Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth
Voyager 2 Heads Beyond Our Solar System
Voyager Is 13 Billion Miles Away and Needs a Repair: Here's What Happened
40 Years With the Voyager Spacecraft: Earth’s Most Distant Explorers Are Still Calling Home
NASA's 40-year Voyage Continues
Space 2013: Another Great Year of Cosmic Adventure
Cassini or Curiosity: Budget Cuts Could Force NASA to Make A Tough Choice
Sponsored
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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"jscott":{"type":"authors","id":"8664","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"8664","found":true},"name":"Julia Scott","firstName":"Julia","lastName":"Scott","slug":"jscott","email":"jscott@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Julia Scott is a former editor with KQED News. Prior to KQED, she was an editor with \u003cem>Crosscurrents\u003c/em> at KALW Radio in San Francisco. As a freelance reporter, she has filed stories for \u003cem>The California Report, Marketplace, Nautilus\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The New York Times Magazine.\u003c/em>\r\n\r\nPrior to her work in radio, Julia was an environmental reporter for the \u003cem>San Jose Mercury News\u003c/em> and Bay Area News Group, where her work was recognized with awards from the California Newspaper Publishers Association and the Society of Professional Journalists. Her radio honors include awards and citations from the Sony Radio Academy Awards and the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association.\r\n\r\nJulia hails from Montreal, Canada and lives in Oakland. She is the editor of the humor collection\u003cem> DRIVEL: Deliciously Bad Writing by Your Favorite Authors.\u003c/em>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7fe25e0cf81dec2d4f74f1d4737a2871?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"juliascribe","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"arts","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Julia Scott | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7fe25e0cf81dec2d4f74f1d4737a2871?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7fe25e0cf81dec2d4f74f1d4737a2871?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jscott"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1973548":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1973548","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1973548","score":null,"sort":[1617401306000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"meet-the-interstellar-five-robotic-explorers-venturing-far-far-from-earth","title":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth","publishDate":1617401306,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More than four decades after launch, NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, cruising an eternal course through the stars of the Milky Way galaxy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And Voyager 1 i\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s not the only spacefaring vehicle to venture so far from home. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The probe belongs to a cadre of five interstellar-bound spacecraft, three of which are still communicating with Earth through NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/deep_space_network/about\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deep Space Network\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> radio dishes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What have these interstellar five been doing over their decades of exploration, and where are they now?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Horizons: Pluto or Bust\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The youngest of NASA’s interstellar vehicles, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/new-horizons/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, launched 15 years ago with a singular goal: to become the first spacecraft to reach Pluto, the last unexplored planet in the solar system. Only after launch, in 2006, did the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Astronomical Union\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> vote to demote Pluto to a “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dwarf planet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">”.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973552\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 790px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973552\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-768x582.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plutonium-powered New Horizons spacecraft during final assembly before its 2006 launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With a boost in speed generated by a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/primer/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gravitational slingshot maneuver\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Jupiter, New Horizons became the fastest interplanetary spacecraft up till that time, reaching a peak velocity of over 36,000 mph—a speed that would take you from the Earth to the moon in under seven hours.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since Pluto’s discovery in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, little was known of this small, distant world; the best pictures of the dwarf planet, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, had revealed little more than a blur of light and dark patches. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So on July 14, 2015, the world waited with great anticipation of seeing the first up-close images–and were rewarded handsomely for a decade of giddy patience. \u003c/span>After nine years in hibernation, New Horizons \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/five-years-after-new-horizons-historic-flyby-here-are-10-cool-things-we-learned-about-plut-0/\">whizzed past Pluto\u003c/a> at over 30,000 mph, passing within 4,800 miles of the dwarf planet’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/281378/new-horizons-spacecraft-turns-pluto-from-blurry-disk-into-highly-complex-world\">brought into sharp focus\u003c/a> for the first time, was revealed as a far more interesting world than anyone expected. With mountains of solid ice reaching two miles high, vast planes of frozen nitrogen-methane “slush” that appear to be flowing like glaciers, and a thin hazy atmosphere reaching heights of 80 miles above the surface, we are still gasping at Pluto’s beauty and uniqueness six years after the encounter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973555\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973555\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto. Image captured by New Horizons during its flyby on July 14, 2015. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following that flyby, New Horizons cruised onward into the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a wide swath of space beyond Neptune that contains multitudes of icy objects, mostly smaller than Pluto, circling the sun.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2019 New Horizons encountered one of these objects, later named \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/arrokoth-2014-mu69/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrokoth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is to date the most distant object visited by any spacecraft. Discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope in June 2014, Arrokoth was added to New Horizons’ post-Pluto itinerary as a target of opportunity. Scientists interested in how our solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago wanted an up-close look at this example of a primitive “building block” object, the likes of which are believed to have come together to form the planets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973559\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1143\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1020x1457.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-160x229.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-768x1097.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1075x1536.png 1075w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth.png 1302w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arrokoth, the Kuiper Belt Object that New Horizons flew by in 2019. This is an ancient object, formed in the earliest times of our solar system 4.5 billion years ago. Arrokoth is the most distant object ever visited by a spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons was bound for interstellar space since it launched, moving fast enough to escape the sun’s gravitational pull and coast forever outward into space, never to return home\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> Today, it is more than 4.6 billion miles away, forging ahead \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">through the vast region of the Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> toward its inevitable departure from the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voyagers 1 and 2: A Grand Tour\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The twin \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft launched from Earth in 1977 on a five-year mission to explore the two largest planets of the solar system, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/jupiter/#:~:text=NASA%20launched%20the%20two%20Voyager,approach%20was%20July%209%2C%201979.&text=They%20took%20more%20than%2033%2C000,and%20its%20five%20major%20satellites.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/saturn/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But as time went on, and the Voyagers continued in good health, NASA engineers became optimistic the spacecraft might operate for years beyond their expiration dates.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then a rare alignment of planets offered an opportunity to send at least one of the Voyagers on to the planet Uranus and perhaps Neptune as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"671\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-160x134.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-768x644.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path.jpg 805w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the “Grand Tour” of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After capturing astounding close-up images of Jupiter and Saturn plus a host of their remarkable moons, mission planners engineered an end game that still tops all record charts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn’s gravity flung Voyager 2 toward \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/uranus/#:~:text=NASA's%20Voyager%202%20spacecraft%20flew,24%2C%201986.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uranus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and the spacecraft arrived at the “ice giant” five years later, in 1986. Uranus, in turn, hurled Voyager 2 toward its final planet encounter, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/neptune/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neptune\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1989. To date, Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these worlds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1’s path through the Saturn system sent it by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/11/12/voyager-1-the-first-close-encounter-with-titan/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Titan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the ringed world’s largest moon. Titan’s size and thick atmosphere offered great scientific reward, trumping an alternative option to send the spacecraft to Pluto.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With most of their instruments still functioning after their final encounters, the Voyagers began new careers searching for the boundary of interstellar space, where the rarefied gases and magnetic fields flowing outward from the sun change like a shift in the wind to become the prevailing environment between stars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973556\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boundary between our solar system and interstellar space is formed where the “bubble” of our sun’s gases and magnetic fields encounters the gases spread through interstellar space. Called the heliosphere, the shape of this bubble is not symmetrical around the sun, extending farther in some directions than in others. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1 officially passed into interstellar space on Aug. 12, 2012. Voyager 2 made the crossing in 2018.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, Voyager 1 has traveled the greatest distance from home of any spacecraft, 152 astronomical units from Earth, or just over 14 billion miles—a distance that takes radio signals over 21 hours to cross.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both Voyagers are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">still reporting back to Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, more than four decades after their five-year missions began. Electrical power from their radioisotope thermoelectric generators has declined over the decades, and some of their instruments have been shut down to conserve what remains, but NASA estimates that Voyager 1 could remain functional until 2025.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pioneers 10 and 11: Gone But Not Forgotten\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the Voyagers’ epic tours came the first explorers of the outer solar system: \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer10-11.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneers 10 and\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 11\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Launched in 1972, scarcely a decade after the dawn of the space age, the Pioneers gave us our first up-close looks of Jupiter and Saturn and some of their moons. Before this, the gas giants’ enigmatic moons were known only as fuzzy points of light in Earth-based telescopes, and measurements of Jupiter’s magnetic field and intense radiation belts were crucial for designing the later Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973551\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 784px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973551\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"784\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg 784w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-768x588.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Pioneer 10 passing through the Jupiter system, the first spacecraft encounter with any planet beyond the orbit of Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/Rick Guidice)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to cross the asteroid belt, to enter the outer solar system, and to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/forty-years-ago-pioneer-10-closest-approach-to-jupiter\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fly past Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1973. Afterward, Pioneer 10 continued on a solar escape trajectory that will carry it eventually to interstellar space, probably within the next three decades. The last radio signal we received from Pioneer 10 came in 2003.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg 228w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a-160x159.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, captured by Pioneer 10. Before this image, pictures of outer solar system moons taken from Earth will little more than fuzzy dots. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 11 flew past Jupiter, and then on to become the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/40-years-ago-pioneer-11-first-to-explore-saturn\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first spacecraft to visit Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1979. The last radio signal received from Pioneer 11 came in 1995.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Next for the Frontier Five?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the youngster New Horizons may continue to actively explore objects and the environment of the Kuiper Belt for years to come, the ultimate fate of all five of our interstellar pioneers is to drift perpetually between the stars of the Milky Way, becoming galactic derelicts of human technology and space exploration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than four decades after launch, the Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, one of five spacecraft bound for interstellar space. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846689,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1383},"headData":{"title":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth | KQED","description":"More than four decades after launch, the Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, one of five spacecraft bound for interstellar space. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth","datePublished":"2021-04-02T22:08:26.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:31:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1973548/meet-the-interstellar-five-robotic-explorers-venturing-far-far-from-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More than four decades after launch, NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, cruising an eternal course through the stars of the Milky Way galaxy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And Voyager 1 i\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s not the only spacefaring vehicle to venture so far from home. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The probe belongs to a cadre of five interstellar-bound spacecraft, three of which are still communicating with Earth through NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/deep_space_network/about\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deep Space Network\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> radio dishes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What have these interstellar five been doing over their decades of exploration, and where are they now?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Horizons: Pluto or Bust\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The youngest of NASA’s interstellar vehicles, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/new-horizons/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, launched 15 years ago with a singular goal: to become the first spacecraft to reach Pluto, the last unexplored planet in the solar system. Only after launch, in 2006, did the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Astronomical Union\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> vote to demote Pluto to a “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dwarf planet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">”.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973552\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 790px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973552\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-768x582.