren’t as apparent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horenstein believes Santa Rosa’s response could have implications for other communities at risk of a similar incident, even nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think questions are being raised about prudent use of plastics in a water distribution system,” he says. I think there’s a lot of related questions that will slowly come out of this in terms of industry-wide standards, industry-wide approaches and industry-wide responses to similar problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if Santa Rosa’s problem is unusual, other California cities have suffered damages to water systems after significant fire events and related natural disasters. In Santa Barbara County, heavy rains \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/mwd-corrects-facts-on-jan-9-debris-flow-incidents/\">drove a debris flow\u003c/a> into the highline distribution water main for the Montecito Water District. Montecito, which is also recovering from major fires, ordered residents \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/cancellation-of-boil-water-order/\">to boil water\u003c/a> before drinking for about a month in January. Other communities in that area \u003ca href=\"https://www.noozhawk.com/article/storm_causes_major_damage_montecito_water_distribution_south_coast_conduit\">have suffered\u003c/a> rock falls and mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re seeing a lot of events both in California and around the country and around the world, where we are experiencing how the change in probability of climate extremes has these indirect effects,” says Stanford climatologist Noah Diffenbaugh. “We’ve made decisions about where to site infrastructure, how to construct infrastructure, based on assumptions about climate that are no longer valid in a statistical sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diffenbaugh is a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/climate/climate-safe-infrastructure-working-group/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate-Safe Infrastructure Working Group\u003c/a> convened by California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird, which \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">is\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">considering\u003c/a> how to better integrate climate considerations into infrastructure design and maintenance. The group will produce a report later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921722\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921722 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg\" alt=\"Map of Fountaingrove water advisory area\" width=\"640\" height=\"827\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-160x207.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-800x1034.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-768x992.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1920x2481.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1180x1525.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-960x1241.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-240x310.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-375x485.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-520x672.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg 2012w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Return to Normal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, Horenstein says the city’s goal is to return people to their homes, and return the area to a pre-fire condition. \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">According to a city presentation\u003c/a>, the best-case scenario for full replacement in the advisory area would replace the drinking water system over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does feel very important for me to assure people, we are going to solve this thing,” Horenstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa could dip into reserves, seek federal aid, or even raise water rates to pay for the full replacement of Fountaingrove’s water delivery system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the city may have to weigh that investment against future fire risk: Fountaingrove has now burned twice in the last 54 years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the searing heat of October's fires, plastic components in the water system absorbed toxic chemicals.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928066,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":755},"headData":{"title":"Water Contamination Could Cost Santa Rosa an Unexpected $43 Million | KQED","description":"In the searing heat of October's fires, plastic components in the water system absorbed toxic chemicals.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1921720/fountaingrove-water-contamination-could-cost-santa-rosa-an-unexpected-43-million","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chemical contamination from the North Bay Fires could now force Santa Rosa to replace the water delivery system for the severely burned Fountaingrove neighborhood, at an unbudgeted cost of $43 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa water officials \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will present an update\u003c/a> on the problem and a recommendation about how to address it at a meeting Tuesday at 2 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was merciless on Fountaingrove’s hillsides, leaving just 13 homes standing out of hundreds in a nearly 200-square-mile area. Connecting those homes to the water system were pipes made of high-density polyethylene or HDPE — a kind of plastic preferred for its cost, and for its flexibility in terrain that can be shaken by earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plastic has a downside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastics burn,” says Santa Rosa’s Director of Water, Ben Horenstein. “And no question when plastics burn and melt, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class='\"pullquote'>’No question when plastics burn, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.’\u003ccite>Ben Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That happened last October, says Horenstein. After an investigation, he says his department believes melted components released cancer-causing benzene, along with other hydrocarbons and contaminants that were then sucked further into the city’s depressurized water system. Sitting in the water mains, the contaminants migrated into the plastic mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water department learned of the problem only when returning residents reported bad odors and tastes. Hundreds of subsequent water samples found benzene in all of the mains and lines within an advisory area, where residents were warned not to boil or drink tap water. Testing beyond the advisory area in greater Santa Rosa \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">found benzene\u003c/a> in some smaller lines, but no water mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Risks to Old Systems\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Division of Drinking Water \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920335\">has said that\u003c/a> Santa Rosa’s problem is the first of its kind reported in California. But Horenstein suspects this could have happened in other communities, where smell and odor telltales weren’t as apparent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horenstein believes Santa Rosa’s response could have implications for other communities at risk of a similar incident, even nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think questions are being raised about prudent use of plastics in a water distribution system,” he says. I think there’s a lot of related questions that will slowly come out of this in terms of industry-wide standards, industry-wide approaches and industry-wide responses to similar problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if Santa Rosa’s problem is unusual, other California cities have suffered damages to water systems after significant fire events and related natural disasters. In Santa Barbara County, heavy rains \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/mwd-corrects-facts-on-jan-9-debris-flow-incidents/\">drove a debris flow\u003c/a> into the highline distribution water main for the Montecito Water District. Montecito, which is also recovering from major fires, ordered residents \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/cancellation-of-boil-water-order/\">to boil