A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life
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Elephant Seals Battle for Love With Mating Songs and Bravado
The Fantastic Fur of Sea Otters
Scientists Suspect a Virus is Causing Sea Star Die-Off
New Research Sheds Light on Earthquakes That Occur Far Below Earth's Surface
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Prior to joining the organization, she launched and led the arts bureau at Colorado Public Radio, served as the Bay Area's culture columnist for the New York Times, and was the founder, host and executive producer of VoiceBox, a national award-winning weekly podcast/radio show and live events series all about the human voice. Chloe is the recipient of numerous prizes, grants and fellowships including a Webby Award for her work on interactive storytelling, both the John S Knight Journalism Fellowship and Humanities Center Fellowship at Stanford University, the Sundance Arts Writing Fellowship and a Library of Congress Research Fellowship. She is the author of the book \"On Acting\" and has appeared as a guest lecturer at Yale University and the San Francisco Conservatory of Music among other institutions. 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She covers wildfires, space and oceans (though she is prone to sea sickness).\r\n\r\nBefore joining KQED in 2015, Danielle was a staff reporter at KRCB in Sonoma County and a freelancer. She studied science communication at UC Santa Cruz and formerly worked at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland where she wrote about computing. She lives in Sonoma County and enjoys backpacking.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"DanielleVenton","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Danielle Venton | KQED","description":"Science reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dventon"},"adicorato":{"type":"authors","id":"11615","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11615","found":true},"name":"Allessandra DiCorato","firstName":"Allessandra","lastName":"DiCorato","slug":"adicorato","email":"adicorato@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Allessandra is the 2019 AAAS Mass Media Fellow at KQED Science. She is currently a PhD candidate at Northwestern University, where she studies how nanomaterials interact with soft biological tissue in contexts ranging from sea urchins to cancer cells. Allessandra graduated from Cornell University in 2015, where she studied chemistry, creative writing, and biomedical engineering.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f725f664da1ae7668ca873d0b97d5bbb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Allessandra DiCorato | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f725f664da1ae7668ca873d0b97d5bbb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f725f664da1ae7668ca873d0b97d5bbb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/adicorato"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1946501":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1946501","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1946501","score":null,"sort":[1565874122000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fear-of-human-voices-can-shape-an-ecosystem","title":"Fear of Human Voices Can Shape an Ecosystem","publishDate":1565874122,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Fear of Human Voices Can Shape an Ecosystem | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>In the mountains near Santa Cruz, there’s an area where nature’s rules don’t seem to apply. Everything \u003cem>looks\u003c/em> normal — there’s a stream, oak trees, redwoods, bobcats, skunks and the occasional opossum. Pacific tree frogs croak all day and into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only those who listen carefully would notice that something in this remote spot sounds unusual. Human voices have joined the mix — and they’re reading, sometimes a short story written by Paul Bowles, at other times, poetry by Gwendolyn Brooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These voices, and only these, have dramatically affected the way life moves through the area. Mountain lions avoid their old paths, and bobcats emerge almost exclusively at night. Rodents, meanwhile, have gotten bolder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creatures are responding to virtual voices — recordings that UC Santa Cruz researchers are playing through loudspeakers they’ve placed in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have used these sounds to \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/07/landscape-of-fear.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, for the first time, how entire ecosystems react to the fear of humans in their midst. These studies begin to quantify a painful truth: that humans alter any landscape in which we live, often in ways we can’t anticipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phantom Voices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Santa Cruz wildlife ecologist Justin Suraci says it’s hard for humans to fully understand how fear plays out in wild animals. Humans can’t really say that an animal feels fearful emotions, so Suraci and other researchers chose to monitor fear by observing how animal behavior changes when predators may be near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1200x960.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1920x1536.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In response to human voices, bobcats emerged almost exclusively at night. \u003ccite>(Barry Rowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci and his research adviser, Chris Wilmers, wanted to find out whether just the fear of humans — without a road or other physical markers nearby — would be enough to change animals’ behavior. To test their hypothesis, they chose the easiest sense to control: sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers staked out two separate square kilometers in the Santa Cruz Mountains. For five weeks, the team broadcast recordings of their voices, meant to mimic what animals might hear in a wildlife-urban interface, from 25 speakers in each region. The voices spoke infrequently, but creatures could hear them occasionally from any point in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By simultaneously studying the behavior of mountain lions, smaller carnivores such as bobcats, and prey such as deer mice, the team was able to isolate the effects of fear rippling through an ecosystem. Each species responded a little differently. Mountain lions avoided the area and moved more cautiously when they heard the voices, and bobcats started hunting mostly at night. Skunks moved around less than before; opossums took, on average, almost two days longer than usual to find food. Deer mice, by contrast, reveled in the absence of the large carnivores. They became bolder and foraged for food more thoroughly and in larger areas than they’d covered before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous experiments have suggested the influence of sound on a single species. Songbirds avoided a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/39/12105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phantom road\u003c/a>” in Idaho, where researchers played the sounds of passing cars. Mule deer in Colorado differentiated between predators based on \u003ca href=\"http://sci-hub.tw/10.1111/eth.12219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their calls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these experiments become much more complicated when they consider how fear moves through an entire landscape. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone has sparked a debate about whether the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z01-094#.XVSB-JNKgWp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fear of wolves\u003c/a> or their actual \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180622104544.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killing behavior\u003c/a> changed elk habits enough to produce a cascade of effects that ultimately changed the shape of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rZzHkpyPkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946514\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer mice took advantage of their predators’ absence to forage for food more intensely and in a wider range. \u003ccite>(Aria Crabb)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci says it’s a challenge to prove just why these changes happen, because it can be nearly impossible to divorce the fear of a predator from the predator’s actions. “So this has ended up being one of the first large landscape-scale experiments,” he says, “demonstrating this ‘landscape of fear’ — that just the fear of a predator can affect species,” even across an entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ancient Principle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bold critters might not seem extraordinary to people who live in cities, or who’ve watched the popular video of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPXUG8q4jKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizza Rat\u003c/a>” brazenly dragging an entire slice of pizza down the stairs of a subway station. But researchers say they’re impressed that Suraci and Wilmers have been able to link rodents’ behavior in a wild habitat to the rest of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Young, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/054400230X/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=054400230X&linkCode=as2&tag=birdlang-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What the Robin Knows\u003c/a>,” leads classes on bird language and animal tracking. He says it hadn’t occurred to him that sound, not a predator’s scent or physical presence, would set off fear in an ecosystem. But, he adds, he’s familiar with the idea that fear trickles down through a food web. Finding a predator by observing the behavior of its prey is an ancient tracking principle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young recalls how he once tried to photograph a mountain lion, but couldn’t find any footprints. What he did find was that deer clustered near a house with a dog, an animal that usually made them uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the deer were up close to the house on a consistent basis told us that they were using human presence as a safety barrier,” Young remembers. “So then we said, ‘Well, what are the deer afraid of?’” Sure enough, when he and his colleagues set up cameras near where deer were avoiding their favorite foods, within a few days the team had their mountain lion photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Striking a Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young pays particular attention to birds. He believes that observing other species returns humans to an ideal, pre-smartphone state of awareness. Studies have shown that birds use different warning calls for different predators, based even on potential attackers’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.washington.edu/news/2005/06/23/chickadees-alarm-calls-carry-information-about-size-threat-of-predator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">size and speed.\u003c/a> Once you notice that the birds around your house, for example, are “talking” about all the other animals, Young says, “you start to wonder, ‘what are they saying about me?’” [pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Jon Young']‘By going too often into these tender places, we love them to death.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once you realize that the chickadees and robins and towhees are gossiping about you, he thinks you might just change how you behave. He asserts that awareness of other species is key to preserving wild spaces like national parks. “Maybe if we’re gentle on the birds, and we learn that in our own backyards,” Young says, that can change the way humans move through the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the knowledge that our voices, even separated from our habitat-stomping, foreign-smelling, weapon-toting bodies, send fear ricocheting through an ecosystem, we can begin to consider how best to visit these wild areas. Suraci says we could even think about designing parks and hiking trails in ways that concentrate human visitation in certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By going too often into these tender places,” Young said, “we love them to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People need to figure out how to experience the natural world more gently than we do, agrees Daniel Blumstein, who studies ecotourism at UCLA and led the mule deer experiment. He notes that in 2015, scientists reported that the world’s protected areas receive an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002074&type=printable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8 billion\u003c/a> human visits a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people going into nature and experiencing nature,” Blumstein says. He maintains that “the more people get outside, the more they protect … and value nature.” And yet studies like Suraci’s and Wilmers’ indicate that our very presence may profoundly affect other species, right down to what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists consider how best to move through wild spaces when just the sound of a human voice can send fear rippling across distant parts of an ecosystem.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848399,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1306},"headData":{"title":"Fear of Human Voices Can Shape an Ecosystem | KQED","description":"Scientists consider how best to move through wild spaces when just the sound of a human voice can send fear rippling across distant parts of an ecosystem.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fear of Human Voices Can Shape an Ecosystem","datePublished":"2019-08-15T13:02:02.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:59:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1946501/fear-of-human-voices-can-shape-an-ecosystem","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the mountains near Santa Cruz, there’s an area where nature’s rules don’t seem to apply. Everything \u003cem>looks\u003c/em> normal — there’s a stream, oak trees, redwoods, bobcats, skunks and the occasional opossum. Pacific tree frogs croak all day and into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only those who listen carefully would notice that something in this remote spot sounds unusual. Human voices have joined the mix — and they’re reading, sometimes a short story written by Paul Bowles, at other times, poetry by Gwendolyn Brooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These voices, and only these, have dramatically affected the way life moves through the area. Mountain lions avoid their old paths, and bobcats emerge almost exclusively at night. Rodents, meanwhile, have gotten bolder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creatures are responding to virtual voices — recordings that UC Santa Cruz researchers are playing through loudspeakers they’ve placed in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have used these sounds to \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/07/landscape-of-fear.