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plutonium-powered New Horizons spacecraft during final assembly before its 2006 launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With a boost in speed generated by a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/primer/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gravitational slingshot maneuver\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Jupiter, New Horizons became the fastest interplanetary spacecraft up till that time, reaching a peak velocity of over 36,000 mph—a speed that would take you from the Earth to the moon in under seven hours.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since Pluto’s discovery in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, little was known of this small, distant world; the best pictures of the dwarf planet, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, had revealed little more than a blur of light and dark patches. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So on July 14, 2015, the world waited with great anticipation of seeing the first up-close images–and were rewarded handsomely for a decade of giddy patience. \u003c/span>After nine years in hibernation, New Horizons \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/five-years-after-new-horizons-historic-flyby-here-are-10-cool-things-we-learned-about-plut-0/\">whizzed past Pluto\u003c/a> at over 30,000 mph, passing within 4,800 miles of the dwarf planet’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/281378/new-horizons-spacecraft-turns-pluto-from-blurry-disk-into-highly-complex-world\">brought into sharp focus\u003c/a> for the first time, was revealed as a far more interesting world than anyone expected. With mountains of solid ice reaching two miles high, vast planes of frozen nitrogen-methane “slush” that appear to be flowing like glaciers, and a thin hazy atmosphere reaching heights of 80 miles above the surface, we are still gasping at Pluto’s beauty and uniqueness six years after the encounter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973555\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973555\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto. Image captured by New Horizons during its flyby on July 14, 2015. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following that flyby, New Horizons cruised onward into the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a wide swath of space beyond Neptune that contains multitudes of icy objects, mostly smaller than Pluto, circling the sun.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2019 New Horizons encountered one of these objects, later named \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/arrokoth-2014-mu69/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrokoth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is to date the most distant object visited by any spacecraft. Discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope in June 2014, Arrokoth was added to New Horizons’ post-Pluto itinerary as a target of opportunity. Scientists interested in how our solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago wanted an up-close look at this example of a primitive “building block” object, the likes of which are believed to have come together to form the planets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973559\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1143\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1020x1457.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-160x229.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-768x1097.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1075x1536.png 1075w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth.png 1302w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arrokoth, the Kuiper Belt Object that New Horizons flew by in 2019. This is an ancient object, formed in the earliest times of our solar system 4.5 billion years ago. Arrokoth is the most distant object ever visited by a spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons was bound for interstellar space since it launched, moving fast enough to escape the sun’s gravitational pull and coast forever outward into space, never to return home\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> Today, it is more than 4.6 billion miles away, forging ahead \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">through the vast region of the Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> toward its inevitable departure from the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voyagers 1 and 2: A Grand Tour\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The twin \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft launched from Earth in 1977 on a five-year mission to explore the two largest planets of the solar system, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/jupiter/#:~:text=NASA%20launched%20the%20two%20Voyager,approach%20was%20July%209%2C%201979.&text=They%20took%20more%20than%2033%2C000,and%20its%20five%20major%20satellites.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/saturn/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But as time went on, and the Voyagers continued in good health, NASA engineers became optimistic the spacecraft might operate for years beyond their expiration dates.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then a rare alignment of planets offered an opportunity to send at least one of the Voyagers on to the planet Uranus and perhaps Neptune as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"671\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-160x134.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-768x644.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path.jpg 805w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the “Grand Tour” of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After capturing astounding close-up images of Jupiter and Saturn plus a host of their remarkable moons, mission planners engineered an end game that still tops all record charts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn’s gravity flung Voyager 2 toward \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/uranus/#:~:text=NASA's%20Voyager%202%20spacecraft%20flew,24%2C%201986.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uranus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and the spacecraft arrived at the “ice giant” five years later, in 1986. Uranus, in turn, hurled Voyager 2 toward its final planet encounter, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/neptune/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neptune\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1989. To date, Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these worlds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1’s path through the Saturn system sent it by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/11/12/voyager-1-the-first-close-encounter-with-titan/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Titan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the ringed world’s largest moon. Titan’s size and thick atmosphere offered great scientific reward, trumping an alternative option to send the spacecraft to Pluto.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With most of their instruments still functioning after their final encounters, the Voyagers began new careers searching for the boundary of interstellar space, where the rarefied gases and magnetic fields flowing outward from the sun change like a shift in the wind to become the prevailing environment between stars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973556\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boundary between our solar system and interstellar space is formed where the “bubble” of our sun’s gases and magnetic fields encounters the gases spread through interstellar space. Called the heliosphere, the shape of this bubble is not symmetrical around the sun, extending farther in some directions than in others. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1 officially passed into interstellar space on Aug. 12, 2012. Voyager 2 made the crossing in 2018.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, Voyager 1 has traveled the greatest distance from home of any spacecraft, 152 astronomical units from Earth, or just over 14 billion miles—a distance that takes radio signals over 21 hours to cross.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both Voyagers are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">still reporting back to Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, more than four decades after their five-year missions began. Electrical power from their radioisotope thermoelectric generators has declined over the decades, and some of their instruments have been shut down to conserve what remains, but NASA estimates that Voyager 1 could remain functional until 2025.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pioneers 10 and 11: Gone But Not Forgotten\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the Voyagers’ epic tours came the first explorers of the outer solar system: \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer10-11.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneers 10 and\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 11\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Launched in 1972, scarcely a decade after the dawn of the space age, the Pioneers gave us our first up-close looks of Jupiter and Saturn and some of their moons. Before this, the gas giants’ enigmatic moons were known only as fuzzy points of light in Earth-based telescopes, and measurements of Jupiter’s magnetic field and intense radiation belts were crucial for designing the later Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973551\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 784px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973551\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"784\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg 784w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-768x588.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Pioneer 10 passing through the Jupiter system, the first spacecraft encounter with any planet beyond the orbit of Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/Rick Guidice)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to cross the asteroid belt, to enter the outer solar system, and to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/forty-years-ago-pioneer-10-closest-approach-to-jupiter\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fly past Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1973. Afterward, Pioneer 10 continued on a solar escape trajectory that will carry it eventually to interstellar space, probably within the next three decades. The last radio signal we received from Pioneer 10 came in 2003.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg 228w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a-160x159.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, captured by Pioneer 10. Before this image, pictures of outer solar system moons taken from Earth will little more than fuzzy dots. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 11 flew past Jupiter, and then on to become the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/40-years-ago-pioneer-11-first-to-explore-saturn\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first spacecraft to visit Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1979. The last radio signal received from Pioneer 11 came in 1995.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Next for the Frontier Five?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the youngster New Horizons may continue to actively explore objects and the environment of the Kuiper Belt for years to come, the ultimate fate of all five of our interstellar pioneers is to drift perpetually between the stars of the Milky Way, becoming galactic derelicts of human technology and space exploration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1973548/meet-the-interstellar-five-robotic-explorers-venturing-far-far-from-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_3419","science_5180","science_2173","science_2172","science_5191","science_501","science_1028"],"featImg":"science_1973550","label":"source_science_1973548"},"science_1933555":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933555","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933555","score":null,"sort":[1540832485000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-their-way-to-retirement-voyagers-1-and-now-2-explore-interstellar-space","title":"Voyager 2 Heads Beyond Our Solar System","publishDate":1540832485,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Voyager 2 Heads Beyond Our Solar System | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Get ready. The human race is about to go Interstellar! Again….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the heels of Voyager 1’s historic 2012 breakout from our solar system, its twin,\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-2/in-depth/\"> Voyager 2\u003c/a>, has begun to detect signs that it too may be on the verge of entering interstellar space and crossing over to the great galactic beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 has \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=110\">measured an uptick in detected cosmic rays\u003c/a> similar to what Voyager 1 reported in the months before it crossed the border six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://home.cern/about/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space\">Cosmic rays\u003c/a> are extremely energetic particles — mostly high-speed protons and atomic nuclei — that originate from powerful events, like supernovas, across the Milky Way galaxy. Within the confines of our sun’s extended magnetic field, cosmic rays are much less abundant than they are outside of its protection, and scientists reason that an increase in cosmic ray detections is an indicator that Voyager 2 may be approaching the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933559\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Voyager spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist conception of the Voyager spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Voyagers’ passage to interstellar space is more than merely a historic milestone in space exploration. It means that we have scientific instruments in situ to probe and analyze the environment beyond our sun’s influence — not unlike how we place weather stations on buoys far out in the deep ocean to explore the conditions far from land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where is Interstellar Space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly what marks the boundary line or “membrane” between our solar system and interstellar space hasn’t always had a clear definition. And, just as with any truly vast and nebulous thing, pinning down an exact point in space where the divide lies isn’t so clear-cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades ago, scientists talked about interstellar space as anywhere beyond the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/overview/\">Oort Cloud\u003c/a>, the vast and tenuous region of ice, dust and comets believed to envelop the sun and planets. Though there is scant physical evidence for the Oort Cloud’s existence, its outer boundary is believed to extend almost a light year into space. At its present speed, Voyager 2 would take over 15,000 years to reach that milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In more recent years, scientists have turned their attention to the “\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/heliosphere\">heliosphere\u003c/a>” as a more suitable signpost for interstellar space — something whose boundary is more measurable than the uncertain and distant extents of the Oort Cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heliosphere is a bubble-like region surrounding the sun where the environment is dominated by solar plasma particles and magnetic fields — the “\u003ca href=\"https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a>” that blows outward in all directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intervening zone where the solar wind slams into the gases and magnetism spread between stars of our galaxy is called the heliopause. It is this heliopause that scientists have defined as the boundary to \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/interstellar/en/\">interstellar space\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Does a Space Traveler Know When They Have Crossed Into Interstellar Space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If visualizing the passage from heliosphere via the heliopause to interstellar space is too enormous to get your head around (there’s no shame in this; it is quite big), try this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a sailor voyages out across the ocean, they may first travel through wind and water currents shaped by the land they departed. At some point as the land recedes and its geographical and meteorological influences ebb, and the ocean floor drops away to greater depths, the sailing environment changes. Wind and water currents of the deep ocean take over and begin to dominate. That’s when a sailor knows they have departed continental conditions and entered deep ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now put the sun in the role of the sailor’s home continent. The sun’s influence on the space surrounding it includes its gravitational pull, the electromagnetic radiation it shines, and the rarefied “solar wind” that consists mostly of electrically charged hydrogen and helium nuclei.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Voyager 1, the more distant of the Voyager pair, began to pass through the heliopause, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-278\">it was not immediately clear\u003c/a> to scientists when the final and official arrival at interstellar space occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the wind and water currents at the boundary of continental influence and deep ocean may have an interaction zone of “choppy” conditions, so does the heliosphere generate some “turbulence” when it slams into the interstellar gases. Voyager 1’s passage through the choppy heliopause was marked by several buffets before scientists finally declared clear interstellar sailing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Voyager 1 Passed Through the Heliopause, Was There a Popping Noise?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can imagine that Voyager 1 was tossed and slammed by blasts of turbulence as it crashed dramatically through the heliopause, or that some kind of solar “membrane” was penetrated, possibly to pop! But nothing so dramatic took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933563\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933563\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of Voyager's external instruments, including the twin "rabbit ears" antennas of the plasma wave detection system. \" width=\"640\" height=\"482\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager-520x392.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of Voyager’s external instruments, including the twin “rabbit ears” antennas of the plasma wave detection system. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, had there been a human astronaut on board looking out the window, they would never have noticed the passage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To detect the crossing, scientists had to look to the data collected by Voyager 1’s instruments. The most straightforward telltale of departure might have come from measurements of the temperature and density of plasma particles, registering a decrease in the hot but sparse ions of the solar wind and an increase of the cold but more abundant particles of interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, Voyager 1’s particle-detector instrument stopped working in the 1980s, shortly after its last planetary encounter, Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, scientists relied on measurements from Voyager’s \u003ca href=\"http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/voyager/home.html\">plasma wave instrument\u003c/a>, a pair of radio antennas that listen for oscillations in the surrounding plasma. The frequency of oscillations can be used to calculate the plasma’s density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was initially some back-and-forth fluctuation in the plasma wave readings as Voyager 1 passed through the choppy fringes of the heliopause, but ultimately the spacecraft emerged into an environment where surrounding plasma was 40 times denser than inside the heliosphere — very close to what models of the interstellar environment predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until late autumn in 2012 that Voyager scientists, looking back across several months of collected data, felt confident in pinpointing \u003ca href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/104717/its-official-voyager-1-is-now-in-interstellar-space/\">the moment that the human race went interstellar\u003c/a>, and though there was some debate over it, scientists eventually agreed the event occurred in August 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Voyager 2, NASA has been clear in stating that it’s not there yet. But the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7252\">rise in cosmic ray detections\u003c/a> by Voyager 2 may be the harbinger of its impending graduation to interstellar voyager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marathon Missions Winding Down?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyagers 1 and 2 launched in 1977 on an unparalleled mission to explore the gas giant planets of the outer solar system. Voyager 1 flew by Jupiter in 1979 and later Saturn in 1980 before cruising on toward its eventual and inevitable encounter with interstellar space in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933560\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933560\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-800x670.jpg\" alt=\"The paths followed by both Voyager spacecraft during their mission of exploring the outer solar system in the late 1970's and 1980s. \" width=\"800\" height=\"670\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-800x670.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-160x134.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-768x643.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-240x201.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-375x314.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-520x436.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories.jpg 856w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The paths followed by both Voyager spacecraft during their mission of exploring the outer solar system in the late 1970’s and 1980s. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 spent a bit more time exploring planets before hurtling onward. It trailed its twin by a few months with flybys of Jupiter and Saturn, and then pressed on to swing by Uranus (1986) and Neptune (1989), and is still the only spacecraft to have visited these twin “ice giant” worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this month, \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Voyager 2\u003c/a> is over 11 billion miles from Earth, and traveling away at about 35,000 miles per hour. Voyager 1 is a recording-breaking 13.4 billion miles away, over three times the distance to Pluto — a distance that takes light and radio waves almost 20 hours to traverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But diminishing power supplies on both spacecraft will force NASA to begin shutting them down in the near future. Wanting to collect as much scientific data as possible on the conditions of interstellar space, instruments will be shut down incrementally to conserve power for those that remain on duty. For Voyager 1 this will begin in 2020, with the final off-switch being flipped in 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, each spacecraft will coast onward through interstellar space, orbiting the Milky Way galaxy indefinitely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On the heels of Voyager 1's historic 2012 breakout into interstellar space its twin, Voyager 2, has begun to detect signs that it too may be on the verge.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927348,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1366},"headData":{"title":"Voyager 2 Heads Beyond Our Solar System | KQED","description":"On the heels of Voyager 1's historic 2012 breakout into interstellar space its twin, Voyager 2, has begun to detect signs that it too may be on the verge.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Voyager 2 Heads Beyond Our Solar System","datePublished":"2018-10-29T17:01:25.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:55:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1933555/on-their-way-to-retirement-voyagers-1-and-now-2-explore-interstellar-space","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Get ready. The human race is about to go Interstellar! Again….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the heels of Voyager 1’s historic 2012 breakout from our solar system, its twin,\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-2/in-depth/\"> Voyager 2\u003c/a>, has begun to detect signs that it too may be on the verge of entering interstellar space and crossing over to the great galactic beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 has \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=110\">measured an uptick in detected cosmic rays\u003c/a> similar to what Voyager 1 reported in the months before it crossed the border six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://home.cern/about/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space\">Cosmic rays\u003c/a> are extremely energetic particles — mostly high-speed protons and atomic nuclei — that originate from powerful events, like supernovas, across the Milky Way galaxy. Within the confines of our sun’s extended magnetic field, cosmic rays are much less abundant than they are outside of its protection, and scientists reason that an increase in cosmic ray detections is an indicator that Voyager 2 may be approaching the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933559\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Voyager spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-nasa-jpl-caltech-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist conception of the Voyager spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Voyagers’ passage to interstellar space is more than merely a historic milestone in space exploration. It means that we have scientific instruments in situ to probe and analyze the environment beyond our sun’s influence — not unlike how we place weather stations on buoys far out in the deep ocean to explore the conditions far from land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where is Interstellar Space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly what marks the boundary line or “membrane” between our solar system and interstellar space hasn’t always had a clear definition. And, just as with any truly vast and nebulous thing, pinning down an exact point in space where the divide lies isn’t so clear-cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades ago, scientists talked about interstellar space as anywhere beyond the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/overview/\">Oort Cloud\u003c/a>, the vast and tenuous region of ice, dust and comets believed to envelop the sun and planets. Though there is scant physical evidence for the Oort Cloud’s existence, its outer boundary is believed to extend almost a light year into space. At its present speed, Voyager 2 would take over 15,000 years to reach that milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In more recent years, scientists have turned their attention to the “\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/heliosphere\">heliosphere\u003c/a>” as a more suitable signpost for interstellar space — something whose boundary is more measurable than the uncertain and distant extents of the Oort Cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heliosphere is a bubble-like region surrounding the sun where the environment is dominated by solar plasma particles and magnetic fields — the “\u003ca href=\"https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a>” that blows outward in all directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intervening zone where the solar wind slams into the gases and magnetism spread between stars of our galaxy is called the heliopause. It is this heliopause that scientists have defined as the boundary to \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/interstellar/en/\">interstellar space\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Does a Space Traveler Know When They Have Crossed Into Interstellar Space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If visualizing the passage from heliosphere via the heliopause to interstellar space is too enormous to get your head around (there’s no shame in this; it is quite big), try this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a sailor voyages out across the ocean, they may first travel through wind and water currents shaped by the land they departed. At some point as the land recedes and its geographical and meteorological influences ebb, and the ocean floor drops away to greater depths, the sailing environment changes. Wind and water currents of the deep ocean take over and begin to dominate. That’s when a sailor knows they have departed continental conditions and entered deep ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now put the sun in the role of the sailor’s home continent. The sun’s influence on the space surrounding it includes its gravitational pull, the electromagnetic radiation it shines, and the rarefied “solar wind” that consists mostly of electrically charged hydrogen and helium nuclei.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Voyager 1, the more distant of the Voyager pair, began to pass through the heliopause, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-278\">it was not immediately clear\u003c/a> to scientists when the final and official arrival at interstellar space occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the wind and water currents at the boundary of continental influence and deep ocean may have an interaction zone of “choppy” conditions, so does the heliosphere generate some “turbulence” when it slams into the interstellar gases. Voyager 1’s passage through the choppy heliopause was marked by several buffets before scientists finally declared clear interstellar sailing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Voyager 1 Passed Through the Heliopause, Was There a Popping Noise?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can imagine that Voyager 1 was tossed and slammed by blasts of turbulence as it crashed dramatically through the heliopause, or that some kind of solar “membrane” was penetrated, possibly to pop! But nothing so dramatic took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933563\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933563\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of Voyager's external instruments, including the twin "rabbit ears" antennas of the plasma wave detection system. \" width=\"640\" height=\"482\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/instruments_3-voyager-520x392.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of Voyager’s external instruments, including the twin “rabbit ears” antennas of the plasma wave detection system. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, had there been a human astronaut on board looking out the window, they would never have noticed the passage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To detect the crossing, scientists had to look to the data collected by Voyager 1’s instruments. The most straightforward telltale of departure might have come from measurements of the temperature and density of plasma particles, registering a decrease in the hot but sparse ions of the solar wind and an increase of the cold but more abundant particles of interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, Voyager 1’s particle-detector instrument stopped working in the 1980s, shortly after its last planetary encounter, Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, scientists relied on measurements from Voyager’s \u003ca href=\"http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/voyager/home.html\">plasma wave instrument\u003c/a>, a pair of radio antennas that listen for oscillations in the surrounding plasma. The frequency of oscillations can be used to calculate the plasma’s density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was initially some back-and-forth fluctuation in the plasma wave readings as Voyager 1 passed through the choppy fringes of the heliopause, but ultimately the spacecraft emerged into an environment where surrounding plasma was 40 times denser than inside the heliosphere — very close to what models of the interstellar environment predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until late autumn in 2012 that Voyager scientists, looking back across several months of collected data, felt confident in pinpointing \u003ca href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/104717/its-official-voyager-1-is-now-in-interstellar-space/\">the moment that the human race went interstellar\u003c/a>, and though there was some debate over it, scientists eventually agreed the event occurred in August 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Voyager 2, NASA has been clear in stating that it’s not there yet. But the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7252\">rise in cosmic ray detections\u003c/a> by Voyager 2 may be the harbinger of its impending graduation to interstellar voyager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marathon Missions Winding Down?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyagers 1 and 2 launched in 1977 on an unparalleled mission to explore the gas giant planets of the outer solar system. Voyager 1 flew by Jupiter in 1979 and later Saturn in 1980 before cruising on toward its eventual and inevitable encounter with interstellar space in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933560\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933560\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-800x670.jpg\" alt=\"The paths followed by both Voyager spacecraft during their mission of exploring the outer solar system in the late 1970's and 1980s. \" width=\"800\" height=\"670\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-800x670.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-160x134.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-768x643.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-240x201.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-375x314.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories-520x436.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/voyager-trajectories.jpg 856w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The paths followed by both Voyager spacecraft during their mission of exploring the outer solar system in the late 1970’s and 1980s. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 spent a bit more time exploring planets before hurtling onward. It trailed its twin by a few months with flybys of Jupiter and Saturn, and then pressed on to swing by Uranus (1986) and Neptune (1989), and is still the only spacecraft to have visited these twin “ice giant” worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this month, \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Voyager 2\u003c/a> is over 11 billion miles from Earth, and traveling away at about 35,000 miles per hour. Voyager 1 is a recording-breaking 13.4 billion miles away, over three times the distance to Pluto — a distance that takes light and radio waves almost 20 hours to traverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But diminishing power supplies on both spacecraft will force NASA to begin shutting them down in the near future. Wanting to collect as much scientific data as possible on the conditions of interstellar space, instruments will be shut down incrementally to conserve power for those that remain on duty. For Voyager 1 this will begin in 2020, with the final off-switch being flipped in 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, each spacecraft will coast onward through interstellar space, orbiting the Milky Way galaxy indefinitely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933555/on-their-way-to-retirement-voyagers-1-and-now-2-explore-interstellar-space","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_3370","science_3419","science_5175","science_1028"],"featImg":"science_1933561","label":"source_science_1933555"},"science_1921776":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921776","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921776","score":null,"sort":[1522426201000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"voyager-is-13-billion-miles-away-and-needs-a-repair-heres-what-happened","title":"Voyager Is 13 Billion Miles Away and Needs a Repair: Here's What Happened","publishDate":1522426201,"format":"image","headTitle":"Voyager Is 13 Billion Miles Away and Needs a Repair: Here’s What Happened | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Trickling in through the giant radio dishes of NASA’s Deep Space Network, faint whispers from a distant robotic explorer deliver a message: \u003cem>I may not have much time left\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is Voyager 1, our most distant explorer, still functioning and communicating with NASA as it speeds ever farther into deep space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message is not a literal S.O.S. signal, but data from Voyager’s engine system alerting NASA engineers that a problem is on the horizon: Voyager may soon lose the ability to align its radio dish — its communication lifeline — with Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loss of contact with Voyager would spell the end of a more than 40-year career of discovery, an odyssey that began with the exploration of Jupiter and Saturn and continued in a long-distance quest to find the very edge of interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades ago the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/details.php?id=1215\">grand tour\u003c/a>” of Voyagers 1 and 2 brought us remarkable images and discoveries from Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and their moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921781\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921781\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-800x645.jpg\" alt='Image of Jupiter and its famous \"Great Red Spot,\" with the moon Europa set in the foreground. The dark circle in the upper right is the shadow of the moon Io. ' width=\"800\" height=\"645\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter and its famous “Great Red Spot,” with the moon Europa set in the foreground. The dark circle in the upper right is the shadow of the moon Io. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They revealed active volcanoes on Io, hinted at a huge liquid-water ocean under Europa’s ice crust, and piqued our curiosity for Saturn’s mysterious, cloud-shrouded Titan. They showed us stunning pictures of Jupiter’s cloud belts and huge storm systems, and opened our eyes to exquisite details of Saturn’s rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After traveling more than 13 billion miles, Voyager 1 has only recently crossed that threshold beyond the reach of our sun and entered interstellar space. With a vast, unexplored realm laid out ahead, an untimely end to Voyager’s mission now would be a tremendous loss. Scientists are hungry to learn more about what lies between the stars of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voyager 1’s Check Engine Light Came On\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was inevitable that at some point, Voyager 1’s ability to keep in touch would start to fade. Operating such a remote space observatory presents several technical challenges, not the least of which is maintaining radio communications over great distance. NASA does this by keeping Voyager’s main radio dish aligned with Earth and the giant radio dishes of \u003ca href=\"https://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Deep Space Network\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921782\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921782\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-800x642.jpg\" alt=\"Image of a technician working on Voyager's main radio dish--it's primary lifeline of communication with Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"642\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-800x642.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-1920x1540.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-1180x947.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-960x770.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-375x301.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-520x417.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of a technician working on Voyager’s main radio dish–it’s primary lifeline of communication with Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Left to its own inertia, the spacecraft would slowly rotate out of alignment, reacting to the subtle but persistent forces of things like pressure from sunlight and the solar wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, Voyager 1 has used a set of “attitude control thrusters” that fire in tiny bursts to subtly steer the spacecraft to maintain alignment. But over the last few years, NASA has noticed that these thrusters are degrading, producing less and less thrust and requiring longer bursts to do their job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How To Take A Spaceship to the Mechanic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t keep driving your car when the engine begins to sputter, if you plan to keep driving it. You take it to a mechanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since bringing Voyager in for a tune-up isn’t an option, NASA engineers had to imagine \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/voyager-1-fires-up-thrusters-after-37\">how to sustain Voyager’s mission health\u003c/a> using on-board resources. Remember that scene from Apollo 13 when the engineers had to figure out a way for the astronauts to fix the carbon dioxide removal system using plastic bags and duct tape?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QRFnvPDcBNlG0xphBEYERUyo6QimXwwe”]The workaround for Voyager 1 was to attempt to reenlist a different set of engines that had been shut down for 37 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are Voyager’s “trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters.” They hadn’t been tested since NASA engineers last used them to help Voyager 1 maneuver through the Saturn system to make close flybys of the planet and its large moon, Titan. Once the Saturn flyby was over, the TCM thrusters were no longer needed, and were shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On November 28, 2017, NASA sent the command to Voyager to test-fire the TCM thrusters. That radio signal travelled through space for 19.5 hours to reach Voyager (that’s now far away it is), while NASA engineers waited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, after another 19.5 hours of silence, \u003ca href=\"https://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Goldstone radio antenna\u003c/a> in the Mojave Desert received word from Voyager 1 that the thrusters had fired!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA now has a path forward to keep Voyager 1’s communication dish facing Earth for at least another two or three years, by switching to the TCM system once the current thrusters have gone off-line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Voyager Legacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched in 1977, Voyager 1’s primary mission was to make flybys of the Jupiter and Saturn systems before being flung by Saturn’s gravity onto a course that would take it out of the solar system, bound for interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Voyager 1 is \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/\">the most distant human-made object\u003c/a> from Earth, and has been since it overtook the venerable Pioneer 10 in 1998. As of March 2018, Voyager 1 is over 13 billion miles away—or 141 times farther from the sun than Earth is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-800x604.jpg\" alt=\"Map showing the trajectories of Voyagers 1 and 2 and their predecessors, Pioneers 10 and 11. All four spacecraft continued along these courses after completing their tours of the outer solar system, and are bound for interstellar space.\" width=\"800\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-800x604.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-520x393.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers.jpg 971w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map showing the trajectories of Voyagers 1 and 2 and their predecessors, Pioneers 10 and 11. All four spacecraft continued along these courses after completing their tours of the outer solar system, and are bound for interstellar space. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2, now over 10 billion miles out, followed a different path from its twin, cruising on to Uranus and then Neptune after visiting Jupiter and Saturn. Voyager 2 became the only spacecraft to visit all four gas giant planets, and the only one ever to visit Uranus or Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interstellar Envoys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After departing the realm of the gas giants, both Voyagers became de facto envoys to interstellar space, having achieved solar escape velocity during their planetary flybys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From that point on, the Voyagers’ mission switched from being planetary explorers to becoming remote outposts measuring properties of the space around them—the speed and direction of the solar wind and associated magnetic fields, the activity of electrically charged particles flying by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the Voyagers as extremely remote weather stations, reporting back the “space weather” conditions as they coast to ever greater distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, Voyager mission scientists studied the trickle of data beamed back from both spacecraft, waiting for the day when one or both might report a change in the particle or magnetic environment—a “shift in the wind” indicating a probe had entered interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2012, Voyager 1 \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQMsvQkISiE&feature=youtu.be\">officially crossed over\u003c/a>, detecting a large increase in charged particles coming from interstellar space—particles that are normally deflected by the solar wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference between interstellar space and the bubble of solar wind surrounding the sun is subtle, and you wouldn’t notice a change with any human senses. In fact, in either case, human senses would report only empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with its sensitive particle and magnetic field detectors, Voyager 1 is giving us our first taste of what lies between the stars. The longer it stays in communication with us, the deeper into the galaxy we will probe.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There's no one on board, and it takes nearly 20 hours to get a message to Voyager's engines. But without the repair, Voyager might stop sending us messages.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928057,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1244},"headData":{"title":"Voyager Is 13 Billion Miles Away and Needs a Repair: Here's What Happened | KQED","description":"There's no one on board, and it takes nearly 20 hours to get a message to Voyager's engines. But without the repair, Voyager might stop sending us messages.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Voyager Is 13 Billion Miles Away and Needs a Repair: Here's What Happened","datePublished":"2018-03-30T16:10:01.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:07:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"WpOldSlug":"voyager-is-10-billion-miles-away-and-needs-a-repair-heres-what-happened","path":"/science/1921776/voyager-is-13-billion-miles-away-and-needs-a-repair-heres-what-happened","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Trickling in through the giant radio dishes of NASA’s Deep Space Network, faint whispers from a distant robotic explorer deliver a message: \u003cem>I may not have much time left\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is Voyager 1, our most distant explorer, still functioning and communicating with NASA as it speeds ever farther into deep space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message is not a literal S.O.S. signal, but data from Voyager’s engine system alerting NASA engineers that a problem is on the horizon: Voyager may soon lose the ability to align its radio dish — its communication lifeline — with Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loss of contact with Voyager would spell the end of a more than 40-year career of discovery, an odyssey that began with the exploration of Jupiter and Saturn and continued in a long-distance quest to find the very edge of interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades ago the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/details.php?id=1215\">grand tour\u003c/a>” of Voyagers 1 and 2 brought us remarkable images and discoveries from Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and their moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921781\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921781\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-800x645.jpg\" alt='Image of Jupiter and its famous \"Great Red Spot,\" with the moon Europa set in the foreground. The dark circle in the upper right is the shadow of the moon Io. ' width=\"800\" height=\"645\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyager1-jupitereuropa-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter and its famous “Great Red Spot,” with the moon Europa set in the foreground. The dark circle in the upper right is the shadow of the moon Io. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They revealed active volcanoes on Io, hinted at a huge liquid-water ocean under Europa’s ice crust, and piqued our curiosity for Saturn’s mysterious, cloud-shrouded Titan. They showed us stunning pictures of Jupiter’s cloud belts and huge storm systems, and opened our eyes to exquisite details of Saturn’s rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After traveling more than 13 billion miles, Voyager 1 has only recently crossed that threshold beyond the reach of our sun and entered interstellar space. With a vast, unexplored realm laid out ahead, an untimely end to Voyager’s mission now would be a tremendous loss. Scientists are hungry to learn more about what lies between the stars of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voyager 1’s Check Engine Light Came On\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was inevitable that at some point, Voyager 1’s ability to keep in touch would start to fade. Operating such a remote space observatory presents several technical challenges, not the least of which is maintaining radio communications over great distance. NASA does this by keeping Voyager’s main radio dish aligned with Earth and the giant radio dishes of \u003ca href=\"https://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Deep Space Network\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921782\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921782\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-800x642.jpg\" alt=\"Image of a technician working on Voyager's main radio dish--it's primary lifeline of communication with Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"642\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-800x642.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-1920x1540.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-1180x947.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-960x770.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-375x301.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagerdish-520x417.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of a technician working on Voyager’s main radio dish–it’s primary lifeline of communication with Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Left to its own inertia, the spacecraft would slowly rotate out of alignment, reacting to the subtle but persistent forces of things like pressure from sunlight and the solar wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, Voyager 1 has used a set of “attitude control thrusters” that fire in tiny bursts to subtly steer the spacecraft to maintain alignment. But over the last few years, NASA has noticed that these thrusters are degrading, producing less and less thrust and requiring longer bursts to do their job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How To Take A Spaceship to the Mechanic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t keep driving your car when the engine begins to sputter, if you plan to keep driving it. You take it to a mechanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since bringing Voyager in for a tune-up isn’t an option, NASA engineers had to imagine \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/voyager-1-fires-up-thrusters-after-37\">how to sustain Voyager’s mission health\u003c/a> using on-board resources. Remember that scene from Apollo 13 when the engineers had to figure out a way for the astronauts to fix the carbon dioxide removal system using plastic bags and duct tape?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The workaround for Voyager 1 was to attempt to reenlist a different set of engines that had been shut down for 37 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are Voyager’s “trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters.” They hadn’t been tested since NASA engineers last used them to help Voyager 1 maneuver through the Saturn system to make close flybys of the planet and its large moon, Titan. Once the Saturn flyby was over, the TCM thrusters were no longer needed, and were shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On November 28, 2017, NASA sent the command to Voyager to test-fire the TCM thrusters. That radio signal travelled through space for 19.5 hours to reach Voyager (that’s now far away it is), while NASA engineers waited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, after another 19.5 hours of silence, \u003ca href=\"https://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Goldstone radio antenna\u003c/a> in the Mojave Desert received word from Voyager 1 that the thrusters had fired!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA now has a path forward to keep Voyager 1’s communication dish facing Earth for at least another two or three years, by switching to the TCM system once the current thrusters have gone off-line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Voyager Legacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched in 1977, Voyager 1’s primary mission was to make flybys of the Jupiter and Saturn systems before being flung by Saturn’s gravity onto a course that would take it out of the solar system, bound for interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Voyager 1 is \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/\">the most distant human-made object\u003c/a> from Earth, and has been since it overtook the venerable Pioneer 10 in 1998. As of March 2018, Voyager 1 is over 13 billion miles away—or 141 times farther from the sun than Earth is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-800x604.jpg\" alt=\"Map showing the trajectories of Voyagers 1 and 2 and their predecessors, Pioneers 10 and 11. All four spacecraft continued along these courses after completing their tours of the outer solar system, and are bound for interstellar space.\" width=\"800\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-800x604.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers-520x393.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/voyagersandpioneers.jpg 971w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map showing the trajectories of Voyagers 1 and 2 and their predecessors, Pioneers 10 and 11. All four spacecraft continued along these courses after completing their tours of the outer solar system, and are bound for interstellar space. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2, now over 10 billion miles out, followed a different path from its twin, cruising on to Uranus and then Neptune after visiting Jupiter and Saturn. Voyager 2 became the only spacecraft to visit all four gas giant planets, and the only one ever to visit Uranus or Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interstellar Envoys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After departing the realm of the gas giants, both Voyagers became de facto envoys to interstellar space, having achieved solar escape velocity during their planetary flybys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From that point on, the Voyagers’ mission switched from being planetary explorers to becoming remote outposts measuring properties of the space around them—the speed and direction of the solar wind and associated magnetic fields, the activity of electrically charged particles flying by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the Voyagers as extremely remote weather stations, reporting back the “space weather” conditions as they coast to ever greater distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, Voyager mission scientists studied the trickle of data beamed back from both spacecraft, waiting for the day when one or both might report a change in the particle or magnetic environment—a “shift in the wind” indicating a probe had entered interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2012, Voyager 1 \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQMsvQkISiE&feature=youtu.be\">officially crossed over\u003c/a>, detecting a large increase in charged particles coming from interstellar space—particles that are normally deflected by the solar wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference between interstellar space and the bubble of solar wind surrounding the sun is subtle, and you wouldn’t notice a change with any human senses. In fact, in either case, human senses would report only empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with its sensitive particle and magnetic field detectors, Voyager 1 is giving us our first taste of what lies between the stars. The longer it stays in communication with us, the deeper into the galaxy we will probe.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921776/voyager-is-13-billion-miles-away-and-needs-a-repair-heres-what-happened","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_3370","science_3419","science_5175","science_1028"],"featImg":"science_1921779","label":"source_science_1921776"},"science_1915001":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1915001","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1915001","score":null,"sort":[1504017015000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"40-years-with-the-voyager-spacecraft-earths-most-distant-explorers-are-still-calling-home","title":"40 Years With the Voyager Spacecraft: Earth’s Most Distant Explorers Are Still Calling Home","publishDate":1504017015,"format":"audio","headTitle":"40 Years With the Voyager Spacecraft: Earth’s Most Distant Explorers Are Still Calling Home | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>When NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Voyager 1 and 2\u003c/a> spacecraft left Earth in 1977, they had a mission that was possible only at that very moment in human history. The spacecraft were headed toward two of the outer planets of our solar system, and would use the gravity of one planet to swing themselves toward the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/timeline/#event-a-once-in-a-lifetime-alignment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">alignment\u003c/a> of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune that make this gravity swing dance possible. This alignment happens only once every 176 years, and it happened just at the time when human space technology was ready to meet the challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘None of us knew how long they would last. At the time the space age was only 20 years old.’\u003ccite>Ed Stone, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=49\">Voyager mission,\u003c/a> the numbers themselves are cosmic. Voyager 1 is 13 billion miles away from Earth, and counting. Voyager 1 and 2 discovered “The Great Dark Spot” on Neptune and the first active volcanoes on another planet — on Jupiter’s moon, Io. In 2012, Voyager 1 passed across the far end of our solar system to give humanity its first taste of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-278\">interstellar space\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These were not among the outcomes Ed Stone could have imagined when he and his colleagues at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory prepped the two Voyagers for launch in 1977. Their mission was a four-year sortie to Jupiter and Saturn — which at the time seemed plenty ambitious. The moon landing was still a fresh memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now in his 80s, Professor Stone, a physicist and National Medal of Science recipient, \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=34\">continues to serve as chief scientist\u003c/a> for the program he helped launch. He is also a full-time professor and researcher at Caltech. He spoke with KQED News host Devin Katayama on the occasion of \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=51\">Voyager’s 40th anniversary\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: Professor Stone, you were in your early forties when Voyager 1 and 2 launched into space. What was the original goal of that mission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yXuyMK6hQ5u1hDrzZYCw6oNaNoQkfCrz”]Stone: The original goal was a four-year mission to Jupiter and Saturn and Titan, a moon of Saturn. And we had two spacecraft to give us a higher probability of having at least one making it on that four-year journey to Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: So did you ever think the Voyager spacecrafts would last this long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: None of us knew how long they would last. At the time the space age was only 20 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: So, 40 years later, what are some of the most important planetary discoveries to date, thanks to the Voyager mission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: Well, we discovered that nature is much more diverse than we could have imagined. For instance, before Voyager, the only known active volcanoes were here on Earth. And then we found a moon of Jupiter called Io, about the size of our moon, which has ten times more volcanic activity than Earth. So time after time, we’ve discovered that our ‘terracentric’ view of planets and magnetic fields and moons and rings was much too limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: People working in the field might not be surprised to discover how expansive space could be, but has it changed our understanding of the universe?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We now understand that when bodies form, there are processes by which they can maintain a very active geological life, just as the Earth does. And the way that happens depends on the exact circumstances. So each moon seems to be quite distinct in character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: NASA put a message on Voyager for other civilizations in outer space that might one day find it — \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\">The Golden Record\u003c/a>. What was the thinking behind that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: It was a form of outreach. It was a declaration that we as a society here on Earth could actually send such a message, which would leave the sun, the solar system, and orbit the center of the Milky Way galaxy for billions of years, long after Earth itself may have ceased to exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-800x1005.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1005\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-800x1005.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-160x201.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-768x964.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-1020x1281.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-1180x1482.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-960x1205.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-240x301.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-375x471.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-520x653.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k.jpg 1631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Golden Record is carried on board the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: Can you share with us what that message was?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: There were several messages: \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/greetings/\">greetings from different languages \u003c/a>on Earth, messages from different cultures, \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/images/\">images \u003c/a>of various aspects of Earth. The whole idea was to make this a time capsule, or what I call a calling card: the ambassadors Earth has sent to the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: I’m curious whether you had any say in what that messaging was.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: The messaging was really determined by Carl Sagan and a small group that he put together. They did this basically over a 6-month period before launch, and it was done independently of what we were all doing, getting ready for launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: I’m curious whether there are any questions you were hoping would be answered by Voyager that have not been answered.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: I think what Voyager has done is inform us well enough to know what interesting questions to ask now. For instance, before Voyager, the only known liquid water was here on Earth, in the ocean. Then we flew by Europa, another moon of Jupiter, which has an icy crust on it which is cracked — very much like ice on an ocean. In fact, that’s what a subsequent mission, Galileo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA00578\">has shown\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-800x634.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"634\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-800x634.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-768x609.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1020x808.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1920x1521.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1180x935.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-960x761.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-240x190.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-375x297.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-520x412.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Katayama: The Voyager spacecraft are steadily losing power, and I saw a prediction that NASA will have to turn off all the equipment by 2030. What do you think should come next in terms of probing interstellar space? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: The next step is exploring the heliosphere itself, which is the huge bubble that Voyager left in August 2012. That is going to be done by a mission here on Earth which looks at neutral atoms coming from the outer edges of the heliosphere and from the interstellar medium beyond. That mission is now being launched in 2024. It would be the next stage in understanding the heliospheric bubble that protects all the planets in the solar system, and its interaction with the winds of the other stars as it occurs in interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What are the biggest questions about the heliosphere that we need to understand?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We need to understand the size of \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=14\">the heliosphere,\u003c/a> because it breathes in and out with the 11-year solar cycle. But it will also change size as the material outside in interstellar space changes over a much longer time scale. So it’s understanding how\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=32\"> our solar bubble,\u003c/a> which envelops the Earth, interacts and changes as what’s in interstellar space also changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What does communication between us here on Earth and the Voyager spacecraft look like?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We listen 24 hours a day; the spacecraft each have a 21-watt transmitter. We get a very slow data rate — it’s 160 bits per second, which is the best we can get from 13 billion miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What’s it been like having a hand in such an important mission, and having spent most of your career with Voyager?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: It’s been a remarkable journey. Science is about learning about nature — why it’s there, why it is the way it is. And Voyager has been an overwhelming success in terms of scientific endeavor. But even more than that, the thing that’s wonderful about Voyager is it’s remarkably inspiring to many people, and that’s of great value as well. It turned out to be a very effective way of involving the greater public in the journey, which is a scientific journey of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Want more Voyager action? Check out ‘The Farthest,’ a new full-length film from PBS. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/the-farthest/home/\">live-stream it here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Billions of years from now, when Earth is gone, Voyager 1 and 2 will still be drifting through space bearing witness to human civilization. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928407,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1323},"headData":{"title":"40 Years With the Voyager Spacecraft: Earth’s Most Distant Explorers Are Still Calling Home | KQED","description":"Billions of years from now, when Earth is gone, Voyager 1 and 2 will still be drifting through space bearing witness to human civilization. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"40 Years With the Voyager Spacecraft: Earth’s Most Distant Explorers Are Still Calling Home","datePublished":"2017-08-29T14:30:15.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:13:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/001292f6.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1915001/40-years-with-the-voyager-spacecraft-earths-most-distant-explorers-are-still-calling-home","audioDuration":244000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Voyager 1 and 2\u003c/a> spacecraft left Earth in 1977, they had a mission that was possible only at that very moment in human history. The spacecraft were headed toward two of the outer planets of our solar system, and would use the gravity of one planet to swing themselves toward the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/timeline/#event-a-once-in-a-lifetime-alignment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">alignment\u003c/a> of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune that make this gravity swing dance possible. This alignment happens only once every 176 years, and it happened just at the time when human space technology was ready to meet the challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘None of us knew how long they would last. At the time the space age was only 20 years old.’\u003ccite>Ed Stone, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=49\">Voyager mission,\u003c/a> the numbers themselves are cosmic. Voyager 1 is 13 billion miles away from Earth, and counting. Voyager 1 and 2 discovered “The Great Dark Spot” on Neptune and the first active volcanoes on another planet — on Jupiter’s moon, Io. In 2012, Voyager 1 passed across the far end of our solar system to give humanity its first taste of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-278\">interstellar space\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These were not among the outcomes Ed Stone could have imagined when he and his colleagues at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory prepped the two Voyagers for launch in 1977. Their mission was a four-year sortie to Jupiter and Saturn — which at the time seemed plenty ambitious. The moon landing was still a fresh memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now in his 80s, Professor Stone, a physicist and National Medal of Science recipient, \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=34\">continues to serve as chief scientist\u003c/a> for the program he helped launch. He is also a full-time professor and researcher at Caltech. He spoke with KQED News host Devin Katayama on the occasion of \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=51\">Voyager’s 40th anniversary\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: Professor Stone, you were in your early forties when Voyager 1 and 2 launched into space. What was the original goal of that mission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Stone: The original goal was a four-year mission to Jupiter and Saturn and Titan, a moon of Saturn. And we had two spacecraft to give us a higher probability of having at least one making it on that four-year journey to Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: So did you ever think the Voyager spacecrafts would last this long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: None of us knew how long they would last. At the time the space age was only 20 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: So, 40 years later, what are some of the most important planetary discoveries to date, thanks to the Voyager mission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: Well, we discovered that nature is much more diverse than we could have imagined. For instance, before Voyager, the only known active volcanoes were here on Earth. And then we found a moon of Jupiter called Io, about the size of our moon, which has ten times more volcanic activity than Earth. So time after time, we’ve discovered that our ‘terracentric’ view of planets and magnetic fields and moons and rings was much too limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: People working in the field might not be surprised to discover how expansive space could be, but has it changed our understanding of the universe?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We now understand that when bodies form, there are processes by which they can maintain a very active geological life, just as the Earth does. And the way that happens depends on the exact circumstances. So each moon seems to be quite distinct in character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: NASA put a message on Voyager for other civilizations in outer space that might one day find it — \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\">The Golden Record\u003c/a>. What was the thinking behind that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: It was a form of outreach. It was a declaration that we as a society here on Earth could actually send such a message, which would leave the sun, the solar system, and orbit the center of the Milky Way galaxy for billions of years, long after Earth itself may have ceased to exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-800x1005.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1005\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-800x1005.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-160x201.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-768x964.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-1020x1281.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-1180x1482.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-960x1205.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-240x301.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-375x471.