water\u003c/a> before drinking for about a month in January. Other communities in that area \u003ca href=\"https://www.noozhawk.com/article/storm_causes_major_damage_montecito_water_distribution_south_coast_conduit\">have suffered\u003c/a> rock falls and mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re seeing a lot of events both in California and around the country and around the world, where we are experiencing how the change in probability of climate extremes has these indirect effects,” says Stanford climatologist Noah Diffenbaugh. “We’ve made decisions about where to site infrastructure, how to construct infrastructure, based on assumptions about climate that are no longer valid in a statistical sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diffenbaugh is a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/climate/climate-safe-infrastructure-working-group/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate-Safe Infrastructure Working Group\u003c/a> convened by California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird, which \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">is\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">considering\u003c/a> how to better integrate climate considerations into infrastructure design and maintenance. The group will produce a report later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921722\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921722 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg\" alt=\"Map of Fountaingrove water advisory area\" width=\"640\" height=\"827\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-160x207.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-800x1034.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-768x992.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1920x2481.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1180x1525.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-960x1241.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-240x310.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-375x485.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-520x672.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg 2012w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Return to Normal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, Horenstein says the city’s goal is to return people to their homes, and return the area to a pre-fire condition. \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">According to a city presentation\u003c/a>, the best-case scenario for full replacement in the advisory area would replace the drinking water system over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does feel very important for me to assure people, we are going to solve this thing,” Horenstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa could dip into reserves, seek federal aid, or even raise water rates to pay for the full replacement of Fountaingrove’s water delivery system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the city may have to weigh that investment against future fire risk: Fountaingrove has now burned twice in the last 54 years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921720/fountaingrove-water-contamination-could-cost-santa-rosa-an-unexpected-43-million","authors":["11223"],"categories":["science_89","science_35","science_39","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3370","science_112","science_3476","science_201","science_110"],"featImg":"science_1921730","label":"source_science_1921720"},"science_1919931":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1919931","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1919931","score":null,"sort":[1519319772000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought","title":"California's Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought","publishDate":1519319772,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California’s Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>After an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/24/watch-how-fast-a-five-year-drought-can-disappear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all-too-brief reprieve\u003c/a>, the Golden State is once again starting to brown up — at least on government drought maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor now has nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">48 percent of the state\u003c/a> categorized as being in at least “moderate drought.” More than 91 percent of the state is listed as at least “abnormally dry,” the precursor stage to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1056px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\" alt=\"US Drought Monitor map\" width=\"1056\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-960x742.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Nat'l Drought Mitigation Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “drought,” is of course, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly subjective\u003c/a> and has different meanings to different people. But the gradually returning shades of yellow and brown to the widely cited map are unnerving to many, with the state’s most punishing drought on record so fresh in California’s collective memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 543px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\" alt=\"CNAP Probablities Map\" width=\"543\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png 543w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-375x376.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-520x521.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mid-February, a normal precipitation year was almost out of reach. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Ctr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The stage is certainly being set for some sort of drought. This week as the State Water Resources Control Board considered permanent statewide restrictions on a list of wasteful water uses, members were told that, measured by a key collection of gauges in the northern Sierra Nevada, the December-through-February period has been California’s third driest on record (exceeded only by 1977 and 1991, when a “March Miracle” saved the wet season). In the central Sierra, this December through February was measured as the driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three months typically provide the state with half of its total annual precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project dry conditions to “develop or persist” in California over the next three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 781px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\" alt=\"NOAA 3-mo. Drought Outlook map\" width=\"781\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png 781w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-768x542.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-240x169.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-520x367.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook does not bode well for California precipitation. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The weekly Drought Monitor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps are compiled\u003c/a> by a rotating stable of authors, in consultation with various government agencies, and they take into account more than 100 indicators. And while some have argued that they are given too much weight, John Leahigh, head of operations for California’s State Water Project, told the water board that an “ugly picture” is beginning to form of the state’s current water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the notable exception of Lake Oroville, which engineers have kept at cautiously low levels \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/rebuilding-oroville-spillway-with-the-rainy-season-just-around-the-corner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after last year’s near spillway disaster\u003c/a>, major reservoirs remain flush from last year’s precipitation. But Leahigh told regulators that expectations are “dramatically decreasing” for runoff from the state’s key watersheds to replenish water supplies this year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Official says an 'ugly picture' is emerging of the state's water year.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928186,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":428},"headData":{"title":"California's Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought | KQED","description":"Official says an 'ugly picture' is emerging of the state's water year.