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, for the first time, how entire ecosystems react to the fear of humans in their midst. These studies begin to quantify a painful truth: that humans alter any landscape in which we live, often in ways we can’t anticipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phantom Voices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Santa Cruz wildlife ecologist Justin Suraci says it’s hard for humans to fully understand how fear plays out in wild animals. Humans can’t really say that an animal feels fearful emotions, so Suraci and other researchers chose to monitor fear by observing how animal behavior changes when predators may be near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1200x960.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1920x1536.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In response to human voices, bobcats emerged almost exclusively at night. \u003ccite>(Barry Rowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci and his research adviser, Chris Wilmers, wanted to find out whether just the fear of humans — without a road or other physical markers nearby — would be enough to change animals’ behavior. To test their hypothesis, they chose the easiest sense to control: sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers staked out two separate square kilometers in the Santa Cruz Mountains. For five weeks, the team broadcast recordings of their voices, meant to mimic what animals might hear in a wildlife-urban interface, from 25 speakers in each region. The voices spoke infrequently, but creatures could hear them occasionally from any point in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By simultaneously studying the behavior of mountain lions, smaller carnivores such as bobcats, and prey such as deer mice, the team was able to isolate the effects of fear rippling through an ecosystem. Each species responded a little differently. Mountain lions avoided the area and moved more cautiously when they heard the voices, and bobcats started hunting mostly at night. Skunks moved around less than before; opossums took, on average, almost two days longer than usual to find food. Deer mice, by contrast, reveled in the absence of the large carnivores. They became bolder and foraged for food more thoroughly and in larger areas than they’d covered before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous experiments have suggested the influence of sound on a single species. Songbirds avoided a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/39/12105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phantom road\u003c/a>” in Idaho, where researchers played the sounds of passing cars. Mule deer in Colorado differentiated between predators based on \u003ca href=\"http://sci-hub.tw/10.1111/eth.12219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their calls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these experiments become much more complicated when they consider how fear moves through an entire landscape. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone has sparked a debate about whether the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z01-094#.XVSB-JNKgWp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fear of wolves\u003c/a> or their actual \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180622104544.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killing behavior\u003c/a> changed elk habits enough to produce a cascade of effects that ultimately changed the shape of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rZzHkpyPkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946514\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer mice took advantage of their predators’ absence to forage for food more intensely and in a wider range. \u003ccite>(Aria Crabb)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci says it’s a challenge to prove just why these changes happen, because it can be nearly impossible to divorce the fear of a predator from the predator’s actions. “So this has ended up being one of the first large landscape-scale experiments,” he says, “demonstrating this ‘landscape of fear’ — that just the fear of a predator can affect species,” even across an entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ancient Principle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bold critters might not seem extraordinary to people who live in cities, or who’ve watched the popular video of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPXUG8q4jKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizza Rat\u003c/a>” brazenly dragging an entire slice of pizza down the stairs of a subway station. But researchers say they’re impressed that Suraci and Wilmers have been able to link rodents’ behavior in a wild habitat to the rest of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Young, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/054400230X/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=054400230X&linkCode=as2&tag=birdlang-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What the Robin Knows\u003c/a>,” leads classes on bird language and animal tracking. He says it hadn’t occurred to him that sound, not a predator’s scent or physical presence, would set off fear in an ecosystem. But, he adds, he’s familiar with the idea that fear trickles down through a food web. Finding a predator by observing the behavior of its prey is an ancient tracking principle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young recalls how he once tried to photograph a mountain lion, but couldn’t find any footprints. What he did find was that deer clustered near a house with a dog, an animal that usually made them uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the deer were up close to the house on a consistent basis told us that they were using human presence as a safety barrier,” Young remembers. “So then we said, ‘Well, what are the deer afraid of?’” Sure enough, when he and his colleagues set up cameras near where deer were avoiding their favorite foods, within a few days the team had their mountain lion photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Striking a Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young pays particular attention to birds. He believes that observing other species returns humans to an ideal, pre-smartphone state of awareness. Studies have shown that birds use different warning calls for different predators, based even on potential attackers’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.washington.edu/news/2005/06/23/chickadees-alarm-calls-carry-information-about-size-threat-of-predator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">size and speed.\u003c/a> Once you notice that the birds around your house, for example, are “talking” about all the other animals, Young says, “you start to wonder, ‘what are they saying about me?’” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘By going too often into these tender places, we love them to death.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"left","citation":"Jon Young","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once you realize that the chickadees and robins and towhees are gossiping about you, he thinks you might just change how you behave. He asserts that awareness of other species is key to preserving wild spaces like national parks. “Maybe if we’re gentle on the birds, and we learn that in our own backyards,” Young says, that can change the way humans move through the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the knowledge that our voices, even separated from our habitat-stomping, foreign-smelling, weapon-toting bodies, send fear ricocheting through an ecosystem, we can begin to consider how best to visit these wild areas. Suraci says we could even think about designing parks and hiking trails in ways that concentrate human visitation in certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By going too often into these tender places,” Young said, “we love them to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People need to figure out how to experience the natural world more gently than we do, agrees Daniel Blumstein, who studies ecotourism at UCLA and led the mule deer experiment. He notes that in 2015, scientists reported that the world’s protected areas receive an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002074&type=printable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8 billion\u003c/a> human visits a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people going into nature and experiencing nature,” Blumstein says. He maintains that “the more people get outside, the more they protect … and value nature.” And yet studies like Suraci’s and Wilmers’ indicate that our very presence may profoundly affect other species, right down to what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1946501/fear-of-human-voices-can-shape-an-ecosystem","authors":["11615"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_727"],"featImg":"science_1946510","label":"science"},"science_1926500":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926500","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926500","score":null,"sort":[1534489298000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-northern-california-plantlife","title":"A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life","publishDate":1534489298,"format":"audio","headTitle":"A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Imagine what a Northern California garden might look like 100 years from now as temperatures keep rising. Where lush grasses, riotously bright California poppies and quaking aspens once stood, picture — what? Cracked earth, tumbleweeds, cactus and giant cockroaches, maybe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of artists and scientists at UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) have a different vision for the California landscape of the future, and they’re starting to prepare for it now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part science experiment and part art installation, \u003ca href=\"http://ias.ucsc.edu/events/2018/future-garden-opening-may-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” \u003c/a>aims to discover which plants are most likely to survive escalating temperatures and can help regenerate the regional ecosystem as climates shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926525\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the 'Future Garden' project.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the ‘Future Garden’ project. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are 16 different species of plants in each of the three restored, 1970s-era geodesic domes at the \u003ca href=\"https://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSC Arboretum and Botanic Garden\u003c/a>. The plan is to accelerate the process of climate change inside the domes to find out which species are more resilient over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process is going to take a while; the recently-installed project is expected to last 50 to 75 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“W\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">e’re assisting the migration of species through time,” says Santa Cruz-based environmental artist Newton Harrison, who co-created the project with his late wife Helen Mayer Harrison and other science and art partners at UCSC. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The world-renowned artists, who in 2016 became the subject of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Time-Force-Majeure-Counterforce-Horizon/dp/379135549X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beautifully-illustrated tome\u003c/a> published by Random House, and whose \u003ca href=\"https://exhibits.stanford.edu/harrison/about/the-helen-and-newton-harrison-papers-at-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archives are housed at Stanford University\u003c/a>, have been making environmental artworks on a global scale since 1969. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Harrisons’ work mostly takes the form of installations, writings and large-format wall maps. And it has brought them both fame and notoriety over the years.\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926528 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg\" alt=\"Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken.\" width=\"800\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-1020x566.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-960x533.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-375x208.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-520x289.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken. \u003ccite>(Photo: Peggy Jarrell Kaplan Courtesy of The Harrison Studio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One the one hand, they inspired a branch of the Dutch government to change its approach to urban planning as a result of their \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Green Heart of Holland\u003c/em>\u003c/a> project; on the other, they caused political uproar in England during \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an exhibition at London’s Hayward Gallery\u003c/a> involving the electrocution of catfish. (The controversy was later transformed into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tete-a-tete.org.uk/catfish-conundrum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chamber opera\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can read and listen to a KQED profile of the Harrisons and their epic career \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/11314278/how-two-santa-cruz-artists-changed-the-course-of-environmental-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for this latest project at the UCSC Arboretum came more than two years ago, when the Harrisons happened to stroll past the three, then-decrepit domes and saw an opportunity to renovate and convert them into testing grounds for local plants facing the effects of climate change. “Nature is pretty opportunistic,” Harrison says. “And artists are pretty opportunistic, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two of the domes had been completely shut off and empty and one of them was being used for a crafting group,” says Martin Quigley, executive director of the UCSC Arboretum and the Harrisons’ main collaborator on the project. “All of them were in very bad repair. So this has revitalized the whole area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s new fabric on the domes, and a fresh, stable framework, plus new landscaping all around the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926522\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each \u003cem>Future Garden\u003c/em> dome houses an assortment of 16 native plants, chosen chiefly for their likely resilience in the face of sudden, drastic temperature and water fluctuations. Species on display include yarrow, fescue and coyote mint. Some of the plants are edible. Some have medicinal properties. Many have also been a staple of Native American life in the region for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year of establishing the plants, the project team members plan to start playing with the conditions inside each dome. One dome will experience heat spikes in summer months and less than normal rain during the winter, similar to a continental desert. One dome will mimic coastal temperate conditions in the Pacific northwest, with ambient temperatures and summer rainfall. The third dome will experience both heat and water spikes amid warmer than average temperatures, mimicking subtropical conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the domes, the same species have been planted in small walled gardens around each dome to provide a set of control experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926524\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the eco-domes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the eco-domes. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change isn’t about a slow steady temperature increase,” says Quigley. “It’s about spikes and randomness that increase. And because these domes are smallish, it’s very easy to manipulate that in a strong way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Future Garde\u003c/em>n is part of a larger, ongoing investigation by the Harrisons into the survival of species in the face of climate change, entitled \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/art-projects-2/force-majeure-synthesis-2009-present\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Force Majeure\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>The Harrisons co-opted the legal term “force majeure” for this body of work, which means a huge power that cannot be controlled, not unlike the fast-encroaching water levels and rising temperatures we’re experiencing on the planet today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Artist Newton Harrison\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Newton Harrison today. The artist’s wife and long-term creative partner Helen Mayer Harrison recently passed away. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another \u003cem>Force Majeure\u003c/em> project, at the University of California Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucnrs.org/reserves/sagehen-creek-field-station.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sagehen Creek Field Station\u003c/a> in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, is already starting to see results. For the four-year-old installation, artists collaborated with field station scientists to physically move groups of plant species to different altitude levels. The aim is to help seedlings — such as wild rose and red fir — become resilient to the warming effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found something rather astonishing, after drought and all the other problems it could possibly have,” says Harrison. “Of the 21 species we installed, about six — or 25 percent — live at all levels. That’s success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A 'Future Garden' eco-dome.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘Future Garden’ eco-dome. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although he has reason to be mildly optimistic, Harrison continues to worry about what our hot, dry future might look like. And though it’s a controversial idea, he believes finding a way to help a few, hardy species learn to become more adaptable to rising temperatures is ultimately more likely to succeed than trying to save many already-endangered species from dying out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An awful lot of the experimentation that receives grants aims to save the most endangered species, which if the temperature gets hot enough, are not inherently savable,” Harrison says. “We take exactly the opposite position. We look for the most resilient species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” is presented by UCSC’s Institute of the Arts and Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new, long-term art and science project at the University of California Santa Cruz tests possible scenarios for what gardens might look like 50 years from now as regional temperatures continue to rise.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927560,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1185},"headData":{"title":"A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life | KQED","description":"A new, long-term art and science project at the University of California Santa Cruz tests possible scenarios for what gardens might look like 50 years from now as regional temperatures continue to rise.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life","datePublished":"2018-08-17T07:01:38.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:59:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/08/VeltmanVentonFutureGardens.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":438,"path":"/science/1926500/a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-northern-california-plantlife","audioDuration":440000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine what a Northern California garden might look like 100 years from now as temperatures keep rising. Where lush grasses, riotously bright California poppies and quaking aspens once stood, picture — what? Cracked earth, tumbleweeds, cactus and giant cockroaches, maybe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of artists and scientists at UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) have a different vision for the California landscape of the future, and they’re starting to prepare for it now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part science experiment and part art installation, \u003ca href=\"http://ias.ucsc.edu/events/2018/future-garden-opening-may-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” \u003c/a>aims to discover which plants are most likely to survive escalating temperatures and can help regenerate the regional ecosystem as climates shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926525\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the 'Future Garden' project.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the ‘Future Garden’ project. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are 16 different species of plants in each of the three restored, 1970s-era geodesic domes at the \u003ca href=\"https://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSC Arboretum and Botanic Garden\u003c/a>. The plan is to accelerate the process of climate change inside the domes to find out which species are more resilient over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process is going to take a while; the recently-installed project is expected to last 50 to 75 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“W\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">e’re assisting the migration of species through time,” says Santa Cruz-based environmental artist Newton Harrison, who co-created the project with his late wife Helen Mayer Harrison and other science and art partners at UCSC. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The world-renowned artists, who in 2016 became the subject of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Time-Force-Majeure-Counterforce-Horizon/dp/379135549X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beautifully-illustrated tome\u003c/a> published by Random House, and whose \u003ca href=\"https://exhibits.stanford.edu/harrison/about/the-helen-and-newton-harrison-papers-at-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archives are housed at Stanford University\u003c/a>, have been making environmental artworks on a global scale since 1969. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Harrisons’ work mostly takes the form of installations, writings and large-format wall maps. And it has brought them both fame and notoriety over the years.\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926528 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg\" alt=\"Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken.\" width=\"800\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-1020x566.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-960x533.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-375x208.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-520x289.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken. \u003ccite>(Photo: Peggy Jarrell Kaplan Courtesy of The Harrison Studio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One the one hand, they inspired a branch of the Dutch government to change its approach to urban planning as a result of their \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Green Heart of Holland\u003c/em>\u003c/a> project; on the other, they caused political uproar in England during \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an exhibition at London’s Hayward Gallery\u003c/a> involving the electrocution of catfish. (The controversy was later transformed into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tete-a-tete.org.uk/catfish-conundrum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chamber opera\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can read and listen to a KQED profile of the Harrisons and their epic career \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/11314278/how-two-santa-cruz-artists-changed-the-course-of-environmental-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for this latest project at the UCSC Arboretum came more than two years ago, when the Harrisons happened to stroll past the three, then-decrepit domes and saw an opportunity to renovate and convert them into testing grounds for local plants facing the effects of climate change. “Nature is pretty opportunistic,” Harrison says. “And artists are pretty opportunistic, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two of the domes had been completely shut off and empty and one of them was being used for a crafting group,” says Martin Quigley, executive director of the UCSC Arboretum and the Harrisons’ main collaborator on the project. “All of them were in very bad repair. So this has revitalized the whole area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s new fabric on the domes, and a fresh, stable framework, plus new landscaping all around the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926522\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each \u003cem>Future Garden\u003c/em> dome houses an assortment of 16 native plants, chosen chiefly for their likely resilience in the face of sudden, drastic temperature and water fluctuations. Species on display include yarrow, fescue and coyote mint. Some of the plants are edible. Some have medicinal properties. Many have also been a staple of Native American life in the region for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year of establishing the plants, the project team members plan to start playing with the conditions inside each dome. One dome will experience heat spikes in summer months and less than normal rain during the winter, similar to a continental desert. One dome will mimic coastal temperate conditions in the Pacific northwest, with ambient temperatures and summer rainfall. The third dome will experience both heat and water spikes amid warmer than average temperatures, mimicking subtropical conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the domes, the same species have been planted in small walled gardens around each dome to provide a set of control experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926524\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the eco-domes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the eco-domes. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change isn’t about a slow steady temperature increase,” says Quigley. “It’s about spikes and randomness that increase. And because these domes are smallish, it’s very easy to manipulate that in a strong way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Future Garde\u003c/em>n is part of a larger, ongoing investigation by the Harrisons into the survival of species in the face of climate change, entitled \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/art-projects-2/force-majeure-synthesis-2009-present\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Force Majeure\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>The Harrisons co-opted the legal term “force majeure” for this body of work, which means a huge power that cannot be controlled, not unlike the fast-encroaching water levels and rising temperatures we’re experiencing on the planet today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Artist Newton Harrison\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Newton Harrison today. The artist’s wife and long-term creative partner Helen Mayer Harrison recently passed away. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another \u003cem>Force Majeure\u003c/em> project, at the University of California Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucnrs.org/reserves/sagehen-creek-field-station.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sagehen Creek Field Station\u003c/a> in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, is already starting to see results. For the four-year-old installation, artists collaborated with field station scientists to physically move groups of plant species to different altitude levels. The aim is to help seedlings — such as wild rose and red fir — become resilient to the warming effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found something rather astonishing, after drought and all the other problems it could possibly have,” says Harrison. “Of the 21 species we installed, about six — or 25 percent — live at all levels. That’s success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A 'Future Garden' eco-dome.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘Future Garden’ eco-dome. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although he has reason to be mildly optimistic, Harrison continues to worry about what our hot, dry future might look like. And though it’s a controversial idea, he believes finding a way to help a few, hardy species learn to become more adaptable to rising temperatures is ultimately more likely to succeed than trying to save many already-endangered species from dying out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An awful lot of the experimentation that receives grants aims to save the most endangered species, which if the temperature gets hot enough, are not inherently savable,” Harrison says. “We take exactly the opposite position. We look for the most resilient species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” is presented by UCSC’s Institute of the Arts and Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926500/a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-northern-california-plantlife","authors":["8608","11088"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_3423"],"tags":["science_1678","science_3370","science_311","science_727"],"featImg":"science_1928056","label":"science"},"science_29756":{"type":"posts","id":"science_29756","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"29756","score":null,"sort":[1430864328000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"two-hundred-years-of-cuban-coral-arrives-in-santa-cruz","title":"Two-hundred Years of Cuban Coral Arrives in Santa Cruz","publishDate":1430864328,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Two-hundred Years of Cuban Coral Arrives in Santa Cruz | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A rare and valuable shipment arrived from Cuba today. But it’s not hand-rolled cigars or fine rum. It’s a coral core: A 48 inch column of pure coral, about as long and wide as a baseball bat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27719\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/27718-thumb.