Why We Can't Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack
California’s Nearly Dismal Snow Year a Harbinger of Things to Come
California's Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought
Sierra Snow Season Bogged Down by Warm Storms, Dry December
The Sierra 'Snow Line' Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly
End of California's Epic Drought Is in Sight
It's Raining -- Will Californians Still Conserve Water?
Was March the Rainfall Miracle We'd Hoped For?
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The recent National Climate Assessment included ARs as a type of extreme storm for the first time, and cites them as a specific risk associated with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there hasn’t been a convenient way to classify these events according to their ferocity — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of atmospheric scientists have come up with a scale similar to those used for hurricanes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/oun/efscale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tornadoes\u003c/a>, and earthquakes. The new scale, proposed Tuesday in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, is similar to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one used for hurricanes\u003c/a>: storms are classified as category 1 through 5, according to how much water they’re packing and how long they’re likely to stick around, wringing out that moisture as precipitation over land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> are the most impactful storms for the West,” says Marty Ralph, who led the effort to develop the scale at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in San Diego. “In fact, something like 90 percent of the flood damages in the western U.S. come from atmospheric river-type storms. And we need to distinguish the hazardous ones from the beneficial ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how the new scale stacks up, with examples provided by Scripps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 1 (Weak):\u003c/strong> Primarily beneficial. For example, a Feb. 23, 2017 AR hit California, lasted 24 hours at the coast, and produced modest rainfall.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 2 (Moderate):\u003c/strong> Mostly beneficial, but also somewhat hazardous. An atmospheric river on Nov. 19-20, 2016 hit Northern California, lasted 42 hours at the coast, and produced several inches of rain that helped replenish low reservoirs after a drought.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 3 (Strong):\u003c/strong> Balance of beneficial and hazardous. An atmospheric river on Oct. 14-15, 2016 lasted 36 hours at the coast, produced 5-10 inches of rain that helped refill reservoirs after a drought, but also caused some rivers to rise to just below flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 4 (Extreme):\u003c/strong> Mostly hazardous, but also beneficial. For example, an atmospheric river on Jan. 8-9, 2017 that persisted for 36 hours produced up to 14 inches of rain in the Sierra Nevada and caused at least a dozen rivers to reach flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 5 (Exceptional):\u003c/strong> Primarily hazardous. For example, a Dec. 29, 1996 to Jan. 2, 1997 atmospheric river lasted over 100 hours at the Central California coast. The associated heavy precipitation and runoff caused more than $1 billion in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale takes into account the amount of water vapor in the air and the strength of low-altitude winds. Storms are downgraded if they’re fast-moving and less likely to “stall,” dumping huge volumes of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says that going by his new scale, Category-5 ARs come through every three to five years. The last one was during the drenching winter of 2017. It probably tipped the scale of runoff conditions that led to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11690563/new-cost-for-oroville-dam-spillway-disaster-1-1-billion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic spillway collapse\u003c/a> at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about official adoption of the AR scale, Ralph, who spent 21 years at the National Weather Service, says the concept is a murky one. He says some of his co-authors are government forecasters who say they’ll start using the scale, and a program is in the works to train broadcast meteorologists on it. But when — or whether — it will penetrate the popular lexicon to the extent that scales for hurricanes and tornadoes have is anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The storms known as 'atmospheric rivers' can be highly beneficial to California's water supply. They can also be deadly. A new scale helps sort them out -- but will it catch on?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848858,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":653},"headData":{"title":"West Coast Storms Get Some Respect With New Scale | KQED","description":"The storms known as 'atmospheric rivers' can be highly beneficial to California's water supply. They can also be deadly. A new scale helps sort them out -- but will it catch on?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1937679/proposed-scale-for-atmospheric-river-storms-runs-from-beneficial-to-hazardous","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The storms known as “atmospheric rivers” are make-or-break events for California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Category-5 atmospheric river storms, designated as ‘primarily hazardous,’ come along every three to five years, says Marty Ralph of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They can also be serious troublemakers, causing flooding and mudslides if they linger too long over the state. The recent National Climate Assessment included ARs as a type of extreme storm for the first time, and cites them as a specific risk associated with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there hasn’t been a convenient way to classify these events according to their ferocity — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of atmospheric scientists have come up with a scale similar to those used for hurricanes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/oun/efscale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tornadoes\u003c/a>, and earthquakes. The new scale, proposed Tuesday in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, is similar to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one used for hurricanes\u003c/a>: storms are classified as category 1 through 5, according to how much water they’re packing and how long they’re likely to stick around, wringing out that moisture as precipitation over land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> are the most impactful storms for the West,” says Marty Ralph, who led the effort to develop the scale at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in San Diego. “In fact, something like 90 percent of the flood damages in the western U.S. come from atmospheric river-type storms. And we need to distinguish the hazardous ones from the beneficial ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how the new scale stacks up, with examples provided by Scripps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 1 (Weak):\u003c/strong> Primarily beneficial. For example, a Feb. 23, 2017 AR hit California, lasted 24 hours at the coast, and produced modest rainfall.