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1919931/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/24/watch-how-fast-a-five-year-drought-can-disappear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all-too-brief reprieve\u003c/a>, the Golden State is once again starting to brown up — at least on government drought maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor now has nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">48 percent of the state\u003c/a> categorized as being in at least “moderate drought.” More than 91 percent of the state is listed as at least “abnormally dry,” the precursor stage to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1056px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\" alt=\"US Drought Monitor map\" width=\"1056\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-960x742.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Nat'l Drought Mitigation Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “drought,” is of course, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly subjective\u003c/a> and has different meanings to different people. But the gradually returning shades of yellow and brown to the widely cited map are unnerving to many, with the state’s most punishing drought on record so fresh in California’s collective memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 543px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\" alt=\"CNAP Probablities Map\" width=\"543\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png 543w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-375x376.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-520x521.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mid-February, a normal precipitation year was almost out of reach. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Ctr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The stage is certainly being set for some sort of drought. This week as the State Water Resources Control Board considered permanent statewide restrictions on a list of wasteful water uses, members were told that, measured by a key collection of gauges in the northern Sierra Nevada, the December-through-February period has been California’s third driest on record (exceeded only by 1977 and 1991, when a “March Miracle” saved the wet season). In the central Sierra, this December through February was measured as the driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three months typically provide the state with half of its total annual precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project dry conditions to “develop or persist” in California over the next three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 781px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\" alt=\"NOAA 3-mo. Drought Outlook map\" width=\"781\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png 781w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-768x542.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-240x169.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-520x367.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook does not bode well for California precipitation. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The weekly Drought Monitor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps are compiled\u003c/a> by a rotating stable of authors, in consultation with various government agencies, and they take into account more than 100 indicators. And while some have argued that they are given too much weight, John Leahigh, head of operations for California’s State Water Project, told the water board that an “ugly picture” is beginning to form of the state’s current water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the notable exception of Lake Oroville, which engineers have kept at cautiously low levels \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/rebuilding-oroville-spillway-with-the-rainy-season-just-around-the-corner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after last year’s near spillway disaster\u003c/a>, major reservoirs remain flush from last year’s precipitation. But Leahigh told regulators that expectations are “dramatically decreasing” for runoff from the state’s key watersheds to replenish water supplies this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1919931/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1622","science_3370","science_1004","science_110"],"featImg":"science_1920168","label":"science_1151"},"science_1915960":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1915960","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1915960","score":null,"sort":[1506348666000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"many-california-meadows-will-vanish-heres-why-it-matters","title":"Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here's Why It Matters","publishDate":1506348666,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here’s Why It Matters | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Mountain meadows are starting to get some respect. For over a century, meadows were the first alpine environments targeted for development, grazing and farming, because they tend to be flat and packed with rich soil and nutritious plants. But we’re starting to understand that meadows have a much more important role to play for society at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Meadows, it turns out, are water banks. As winter snows melt, the runoff flows into meadows, where deep organic soil holds the moisture like a sponge and then releases it slowly. This helps minimize downstream flooding during spring. Meadows release that runoff over a longer period, helping stretch valuable water supplies through the long, dry summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/02/03/work-grows-to-restore-mountain-meadows-as-water-banks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">[contextly_sidebar id=”rMy85ZSPDVf9YcAoxVojPBzo568cUzDy”]Efforts are underway\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to restore meadows, which have lost some of their water-holding ability as they’ve been compacted and eroded by grazing, logging and other activity. Unfortunately, a new threat has emerged: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/2017/study-critical-sierra-meadows-being-overtaken-forest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by researchers at University of California, Merced, found that Sierra Nevada meadows are shrinking due to encroachment by trees—primarily lodgepole pines. And not just some meadows, but virtually all meadows throughout the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmer temperatures are likely to blame, according to the study, creating conditions more favorable to trees. As a result, lodgepole pines are creeping into areas that have been historically meadow environments, sinking deeper roots that create a new year-round water drain on meadow environments.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And the future doesn’t look good. As temperatures warm further due to climate change, more trees are expected to encroach on meadows. The authors reach a startling conclusion: By the end of this century, the average meadow will shift entirely to forest. Eventually, meadows may only be found in sparse locations at high elevation, where lodgepole pines can’t thrive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What are the implications for biodiversity, for water supply and flood prevention? A lot of these answers aren’t yet known. But to find out more, Water Deeply recently talked to Lara Kueppers, a co-author of the study and a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Merced.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915969\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1915969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg 597w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-160x206.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-240x309.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-375x482.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-520x669.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lara Kueppers is a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at U.C. Merced, and co-author of a new study about disappearing meadows in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What’s unique about this study?