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-520x653.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k.jpg 1631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Golden Record is carried on board the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: Can you share with us what that message was?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: There were several messages: \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/greetings/\">greetings from different languages \u003c/a>on Earth, messages from different cultures, \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/images/\">images \u003c/a>of various aspects of Earth. The whole idea was to make this a time capsule, or what I call a calling card: the ambassadors Earth has sent to the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: I’m curious whether you had any say in what that messaging was.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: The messaging was really determined by Carl Sagan and a small group that he put together. They did this basically over a 6-month period before launch, and it was done independently of what we were all doing, getting ready for launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: I’m curious whether there are any questions you were hoping would be answered by Voyager that have not been answered.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: I think what Voyager has done is inform us well enough to know what interesting questions to ask now. For instance, before Voyager, the only known liquid water was here on Earth, in the ocean. Then we flew by Europa, another moon of Jupiter, which has an icy crust on it which is cracked — very much like ice on an ocean. In fact, that’s what a subsequent mission, Galileo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA00578\">has shown\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-800x634.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"634\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-800x634.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-768x609.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1020x808.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1920x1521.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1180x935.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-960x761.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-240x190.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-375x297.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-520x412.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Katayama: The Voyager spacecraft are steadily losing power, and I saw a prediction that NASA will have to turn off all the equipment by 2030. What do you think should come next in terms of probing interstellar space? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: The next step is exploring the heliosphere itself, which is the huge bubble that Voyager left in August 2012. That is going to be done by a mission here on Earth which looks at neutral atoms coming from the outer edges of the heliosphere and from the interstellar medium beyond. That mission is now being launched in 2024. It would be the next stage in understanding the heliospheric bubble that protects all the planets in the solar system, and its interaction with the winds of the other stars as it occurs in interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What are the biggest questions about the heliosphere that we need to understand?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We need to understand the size of \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=14\">the heliosphere,\u003c/a> because it breathes in and out with the 11-year solar cycle. But it will also change size as the material outside in interstellar space changes over a much longer time scale. So it’s understanding how\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=32\"> our solar bubble,\u003c/a> which envelops the Earth, interacts and changes as what’s in interstellar space also changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What does communication between us here on Earth and the Voyager spacecraft look like?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We listen 24 hours a day; the spacecraft each have a 21-watt transmitter. We get a very slow data rate — it’s 160 bits per second, which is the best we can get from 13 billion miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What’s it been like having a hand in such an important mission, and having spent most of your career with Voyager?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: It’s been a remarkable journey. Science is about learning about nature — why it’s there, why it is the way it is. And Voyager has been an overwhelming success in terms of scientific endeavor. But even more than that, the thing that’s wonderful about Voyager is it’s remarkably inspiring to many people, and that’s of great value as well. It turned out to be a very effective way of involving the greater public in the journey, which is a scientific journey of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Want more Voyager action? Check out ‘The Farthest,’ a new full-length film from PBS. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/the-farthest/home/\">live-stream it here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1915001/40-years-with-the-voyager-spacecraft-earths-most-distant-explorers-are-still-calling-home","authors":["8664"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_3423"],"tags":["science_3370","science_3419","science_5188","science_5175","science_1028"],"featImg":"science_1915018","label":"science"},"science_1914502":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1914502","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1914502","score":null,"sort":[1503075691000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-40-year-voyage-continues","title":"NASA's 40-year Voyage Continues","publishDate":1503075691,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s 40-year Voyage Continues | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Four decades ago, NASA launched two robotic spacecraft, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>, on a mission to cruise by the giant planets of the outer solar system on sweeping trajectories that would ultimately carry them far beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, both spacecraft are still functioning, sending back data from the cold, dark reaches of the frontier of interstellar space. Voyager 2 is over 10.6 billion miles from the sun, 115 times farther than Earth. Voyager 1 is almost 13 billion miles out—a distance that takes radio signals, traveling at the speed of light, over 19 hours to traverse!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914508\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914508\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories. Voyager 1 visited Jupiter and Saturn, and then veered northward off of the plane of our solar system. Voyager 2 visited all four giant planets of the outer solar system before departing southward toward interstellar space. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories. Voyager 1 visited Jupiter and Saturn, and then veered northward off of the plane of our solar system. Voyager 2 visited all four giant planets of the outer solar system before departing southward toward interstellar space. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voyager Mission Recap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter11.html\">The Voyagers\u003c/a> were launched in 1977—Voyager 1 on September 5 and Voyager 2 on August 20, so their 40th anniversaries in space are close at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1’s objective was to explore \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/mission/science/jupiter/\">Jupiter \u003c/a>and Saturn, and gave us our first detailed images of Jupiter’s four large Galilean moons. It also made a close flyby of Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/11/12/voyager-1-the-first-close-encounter-with-titan/\">Titan\u003c/a>, giving us our first look at the moon’s cold, thick, hydrocarbon-smog-laced atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-800x636.jpg\" alt=\"A montage of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons captured by Voyager 1 in 1979. \" width=\"800\" height=\"636\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1020x811.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1920x1526.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1180x938.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-960x763.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-240x191.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-520x413.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A montage of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons captured by Voyager 1 in 1979. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 also passed by Jupiter and Saturn, before cruising onward to the cold and mysterious “ice giant” worlds Uranus and Neptune—which still have not been visited by any other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pushing the Frontiers of Space\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon completion of their primary missions, both Voyagers coasted onward to ever greater distances, having achieved escape velocity from the sun’s gravitation. And though they spent their earliest years of exploration traveling within the orbital plane of the solar system’s planets, the Voyagers’ final planetary encounters flung them in different directions. Voyager 1 is heading northward away from the plane of the solar system while Voyager 2 is going south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914516\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the heliosphere--the region around our solar system under the influence by the solar wind--and its interaction with the environment of interstellar space. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech.jpg 1820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the heliosphere–the region around our solar system under the influence by the solar wind–and its interaction with the environment of interstellar space. \u003ccite>(NASA./JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since leaving the realm of planets, the Voyagers have been monitoring the physical conditions within the \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/heliosphere\">\u003cem>heliosphere\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the extended “bubble” of gas, plasma, and magnetic fields emanating from the sun and blowing outward into space, called the solar wind. The goal of this extended phase of the Voyagers’ mission was to find the boundary between the solar wind’s influence and the environment of interstellar space: the \u003cem>heliopause\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Earth, we cannot detect that boundary—much in the way that you cannot “see” the boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space by standing on the ground and looking up. To find where space beings, you must send up a rocket to measure the pressure and temperature of the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1’s measurements of the solar wind tell us that in August 2012, it did in fact cross the heliopause and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2013/09/voyager-left-solar-system/\">enter the frontier of interstellar space\u003c/a>, becoming the first human artifact to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 has not yet crossed the heliopause in the direction it is traveling, but when it does, researchers will receive data from two different points in the interstellar realm, which will offer a more detailed picture of the nature of space beyond the influence of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Built to Survive the Unknown\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How have these robotic explorers lasted so long? What machinery in your experience can last forty years with no maintenance, refueling, or recharging?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Voyagers had to last at least through their primary missions, which in Voyager 2’s case included encounters with four giant planets over a 10-year period. Engineers had to anticipate the harsh conditions their robots might encounter, and plan accordingly—even though the actual conditions around the target planets and in the vast stretches of space between them were largely unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x813.jpg\" alt=\"A Voyager spacecraft during tests in 1976. \" width=\"800\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x813.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x163.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x781.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x1037.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1920x1952.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1180x1200.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-960x976.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-240x244.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-375x381.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-520x529.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Voyager spacecraft during tests in 1976. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/mission/spacecraft/instruments/\">Voyagers’ sensitive equipment\u003c/a> and computer systems are heavily shielded against micrometeorite impacts and high-energy radiation. Critical systems were given multiple redundant backups, so that if a piece of equipment fails a backup duplicate will kick in to replace it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for their power supplies, the Voyagers are each equipped with three \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/rps/rtg.cfm\">radioisotope thermoelectric generators\u003c/a>, which generate electricity from heat produced by the decay of Plutonium-238. At the time of launch each trio of generators produced 470 Watts, though the output has declined steadily as the Plutonium decays. It is expected that by sometime between 2025 and 2030, power will have fallen below the level needed to run any of the Voyagers’ instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Messengers for ET? Good idea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another ride-a-long feature on each Voyager is the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/golden-record/\">Golden Record\u003c/a>,” a gold-plated analog phonograph record carrying information about our world and species in a set of selected sounds and images. The records are intended as combination time capsules and greeting cards, in the event that either spacecraft is recovered by an intelligent alien civilization who can follow the graphical instructions inscribed on the record covers and extract the information on the disks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-800x1004.jpg\" alt=\"The cover of the Voyagers' "Golden Record" archive of Earth sounds and images, carried on each spacecraft as a greeting to possible alien civilizations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1004\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-800x1004.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-160x201.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-768x964.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1020x1280.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1920x2410.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1180x1481.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-960x1205.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-240x301.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-375x471.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-520x653.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cover of the Voyagers’ “Golden Record” archive of Earth sounds and images, carried on each spacecraft as a greeting to possible alien civilizations. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are some who feel it may not be a good idea to randomly fling information of our existence and location into space for any would-be aliens to find–for how could we possibly know what those aliens are like, and what they would do with the information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the chances of recovery of the tiny, soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft in the vast expanse of interstellar space is exceedingly small, and neither are heading toward any star systems in the near or extended future. Voyager 1 is presently heading in the general direction of a star called Gliese 445, which it will pass within 1.6 light years of in about 40,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Voyagers 1 and 2 should continue to transmit home their measurements from the interstellar frontier, so may yet teach us a thing or two about our place in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Four decades ago, NASA launched two robotic spacecraft, Voyagers 1 and 2, on a mission to cruise by the giant planets of the outer solar system on sweeping trajectories that would ultimately carry them far beyond. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928425,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1086},"headData":{"title":"NASA's 40-year Voyage Continues | KQED","description":"Four decades ago, NASA launched two robotic spacecraft, Voyagers 1 and 2, on a mission to cruise by the giant planets of the outer solar system on sweeping trajectories that would ultimately carry them far beyond. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's 40-year Voyage Continues","datePublished":"2017-08-18T17:01:31.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:13:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1914502/nasas-40-year-voyage-continues","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Four decades ago, NASA launched two robotic spacecraft, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>, on a mission to cruise by the giant planets of the outer solar system on sweeping trajectories that would ultimately carry them far beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, both spacecraft are still functioning, sending back data from the cold, dark reaches of the frontier of interstellar space. Voyager 2 is over 10.6 billion miles from the sun, 115 times farther than Earth. Voyager 1 is almost 13 billion miles out—a distance that takes radio signals, traveling at the speed of light, over 19 hours to traverse!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914508\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914508\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories. Voyager 1 visited Jupiter and Saturn, and then veered northward off of the plane of our solar system. Voyager 2 visited all four giant planets of the outer solar system before departing southward toward interstellar space. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories. Voyager 1 visited Jupiter and Saturn, and then veered northward off of the plane of our solar system. Voyager 2 visited all four giant planets of the outer solar system before departing southward toward interstellar space. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voyager Mission Recap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter11.html\">The Voyagers\u003c/a> were launched in 1977—Voyager 1 on September 5 and Voyager 2 on August 20, so their 40th anniversaries in space are close at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1’s objective was to explore \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/mission/science/jupiter/\">Jupiter \u003c/a>and Saturn, and gave us our first detailed images of Jupiter’s four large Galilean moons. It also made a close flyby of Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/11/12/voyager-1-the-first-close-encounter-with-titan/\">Titan\u003c/a>, giving us our first look at the moon’s cold, thick, hydrocarbon-smog-laced atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-800x636.jpg\" alt=\"A montage of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons captured by Voyager 1 in 1979. \" width=\"800\" height=\"636\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1020x811.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1920x1526.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1180x938.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-960x763.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-240x191.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-520x413.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A montage of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons captured by Voyager 1 in 1979. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 also passed by Jupiter and Saturn, before cruising onward to the cold and mysterious “ice giant” worlds Uranus and Neptune—which still have not been visited by any other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pushing the Frontiers of Space\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon completion of their primary missions, both Voyagers coasted onward to ever greater distances, having achieved escape velocity from the sun’s gravitation. And though they spent their earliest years of exploration traveling within the orbital plane of the solar system’s planets, the Voyagers’ final planetary encounters flung them in different directions. Voyager 1 is heading northward away from the plane of the solar system while Voyager 2 is going south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914516\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the heliosphere--the region around our solar system under the influence by the solar wind--and its interaction with the environment of interstellar space. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech.jpg 1820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the heliosphere–the region around our solar system under the influence by the solar wind–and its interaction with the environment of interstellar space. \u003ccite>(NASA./JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since leaving the realm of planets, the Voyagers have been monitoring the physical conditions within the \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/heliosphere\">\u003cem>heliosphere\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the extended “bubble” of gas, plasma, and magnetic fields emanating from the sun and blowing outward into space, called the solar wind. The goal of this extended phase of the Voyagers’ mission was to find the boundary between the solar wind’s influence and the environment of interstellar space: the \u003cem>heliopause\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Earth, we cannot detect that boundary—much in the way that you cannot “see” the boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space by standing on the ground and looking up. To find where space beings, you must send up a rocket to measure the pressure and temperature of the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1’s measurements of the solar wind tell us that in August 2012, it did in fact cross the heliopause and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2013/09/voyager-left-solar-system/\">enter the frontier of interstellar space\u003c/a>, becoming the first human artifact to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 has not yet crossed the heliopause in the direction it is traveling, but when it does, researchers will receive data from two different points in the interstellar realm, which will offer a more detailed picture of the nature of space beyond the influence of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Built to Survive the Unknown\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How have these robotic explorers lasted so long? What machinery in your experience can last forty years with no maintenance, refueling, or recharging?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Voyagers had to last at least through their primary missions, which in Voyager 2’s case included encounters with four giant planets over a 10-year period. Engineers had to anticipate the harsh conditions their robots might encounter, and plan accordingly—even though the actual conditions around the target planets and in the vast stretches of space between them were largely unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x813.jpg\" alt=\"A Voyager spacecraft during tests in 1976. \" width=\"800\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x813.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x163.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x781.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x1037.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1920x1952.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1180x1200.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-960x976.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-240x244.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-375x381.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-520x529.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Voyager spacecraft during tests in 1976. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/mission/spacecraft/instruments/\">Voyagers’ sensitive equipment\u003c/a> and computer systems are heavily shielded against micrometeorite impacts and high-energy radiation. Critical systems were given multiple redundant backups, so that if a piece of equipment fails a backup duplicate will kick in to replace it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for their power supplies, the Voyagers are each equipped with three \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/rps/rtg.cfm\">radioisotope thermoelectric generators\u003c/a>, which generate electricity from heat produced by the decay of Plutonium-238. At the time of launch each trio of generators produced 470 Watts, though the output has declined steadily as the Plutonium decays. It is expected that by sometime between 2025 and 2030, power will have fallen below the level needed to run any of the Voyagers’ instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Messengers for ET? Good idea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another ride-a-long feature on each Voyager is the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/golden-record/\">Golden Record\u003c/a>,” a gold-plated analog phonograph record carrying information about our world and species in a set of selected sounds and images. The records are intended as combination time capsules and greeting cards, in the event that either spacecraft is recovered by an intelligent alien civilization who can follow the graphical instructions inscribed on the record covers and extract the information on the disks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-800x1004.jpg\" alt=\"The cover of the Voyagers' "Golden Record" archive of Earth sounds and images, carried on each spacecraft as a greeting to possible alien civilizations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1004\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-800x1004.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-160x201.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-768x964.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1020x1280.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1920x2410.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1180x1481.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-960x1205.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-240x301.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-375x471.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-520x653.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cover of the Voyagers’ “Golden Record” archive of Earth sounds and images, carried on each spacecraft as a greeting to possible alien civilizations. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are some who feel it may not be a good idea to randomly fling information of our existence and location into space for any would-be aliens to find–for how could we possibly know what those aliens are like, and what they would do with the information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the chances of recovery of the tiny, soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft in the vast expanse of interstellar space is exceedingly small, and neither are heading toward any star systems in the near or extended future. Voyager 1 is presently heading in the general direction of a star called Gliese 445, which it will pass within 1.6 light years of in about 40,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Voyagers 1 and 2 should continue to transmit home their measurements from the interstellar frontier, so may yet teach us a thing or two about our place in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1914502/nasas-40-year-voyage-continues","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_5180","science_5175","science_501","science_502","science_1028"],"featImg":"science_1914507","label":"science"},"science_12415":{"type":"posts","id":"science_12415","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"12415","score":null,"sort":[1388160041000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"space-2013-another-great-year-of-cosmic-adventure","title":"Space 2013: Another Great Year of Cosmic Adventure","publishDate":1388160041,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Space 2013: Another Great Year of Cosmic Adventure | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12417\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/voyager-1-in-interstellar-space.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12417\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12417\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/voyager-1-in-interstellar-space.jpg\" alt=\"Voyager 1 enters interstellar space. Credit: NASA\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Voyager 1 enters interstellar space. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s take a moment to tally a few of 2013’s highlights of astronomy and space exploration. In brief, it was a very good year on a number of fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curious about Mars? Then it’s been a good year for you, 2013 being yet another year in a long unbroken succession where Mars still stands out as one of the most intriguing places to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s rover Curiosity, resident on Mars since August 2012, has turned up a number of tantalizing clues about Mars’s past. Though its primary mission to climb the slopes of Mount Sharp and read the layers of sediment that were built up over a couple billion years still lies ahead, Curiosity’s preparatory activities at the mountain’s foot have already struck pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>River-bed-like gravel matrix\u003c/strong>. Interesting as dirt! Curiosity happened upon a \u003ca title=\"Curiosity rover finds stream-bed-like formations on Mars\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bed of gravely stones\u003c/a> in a solid matrix that strongly resembles formations on Earth left behind by the past action of flowing river and stream beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water now?\u003c/strong> We’ve known of water on Mars for some time now: water-ice locked up in the polar caps and under the soils of the vast northern plains, and also water molecules bound up in minerals. One of Curiosity’s primary goals is to assess the past conditions on Mars to determine if they were ever suitable for the existence of life (as we know life)—that is, was there ever liquid water there? After a year of prospecting, including analysis of rock samples ground out of a deep (2.5 inch) bore hole and chemical measurements with other instruments, \u003ca title=\"Curiosity finds water in Martian soil\" href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/26/nasa-curiosity-rover-mars-soil-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the presence of water\u003c/a> chemically bound up in the minerals of Gale Crater is now well established.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No methane detected\u003c/strong>. One surprise from Mars this year was the failure of Curiosity to detect methane gas in the air—and it is not a failure of Curiosity’s instruments, but apparently a true dearth of this simple hydrocarbon. This was a surprise because earlier measurements by other spacecraft suggested the presence of methane—one source of which on Earth are living organisms. This does not rule out the possibility of life on Mars today, but is a bit like a puzzle piece that doesn’t fit as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On another frontier, NASA’s Juno spacecraft, launched in 2011, made a gravitational slingshot maneuver around Earth this year that sent it on a final trajectory to its target destination, Jupiter. Juno is destined to enter an orbit that will carry it over Jupiter’s polar regions, which have never before been scrutinized directly and up close. Juno will not only show us the detailed face of Jupiter’s northern and southern cloud tops, but by measuring the magnetic field emerging from within we hope to learn some things about Jupiter’s deep interior and core—analogous to how we can study properties of the Earth’s interior by examining what comes out of a volcano–well, sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2013 was a great year for finding Earth-like extrasolar planets, even though it was not such a good year for \u003ca title=\"NASA/Kepler Mission\" href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler mission\u003c/a>, the space telescope that was designed to look for “other Earths.” Though we had to say goodbye to Kepler when it experienced a critical technical failure in May, astronomers are still finding exoplanets within the hordes of data Kepler collected in the three years before its demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planet candidates detected\u003c/strong>: To the date of its untimely end Kepler amassed a pool of 3538 candidate planets, a large percentage of which are expected to be actual planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Planets confirmed by Kepler\" href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Planets confirmed\u003c/em>\u003c/a>: Kepler has confirmed the existence of 199 planets, a number that is likely to grow by leaps and bounds as astronomers continue to analyze data from Kepler and other observatories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Earth-sized planets found in habitable zones\u003c/strong>: Kepler set out to find Earth-sized worlds orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones, the range of distance within which water might exist in liquid form on a planet’s surface. Fortunately, Kepler accomplished this goal—more than once—showing us some other worlds in our neck of the Milky Way galaxy that are considered prime candidates for being able to support life. The most recent of these are Kepler 69c, \u003ca title=\"Kepler 62e\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-62e.html#.UrihedJDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 62e\u003c/a>, and \u003ca title=\"Kepler 62f\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-62f.html#.Urihk9JDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 62f\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1. \u003cstrong>And the last shall be first….\u003c/strong> Voyager 1, launched to explore the outer solar system’s gas giant planets 36 years ago, officially became the first human-made object to \u003ca title=\"Voyager 1 enters interstellar space\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20130912.html#.UriiQNJDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">enter the realm of interstellar space\u003c/a>. About 12 billion miles from our Sun, for the past year Voyager 1 has apparently been traveling through a region of plasma (ionized gas) outside the boundary of the Sun’s vast extended atmosphere, which forms a gigantic bubble as it pushes outward against the interstellar medium—the gases found between the stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of a once wet and more Earth-like Mars, of possible Earth-like planets around other stars, and of humankind taking the first physical step into the greater Milky Way galaxy beyond our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it was a very good year in space….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Let's take a moment to tally a few of 2013's highlights of astronomy and space exploration. In brief, it was a very good year on a number of fronts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934483,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":891},"headData":{"title":"Space 2013: Another Great Year of Cosmic Adventure | KQED","description":"Let's take a moment to tally a few of 2013's highlights of astronomy and space exploration. In brief, it was a very good year on a number of fronts.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Space 2013: Another Great Year of Cosmic Adventure","datePublished":"2013-12-27T16:00:41.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:54:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/12415/space-2013-another-great-year-of-cosmic-adventure","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12417\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/voyager-1-in-interstellar-space.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12417\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12417\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/voyager-1-in-interstellar-space.jpg\" alt=\"Voyager 1 enters interstellar space. Credit: NASA\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Voyager 1 enters interstellar space. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s take a moment to tally a few of 2013’s highlights of astronomy and space exploration. In brief, it was a very good year on a number of fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curious about Mars? Then it’s been a good year for you, 2013 being yet another year in a long unbroken succession where Mars still stands out as one of the most intriguing places to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s rover Curiosity, resident on Mars since August 2012, has turned up a number of tantalizing clues about Mars’s past. Though its primary mission to climb the slopes of Mount Sharp and read the layers of sediment that were built up over a couple billion years still lies ahead, Curiosity’s preparatory activities at the mountain’s foot have already struck pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>River-bed-like gravel matrix\u003c/strong>. Interesting as dirt! Curiosity happened upon a \u003ca title=\"Curiosity rover finds stream-bed-like formations on Mars\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bed of gravely stones\u003c/a> in a solid matrix that strongly resembles formations on Earth left behind by the past action of flowing river and stream beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water now?