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 2 (Moderate):\u003c/strong> Mostly beneficial, but also somewhat hazardous. An atmospheric river on Nov. 19-20, 2016 hit Northern California, lasted 42 hours at the coast, and produced several inches of rain that helped replenish low reservoirs after a drought.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 3 (Strong):\u003c/strong> Balance of beneficial and hazardous. An atmospheric river on Oct. 14-15, 2016 lasted 36 hours at the coast, produced 5-10 inches of rain that helped refill reservoirs after a drought, but also caused some rivers to rise to just below flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 4 (Extreme):\u003c/strong> Mostly hazardous, but also beneficial. For example, an atmospheric river on Jan. 8-9, 2017 that persisted for 36 hours produced up to 14 inches of rain in the Sierra Nevada and caused at least a dozen rivers to reach flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 5 (Exceptional):\u003c/strong> Primarily hazardous. For example, a Dec. 29, 1996 to Jan. 2, 1997 atmospheric river lasted over 100 hours at the Central California coast. The associated heavy precipitation and runoff caused more than $1 billion in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale takes into account the amount of water vapor in the air and the strength of low-altitude winds. Storms are downgraded if they’re fast-moving and less likely to “stall,” dumping huge volumes of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says that going by his new scale, Category-5 ARs come through every three to five years. The last one was during the drenching winter of 2017. It probably tipped the scale of runoff conditions that led to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11690563/new-cost-for-oroville-dam-spillway-disaster-1-1-billion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic spillway collapse\u003c/a> at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about official adoption of the AR scale, Ralph, who spent 21 years at the National Weather Service, says the concept is a murky one. He says some of his co-authors are government forecasters who say they’ll start using the scale, and a program is in the works to train broadcast meteorologists on it. But when — or whether — it will penetrate the popular lexicon to the extent that scales for hurricanes and tornadoes have is anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1937679/proposed-scale-for-atmospheric-river-storms-runs-from-beneficial-to-hazardous","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3840","science_3370","science_1004","science_3830"],"featImg":"science_1937688","label":"source_science_1937679"},"science_1936797":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1936797","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1936797","score":null,"sort":[1548921691000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-we-cant-stop-talking-about-californias-sierra-snowpack","title":"Why We Can't Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack","publishDate":1548921691,"format":"image","headTitle":"Why We Can’t Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s not just skiers who have been whipsawed this season between fear of another dry winter and delight over the epic January snowfall in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also paying close attention: water wonks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\">water supply\u003c/a>. What determines just how much water is derived from that snow is called the “snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this week, water stored in accumulated Sierra snows was running just about average for late January, and amounted to about 60 percent of the average on April 1, when the snowpack is typically at its peak for the year. “Average” is good news compared to where things stood less than a month ago, when the snowpack was only about two-thirds of the early-January average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can really make up a lot of ground if we just have a couple of kind of heavy-hitting storms,” says Ben Hatchett, a snow watcher at the Desert Research Institute in Nevada. “And we sure did, and the people rejoiced — both at the ski resorts and hopefully at the water management and other agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What’s the Snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term snowpack refers to the amount of snow on the ground at a given time. When scientists measure snowpack, they’re typically concerned with the Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content). The Snow Water Equivalent is how much water, measured as depth in inches\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s water supply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thus, the Snow Water Equivalent, or SWE, takes into account a particular snow’s density, and it can vary widely: Colorado’s powder may be luxurious for skiers, but because it’s less dense it contains less water. Meanwhile, the snow that skiers call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sierra%20cement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra cement\u003c/a>” is much denser and thus full of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources and other organizations monitor the snowpack by conducting monthly \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow surveys\u003c/a>, which help inform projections of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=WSI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this