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Lara Kueppers: I think the main thing is the extent of ground-based observations that we did. When you are in the field observing just a single meadow or a small number of meadows, you can sort of draw conclusions about those few meadows you looked at. But we were really after a large area and wanting to understand: Is this phenomenon something that’s widespread across a big section of the Sierra? So we surveyed meadows across a pretty broad area, from Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park on up to the Lake Tahoe area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other way people try and cover a lot of ground is usually by using satellite images. But we were interested in the number of trees that were coming into these meadows that might be smaller and difficult to detect remotely. So being on the ground enabled us to do that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in the end we surveyed over 340 meadows. Not all with the same level of intensity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>Are meadows really likely to disappear by the end of the century?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: The conclusion isn’t that all meadows will disappear. The conclusion is that the average meadow will disappear. Basically, what we were finding is that many meadows are experiencing encroachment. There are some that aren’t, however, and those may continue to be resistant to encroachment in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So, for example, in some meadows at higher elevations, where lodgepole pine isn’t abundant, you don’t see the same kind of encroachment as you do at lower elevations. But anyone who hikes in the backcountry of the Sierra has surely noticed trees creeping into meadows, if you return over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That’s why we say the “average” meadow, because a lot of those meadows that are out there are experiencing encroachment. It may not be full encroachment by the end of the century, but it will have experienced some encroachment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crescent Meadow in Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Henry Huey/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Your results show that climate change is a major reason for meadow shrinkage. How did you reach that conclusion?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: If by climate change you mean human-caused climate change, we actually didn’t examine that question. What we were focused on is figuring out what are the causes of encroachment we see in terms of specific factors. So we looked at landscape factors like topographic position, elevation, what are the tree species around the meadow. Then we also looked at climate factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that climate factors are important drivers of the patterns we’re seeing, but we didn’t really try to quantify whether past human-caused climate change was complicit in that. We don’t really conclude the encroachment we’ve seen so far has been caused by human-caused climate change. Our conclusion is that climate is an important driver of encroachment. And then we said, let’s look to the future and projections of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given what we know about factors that seem to lead to tree recruitment in these meadows, that’s what led us to the conclusion that future climate change is going to be a really strong contributor to encroachment. For example, temperature is one of the important factors that explains variability in the number of [tree] recruits in a meadow in any given year. So when we look at future temperatures increasing, we see that drives an increase in the number of trees in the meadows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How does snowpack affect meadow encroachment?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: High snowpack actually promotes encroachment. We think that’s in part because, if there’s low snowpack, over winter these young trees can be exposed to very cold temperatures, and that can be detrimental to their ability to grow and survive. So when you have high snowpack, the really young juvenile trees are buried in snow, and protected over the winter. Then they can emerge and grow really strong in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Meadows collect snowmelt, store it and release it slowly during the spring and summer.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The other thing snowpack is important for is a sustainable source of water in the drier meadows during spring and summer. These meadows are collecting meltwater, not just from the meadow itself but from the surrounding watershed, because the meadows are in topographically low locations. Again, when these trees are young and getting established, if the meadow dries out they’re going to have a hard time making it through the summer. But if there’s a high snowpack, there’s that sustained input of water and they’re less liable to dry out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How big of a role do meadows play in water storage?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: They’re an integral part of the hydrology of the High Sierra. A big role that many meadows play is sort of as a regulator in the water system. They collect snowmelt from the surrounding slopes and they store it and sort of release it slowly over the spring and summer season. They can absorb a large amount of water and then release it. Some is coming from surface runoff, but other water is coming underground through cracks in the rock and then emerging in the meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soil, especially in the wettest part of meadows, is very organically rich. That’s because, over time as these grasses and other sedges and wildflowers that are well adapted to the meadows grow and die, the organic matter decomposes very slowly because there’s so much water around. So this organic matter just builds up, and more organic-rich soil can hold more water. And they release that water slowly over the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the water-supply implications of shrinking meadows?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: We don’t fully know what the full-sum impact might be. There are a couple different ways that trees encroaching into meadows could alter hydrology. One explanation we have would be that trees typically use more water than the meadow grasses and wildlife. As a consequence, as trees become more abundant and larger, they would use more of the water coming into meadows, which means less water would flow downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is that as the meadows dry, if the trees are using more of the water, there would be faster decomposition of organic matter, and that organic matter wouldn’t necessarily be replaced in kind by the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If there are fewer roots with the trees than there were with the grasses and forbs, then the amount of organic matter flowing might not keep up with the losses from the drying conditions. So you would lose that sponginess in the soil, and it would weaken its ability to absorb and release that water over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Sierra look different in future?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: I think there will still be some meadows. There will still be areas that remain wet. You just might have to look harder. You probably will have to go higher to get to them. Maybe not over our lifetimes, but in our children’s lifetimes. Luckily for us, changes happen very slowly. So while we can see signs of this process underway, at least all of us can still enjoy the meadows for what they are right now.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What can we do to reverse this trend of meadow loss?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: Our simple modeling exercise suggests that supporting solutions to climate change is a really important part of slowing meadow encroachment, because the critical factor driving encroachment overtime is the temperature increase. Another thing we can do is really limit the direct effects on meadows, such as trampling by grazing animals, because that just contributes to impacts on these meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/09/25/why-disappearing-sierra-nevada-meadows-are-bad-news-for-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Meadows play an important role in water storage and flood prevention. But a new study shows that warming temperatures and resulting tree encroachment could doom these landscapes, except at very high elevations.