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27719\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/27718-thumb.jpg\" alt=\"Thumbnail for 27718\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shoal of tropical fish over a coral reef in the Caribbean Sea. (photo courtesy of iStockphoto)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core was collected off the coast of southern Cuba and it’s the first intact, long core ever drilled from a Cuban reef. It contains historical information that could help solve a mystery: Why are Cuban coral reefs so healthy and will they be able to stay that way as the climate changes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cuba remains remarkably unspoiled compared to other Caribbean tropical coastal areas,” says Daria Siciliano, a coral reef ecologist at UC Santa Cruz and a lead scientist on the project. “Our hypothesis is that the unique socio-political history of Cuba, together with the country’s progressive stance in marine conservation, are responsible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral growth is affected by seawater conditions like temperature, acidity levels and available nutrients. This makes coral cores ideal “archives” of local environmental change, says Siciliano, because scientists can read past water conditions by analyzing the chemical marks they left on the coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30017\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Cuba-coral-1024x512.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30017\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Cuba-coral-1024x512.jpg\" alt=\"The coral cores were collected in February of this year off the southern coast of Cuba.\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The corals were collected in February of this year off the southern coast of Cuba.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This particular core is about four feet in length, which is impressive, but size only matters to Siciliano in terms of time—four feet in length means the core could have coral that’s over two hundred years old. With this data, she and her team will be able to reconstruct the reef environment from the early 1800s to today, and see how the coral’s growth responded to environmental change over that time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siciliano, her Cuban counterpart, Patricia Gonzales of the Center for Marine Research at the University of Havana, and Konrad Hughen of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, hope to use this data to determine what historical factors have made the Cuban reefs more robust than other reefs in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daria_Konrad_core-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daria_Konrad_core-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Daria Siciliano (UCSC) and Konrad Hughen, (WHOI) in Cuba with the core (Fernando Bretos/Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Foundation)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daria Siciliano (UCSC) and Konrad Hughen, (WHOI) in Cuba with the core (Fernando Bretos/Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Foundation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re especially interested in how the corals responded to changes in runoff from agriculture. When the U.S.S.R collapsed, Cuban farmers were cut off from synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and the Cuban government decided to transition the nation to organic farming methods, which still dominate today. This meant a reduction in the amount of synthetic nitrogen chemicals washing from farms to the reef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corals are animals so they need nitrogen, an essential nutrient, to survive. But too much can disturb the reef’s natural balance, speeding up growth of algae that compete with coral for space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does organic farming mean healthier reefs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siciliano and Gonzalez believe Cuban organic farming practices generate less harmful runoff, and this has translated into healthy reefs. Chemical analysis of the coral core will reveal the truth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These new insights will help scientists and farmers understand the effects of land management, in particular the transition from industrial fertilizers to organic agriculture, on Cuban coral reef waters, Siciliano says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will also use the two hundred years of environmental data to reconstruct how local and regional climate change has affected coral growth. That information will help them understand not just how Cuban corals fared in the past, but how they might survive in a warmer, more acidic, ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affects reefs and other marine communities in two ways: it traps heat in the air, which heats up the water, and it reacts with seawater to create an acid, lowering the water’s pH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer waters are stressful for corals, and if the temperature stays too high for too long, corals will “bleach”: expel the tiny, photosynthetic algae that normally live in corals and are responsible for their brilliant colors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleached reefs appear white and barren, and in the case of hard or “stony” corals what’s left behind is their calcium carbonate structure. Calcium carbonate is the same hard mineral that clam shells and chalk are made of and it’s vulnerable to the second effect of carbon dioxide: ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard corals, like the \u003cem>Siderastrea\u003c/em> the Cuban core was drilled from, need calcium and carbonate ions in the waters around them to build their structures. When the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, the gas reacts in seawater to make carbonate ions less available. It’s harder for corals to grow and it creates acidic conditions that can dissolve calcium carbonate corals have already built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral reef scientists like Siciliano know this double-whammy of warmer and more acidic waters could be disastrous for the world’s coral. But individual reefs, like those in Cuba, have weathered local changes in temperature and acidity before.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The pace of climate change today is unprecedented. Corals in other parts of the world that aren’t as healthy just can’t keep up.’\u003ccite>– Daria Siciliano, Coral Reef Ecologist, UC Santa Cruz \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The core will tell them how Cuban corals responded to this past climate change, and how “sturdy” they could be in the face of today’s rapidly changing climate, Siciliano says. “The pace of climate change today is unprecedented,” she says. “Corals in other parts of the world that aren’t as healthy, they just can’t keep up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Siciliano thinks Cuban corals might be strong enough to have a good shot at surviving these rapid environmental changes and looking to what happened in the past will test this hypothesis. What happened to the corals when waters got warmer and more acidic before? Did their growth rate change? Was the strength of their calcium carbonate structure compromised?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answers to these questions, and the story of this coral’s past, will provide clues to the future of reefs not just in Cuba, but around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Taking Siderastrea siderea core at Jardines de la Reina, Cuba\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/BqrSzDGG0d0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The longest core ever taken from Cuban coral arrived in Santa Cruz today. The core contains data on past environmental changes that will tell scientists why Cuban reefs are so healthy and how corals might respond to future climate change.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931842,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1044},"headData":{"title":"Two-hundred Years of Cuban Coral Arrives in Santa Cruz | KQED","description":"The longest core ever taken from Cuban coral arrived in Santa Cruz today. The core contains data on past environmental changes that will tell scientists why Cuban reefs are so healthy and how corals might respond to future climate change.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Two-hundred Years of Cuban Coral Arrives in Santa Cruz","datePublished":"2015-05-05T22:18:48.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:10:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/29756/two-hundred-years-of-cuban-coral-arrives-in-santa-cruz","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A rare and valuable shipment arrived from Cuba today. But it’s not hand-rolled cigars or fine rum. It’s a coral core: A 48 inch column of pure coral, about as long and wide as a baseball bat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27719\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/27718-thumb.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27719\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/27718-thumb.jpg\" alt=\"Thumbnail for 27718\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shoal of tropical fish over a coral reef in the Caribbean Sea. (photo courtesy of iStockphoto)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core was collected off the coast of southern Cuba and it’s the first intact, long core ever drilled from a Cuban reef. It contains historical information that could help solve a mystery: Why are Cuban coral reefs so healthy and will they be able to stay that way as the climate changes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cuba remains remarkably unspoiled compared to other Caribbean tropical coastal areas,” says Daria Siciliano, a coral reef ecologist at UC Santa Cruz and a lead scientist on the project. “Our hypothesis is that the unique socio-political history of Cuba, together with the country’s progressive stance in marine conservation, are responsible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral growth is affected by seawater conditions like temperature, acidity levels and available nutrients. This makes coral cores ideal “archives” of local environmental change, says Siciliano, because scientists can read past water conditions by analyzing the chemical marks they left on the coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30017\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Cuba-coral-1024x512.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30017\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Cuba-coral-1024x512.jpg\" alt=\"The coral cores were collected in February of this year off the southern coast of Cuba.\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The corals were collected in February of this year off the southern coast of Cuba.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This particular core is about four feet in length, which is impressive, but size only matters to Siciliano in terms of time—four feet in length means the core could have coral that’s over two hundred years old. With this data, she and her team will be able to reconstruct the reef environment from the early 1800s to today, and see how the coral’s growth responded to environmental change over that time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siciliano, her Cuban counterpart, Patricia Gonzales of the Center for Marine Research at the University of Havana, and Konrad Hughen of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, hope to use this data to determine what historical factors have made the Cuban reefs more robust than other reefs in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daria_Konrad_core-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daria_Konrad_core-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Daria Siciliano (UCSC) and Konrad Hughen, (WHOI) in Cuba with the core (Fernando Bretos/Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Foundation)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daria Siciliano (UCSC) and Konrad Hughen, (WHOI) in Cuba with the core (Fernando Bretos/Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Foundation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re especially interested in how the corals responded to changes in runoff from agriculture. When the U.S.S.R collapsed, Cuban farmers were cut off from synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and the Cuban government decided to transition the nation to organic farming methods, which still dominate today. This meant a reduction in the amount of synthetic nitrogen chemicals washing from farms to the reef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corals are animals so they need nitrogen, an essential nutrient, to survive. But too much can disturb the reef’s natural balance, speeding up growth of algae that compete with coral for space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does organic farming mean healthier reefs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siciliano and Gonzalez believe Cuban organic farming practices generate less harmful runoff, and this has translated into healthy reefs. Chemical analysis of the coral core will reveal the truth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These new insights will help scientists and farmers understand the effects of land management, in particular the transition from industrial fertilizers to organic agriculture, on Cuban coral reef waters, Siciliano says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will also use the two hundred years of environmental data to reconstruct how local and regional climate change has affected coral growth. That information will help them understand not just how Cuban corals fared in the past, but how they might survive in a warmer, more acidic, ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affects reefs and other marine communities in two ways: it traps heat in the air, which heats up the water, and it reacts with seawater to create an acid, lowering the water’s pH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer waters are stressful for corals, and if the temperature stays too high for too long, corals will “bleach”: expel the tiny, photosynthetic algae that normally live in corals and are responsible for their brilliant colors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleached reefs appear white and barren, and in the case of hard or “stony” corals what’s left behind is their calcium carbonate structure. Calcium carbonate is the same hard mineral that clam shells and chalk are made of and it’s vulnerable to the second effect of carbon dioxide: ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard corals, like the \u003cem>Siderastrea\u003c/em> the Cuban core was drilled from, need calcium and carbonate ions in the waters around them to build their structures. When the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, the gas reacts in seawater to make carbonate ions less available. It’s harder for corals to grow and it creates acidic conditions that can dissolve calcium carbonate corals have already built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral reef scientists like Siciliano know this double-whammy of warmer and more acidic waters could be disastrous for the world’s coral. But individual reefs, like those in Cuba, have weathered local changes in temperature and acidity before.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The pace of climate change today is unprecedented. Corals in other parts of the world that aren’t as healthy just can’t keep up.’\u003ccite>– Daria Siciliano, Coral Reef Ecologist, UC Santa Cruz \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The core will tell them how Cuban corals responded to this past climate change, and how “sturdy” they could be in the face of today’s rapidly changing climate, Siciliano says. “The pace of climate change today is unprecedented,” she says. “Corals in other parts of the world that aren’t as healthy, they just can’t keep up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Siciliano thinks Cuban corals might be strong enough to have a good shot at surviving these rapid environmental changes and looking to what happened in the past will test this hypothesis. What happened to the corals when waters got warmer and more acidic before? Did their growth rate change? Was the strength of their calcium carbonate structure compromised?