video, KQED Science Editor Craig Miller ventures into the Sierra with veteran state surveyor \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Gerhke\u003c/a>, to see how traditional manual snow surveys are taken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xojdkhJwZxY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing: It’s Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Merced hydrology professor Rogers Bales has been studying the Sierra Nevada snowpack for roughly three decades. He says the importance of the snowpack comes down to its functioning as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of California’s precipitation comes during the cold, wet season when the crops and forests don’t need as much water,” Bales explains. He notes that farmers use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. “[They] need a lot of water in the summer, when there’s very little or no precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the snow comes in. Its natural ability to store water is why the Sierra snowpack is often referred to as California’s “frozen reservoir.” As spring sets in, the snowpack begins to melt. Water that’s not absorbed into the ground, called“runoff,” trickles into mountain streams, which feed rivers and eventually aqueducts and reservoirs, where it can be stored for use throughout the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So timing is everything when it comes to the melting of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the runoff to be as late as possible, as close to when we need it as possible,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, that runoff begins in April, and in wet years, it can continue to flow through August, according to Bales. But in years with less precipitation, and therefore less accumulation of snow, the runoff can wind down as early as May. That leaves farmers with less reserves for those dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern, Bales says, is runoff that comes too early, triggered by warmer temperatures and rains over the mountains during winter months. Runoff occurring before April has the potential to cause flooding downstream. In February 2017, storms caused the equivalent of a full season’s runoff in the Feather River watershed to pour into Oroville Reservoir, in Butte County. Ultimately, attempts to release huge volumes of water through Oroville Dam caused both the main and emergency spillways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/oroville-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapse\u003c/a>, forcing evacuation orders for 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937431\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and after the snowstorms: satellite images of Sequoia on Jan. 4, 2019 and Jan 23, 2019, after the Sierra Nevada was pummeled with snow. \u003ccite>(Couresty \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\">Planet\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future: Warming Temperatures Mean a Smaller Snowpack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming climate is already shrinking California’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, temperatures in the mountains are rising, leading to more “rain-on-snow” events, when warming temperatures cause it to rain where there’s already snow on the ground. That accelerates the melt, which produces runoff that’s out of sync with California’s seasonal water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accepted rule of thumb, according to Bales, is that for every two degrees Celsius (3.6 F) of increased surface temperature, the snowline will rise 1,000 feet in elevation, which makes for a kind of double-whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting rain instead of snow,” says Bales, “and [the snow is] melting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just speculation, according to Alan Rhoades, a climate modeler with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He says that climate change has already begun to impact the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had roughly about a one-degree Celsius [1.3 F] increase over the last 50 years in the Western United States in terms of surface temperature.” Rhoades says. “And so the timing [of runoff] has been shifting earlier and earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted by Rhoades and colleagues published in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> predicts that more than three-quarters of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada could be gone by the close of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate modeling scenarios\u003c/a> that I’ve seen predict about a 30 to 60 percent decline by mid-century in average snowpack in winter months,” Rhoades says. “By the end of the century that\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ramps up\u003c/a> to about 70 to 80 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-768x373.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1020x496.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1180x573.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-960x466.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-240x117.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-375x182.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-520x253.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate models predict drastic reductions of snowpack in the Western U.S. by the end of the Century. Image from 4th National Climate Assessment. \u003ccite>(Hari Krishnan and Michael Wehner/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But, Rhoades says, this forecast is not set in stone. His projections are based on a “high-emissions scenario” that contributes to surface warming. In other words, it assumes minimal progress in reducing warming emissions like carbon dioxide and methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside, if the world succeeds in making drastic cuts in climate emissions, the picture needn’t be so grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 2018-19 Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half California’s annual precipitation typically falls within three months, from December through February. After an eerily dry November — the first storms didn’t roll in until nearly Thanksgiving — the January storms have more than made up for lost time, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river storm\u003c/a> dropping several feet of snow on the Sierra and pushing the statewide snowpack to above normal: 103 percent of average, as measured on Jan. 17, versus just 67 percent on Jan. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next snow survey is scheduled for Feb. 1. Despite the good season to date, water wonks and worriers will be keeping a close tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If Californians seem obsessed with the volume of snow in the Sierra, there's a good reason.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848869,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1297},"headData":{"title":"Why We Can't Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack | KQED","description":"If Californians seem obsessed with the volume of snow in the Sierra, there's a good reason.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1936797/why-we-cant-stop-talking-about-californias-sierra-snowpack","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not just skiers who have been whipsawed this season between fear of another dry winter and delight over the epic January snowfall in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also paying close attention: water wonks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\">water supply\u003c/a>. What determines just how much water is derived from that snow is called the “snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this week, water stored in accumulated Sierra snows was running just about average for late January, and amounted to about 60 percent of the average on April 1, when the snowpack is typically at its peak for the year. “Average” is good news compared to where things stood less than a month ago, when the snowpack was only about two-thirds of the early-January average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can really make up a lot of ground if we just have a couple of kind of heavy-hitting storms,” says Ben Hatchett, a snow watcher at the Desert Research Institute in Nevada. “And we sure did, and the people rejoiced — both at the ski resorts and hopefully at the water management and other agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What’s the Snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term snowpack refers to the amount of snow on the ground at a given time. When scientists measure snowpack, they’re typically concerned with the Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content). The Snow Water Equivalent is how much water, measured as depth in inches\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s water supply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thus, the Snow Water Equivalent, or SWE, takes into account a particular snow’s density, and it can vary widely: Colorado’s powder may be luxurious for skiers, but because it’s less dense it contains less water. Meanwhile, the snow that skiers call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sierra%20cement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra cement\u003c/a>” is much denser and thus full of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources and other organizations monitor the snowpack by conducting monthly \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow surveys\u003c/a>, which help inform projections of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=WSI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this video, KQED Science Editor Craig Miller ventures into the Sierra with veteran state surveyor \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Gerhke\u003c/a>, to see how traditional manual snow surveys are taken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing: It’s Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Merced hydrology professor Rogers Bales has been studying the Sierra Nevada snowpack for roughly three decades. He says the importance of the snowpack comes down to its functioning as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of California’s precipitation comes during the cold, wet season when the crops and forests don’t need as much water,” Bales explains. He notes that farmers use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. “[They] need a lot of water in the summer, when there’s very little or no precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the snow comes in. Its natural ability to store water is why the Sierra snowpack is often referred to as California’s “frozen reservoir.” As spring sets in, the snowpack begins to melt. Water that’s not absorbed into the ground, called“runoff,” trickles into mountain streams, which feed rivers and eventually aqueducts and reservoirs, where it can be stored for use throughout the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So timing is everything when it comes to the melting of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the runoff to be as late as possible, as close to when we need it as possible,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, that runoff begins in April, and in wet years, it can continue to flow through August, according to Bales. But in years with less precipitation, and therefore less accumulation of snow, the runoff can wind down as early as May. That leaves farmers with less reserves for those dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern, Bales says, is runoff that comes too early, triggered by warmer temperatures and rains over the mountains during winter months. Runoff occurring before April has the potential to cause flooding downstream. In February 2017, storms caused the equivalent of a full season’s runoff in the Feather River watershed to pour into Oroville Reservoir, in Butte County. Ultimately, attempts to release huge volumes of water through Oroville Dam caused both the main and emergency spillways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/oroville-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapse\u003c/a>, forcing evacuation orders for 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937431\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and after the snowstorms: satellite images of Sequoia on Jan. 4, 2019 and Jan 23, 2019, after the Sierra Nevada was pummeled with snow. \u003ccite>(Couresty \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\">Planet\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future: Warming Temperatures Mean a Smaller Snowpack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming climate is already shrinking California’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, temperatures in the mountains are rising, leading to more “rain-on-snow” events, when warming temperatures cause it to rain where