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928370,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1786},"headData":{"title":"Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here's Why It Matters | KQED","description":"Meadows play an important role in water storage and flood prevention. But a new study shows that warming temperatures and resulting tree encroachment could doom these landscapes, except at very high elevations.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water Deeply","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/contributor/matt-weiser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matt Weiser\u003c/a>\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/\" target=\"_blank\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>","path":"/science/1915960/many-california-meadows-will-vanish-heres-why-it-matters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mountain meadows are starting to get some respect. For over a century, meadows were the first alpine environments targeted for development, grazing and farming, because they tend to be flat and packed with rich soil and nutritious plants. But we’re starting to understand that meadows have a much more important role to play for society at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Meadows, it turns out, are water banks. As winter snows melt, the runoff flows into meadows, where deep organic soil holds the moisture like a sponge and then releases it slowly. This helps minimize downstream flooding during spring. Meadows release that runoff over a longer period, helping stretch valuable water supplies through the long, dry summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/02/03/work-grows-to-restore-mountain-meadows-as-water-banks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Efforts are underway\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to restore meadows, which have lost some of their water-holding ability as they’ve been compacted and eroded by grazing, logging and other activity. Unfortunately, a new threat has emerged: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/2017/study-critical-sierra-meadows-being-overtaken-forest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by researchers at University of California, Merced, found that Sierra Nevada meadows are shrinking due to encroachment by trees—primarily lodgepole pines. And not just some meadows, but virtually all meadows throughout the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmer temperatures are likely to blame, according to the study, creating conditions more favorable to trees. As a result, lodgepole pines are creeping into areas that have been historically meadow environments, sinking deeper roots that create a new year-round water drain on meadow environments.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And the future doesn’t look good. As temperatures warm further due to climate change, more trees are expected to encroach on meadows. The authors reach a startling conclusion: By the end of this century, the average meadow will shift entirely to forest. Eventually, meadows may only be found in sparse locations at high elevation, where lodgepole pines can’t thrive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What are the implications for biodiversity, for water supply and flood prevention? A lot of these answers aren’t yet known. But to find out more, Water Deeply recently talked to Lara Kueppers, a co-author of the study and a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Merced.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915969\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1915969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg 597w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-160x206.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-240x309.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-375x482.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-520x669.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lara Kueppers is a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at U.C. Merced, and co-author of a new study about disappearing meadows in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What’s unique about this study?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Lara Kueppers: I think the main thing is the extent of ground-based observations that we did. When you are in the field observing just a single meadow or a small number of meadows, you can sort of draw conclusions about those few meadows you looked at. But we were really after a large area and wanting to understand: Is this phenomenon something that’s widespread across a big section of the Sierra? So we surveyed meadows across a pretty broad area, from Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park on up to the Lake Tahoe area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other way people try and cover a lot of ground is usually by using satellite images. But we were interested in the number of trees that were coming into these meadows that might be smaller and difficult to detect remotely. So being on the ground enabled us to do that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in the end we surveyed over 340 meadows. Not all with the same level of intensity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>Are meadows really likely to disappear by the end of the century?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: The conclusion isn’t that all meadows will disappear. The conclusion is that the average meadow will disappear. Basically, what we were finding is that many meadows are experiencing encroachment. There are some that aren’t, however, and those may continue to be resistant to encroachment in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So, for example, in some meadows at higher elevations, where lodgepole pine isn’t abundant, you don’t see the same kind of encroachment as you do at lower elevations. But anyone who hikes in the backcountry of the Sierra has surely noticed trees creeping into meadows, if you return over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That’s why we say the “average” meadow, because a lot of those meadows that are out there are experiencing encroachment. It may not be full encroachment by the end of the century, but it will have experienced some encroachment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crescent Meadow in Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Henry Huey/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Your results show that climate change is a major reason for meadow shrinkage. How did you reach that conclusion?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: If by climate change you mean human-caused climate change, we actually didn’t examine that question. What we were focused on is figuring out what are the causes of encroachment we see in terms of specific factors. So we looked at landscape factors like topographic position, elevation, what are the tree species around the meadow. Then we also looked at climate factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that climate factors are important drivers of the patterns we’re seeing, but we didn’t really try to quantify whether past human-caused climate change was complicit in that. We don’t really conclude the encroachment we’ve seen so far has been caused by human-caused climate change. Our conclusion is that climate is an important driver of encroachment. And then we said, let’s look to the future and projections of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given what we know about factors that seem to lead to tree recruitment in these meadows, that’s what led us to the conclusion that future climate change is going to be a really strong contributor to encroachment. For example, temperature is one of the important factors that explains variability in the number of [tree] recruits in a meadow in any given year. So when we look at future temperatures increasing, we see that drives an increase in the number of trees in the meadows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How does snowpack affect meadow encroachment?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: High snowpack actually promotes encroachment. We think that’s in part because, if there’s low snowpack, over winter these young trees can be exposed to very cold temperatures, and that can be detrimental to their ability to grow and survive. So when you have high snowpack, the really young juvenile trees are buried in snow, and protected over the winter. Then they can emerge and grow really strong in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Meadows collect snowmelt, store it and release it slowly during the spring and summer.