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answers to these questions, and the story of this coral’s past, will provide clues to the future of reefs not just in Cuba, but around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Taking Siderastrea siderea core at Jardines de la Reina, Cuba\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/BqrSzDGG0d0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/29756/two-hundred-years-of-cuban-coral-arrives-in-santa-cruz","authors":["6616"],"categories":["science_31","science_89"],"tags":["science_727"],"featImg":"science_30026","label":"science"},"science_27067":{"type":"posts","id":"science_27067","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"27067","score":null,"sort":[1423490432000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"elephant-seals-battle-for-love-with-mating-songs-and-bravado","title":"Elephant Seals Battle for Love With Mating Songs and Bravado","publishDate":1423490432,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Elephant Seals Battle for Love With Mating Songs and Bravado | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story won a national \u003ca href=\"http://rtdna.org/content/2014_national_edward_r_murrow_award_winners#.VNVTRJ3F98E\">Edward R. Murrow Award\u003c/a> in 2014 for Use of Sound. We bring it back to you as our Valentine from KQED Science. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Love is in the air on California beaches this time of year, when northern elephant seals arrive by the thousands for breeding season. Males make plenty of noise at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\">Año Nuevo State Reserve\u003c/a>, north of Santa Cruz, but it sounds more like a chorus of motorcycles than the sultry sounds of Annie Lennox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsc.edu/\">UC Santa Cruz\u003c/a> are decoding this complex communication system and learning how males use it to boost their reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals spend most of the year alone in the Pacific Ocean, so there’s plenty of action packed into the two months they’re on land every winter. “That’s mating behavior,” says naturalist Lisa Wolfklain, pointing at two elephant seals in a sea of hundreds of males, females and pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0px none;overflow: hidden;float: right;margin: 10px\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html\" width=\"270\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male elephant seals are the size of an SUV — fifteen feet long and 4,000 pounds. They’re known for their proboscis, the huge, fleshy nose that hangs over their mouth. There are plenty of available females this time of year, but most males will strike out. The dating scene is controlled by alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The alpha strategy is to be dominant over a group of females, the harem,” says Wolfklain. “And they want to have the first right to mate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can spot the alpha males right in the middle of their groups of 10 to 100 females. The other males, known as betas, are on the outskirts, just watching, waiting for their chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this guy’s coming in,” says Wolfklain, pointing at one beta male moving quickly toward a female. The alpha male perks up and snorts a warning with customary bravado. Sometimes the fight ends there, but not this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ooh, now they’re hitting with their heads,” the commentary continues, as the two lunge at each others’ chests. A few strikes seem to be enough for the beta male and he retreats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fights can be bloody and all the while, other males are taking advantage and sneaking in. It adds up to a very stressful time for male elephant seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s All About Reputation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not advantageous for males to fight all the time,” says Caroline Casey, a researcher at UC Santa Cruz. She says fights can be risky. “Sometimes they can result in death and we’ve seen that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals also don’t eat while on land, so they need to conserve energy. Casey says, as with humans, one way to avoid fighting is communication. But until now, no one was really sure what the males were saying to each other. So, she and her colleagues have been studying a patch of beach with about 50 males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Elepahant-Seal-numbers-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-27084\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Elepahant-Seal-numbers-1-420x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Elepahant Seal numbers 1\" width=\"207\" height=\"505\">\u003c/a>“We have come up with this ranking system where we assign each male a score,” she says. It’s similar to systems used in professional sports, where the males win or lose points with every fight. Casey and her team also recorded the males’ calls and found remarkable differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One beta male, X579, has a call that ends in a flourish. “His call, to me, is my favorite,” she says. “He always has this really lovely note at the end of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X579 was a beta male with a lot of competition. “He tends to vocalize and challenge everybody right when he gets there,” Casey says. He challenged GL, an alpha male with a very short, staccato call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what’s so incredible,” Casey says. “All of the animals sound completely different from one another.” What’s more, Casey’s team found that each male seems to use the same call year after year, whether he has a harem or not. It’s their signature call – and they flaunt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A larger, more dominant animal will come up to a smaller animal, maybe beat him up a little bit,” says Casey, “call at him before and after, like, ‘Hey, this is me. I’m Bob. Don’t mess with me.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all about spreading your reputation around. “That’s called associative learning and that’s very unique among marine mammals,” Casey explains. “That means that every male has the potential to be learning every other male based on their acoustic signature at that site.”\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Elephant-seal-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-27074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Elephant-seal-map-721x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"236\" height=\"336\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These complex communication systems have been studied in songbirds and other animals, but Casey says less is known about marine species. “I think it’s just a piece of larger puzzle in understanding how these animals breed and how they’re going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, elephant seals were hunted to near extinction for their blubber. Fewer than 100 lingered off the coast of Mexico. With protective laws in place, today there are more than 150,000 northern elephant seals — and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Casey’s loner elephant seal X579. This year, he’s an alpha male for the first time. As for the others, there’s always next year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They may sound like faulty plumbing, but male northern elephant seals have a unique communication system that's all about reputation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932290,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":920},"headData":{"title":"Elephant Seals Battle for Love With Mating Songs and Bravado | KQED","description":"They may sound like faulty plumbing, but male northern elephant seals have a unique communication system that's all about reputation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Elephant Seals Battle for Love With Mating Songs and Bravado","datePublished":"2015-02-09T14:00:32.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:18:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"KQED Science","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/02/20150209ElephantsealsScience.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/27067/elephant-seals-battle-for-love-with-mating-songs-and-bravado","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story won a national \u003ca href=\"http://rtdna.org/content/2014_national_edward_r_murrow_award_winners#.VNVTRJ3F98E\">Edward R. Murrow Award\u003c/a> in 2014 for Use of Sound. We bring it back to you as our Valentine from KQED Science. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Love is in the air on California beaches this time of year, when northern elephant seals arrive by the thousands for breeding season. Males make plenty of noise at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\">Año Nuevo State Reserve\u003c/a>, north of Santa Cruz, but it sounds more like a chorus of motorcycles than the sultry sounds of Annie Lennox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsc.edu/\">UC Santa Cruz\u003c/a> are decoding this complex communication system and learning how males use it to boost their reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals spend most of the year alone in the Pacific Ocean, so there’s plenty of action packed into the two months they’re on land every winter. “That’s mating behavior,” says naturalist Lisa Wolfklain, pointing at two elephant seals in a sea of hundreds of males, females and pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0px none;overflow: hidden;float: right;margin: 10px\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html\" width=\"270\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male elephant seals are the size of an SUV — fifteen feet long and 4,000 pounds. They’re known for their proboscis, the huge, fleshy nose that hangs over their mouth. There are plenty of available females this time of year, but most males will strike out. The dating scene is controlled by alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The alpha strategy is to be dominant over a group of females, the harem,” says Wolfklain. “And they want to have the first right to mate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can spot the alpha males right in the middle of their groups of 10 to 100 females. The other males, known as betas, are on the outskirts, just watching, waiting for their chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this guy’s coming in,” says Wolfklain, pointing at one beta male moving quickly toward a female. The alpha male perks up and snorts a warning with customary bravado. Sometimes the fight ends there, but not this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ooh, now they’re hitting with their heads,” the commentary continues, as the two lunge at each others’ chests. A few strikes seem to be enough for the beta male and he retreats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fights can be bloody and all the while, other males are taking advantage and sneaking in. It adds up to a very stressful time for male elephant seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s All About Reputation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not advantageous for males to fight all the time,” says Caroline Casey, a researcher at UC Santa Cruz. She says fights can be risky. “Sometimes they can result in death and we’ve seen that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals also don’t eat while on land, so they need to conserve energy. Casey says, as with humans, one way to avoid fighting is communication. But until now, no one was really sure what the males were saying to each other. So, she and her colleagues have been studying a patch of beach with about 50 males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Elepahant-Seal-numbers-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-27084\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Elepahant-Seal-numbers-1-420x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Elepahant Seal numbers 1\" width=\"207\" height=\"505\">\u003c/a>“We have come up with this ranking system where we assign each male a score,” she says. It’s similar to systems used in professional sports, where the males win or lose points with every fight. Casey and her team also recorded the males’ calls and found remarkable differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One beta male, X579, has a call that ends in a flourish. “His call, to me, is my favorite,” she says. “He always has this really lovely note at the end of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X579 was a beta male with a lot of competition. “He tends to vocalize and challenge everybody right when he gets there,” Casey says. He challenged GL, an alpha male with a very short, staccato call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what’s so incredible,” Casey says. “All of the animals sound completely different from one another.” What’s more, Casey’s team found that each male seems to use the same call year after year, whether he has a harem or not. It’s their signature call – and they flaunt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A larger, more dominant animal will come up to a smaller animal, maybe beat him up a little bit,” says Casey, “call at him before and after, like, ‘Hey, this is me. I’m Bob. Don’t mess with me.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all about spreading your reputation around. “That’s called associative learning and that’s very unique among marine mammals,” Casey explains. “That means that every male has the potential to be learning every other male based on their acoustic signature at that site.”\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Elephant-seal-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-27074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Elephant-seal-map-721x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"236\" height=\"336\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These complex communication systems have been studied in songbirds and other animals, but Casey says less is known about marine species. “I think it’s just a piece of larger puzzle in understanding how these animals breed and how they’re going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, elephant seals were hunted to near extinction for their blubber. Fewer than 100 lingered off the coast of Mexico. With protective laws in place, today there are more than 150,000 northern elephant seals — and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Casey’s loner elephant seal X579. This year, he’s an alpha male for the first time. As for the others, there’s always next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/27067/elephant-seals-battle-for-love-with-mating-songs-and-bravado","authors":["239"],"series":["science_2625"],"categories":["science_30","science_40"],"tags":["science_2265","science_727"],"featImg":"science_27099","label":"source_science_27067"},"science_25908":{"type":"posts","id":"science_25908","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"25908","score":null,"sort":[1420597029000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-fantastic-fur-of-sea-otters","title":"The Fantastic Fur of Sea Otters","publishDate":1420597029,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Fantastic Fur of Sea Otters | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]California sea otters (\u003cem>Enhydra lutris\u003c/em>) — the frolicking mascots of the coast who draw visitors to aquariums in droves and who float among the kelp beds just beyond the surf line — have the densest fur of any mammal on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With up to a million hairs per inch, the super-soft coats were once such a lure for hunters that they nearly led to the otters’ demise in the early 1900s. But now, the federally protected species is free to use its luxurious fur for one key purpose: to keep warm in the often chilly Pacific Ocean, particularly during winter months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They live in cold water, and it’s too cold for them,” says Heather Liwanag, a biologist who studied otter fur as part of her Ph.D. research at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsc.edu/\">U.C. Santa Cruz\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If an otter were to use blubber to stay warm the amount of blubber it would need would be bigger than the otter.’