there’s already snow on the ground. That accelerates the melt, which produces runoff that’s out of sync with California’s seasonal water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accepted rule of thumb, according to Bales, is that for every two degrees Celsius (3.6 F) of increased surface temperature, the snowline will rise 1,000 feet in elevation, which makes for a kind of double-whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting rain instead of snow,” says Bales, “and [the snow is] melting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just speculation, according to Alan Rhoades, a climate modeler with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He says that climate change has already begun to impact the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had roughly about a one-degree Celsius [1.3 F] increase over the last 50 years in the Western United States in terms of surface temperature.” Rhoades says. “And so the timing [of runoff] has been shifting earlier and earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted by Rhoades and colleagues published in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> predicts that more than three-quarters of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada could be gone by the close of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate modeling scenarios\u003c/a> that I’ve seen predict about a 30 to 60 percent decline by mid-century in average snowpack in winter months,” Rhoades says. “By the end of the century that\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ramps up\u003c/a> to about 70 to 80 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-768x373.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1020x496.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1180x573.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-960x466.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-240x117.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-375x182.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-520x253.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate models predict drastic reductions of snowpack in the Western U.S. by the end of the Century. Image from 4th National Climate Assessment. \u003ccite>(Hari Krishnan and Michael Wehner/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But, Rhoades says, this forecast is not set in stone. His projections are based on a “high-emissions scenario” that contributes to surface warming. In other words, it assumes minimal progress in reducing warming emissions like carbon dioxide and methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside, if the world succeeds in making drastic cuts in climate emissions, the picture needn’t be so grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 2018-19 Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half California’s annual precipitation typically falls within three months, from December through February. After an eerily dry November — the first storms didn’t roll in until nearly Thanksgiving — the January storms have more than made up for lost time, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river storm\u003c/a> dropping several feet of snow on the Sierra and pushing the statewide snowpack to above normal: 103 percent of average, as measured on Jan. 17, versus just 67 percent on Jan. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next snow survey is scheduled for Feb. 1. Despite the good season to date, water wonks and worriers will be keeping a close tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1936797/why-we-cant-stop-talking-about-californias-sierra-snowpack","authors":["11368"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3180","science_3370","science_1004","science_109","science_1462"],"featImg":"science_1937429","label":"source_science_1936797"},"science_1922106":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922106","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922106","score":null,"sort":[1522941474000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-nearly-dismal-snow-year-a-harbinger-of-things-to-come","title":"California’s Nearly Dismal Snow Year a Harbinger of Things to Come","publishDate":1522941474,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California’s Nearly Dismal Snow Year a Harbinger of Things to Come | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Californians may \u003c/span>be breathing a sigh of relief, but not elation, this week, after the state’s latest snowpack reading. A wet and cold March saved California from a near record-low snowpack, but it proved too little too late to bring a full recovery. And worse, climate scientists say we should start getting used to these low snowpack years.[contextly_sidebar id=”zlL0iPhmZuP0NZjqTmQRjy2vLIn9w2uR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much water content the snow holds in the Sierra Nevada mountains is crucial to the state’s water supply, and snowpack readings at the start of April – usually the peak accumulation of the season – are a key indicator of the winter’s bounty (or lack of).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of April 3, the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow-water equivalent\u003c/a> (how much water content is in the snow), was 52 percent of the long-term average statewide. And in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, which drains into the state’s two biggest reservoirs, it was only 41 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not great, but it’s a vast improvement from the outlook just over a month ago when the snowpack was near the lowest recorded. “At the end of February things were not looking so great, things were extremely dry throughout the state,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/person/daniel-swain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at University of California, Los Angeles’ \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a>. “The whole winter had been very warm, in some place the warmest on record.”