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The other thing snowpack is important for is a sustainable source of water in the drier meadows during spring and summer. These meadows are collecting meltwater, not just from the meadow itself but from the surrounding watershed, because the meadows are in topographically low locations. Again, when these trees are young and getting established, if the meadow dries out they’re going to have a hard time making it through the summer. But if there’s a high snowpack, there’s that sustained input of water and they’re less liable to dry out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How big of a role do meadows play in water storage?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: They’re an integral part of the hydrology of the High Sierra. A big role that many meadows play is sort of as a regulator in the water system. They collect snowmelt from the surrounding slopes and they store it and sort of release it slowly over the spring and summer season. They can absorb a large amount of water and then release it. Some is coming from surface runoff, but other water is coming underground through cracks in the rock and then emerging in the meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soil, especially in the wettest part of meadows, is very organically rich. That’s because, over time as these grasses and other sedges and wildflowers that are well adapted to the meadows grow and die, the organic matter decomposes very slowly because there’s so much water around. So this organic matter just builds up, and more organic-rich soil can hold more water. And they release that water slowly over the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the water-supply implications of shrinking meadows?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: We don’t fully know what the full-sum impact might be. There are a couple different ways that trees encroaching into meadows could alter hydrology. One explanation we have would be that trees typically use more water than the meadow grasses and wildlife. As a consequence, as trees become more abundant and larger, they would use more of the water coming into meadows, which means less water would flow downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is that as the meadows dry, if the trees are using more of the water, there would be faster decomposition of organic matter, and that organic matter wouldn’t necessarily be replaced in kind by the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If there are fewer roots with the trees than there were with the grasses and forbs, then the amount of organic matter flowing might not keep up with the losses from the drying conditions. So you would lose that sponginess in the soil, and it would weaken its ability to absorb and release that water over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Sierra look different in future?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: I think there will still be some meadows. There will still be areas that remain wet. You just might have to look harder. You probably will have to go higher to get to them. Maybe not over our lifetimes, but in our children’s lifetimes. Luckily for us, changes happen very slowly. So while we can see signs of this process underway, at least all of us can still enjoy the meadows for what they are right now.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What can we do to reverse this trend of meadow loss?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: Our simple modeling exercise suggests that supporting solutions to climate change is a really important part of slowing meadow encroachment, because the critical factor driving encroachment overtime is the temperature increase. Another thing we can do is really limit the direct effects on meadows, such as trampling by grazing animals, because that just contributes to impacts on these meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/09/25/why-disappearing-sierra-nevada-meadows-are-bad-news-for-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1915960/many-california-meadows-will-vanish-heres-why-it-matters","authors":["byline_science_1915960"],"categories":["science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_110"],"featImg":"science_1915968","label":"source_science_1915960"},"science_1629187":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1629187","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1629187","score":null,"sort":[1494536647000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"googles-thirst-for-water-competes-with-local-taps-in-south-carolina","title":"Google's Thirst for Water Competes With Local Taps in South Carolina","publishDate":1494536647,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Google’s Thirst for Water Competes With Local Taps in South Carolina | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>When three sacred staples of the South weren’t safe from the cloudy, salty water in his town, Clay Duffie knew there was a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’d kill your azaleas if you irrigated with it; your grits would come out in a big clump, instead of creamy like they should,” Duffie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the sweet tea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your tea would come out all cloudy,” Duffie said. “Oh man, it was bad news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffie, the general manager of \u003ca href=\"https://www.mountpleasantwaterworks.com/\">Mount Pleasant Waterworks\u003c/a>, said that before his agency outside Charleston began purifying the water in the early 1990s, the water was also soft; you’d come out of the shower and still feel dirty, he recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Duffie has a new concern — a request by Google \u003ca href=\"http://www.postandcourier.com/news/google-wants-bigger-gulp-from-strained-aquifer-under-coastal-south/article_ae298ae6-12f7-11e7-8795-231062a83492.html\">for permission\u003c/a> from South Carolina regulators to pump more groundwater than they’re already entitled to for their \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/berkeley-county/\">data center in nearby Berkeley County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve invested a lot in making sure the groundwater quality that we treat and send to the customers is of high quality. We also want to protect the quantity side of that,” Duffie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to building several reverse osmosis plants to treat the water, Duffie said the community has spent about $50 million since the mid-1990s to install pipelines and purchase surface water from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.charlestonwater.com/\">Charleston Water System\u003c/a> to supplement the water being pumped from underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s raised the issue that these resources are not limitless. We do need to manage them.’\u003ccite>Clay Duffie, general manager of Mount Pleasant Waterworks\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Google currently has the right to pump up to half a million gallons a day \u003ca href=\"http://www.postandcourier.com/news/google-s-controversial-groundwater-withdrawal-sparks-question-of-who-owns/article_bed9179c-1baa-11e7-983e-03d6b33a01e7.html\">at no charge\u003c/a>. Now the company is asking to triple that, to 1.5 million. That’s close to half of the groundwater that Mount Pleasant Waterworks pumps daily from the same underground aquifer to help supply drinking water to more than 80,000 residents of the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesman Patrick Lenihan said the company needs the water to cool its servers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes a lot of energy to run a data center, so we use water to cool them down,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lenihan said Google has brought about 400 jobs to the region, and said the company is taking steps to conserve water and energy while also preparing for the needs of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The internet is constantly expanding and data centers allow the internet to continue to do that. We’re very long-term thinkers in terms of capacity, so we’re always preparing for more growth,” Lenihan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google wouldn’t allow NPR to see the inside of its South Carolina data center, which opened up nearly a decade ago in Berkeley County. But it’s in a suburban area surrounded by woods and office buildings, and protected by a guard shack and fence. The only real clues to what’s happening inside are a couple of Google logos on signs outside the gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservationleague.org/staff-profiles/\">Emily Cedzo\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservationleague.org/staff-profiles/\">Coastal Conservation League\u003c/a> is worried about its impact on the underground aquifer that the community relies on:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s great to have Google in this region; folks are proud to say that Google calls Charleston home,” Cedzo said. “So by no means are we going after Google … Our concern, primarily, is the source of that water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cedzo notes that in Georgia — another \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?GA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dry, Southern state — \u003c/a>Google is using \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJnlgM1yEU0\">recycled wastewater\u003c/a> at its \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/douglas-county/index.html\">data center in Douglas County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Google footed the bill for that,” Cedzo said. “So if they’re doing it there, why can’t they do it here?