\u003ccite>— Heather Liwanag,\u003cbr>\nAdelphi University Biologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Everywhere in the otter’s geographic range, she says, is outside their “thermal neutral zone.” This zone is the range of temperatures in which a mammal can live without expending energy to maintain its internal body temperature. So how do they do it? The same way you or I would—with a nice warm blanket. But theirs is a blanket of air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re using fur for insulation, but it’s not really the fur that’s insulating them,” says Liwanag, now an assistant professor of biology at \u003ca href=\"http://www.adelphi.edu/\">Adelphi University\u003c/a> in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The true insulating power comes from a layer of air the fur keeps trapped next to their skin. Otter fur has two special properties that make it especially good at creating an insulating layer of air: It’s dense, and it’s spiky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25925\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Sea-otter-guard-hair.jpeg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-25925\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Sea-otter-guard-hair.jpeg\" alt=\"Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UCB)\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scanning electron microscope image of a sea otter guard hair. The barbed scales allow sea otter fur to form a nearly waterproof layer to protect the otter from the frigid ocean (Heather Liwanag/Adelphi University)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Human-Hair-SEM.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-25924\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Human-Hair-SEM.jpg\" alt=\"Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Otters fur is about 1,000 times more dense than human hair. But it wouldn’t do them any good if it were smooth and perfectly combed. Otters want their hair as tangled as possible, so that the air bubbles they blow into their pelts can’t get out. This is where the spiky aspect comes in handy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otter pelts feel smooth and soft to us, but if you look at otter hair with a microscope you can see that it’s covered in tiny, geometric barbs. The barbs help the hair mat together so tightly that the fur near the otter’s body is almost completely dry. And keeping the animals dry is key to keeping them warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some disadvantages to the otter’s heating system. Because it relies on the trapped air, otters can’t dive too deep because high pressure forces the bubbles out. Also, the air makes them so buoyant they have to work hard to swim down. They sometimes even need to grab a rock or piece of kelp to help stay submerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/deeplook-otter-slider.html\" width=\"360px\" height=\"300px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>\u003cem>Oil disrupts the sea otter fur’s ability to trap insulating air.The oiled section\u003cbr>\nshows bright red where the otter’s body heat is exposed. (California Department\u003cbr>\nof Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/em>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their unique use of air bubbles to stay insulated and warm is what makes oil spills so dangerous to otters. Oil can mat down otter fur and keep it from holding air. Without the insulation the otter is left unprotected from the frigid ocean water. It doesn’t take long for oiled otters to succumb to hypothermia and drown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many other marine mammals, including whales and sea lions, stay warm a different way — with layers of blubber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liwanag, in her thesis research that was published in 2012, compared the insulating powers of fur and blubber under different conditions. She wanted to learn more about how different species of mammals adapted to the marine environment to stay warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going in to this thesis, I fully expected blubber to be the better insulator,” she says, “because we see it arise multiple times, across different lineages.” But that wasn’t the case, and it turned out that fur—or really, air—is warmer, at least at shallow depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an otter were to use blubber to stay warm,” Liwanag says, “the amount of blubber it would need would be bigger than the otter.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sea otters aren’t just cute -- they’re a vivid example of life on the edge. Unlike whales and other ocean mammals, sea otters have no blubber. Yet they're still able to keep warm in the frigid Pacific waters. The secret to their survival? A fur coat like no other.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932438,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/deeplook-otter-slider.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"The Fantastic Fur of Sea Otters | KQED","description":"Sea otters aren’t just cute -- they’re a vivid example of life on the edge. Unlike whales and other ocean mammals, sea otters have no blubber. Yet they're still able to keep warm in the frigid Pacific waters. The secret to their survival? A fur coat like no other.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Fantastic Fur of Sea Otters","datePublished":"2015-01-07T02:17:09.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:20:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/embed/Zxqg_um1TXI","source":"DEEP LOOK","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/","sticky":false,"path":"/science/25908/the-fantastic-fur-of-sea-otters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California sea otters (\u003cem>Enhydra lutris\u003c/em>) — the frolicking mascots of the coast who draw visitors to aquariums in droves and who float among the kelp beds just beyond the surf line — have the densest fur of any mammal on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With up to a million hairs per inch, the super-soft coats were once such a lure for hunters that they nearly led to the otters’ demise in the early 1900s. But now, the federally protected species is free to use its luxurious fur for one key purpose: to keep warm in the often chilly Pacific Ocean, particularly during winter months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They live in cold water, and it’s too cold for them,” says Heather Liwanag, a biologist who studied otter fur as part of her Ph.D. research at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsc.edu/\">U.C. Santa Cruz\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If an otter were to use blubber to stay warm the amount of blubber it would need would be bigger than the otter.’\u003ccite>— Heather Liwanag,\u003cbr>\nAdelphi University Biologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Everywhere in the otter’s geographic range, she says, is outside their “thermal neutral zone.” This zone is the range of temperatures in which a mammal can live without expending energy to maintain its internal body temperature. So how do they do it? The same way you or I would—with a nice warm blanket. But theirs is a blanket of air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re using fur for insulation, but it’s not really the fur that’s insulating them,” says Liwanag, now an assistant professor of biology at \u003ca href=\"http://www.adelphi.edu/\">Adelphi University\u003c/a> in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The true insulating power comes from a layer of air the fur keeps trapped next to their skin. Otter fur has two special properties that make it especially good at creating an insulating layer of air: It’s dense, and it’s spiky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25925\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Sea-otter-guard-hair.jpeg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-25925\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Sea-otter-guard-hair.jpeg\" alt=\"Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UCB)\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scanning electron microscope image of a sea otter guard hair. The barbed scales allow sea otter fur to form a nearly waterproof layer to protect the otter from the frigid ocean (Heather Liwanag/Adelphi University)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Human-Hair-SEM.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-25924\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Human-Hair-SEM.jpg\" alt=\"Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scanning electron microscope image of a human hair showing scaled texture (Guangwei Min/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Otters fur is about 1,000 times more dense than human hair. But it wouldn’t do them any good if it were smooth and perfectly combed. Otters want their hair as tangled as possible, so that the air bubbles they blow into their pelts can’t get out. This is where the spiky aspect comes in handy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otter pelts feel smooth and soft to us, but if you look at otter hair with a microscope you can see that it’s covered in tiny, geometric barbs. The barbs help the hair mat together so tightly that the fur near the otter’s body is almost completely dry. And keeping the animals dry is key to keeping them warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some disadvantages to the otter’s heating system. Because it relies on the trapped air, otters can’t dive too deep because high pressure forces the bubbles out. Also, the air makes them so buoyant they have to work hard to swim down. They sometimes even need to grab a rock or piece of kelp to help stay submerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/deeplook-otter-slider.html\" width=\"360px\" height=\"300px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>\u003cem>Oil disrupts the sea otter fur’s ability to trap insulating air.The oiled section\u003cbr>\nshows bright red where the otter’s body heat is exposed. (California Department\u003cbr>\nof Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/em>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their unique use of air bubbles to stay insulated and warm is what makes oil spills so dangerous to otters. Oil can mat down otter fur and keep it from holding air. Without the insulation the otter is left unprotected from the frigid ocean water. It doesn’t take long for oiled otters to succumb to hypothermia and drown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many other marine mammals, including whales and sea lions, stay warm a different way — with layers of blubber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liwanag, in her thesis research that was published in 2012, compared the insulating powers of fur and blubber under different conditions. She wanted to learn more about how different species of mammals adapted to the marine environment to stay warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going in to this thesis, I fully expected blubber to be the better insulator,” she says, “because we see it arise multiple times, across different lineages.” But that wasn’t the case, and it turned out that fur—or really, air—is warmer, at least at shallow depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an otter were to use blubber to stay warm,” Liwanag says, “the amount of blubber it would need would be bigger than the otter.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/25908/the-fantastic-fur-of-sea-otters","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_1935","science_2625"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_86"],"tags":["science_5178","science_1970","science_64","science_2698","science_1155","science_325","science_309","science_727"],"featImg":"science_25911","label":"source_science_25908"},"science_23863":{"type":"posts","id":"science_23863","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"23863","score":null,"sort":[1416278922000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-suspect-a-virus-is-causing-sea-star-die-off","title":"Scientists Suspect a Virus is Causing Sea Star Die-Off","publishDate":1416278922,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Scientists Suspect a Virus is Causing Sea Star Die-Off | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23912\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/diseased-davenport-big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23912 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/diseased-davenport-big.jpg\" alt=\"diseased-davenport big\" width=\"4000\" height=\"3000\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wasting disease affecting sea stars causes some, like this ochre star in Santa Cruz, to lose their legs. (Nate Fletcher/ UC Santa Cruz) \u003ccite>(Nate Fletcher/ UC Santa Cruz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-23896 size-full\">Scientists have identified the top suspect in the mysterious die-off of millions of sea stars along the west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of starfish from Mexico to Alaska have lost their legs and turned to mush, confounding and alarming scientists and beachgoers. In affected areas, the mortality rate has been as high as 70 to 99 percent. The phenomenon is known as “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/07/what-we-know-and-dont-know-about-the-sea-star-die-off/\">sea star wasting disease\u003c/a>” but the cause has remained unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Santa Cruz, Cornell University and other institutions now have strong evidence that links the disease to a densovirus, a type of parvovirus commonly found in invertebrates. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/11/12/1416625111.full.pdf+html\">paper published\u003c/a> in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the scientists report that densovirus is also present in museum specimens of sea stars as far back as the 1940s. That means that while the virus has long been present in sea star populations, something has triggered the recent outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mass sea star die-offs have occurred before, says Peter Raimondi, chair of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at UC Santa Cruz. But they all corresponded with El Niño years that brought warmer waters to the Pacific Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key difference with other outbreaks is that in other ones it was unambiguously associated with warm water,” Raimondi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The sea stars may have responded to the viral outbreak by reproducing even more than usual.’