[contextly_sidebar id=”y7pgl4aTsUh3wGVE63yEFhvAhFL69WIy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain called California’s winter “really weird” this year, with heat waves and fire danger that lasted through December. “The Thomas Fire, California’s largest fire in modern history, occurred in mid-December, which is kind of mind-boggling,” he said. Typically, California’s wet weather returns in October or November, stamping out fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other than the storms that brought fatal flooding and mudslides to Santa Barbara County in January, the winter in Southern California was nearly bone dry until the end of February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>March, Swain said, was a reversal of fortune, with wet weather returning and being accompanied by much colder temperatures, an ideal combination for boosting mountain snowpack. “We actually had a below-average month temperature-wise in most of the state, which hasn’t happened in some places in a long time,” he said. “And that combined with a pretty active storm track meant we got a lot of snow in the mountains over a three- or four-week period.”[contextly_sidebar id=”0S6zH6KeBTsvihOPUwMhEcocq6PqZWnd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada snowpack nearly tripled during March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other good piece of news is that 2017 was a huge water year for California, and the state’s major reservoirs are at 107 percent of average for this time of year, according to the Department of Water Resources. But this also means that California will be working its way through some of its reserves this year as it taps the “bank account” of water supply in reservoirs. And so far, contractors that receive water via the State Water Project are projected to receive only 20 percent of their allocation, although that figure may be amended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/All-News-Articles/April-Snow-Survey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">manual snowpack reading\u003c/a> at Phillips Stations in the Sierra Nevada on April 2, Department of Water Resources director Karla Nemeth used the opportunity to pitch for smarter and more efficient use of water. “We need every Californian to conserve,” she said. After learning to cut back during lean years, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/10/california-water-use-continues-to-increase-as-conservation-declines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent figures\u003c/a> have shown that Californians are nearly back to using as much water as they were before the state’s recent drought.[contextly_sidebar id=”aeE0HRS3SnoiktPvItT0SxxZ1yESRyup”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Rizzardo, chief of Snow Surveys Section and Water Supply Forecasting at the Department of Water Resources, said the full reservoirs mean there’s “no immediate concern” regarding water supply but there could be “potential impacts should we have a second dry year in a row next winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And another dry year, or at least a year with low snowpack, is a legitimate concern, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maggie Macias, an information officer at the Department of Water Resources, said the biggest factor this year in California was a lack of storms, especially during December and February, which are historically the two wettest months. “When we did get storms, most notably those in January and again in March, some were of a warmer, atmospheric river nature, which tends to produce more precipitation as rain rather than snow,” she said. “So warmer storms/temperatures did play their part this year.”[contextly_sidebar id=”b1aMWfOigDDGGJTsF8SUYHFNijo02vYY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, she said, is a noticeable trend over the past few years. “We’ve set some high temperature marks month to month or over seasons that are worrisome,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Swain said the overall trend has been a lagging snowpack, even in years when there’s adequate precipitation. And higher temperatures are to blame there. “That’s sort of the warming signal that’s buried in everything now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will still experience wet years and occasional big snow years, he said, but they will become less frequent and less big. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/UCLA-CCS-Climate-Change-Sierra-Nevada.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> just published by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span> Center for Climate Science found that if nothing is done to curb climate change, Sierra Nevada average spring snowpack is likely to drop by 64 percent by the end of the century and by 30 percent if some efforts are made at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But warming impacts are already being seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“There has been an expectation for a long time that we would see Sierra Nevada snow lines, the elevation of where the mean snow is falling, creeping up the mountain and we’d see less snow at lower and middle elevations, and then eventually the overall snowpack would start to decrease,” Swain said. “And based on a couple of studies that have come out in the last six months – we’re there. It’s no longer ‘we expect to see,’ it’s ‘we are starting to see this in the real world.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California is still well below average in snowpack and climate impacts are already apparent, say experts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928035,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1118},"headData":{"title":"California’s Nearly Dismal Snow Year a Harbinger of Things to Come | KQED","description":"California is still well below average in snowpack and climate impacts are already apparent, say experts.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Tara Lohan\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1922106/californias-nearly-dismal-snow-year-a-harbinger-of-things-to-come","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Californians may \u003c/span>be breathing a sigh of relief, but not elation, this week, after the state’s latest snowpack reading. A wet and cold March saved California from a near record-low snowpack, but it proved too little too late to bring a full recovery. And worse, climate scientists say we should start getting used to these low snowpack years.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much water content the snow holds in the Sierra Nevada mountains is crucial to the state’s water supply, and snowpack readings at the start of April – usually the peak accumulation of the season – are a key indicator of the winter’s bounty (or lack of).