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lenihan, the Google spokesman, said the company makes such decisions based on the needs and characteristics of each site. He said Google’s consultants settled on groundwater as the preferred option in South Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a data company; we care a lot about data and making decisions based off of that, so we did a lot of homework,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Data Centers Are Increasingly Thirsty\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its six data centers nationwide, Google is \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2017/04/23/google-data-center-south-carolina-water-wars/#5Lly8vOyZaq7\">just one of several\u003c/a> major tech companies operating centers in relatively dry parts of the country, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXGGsnw7H4g\">eBay in Salt Lake City\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Microsoft-opening-third-data-center-6692765.php\">Microsoft in San Antonio\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"https://eta.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/lbnl-1005775_v2.pdf\">2016 report\u003c/a> by the U.S. Department of Energy noted that as the industry expands, the data center sector is using an \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10007111583511843695404581067903126039290\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increasing amount of water\u003c/a> for cooling and electricity generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that report and elsewhere, the federal government is also looking at resource concerns created by its own data centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monica Witt is a sustainability program manager at the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.lanl.gov/\">Los Alamos National Laboratory\u003c/a>, which operates several large data centers in New Mexico. Witt says the lab has to share its water with residents of the city of Los Alamos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that supercomputers and data centers are just going to use more and more water, so communicating to the community how much we’re going to use in the next 10 years and planning with them has been really helpful,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Witt said the lab has taken several steps to reduce its water use, including reusing wastewater from toilets, sinks and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tech industry as a whole has been a leader in adopting environmentally sustainable practices — like reusing water and opting for renewable energy sources, says \u003ca href=\"https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/engineering/research/Faculty/LATFS/people/ortega.html\">Alfonso Ortega\u003c/a>, a professor of energy technology at Villanova University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for communities that host data centers, Ortega said there are tradeoffs between economic and environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consumption of their water competes with every other need for that water,” Ortega said. “One would hope that community leaders would be able to balance the benefits of having that data center in the community compared to the water that they’re going to consume.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In South Carolina, Google’s request for more water is also raising concerns from Rep. Mark Sanford, who \u003ca href=\"https://sanford.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/sanford-sends-letter-to-sc-department-of-health-and-environmental\">recently wrote a letter\u003c/a> urging state regulators to take their time developing a comprehensive plan for managing groundwater, and to delay Google’s permit request until more information can be gathered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffie said, in some ways, he’s pleased that the debate over Google’s data center is heightening local awareness about the long-term sustainability of the water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s raised the issue that these resources are not limitless,” he said, “that we do need to manage them.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The company says it needs that much water to cool its servers at a South Carolina data center. Now, community leaders are having to balance economic benefits with environmental impact.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928759,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1107},"headData":{"title":"Google's Thirst for Water Competes With Local Taps in South Carolina | KQED","description":"The company says it needs that much water to cool its servers at a South Carolina data center. Now, community leaders are having to balance economic benefits with environmental impact.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Bruce Smith","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>Sarah McCammon\u003cBR/>\u003c/strong>","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"527214026","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=527214026&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/2017/05/08/527214026/google-moves-in-and-wants-to-pump-1-5-million-gallons-of-water-per-day?ft=nprml&f=527214026","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 09 May 2017 21:31:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 08 May 2017 05:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 10 May 2017 16:22:49 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/05/20170509_atc_google_moves_in_and_wants_to_pump_15_million_gallons_of_water_per_day.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1091&d=244&p=2&story=527214026&t=progseg&e=527544466&seg=10&ft=nprml&f=527214026","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1527640481-f9e7ae.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1091&d=244&p=2&story=527214026&t=progseg&e=527544466&seg=10&ft=nprml&f=527214026","path":"/science/1629187/googles-thirst-for-water-competes-with-local-taps-in-south-carolina","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/05/20170509_atc_google_moves_in_and_wants_to_pump_15_million_gallons_of_water_per_day.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1091&d=244&p=2&story=527214026&t=progseg&e=527544466&seg=10&ft=nprml&f=527214026","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When three sacred staples of the South weren’t safe from the cloudy, salty water in his town, Clay Duffie knew there was a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’d kill your azaleas if you irrigated with it; your grits would come out in a big clump, instead of creamy like they should,” Duffie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the sweet tea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your tea would come out all cloudy,” Duffie said. “Oh man, it was bad news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffie, the general manager of \u003ca href=\"https://www.mountpleasantwaterworks.com/\">Mount Pleasant Waterworks\u003c/a>, said that before his agency outside Charleston began purifying the water in the early 1990s, the water was also soft; you’d come out of the shower and still feel dirty, he recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Duffie has a new concern — a request by Google \u003ca href=\"http://www.postandcourier.com/news/google-wants-bigger-gulp-from-strained-aquifer-under-coastal-south/article_ae298ae6-12f7-11e7-8795-231062a83492.html\">for permission\u003c/a> from South Carolina regulators to pump more groundwater than they’re already entitled to for their \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/berkeley-county/\">data center in nearby Berkeley County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve invested a lot in making sure the groundwater quality that we treat and send to the customers is of high quality. We also want to protect the quantity side of that,” Duffie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to building several reverse osmosis plants to treat the water, Duffie said the community has spent about $50 million since the mid-1990s to install pipelines and purchase surface water from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.charlestonwater.com/\">Charleston Water System\u003c/a> to supplement the water being pumped from underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s raised the issue that these resources are not limitless. We do need to manage them.’