\u003ccite>— Dr. Peter Raimondi, UC Santa Cruz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This latest die-off doesn’t follow the same pattern. Previous outbreaks spread north as warm waters moved up the coast, but the current outbreak has occurred as a series of individual incidents, popping up all over the west coast, first in the north and then further south and then back in the north. Some of the affected areas saw warmer temperatures but some didn’t, Raimondi says. This outbreak has also lasted longer and affected a larger area than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi and his colleagues are still researching what’s driving the current outbreak. They haven’t ruled out warmer water entirely, but they’re investigating a variety of other environmental factors, from pollution to ocean acidification to a decrease in oxygen in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if it’s an isolated example taking root and spreading, and doesn’t portend anything in future,” Raimondi says, “or if this is a portent of things that will become more common in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prospects for Recovery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers aren’t sure whether the sea star population is going to be able to rebound from this die-off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news of the study is that, besides sea stars, the virus is found in sediment and in sea urchins, although the urchins don’t show symptoms of the virus. Raimondi says the sediments and urchins are acting as a reservoir for the virus and might infect new generations of sea stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23909\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/p_ochraceus_recruits_sad_2014_0325_mg-BIG.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23909 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/p_ochraceus_recruits_sad_2014_0325_mg-BIG.jpg\" alt=\"p_ochraceus_recruits_sad_2014_0325_mg BIG\" width=\"4000\" height=\"3000\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are now seeing large numbers of juvenile sea stars in areas that were affected by the virus outbreak. (Maya George/UC Santa Cruz)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beautiful and brightly colored, starfish are a charismatic species and a favorite of beach goers. They’re also voracious predators. Starfish are called a keystone species, meaning they’re at the top of the food chain and have a major effect on the ecosystem. A significant decline in sea star species could have profound ecological consequences, Raimondi says, changing marine ecosystems along the west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that researchers are finding huge populations of baby starfish in some of their monitoring areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When animals get stressed they tend to reproduce,” Raimondi says. The sea stars may have responded to the viral outbreak by reproducing even more than usual. The baby sea stars then drift away from their birthplace on ocean currents. “Because babies tend to go somewhere else, they can repopulate other areas, so recovery can be quicker than we thought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi encourages beachgoers, boaters, and divers to visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/index.html\">seastarwasting.org\u003c/a> to see pictures of diseased and baby sea stars and to submit information about their own sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We welcome observation,” Raimondi says. “The public can help immensely in our understanding of what’s causing this and what the recovery prospects are like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can see scientists at work trying to solve the mystery of sea star wasting disease, in this QUEST TV story, filmed earlier this year.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GcseyLU1Rs?feature=player_detailpage\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"But the virus isn't new to sea stars, so what triggered the current outbreak remains a mystery.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932607,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":794},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Suspect a Virus is Causing Sea Star Die-Off | KQED","description":"But the virus isn't new to sea stars, so what triggered the current outbreak remains a mystery.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Suspect a Virus is Causing Sea Star Die-Off","datePublished":"2014-11-18T02:48:42.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:23:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/23863/scientists-suspect-a-virus-is-causing-sea-star-die-off","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23912\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/diseased-davenport-big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23912 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/diseased-davenport-big.jpg\" alt=\"diseased-davenport big\" width=\"4000\" height=\"3000\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wasting disease affecting sea stars causes some, like this ochre star in Santa Cruz, to lose their legs. (Nate Fletcher/ UC Santa Cruz) \u003ccite>(Nate Fletcher/ UC Santa Cruz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-23896 size-full\">Scientists have identified the top suspect in the mysterious die-off of millions of sea stars along the west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of starfish from Mexico to Alaska have lost their legs and turned to mush, confounding and alarming scientists and beachgoers. In affected areas, the mortality rate has been as high as 70 to 99 percent. The phenomenon is known as “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/07/what-we-know-and-dont-know-about-the-sea-star-die-off/\">sea star wasting disease\u003c/a>” but the cause has remained unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Santa Cruz, Cornell University and other institutions now have strong evidence that links the disease to a densovirus, a type of parvovirus commonly found in invertebrates. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/11/12/1416625111.full.pdf+html\">paper published\u003c/a> in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the scientists report that densovirus is also present in museum specimens of sea stars as far back as the 1940s. That means that while the virus has long been present in sea star populations, something has triggered the recent outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mass sea star die-offs have occurred before, says Peter Raimondi, chair of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at UC Santa Cruz. But they all corresponded with El Niño years that brought warmer waters to the Pacific Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key difference with other outbreaks is that in other ones it was unambiguously associated with warm water,” Raimondi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The sea stars may have responded to the viral outbreak by reproducing even more than usual.’\u003ccite>— Dr. Peter Raimondi, UC Santa Cruz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This latest die-off doesn’t follow the same pattern. Previous outbreaks spread north as warm waters moved up the coast, but the current outbreak has occurred as a series of individual incidents, popping up all over the west coast, first in the north and then further south and then back in the north. Some of the affected areas saw warmer temperatures but some didn’t, Raimondi says. This outbreak has also lasted longer and affected a larger area than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi and his colleagues are still researching what’s driving the current outbreak. They haven’t ruled out warmer water entirely, but they’re investigating a variety of other environmental factors, from pollution to ocean acidification to a decrease in oxygen in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if it’s an isolated example taking root and spreading, and doesn’t portend anything in future,” Raimondi says, “or if this is a portent of things that will become more common in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prospects for Recovery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers aren’t sure whether the sea star population is going to be able to rebound from this die-off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news of the study is that, besides sea stars, the virus is found in sediment and in sea urchins, although the urchins don’t show symptoms of the virus. Raimondi says the sediments and urchins are acting as a reservoir for the virus and might infect new generations of sea stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23909\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/p_ochraceus_recruits_sad_2014_0325_mg-BIG.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23909 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/p_ochraceus_recruits_sad_2014_0325_mg-BIG.jpg\" alt=\"p_ochraceus_recruits_sad_2014_0325_mg BIG\" width=\"4000\" height=\"3000\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are now seeing large numbers of juvenile sea stars in areas that were affected by the virus outbreak. (Maya George/UC Santa Cruz)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beautiful and brightly colored, starfish are a charismatic species and a favorite of beach goers. They’re also voracious predators. Starfish are called a keystone species, meaning they’re at the top of the food chain and have a major effect on the ecosystem. A significant decline in sea star species could have profound ecological consequences, Raimondi says, changing marine ecosystems along the west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that researchers are finding huge populations of baby starfish in some of their monitoring areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When animals get stressed they tend to reproduce,” Raimondi says. The sea stars may have responded to the viral outbreak by reproducing even more than usual. The baby sea stars then drift away from their birthplace on ocean currents. “Because babies tend to go somewhere else, they can repopulate other areas, so recovery can be quicker than we thought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi encourages beachgoers, boaters, and divers to visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/index.html\">seastarwasting.org\u003c/a> to see pictures of diseased and baby sea stars and to submit information about their own sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We welcome observation,” Raimondi says. “The public can help immensely in our understanding of what’s causing this and what the recovery prospects are like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can see scientists at work trying to solve the mystery of sea star wasting disease, in this QUEST TV story, filmed earlier this year.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GcseyLU1Rs?feature=player_detailpage\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/23863/scientists-suspect-a-virus-is-causing-sea-star-die-off","authors":["6591"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_727"],"featImg":"science_23912","label":"science"},"science_9037":{"type":"posts","id":"science_9037","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"9037","score":null,"sort":[1379619499000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-research-sheds-light-on-earthquakes-that-occur-far-below-earths-surface","title":"New Research Sheds Light on Earthquakes That Occur Far Below Earth's Surface","publishDate":1379619499,"format":"aside","headTitle":"New Research Sheds Light on Earthquakes That Occur Far Below Earth’s Surface | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Four months ago, a very large earthquake occurred beneath far easternmost Russia, but not even the locals paid it much notice because it was far away from everyone—609 kilometers (378 miles) straight down from a point in the Sea of Okhotsk. Within the hour, though, seismologists around the world were buzzing because it appeared to be a record-setting event. A paper published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> today confirms that the May 24 Russian quake was the largest deep earthquake ever recorded, and also shows that it was quite different from the previous record-holder, a 1994 event 637 kilometers beneath Bolivia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s deepest earthquakes don’t make much of a ruckus in human terms, but seismologists are deeply interested in them because they’re not supposed to happen. Rocks soften as they heat up, and at depths below around 50 kilometers they’re generally so hot that they flow instead of breaking. No rupturing means no earthquakes. That’s why the San Andreas fault just peters out at its base, and it’s a major reason why the Earth’s outer shell can slide around in continent-sized pieces called tectonic plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, somehow certain rocks can rupture and release stress—creating earthquakes—as deep as 700 kilometers, the boundary between the upper and lower mantle. So deep quakes are potent clues to interesting science in a part of the earth where we have almost no direct evidence. Deep quakes happen where plates are being pulled down into the mantle in the process called subduction. Subducting plates are naturally much colder than the rock around them, so the general thinking is that they remain brittle to a greater depth. But the details are still puzzling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> paper, a team including UC Santa Cruz’s Thorne Lay and his graduate student Lingling Ye assigned the 2013 Russia quake the same magnitude, 8.3, as the 1994 Bolivia quake. But in fact it had one-third more energy, just not enough for an 8.4. So that was a nice thing to learn. The team relied on the excellent data from the USArray network, a decade-long experiment that’s been stationing large groups of seismometers around the country in a gigantic version of a doctor positioning a stethoscope on a patient’s body. Here’s a snapshot of the seismic waves from the 2013 quake sweeping from Russia across the USArray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/deepEQ-IRISmap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9038\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/deepEQ-IRISmap.png\" alt=\"Seismic waves from the Russia earthquake of 24 May 2013\" width=\"625\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris.edu/hq/retm\">Recent Earthquake Teachable Moments\u003c/a> page of the IRIS consortium. This is one frame of an animation of the 2013 Sea of Okhotsk earthquake records. The total up-and-down ground motion was about half a millimeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ye and Lay’s team mapped the deep rupture as a large, nearly horizontal fault inside the subducting plate. They were able to determine that the upper side of the fault slid and scraped over the bottom side more than 30 feet (9.9 meters) in 30 seconds. They detected only a few small aftershocks, but that’s common in deep earthquakes—the long-lasting aftershock sequences familiar in shallow quakes are muffled in these deep-seated rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9039\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 601px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/deepEQmap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9039\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9039\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/deepEQmap.png\" alt=\"Rupture zone of the 2013 Sea of Okhotsk quake\" width=\"601\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rupture zone of the 2013 Sea of Okhotsk quake mapped in pink; each ring inside the outline represents 2.2 meters of slip. Blue dots are aftershocks, each about magnitude 4. Large round symbols show the orientation of the slip motion for the 8.3 quake and two earlier earthquakes in 2008. Dashed contour lines show the top of the subducting Pacific plate. Arrows show the motion of the rock during the rupture. The land on the east is the west coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. From figure 1 of Ye et al., “Energy release of the 2013 M\u003csub>w\u003c/sub> 8.3 Sea of Okhotsk earthquake and deep slab stress heterogeneity,” \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> vol. 341, pp. 1380-1384.