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of April 3, the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow-water equivalent\u003c/a> (how much water content is in the snow), was 52 percent of the long-term average statewide. And in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, which drains into the state’s two biggest reservoirs, it was only 41 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not great, but it’s a vast improvement from the outlook just over a month ago when the snowpack was near the lowest recorded. “At the end of February things were not looking so great, things were extremely dry throughout the state,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/person/daniel-swain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at University of California, Los Angeles’ \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a>. “The whole winter had been very warm, in some place the warmest on record.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain called California’s winter “really weird” this year, with heat waves and fire danger that lasted through December. “The Thomas Fire, California’s largest fire in modern history, occurred in mid-December, which is kind of mind-boggling,” he said. Typically, California’s wet weather returns in October or November, stamping out fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other than the storms that brought fatal flooding and mudslides to Santa Barbara County in January, the winter in Southern California was nearly bone dry until the end of February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>March, Swain said, was a reversal of fortune, with wet weather returning and being accompanied by much colder temperatures, an ideal combination for boosting mountain snowpack. “We actually had a below-average month temperature-wise in most of the state, which hasn’t happened in some places in a long time,” he said. “And that combined with a pretty active storm track meant we got a lot of snow in the mountains over a three- or four-week period.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada snowpack nearly tripled during March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other good piece of news is that 2017 was a huge water year for California, and the state’s major reservoirs are at 107 percent of average for this time of year, according to the Department of Water Resources. But this also means that California will be working its way through some of its reserves this year as it taps the “bank account” of water supply in reservoirs. And so far, contractors that receive water via the State Water Project are projected to receive only 20 percent of their allocation, although that figure may be amended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/All-News-Articles/April-Snow-Survey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">manual snowpack reading\u003c/a> at Phillips Stations in the Sierra Nevada on April 2, Department of Water Resources director Karla Nemeth used the opportunity to pitch for smarter and more efficient use of water. “We need every Californian to conserve,” she said. After learning to cut back during lean years, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/10/california-water-use-continues-to-increase-as-conservation-declines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent figures\u003c/a> have shown that Californians are nearly back to using as much water as they were before the state’s recent drought.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Rizzardo, chief of Snow Surveys Section and Water Supply Forecasting at the Department of Water Resources, said the full reservoirs mean there’s “no immediate concern” regarding water supply but there could be “potential impacts should we have a second dry year in a row next winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And another dry year, or at least a year with low snowpack, is a legitimate concern, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maggie Macias, an information officer at the Department of Water Resources, said the biggest factor this year in California was a lack of storms, especially during December and February, which are historically the two wettest months. “When we did get storms, most notably those in January and again in March, some were of a warmer, atmospheric river nature, which tends to produce more precipitation as rain rather than snow,” she said. “So warmer storms/temperatures did play their part this year.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, she said, is a noticeable trend over the past few years. “We’ve set some high temperature marks month to month or over seasons that are worrisome,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Swain said the overall trend has been a lagging snowpack, even in years when there’s adequate precipitation. And higher temperatures are to blame there. “That’s sort of the warming signal that’s buried in everything now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will still experience wet years and occasional big snow years, he said, but they will become less frequent and less big. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/UCLA-CCS-Climate-Change-Sierra-Nevada.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> just published by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span> Center for Climate Science found that if nothing is done to curb climate change, Sierra Nevada average spring snowpack is likely to drop by 64 percent by the end of the century and by 30 percent if some efforts are made at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But warming impacts are already being seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“There has been an expectation for a long time that we would see Sierra Nevada snow lines, the elevation of where the mean snow is falling, creeping up the mountain and we’d see less snow at lower and middle elevations, and then eventually the overall snowpack would start to decrease,” Swain said. “And based on a couple of studies that have come out in the last six months – we’re there. It’s no longer ‘we expect to see,’ it’s ‘we are starting to see this in the real world.