\u003c/strong> We’ve known of water on Mars for some time now: water-ice locked up in the polar caps and under the soils of the vast northern plains, and also water molecules bound up in minerals. One of Curiosity’s primary goals is to assess the past conditions on Mars to determine if they were ever suitable for the existence of life (as we know life)—that is, was there ever liquid water there? After a year of prospecting, including analysis of rock samples ground out of a deep (2.5 inch) bore hole and chemical measurements with other instruments, \u003ca title=\"Curiosity finds water in Martian soil\" href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/26/nasa-curiosity-rover-mars-soil-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the presence of water\u003c/a> chemically bound up in the minerals of Gale Crater is now well established.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No methane detected\u003c/strong>. One surprise from Mars this year was the failure of Curiosity to detect methane gas in the air—and it is not a failure of Curiosity’s instruments, but apparently a true dearth of this simple hydrocarbon. This was a surprise because earlier measurements by other spacecraft suggested the presence of methane—one source of which on Earth are living organisms. This does not rule out the possibility of life on Mars today, but is a bit like a puzzle piece that doesn’t fit as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On another frontier, NASA’s Juno spacecraft, launched in 2011, made a gravitational slingshot maneuver around Earth this year that sent it on a final trajectory to its target destination, Jupiter. Juno is destined to enter an orbit that will carry it over Jupiter’s polar regions, which have never before been scrutinized directly and up close. Juno will not only show us the detailed face of Jupiter’s northern and southern cloud tops, but by measuring the magnetic field emerging from within we hope to learn some things about Jupiter’s deep interior and core—analogous to how we can study properties of the Earth’s interior by examining what comes out of a volcano–well, sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2013 was a great year for finding Earth-like extrasolar planets, even though it was not such a good year for \u003ca title=\"NASA/Kepler Mission\" href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler mission\u003c/a>, the space telescope that was designed to look for “other Earths.” Though we had to say goodbye to Kepler when it experienced a critical technical failure in May, astronomers are still finding exoplanets within the hordes of data Kepler collected in the three years before its demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planet candidates detected\u003c/strong>: To the date of its untimely end Kepler amassed a pool of 3538 candidate planets, a large percentage of which are expected to be actual planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Planets confirmed by Kepler\" href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Planets confirmed\u003c/em>\u003c/a>: Kepler has confirmed the existence of 199 planets, a number that is likely to grow by leaps and bounds as astronomers continue to analyze data from Kepler and other observatories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Earth-sized planets found in habitable zones\u003c/strong>: Kepler set out to find Earth-sized worlds orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones, the range of distance within which water might exist in liquid form on a planet’s surface. Fortunately, Kepler accomplished this goal—more than once—showing us some other worlds in our neck of the Milky Way galaxy that are considered prime candidates for being able to support life. The most recent of these are Kepler 69c, \u003ca title=\"Kepler 62e\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-62e.html#.UrihedJDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 62e\u003c/a>, and \u003ca title=\"Kepler 62f\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-62f.html#.Urihk9JDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 62f\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1. \u003cstrong>And the last shall be first….\u003c/strong> Voyager 1, launched to explore the outer solar system’s gas giant planets 36 years ago, officially became the first human-made object to \u003ca title=\"Voyager 1 enters interstellar space\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20130912.html#.UriiQNJDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">enter the realm of interstellar space\u003c/a>. About 12 billion miles from our Sun, for the past year Voyager 1 has apparently been traveling through a region of plasma (ionized gas) outside the boundary of the Sun’s vast extended atmosphere, which forms a gigantic bubble as it pushes outward against the interstellar medium—the gases found between the stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of a once wet and more Earth-like Mars, of possible Earth-like planets around other stars, and of humankind taking the first physical step into the greater Milky Way galaxy beyond our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it was a very good year in space….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/12415/space-2013-another-great-year-of-cosmic-adventure","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1073","science_330","science_19","science_20","science_1056","science_5180","science_23","science_5179","science_5175","science_420","science_1028"],"featImg":"science_12417","label":"science"},"science_11569":{"type":"posts","id":"science_11569","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"11569","score":null,"sort":[1385740829000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassini-or-curiosity-budget-cuts-could-force-nasa-to-make-a-tough-choice","title":"Cassini or Curiosity: Budget Cuts Could Force NASA to Make A Tough Choice","publishDate":1385740829,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Cassini or Curiosity: Budget Cuts Could Force NASA to Make A Tough Choice | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11571\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/curiosity-versus-cassini.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11571\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11571\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/curiosity-versus-cassini.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity Versus Cassini\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity Versus Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you had to make a choice to shut down either the Mars rover \u003ca title=\"NASA Curiosity\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>or that explorer of the Saturn system \u003ca title=\"NASA Cassini Mission\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini\u003c/a>, how would you choose? Would you deliver a pink slip to the young, eager, energetic newbie, Curiosity, who’s been doing a great job and has only begun its work investigating Mars? Or would you force an early retirement on a veteran explorer who has delivered volumes of knowledge of Saturn and its moons in its nine year career?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hard choice to say the least, especially for two such exciting and high-profile exploration missions, but a decision that \u003ca title=\"Budget Cuts Leave Curiosity and Cassini In Limbo\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/11/22/246734545/budget-cuts-leave-curiosity-and-cassini-in-limbo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could be necessary\u003c/a> due to budget cuts at NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s nothing new. Choosing to end a mission earlier than planned has been part of the space exploration budget calculus for a long time. Even the greatest space adventure epic of all time, the Apollo missions to the moon, were curtailed earlier than planned when public interest dipped below a critical cost-benefit analysis threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every robotic employee of NASA faces layoff or early retirement, however. I recall a time back in the mid 1990’s when I worked at NASA’s Ames Research Center and was visiting the building across the street from my own. I was walking down a hall looking for someone’s office when I passed by an open door and decided to poke my head in. What appeared to be a rather large computer lab opened up before me, and the room had a single occupant: a man probably in his mid-to-late seventies sitting before a computer quietly doing his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What do you do in here?” I asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I,” the man said with a mixture of pride and wistfulness, “am the last employee on the Pioneer mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NASA Pioneer\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/pioneer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pioneer\u003c/a>! Those early interplanetary probes, Pioneers 10 and 11, launched in 1972 and 1973, were still sending signals from deep space. NASA was still listening to them with the ear of the Deep Space Network of radio dishes. In fact, those missions only ended in 1995 for Pioneer 11 and in 2003 for Pioneer 10, when the strength of their radio transmissions faded to silence with great distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pioneer’s successors, \u003ca title=\"NASA Voyager\" href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>, after their primary mission of exploring the giant planets from Jupiter to Neptune, are to this day in an active extended mission exploring the more distant boundaries of the solar system where the sun’s outward-blowing gases meet those of interstellar space: the heliopause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And speaking of extended missions consider the Mars rover \u003ca title=\"NASA Opportunity\" href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, which landed in 2004 to begin a 90-day primary mission exploring Meridiani Planum and is now entering Year 10 of its extended mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about Curiosity and Cassini, NASA’s flagship missions of planetary exploration? If the off switch must be flipped on one of them (which would likely happen sometime in 2015), which should it be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, Cassini will run out of fuel in 2017 anyway and no longer be able to make orbital corrections that have allowed it to target close flybys of Saturn’s moons. On the other hand, with the wealth of information still pouring from Cassini’s radio transmitter back to earth, how can we shut off the fire hose early?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Curiosity, which is preparing to begin its climb up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the basis of the decision takes on a different form. Whereas with Cassini it would be a decision to cut off the flow of goodies we’ve been enjoying for years, at this point the goodies that Curiosity promises to deliver are still only potential. Curiosity has sent back good intelligence on the chemistry and geology at the foot of Mount Sharp. But the design of its mission is to analyze the stack of sedimentary layers of the mountain that were built up over a major portion of Mars’ past, probing the history of Mars in addition to its geography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early retirement for a proven veteran with volumes of discoveries to its credit or pink slip for a rising star with a promising career ahead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If ever NASA needed an “easy” button….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If you had to make a choice to shut down either the Mars rover Curiosity or that explorer of the Saturn system Cassini, would you deliver a pink slip to the young, eager, energetic newbie or force an early retirement on a veteran explorer who has delivered volumes of knowledge?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934611,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":725},"headData":{"title":"Cassini or Curiosity: Budget Cuts Could Force NASA to Make A Tough Choice | KQED","description":"If you had to make a choice to shut down either the Mars rover Curiosity or that explorer of the Saturn system Cassini, would you deliver a pink slip to the young, eager, energetic newbie or force an early retirement on a veteran explorer who has delivered volumes of knowledge?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cassini or Curiosity: Budget Cuts Could Force NASA to Make A Tough Choice","datePublished":"2013-11-29T16:00:29.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:56:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/11569/cassini-or-curiosity-budget-cuts-could-force-nasa-to-make-a-tough-choice","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11571\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/curiosity-versus-cassini.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11571\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11571\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/curiosity-versus-cassini.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity Versus Cassini\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity Versus Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you had to make a choice to shut down either the Mars rover \u003ca title=\"NASA Curiosity\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>or that explorer of the Saturn system \u003ca title=\"NASA Cassini Mission\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini\u003c/a>, how would you choose? Would you deliver a pink slip to the young, eager, energetic newbie, Curiosity, who’s been doing a great job and has only begun its work investigating Mars? Or would you force an early retirement on a veteran explorer who has delivered volumes of knowledge of Saturn and its moons in its nine year career?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hard choice to say the least, especially for two such exciting and high-profile exploration missions, but a decision that \u003ca title=\"Budget Cuts Leave Curiosity and Cassini In Limbo\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/11/22/246734545/budget-cuts-leave-curiosity-and-cassini-in-limbo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could be necessary\u003c/a> due to budget cuts at NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s nothing new. Choosing to end a mission earlier than planned has been part of the space exploration budget calculus for a long time. Even the greatest space adventure epic of all time, the Apollo missions to the moon, were curtailed earlier than planned when public interest dipped below a critical cost-benefit analysis threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every robotic employee of NASA faces layoff or early retirement, however. I recall a time back in the mid 1990’s when I worked at NASA’s Ames Research Center and was visiting the building across the street from my own. I was walking down a hall looking for someone’s office when I passed by an open door and decided to poke my head in. What appeared to be a rather large computer lab opened up before me, and the room had a single occupant: a man probably in his mid-to-late seventies sitting before a computer quietly doing his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What do you do in here?” I asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I,” the man said with a mixture of pride and wistfulness, “am the last employee on the Pioneer mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NASA Pioneer\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/pioneer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pioneer\u003c/a>! Those early interplanetary probes, Pioneers 10 and 11, launched in 1972 and 1973, were still sending signals from deep space. NASA was still listening to them with the ear of the Deep Space Network of radio dishes. In fact, those missions only ended in 1995 for Pioneer 11 and in 2003 for Pioneer 10, when the strength of their radio transmissions faded to silence with great distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pioneer’s successors, \u003ca title=\"NASA Voyager\" href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>, after their primary mission of exploring the giant planets from Jupiter to Neptune, are to this day in an active extended mission exploring the more distant boundaries of the solar system where the sun’s outward-blowing gases meet those of interstellar space: the heliopause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And speaking of extended missions consider the Mars rover \u003ca title=\"NASA Opportunity\" href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, which landed in 2004 to begin a 90-day primary mission exploring Meridiani Planum and is now entering Year 10 of its extended mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about Curiosity and Cassini, NASA’s flagship missions of planetary exploration? If the off switch must be flipped on one of them (which would likely happen sometime in 2015), which should it be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, Cassini will run out of fuel in 2017 anyway and no longer be able to make orbital corrections that have allowed it to target close flybys of Saturn’s moons. On the other hand, with the wealth of information still pouring from Cassini’s radio transmitter back to earth, how can we shut off the fire hose early?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Curiosity, which is preparing to begin its climb up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the basis of the decision takes on a different form. Whereas with Cassini it would be a decision to cut off the flow of goodies we’ve been enjoying for years, at this point the goodies that Curiosity promises to deliver are still only potential. Curiosity has sent back good intelligence on the chemistry and geology at the foot of Mount Sharp. But the design of its mission is to analyze the stack of sedimentary layers of the mountain that were built up over a major portion of Mars’ past, probing the history of Mars in addition to its geography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early retirement for a proven veteran with volumes of discoveries to its credit or pink slip for a rising star with a promising career ahead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If ever NASA needed an “easy” button….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/11569/cassini-or-curiosity-budget-cuts-could-force-nasa-to-make-a-tough-choice","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_498","science_330","science_5179","science_5175","science_501","science_1028"],"featImg":"science_11571","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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