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Compared to the 1994 Bolivia quake, the 2013 Russia event was much louder—that is, it sent out more of its energy as seismic waves. The speed at which the rock ruptured was four times greater in Russia than in Bolivia. And the amount of stress released at a given spot was much smaller in Russia than in Bolivia. In these respects the Russia quake resembled shallow earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differences, the authors reasoned, come from differences in the two subducting plates. In Bolivia the young, relatively warm Nazca plate is subducting beneath South America whereas in the Sea of Okhotsk the subducting Pacific plate is very old (about 100 million years), making it much colder and thicker. In Bolivia more of the earthquake’s energy went into friction and heating—perhaps even melting—of the rock, but in Russia the colder, stiffer rock passed the energy through as vibrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors studied one magnitude-6.7 aftershock of the Russia quake that acted very much like the Bolivia quake: its stress drop was dozens of times as great as the mainshock. They concluded that this points to a mixture of structures in the subducting plate rather than a homogeneous slab of rock: “The stress drops found for the 2013 mainshock and large aftershock suggest preexisting zones with strong and weak regions, likely inherited from shallow faulting” earlier in the history of the plate. “Weak” means brittle, what we would think of as strong, solid rock, and “strong” means relatively soft rock that prefers to warp slowly, with lots of friction, rather than rupture quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This points to a picture of deeply subducted plates that are a heterogeneous mixture of weak and strong patches. In a place like Bolivia, strong patches outnumber weak ones, and the opposite is true in a place like the Sea of Okhotsk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That still doesn’t tell us exactly what kind of rupture happens in these very deep earthquakes. The kind of simple cracking we see in surface quakes is forbidden by the physics down there. We think that “phase transformations” of minerals are involved, in which the atoms reconfigure themselves into a new crystalline arrangement better suited to the high-pressure environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another paper in the same issue of \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>reported high-pressure experiments demonstrating just that in olivine, the most common mineral of the mantle. Squeezing things at high pressure is fairly easy in the lab, but squeezing a sample and deforming it at the same time at 1000°C takes our cleverest people and equipment. An international team led by Alexandre Schubnel of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris not only did that, but reproduced microscopic versions of deep earthquakes in 3-millimeter cylinders of olivine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9040\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/microfaults.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/microfaults.png\" alt=\"Nanofaults in olivine\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Faults (thin gray lines) in olivine. White grains are enstatite; note that some are split and offset along the faults. Part of figure S4 of Schubnel et al., “Deep-focus earthquake analogs recorded at high pressure and temperature in the laboratory,” \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> vol. 341, pp. 1377-1380.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>X-ray analyses showed them that about 5 percent of the samples had undergone a phase transformation from the olivine molecular structure to the spinel structure—exactly what is called for in deep earthquakes. It looked like a very clean result: “No evidence of melting or amorphous material was found at any scale, implying that the phase transformation was essentially instantaneous during fault propagation.” They also detected sounds in the samples that correspond nicely with what we call earthquakes when they’re a million times larger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we seek to understand events deep in the mantle, techniques like those used in these two papers are all we have. It’s a marvel when the progress we make is so clear-cut.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Two new papers shed light on the deepest earthquakes: one by documenting the largest deep event yet recorded, the other by reproducing these events at the nanoscale in the high-pressure lab.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935024,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1305},"headData":{"title":"New Research Sheds Light on Earthquakes That Occur Far Below Earth's Surface | KQED","description":"Two new papers shed light on the deepest earthquakes: one by documenting the largest deep event yet recorded, the other by reproducing these events at the nanoscale in the high-pressure lab.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Research Sheds Light on Earthquakes That Occur Far Below Earth's Surface","datePublished":"2013-09-19T19:38:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:03:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/9037/new-research-sheds-light-on-earthquakes-that-occur-far-below-earths-surface","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Four months ago, a very large earthquake occurred beneath far easternmost Russia, but not even the locals paid it much notice because it was far away from everyone—609 kilometers (378 miles) straight down from a point in the Sea of Okhotsk. Within the hour, though, seismologists around the world were buzzing because it appeared to be a record-setting event. A paper published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> today confirms that the May 24 Russian quake was the largest deep earthquake ever recorded, and also shows that it was quite different from the previous record-holder, a 1994 event 637 kilometers beneath Bolivia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s deepest earthquakes don’t make much of a ruckus in human terms, but seismologists are deeply interested in them because they’re not supposed to happen. Rocks soften as they heat up, and at depths below around 50 kilometers they’re generally so hot that they flow instead of breaking. No rupturing means no earthquakes. That’s why the San Andreas fault just peters out at its base, and it’s a major reason why the Earth’s outer shell can slide around in continent-sized pieces called tectonic plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, somehow certain rocks can rupture and release stress—creating earthquakes—as deep as 700 kilometers, the boundary between the upper and lower mantle. So deep quakes are potent clues to interesting science in a part of the earth where we have almost no direct evidence. Deep quakes happen where plates are being pulled down into the mantle in the process called subduction. Subducting plates are naturally much colder than the rock around them, so the general thinking is that they remain brittle to a greater depth. But the details are still puzzling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> paper, a team including UC Santa Cruz’s Thorne Lay and his graduate student Lingling Ye assigned the 2013 Russia quake the same magnitude, 8.3, as the 1994 Bolivia quake. But in fact it had one-third more energy, just not enough for an 8.4. So that was a nice thing to learn. The team relied on the excellent data from the USArray network, a decade-long experiment that’s been stationing large groups of seismometers around the country in a gigantic version of a doctor positioning a stethoscope on a patient’s body. Here’s a snapshot of the seismic waves from the 2013 quake sweeping from Russia across the USArray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/deepEQ-IRISmap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9038\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/deepEQ-IRISmap.png\" alt=\"Seismic waves from the Russia earthquake of 24 May 2013\" width=\"625\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris.edu/hq/retm\">Recent Earthquake Teachable Moments\u003c/a> page of the IRIS consortium. This is one frame of an animation of the 2013 Sea of Okhotsk earthquake records. The total up-and-down ground motion was about half a millimeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ye and Lay’s team mapped the deep rupture as a large, nearly horizontal fault inside the subducting plate. They were able to determine that the upper side of the fault slid and scraped over the bottom side more than 30 feet (9.9 meters) in 30 seconds. They detected only a few small aftershocks, but that’s common in deep earthquakes—the long-lasting aftershock sequences familiar in shallow quakes are muffled in these deep-seated rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9039\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 601px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/deepEQmap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9039\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9039\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/deepEQmap.png\" alt=\"Rupture zone of the 2013 Sea of Okhotsk quake\" width=\"601\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rupture zone of the 2013 Sea of Okhotsk quake mapped in pink; each ring inside the outline represents 2.2 meters of slip. Blue dots are aftershocks, each about magnitude 4. Large round symbols show the orientation of the slip motion for the 8.3 quake and two earlier earthquakes in 2008. Dashed contour lines show the top of the subducting Pacific plate. Arrows show the motion of the rock during the rupture. The land on the east is the west coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. From figure 1 of Ye et al., “Energy release of the 2013 M\u003csub>w\u003c/sub> 8.3 Sea of Okhotsk earthquake and deep slab stress heterogeneity,” \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> vol. 341, pp. 1380-1384.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Compared to the 1994 Bolivia quake, the 2013 Russia event was much louder—that is, it sent out more of its energy as seismic waves. The speed at which the rock ruptured was four times greater in Russia than in Bolivia. And the amount of stress released at a given spot was much smaller in Russia than in Bolivia. In these respects the Russia quake resembled shallow earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differences, the authors reasoned, come from differences in the two subducting plates. In Bolivia the young, relatively warm Nazca plate is subducting beneath South America whereas in the Sea of Okhotsk the subducting Pacific plate is very old (about 100 million years), making it much colder and thicker. In Bolivia more of the earthquake’s energy went into friction and heating—perhaps even melting—of the rock, but in Russia the colder, stiffer rock passed the energy through as vibrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors studied one magnitude-6.7 aftershock of the Russia quake that acted very much like the Bolivia quake: its stress drop was dozens of times as great as the mainshock. They concluded that this points to a mixture of structures in the subducting plate rather than a homogeneous slab of rock: “The stress drops found for the 2013 mainshock and large aftershock suggest preexisting zones with strong and weak regions, likely inherited from shallow faulting” earlier in the history of the plate. “Weak” means brittle, what we would think of as strong, solid rock, and “strong” means relatively soft rock that prefers to warp slowly, with lots of friction, rather than rupture quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This points to a picture of deeply subducted plates that are a heterogeneous mixture of weak and strong patches. In a place like Bolivia, strong patches outnumber weak ones, and the opposite is true in a place like the Sea of Okhotsk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That still doesn’t tell us exactly what kind of rupture happens in these very deep earthquakes. The kind of simple cracking we see in surface quakes is forbidden by the physics down there. We think that “phase transformations” of minerals are involved, in which the atoms reconfigure themselves into a new crystalline arrangement better suited to the high-pressure environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another paper in the same issue of \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>reported high-pressure experiments demonstrating just that in olivine, the most common mineral of the mantle. Squeezing things at high pressure is fairly easy in the lab, but squeezing a sample and deforming it at the same time at 1000°C takes our cleverest people and equipment. An international team led by Alexandre Schubnel of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris not only did that, but reproduced microscopic versions of deep earthquakes in 3-millimeter cylinders of olivine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9040\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/microfaults.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/microfaults.png\" alt=\"Nanofaults in olivine\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Faults (thin gray lines) in olivine. White grains are enstatite; note that some are split and offset along the faults. Part of figure S4 of Schubnel et al., “Deep-focus earthquake analogs recorded at high pressure and temperature in the laboratory,” \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> vol. 341, pp. 1377-1380.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>X-ray analyses showed them that about 5 percent of the samples had undergone a phase transformation from the olivine molecular structure to the spinel structure—exactly what is called for in deep earthquakes. It looked like a very clean result: “No evidence of melting or amorphous material was found at any scale, implying that the phase transformation was essentially instantaneous during fault propagation.” They also detected sounds in the samples that correspond nicely with what we call earthquakes when they’re a million times larger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we seek to understand events deep in the mantle, techniques like those used in these two papers are all we have. It’s a marvel when the progress we make is so clear-cut.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/9037/new-research-sheds-light-on-earthquakes-that-occur-far-below-earths-surface","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_38"],"tags":["science_427","science_550","science_727"],"featImg":"science_9039","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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