\u003ccite>Clay Duffie, general manager of Mount Pleasant Waterworks\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Google currently has the right to pump up to half a million gallons a day \u003ca href=\"http://www.postandcourier.com/news/google-s-controversial-groundwater-withdrawal-sparks-question-of-who-owns/article_bed9179c-1baa-11e7-983e-03d6b33a01e7.html\">at no charge\u003c/a>. Now the company is asking to triple that, to 1.5 million. That’s close to half of the groundwater that Mount Pleasant Waterworks pumps daily from the same underground aquifer to help supply drinking water to more than 80,000 residents of the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesman Patrick Lenihan said the company needs the water to cool its servers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes a lot of energy to run a data center, so we use water to cool them down,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lenihan said Google has brought about 400 jobs to the region, and said the company is taking steps to conserve water and energy while also preparing for the needs of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The internet is constantly expanding and data centers allow the internet to continue to do that. We’re very long-term thinkers in terms of capacity, so we’re always preparing for more growth,” Lenihan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google wouldn’t allow NPR to see the inside of its South Carolina data center, which opened up nearly a decade ago in Berkeley County. But it’s in a suburban area surrounded by woods and office buildings, and protected by a guard shack and fence. The only real clues to what’s happening inside are a couple of Google logos on signs outside the gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservationleague.org/staff-profiles/\">Emily Cedzo\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservationleague.org/staff-profiles/\">Coastal Conservation League\u003c/a> is worried about its impact on the underground aquifer that the community relies on:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s great to have Google in this region; folks are proud to say that Google calls Charleston home,” Cedzo said. “So by no means are we going after Google … Our concern, primarily, is the source of that water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cedzo notes that in Georgia — another \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?GA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dry, Southern state — \u003c/a>Google is using \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJnlgM1yEU0\">recycled wastewater\u003c/a> at its \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/douglas-county/index.html\">data center in Douglas County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Google footed the bill for that,” Cedzo said. “So if they’re doing it there, why can’t they do it here?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lenihan, the Google spokesman, said the company makes such decisions based on the needs and characteristics of each site. He said Google’s consultants settled on groundwater as the preferred option in South Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a data company; we care a lot about data and making decisions based off of that, so we did a lot of homework,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Data Centers Are Increasingly Thirsty\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its six data centers nationwide, Google is \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2017/04/23/google-data-center-south-carolina-water-wars/#5Lly8vOyZaq7\">just one of several\u003c/a> major tech companies operating centers in relatively dry parts of the country, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXGGsnw7H4g\">eBay in Salt Lake City\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Microsoft-opening-third-data-center-6692765.php\">Microsoft in San Antonio\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"https://eta.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/lbnl-1005775_v2.pdf\">2016 report\u003c/a> by the U.S. Department of Energy noted that as the industry expands, the data center sector is using an \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10007111583511843695404581067903126039290\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increasing amount of water\u003c/a> for cooling and electricity generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that report and elsewhere, the federal government is also looking at resource concerns created by its own data centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monica Witt is a sustainability program manager at the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.lanl.gov/\">Los Alamos National Laboratory\u003c/a>, which operates several large data centers in New Mexico. Witt says the lab has to share its water with residents of the city of Los Alamos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that supercomputers and data centers are just going to use more and more water, so communicating to the community how much we’re going to use in the next 10 years and planning with them has been really helpful,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Witt said the lab has taken several steps to reduce its water use, including reusing wastewater from toilets, sinks and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tech industry as a whole has been a leader in adopting environmentally sustainable practices — like reusing water and opting for renewable energy sources, says \u003ca href=\"https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/engineering/research/Faculty/LATFS/people/ortega.html\">Alfonso Ortega\u003c/a>, a professor of energy technology at Villanova University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for communities that host data centers, Ortega said there are tradeoffs between economic and environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consumption of their water competes with every other need for that water,” Ortega said. “One would hope that community leaders would be able to balance the benefits of having that data center in the community compared to the water that they’re going to consume.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In South Carolina, Google’s request for more water is also raising concerns from Rep. Mark Sanford, who \u003ca href=\"https://sanford.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/sanford-sends-letter-to-sc-department-of-health-and-environmental\">recently wrote a letter\u003c/a> urging state regulators to take their time developing a comprehensive plan for managing groundwater, and to delay Google’s permit request until more information can be gathered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffie said, in some ways, he’s pleased that the debate over Google’s data center is heightening local awareness about the long-term sustainability of the water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s raised the issue that these resources are not limitless,” he said, “that we do need to manage them.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1629187/googles-thirst-for-water-competes-with-local-taps-in-south-carolina","authors":["byline_science_1629187"],"categories":["science_4450"],"tags":["science_458","science_490","science_110"],"featImg":"science_1629188","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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