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922106/californias-nearly-dismal-snow-year-a-harbinger-of-things-to-come","authors":["byline_science_1922106"],"categories":["science_4450"],"tags":["science_194","science_572","science_192","science_1004","science_1127","science_201"],"featImg":"science_679297","label":"source_science_1922106"},"science_1919931":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1919931","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1919931","score":null,"sort":[1519319772000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought","title":"California's Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought","publishDate":1519319772,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California’s Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>After an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/24/watch-how-fast-a-five-year-drought-can-disappear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all-too-brief reprieve\u003c/a>, the Golden State is once again starting to brown up — at least on government drought maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor now has nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">48 percent of the state\u003c/a> categorized as being in at least “moderate drought.” More than 91 percent of the state is listed as at least “abnormally dry,” the precursor stage to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1056px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\" alt=\"US Drought Monitor map\" width=\"1056\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-960x742.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Nat'l Drought Mitigation Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “drought,” is of course, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly subjective\u003c/a> and has different meanings to different people. But the gradually returning shades of yellow and brown to the widely cited map are unnerving to many, with the state’s most punishing drought on record so fresh in California’s collective memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 543px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\" alt=\"CNAP Probablities Map\" width=\"543\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png 543w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-375x376.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-520x521.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mid-February, a normal precipitation year was almost out of reach. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Ctr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The stage is certainly being set for some sort of drought. This week as the State Water Resources Control Board considered permanent statewide restrictions on a list of wasteful water uses, members were told that, measured by a key collection of gauges in the northern Sierra Nevada, the December-through-February period has been California’s third driest on record (exceeded only by 1977 and 1991, when a “March Miracle” saved the wet season). In the central Sierra, this December through February was measured as the driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three months typically provide the state with half of its total annual precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project dry conditions to “develop or persist” in California over the next three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 781px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\" alt=\"NOAA 3-mo. Drought Outlook map\" width=\"781\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png 781w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-768x542.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-240x169.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-520x367.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook does not bode well for California precipitation. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The weekly Drought Monitor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps are compiled\u003c/a> by a rotating stable of authors, in consultation with various government agencies, and they take into account more than 100 indicators. And while some have argued that they are given too much weight, John Leahigh, head of operations for California’s State Water Project, told the water board that an “ugly picture” is beginning to form of the state’s current water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the notable exception of Lake Oroville, which engineers have kept at cautiously low levels \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/rebuilding-oroville-spillway-with-the-rainy-season-just-around-the-corner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after last year’s near spillway disaster\u003c/a>, major reservoirs remain flush from last year’s precipitation. But Leahigh told regulators that expectations are “dramatically decreasing” for runoff from the state’s key watersheds to replenish water supplies this year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Official says an 'ugly picture' is emerging of the state's water year.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928186,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":428},"headData":{"title":"California's Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought | KQED","description":"Official says an 'ugly picture' is emerging of the state's water year.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1919931/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/24/watch-how-fast-a-five-year-drought-can-disappear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all-too-brief reprieve\u003c/a>, the Golden State is once again starting to brown up — at least on government drought maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor now has nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">48 percent of the state\u003c/a> categorized as being in at least “moderate drought.” More than 91 percent of the state is listed as at least “abnormally dry,” the precursor stage to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1056px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\" alt=\"US Drought Monitor map\" width=\"1056\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-960x742.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Nat'l Drought Mitigation Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “drought,” is of course, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly subjective\u003c/a> and has different meanings to different people. But the gradually returning shades of yellow and brown to the widely cited map are unnerving to many, with the state’s most punishing drought on record so fresh in California’s collective memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 543px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\" alt=\"CNAP Probablities Map\" width=\"543\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png 543w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-375x376.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-520x521.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mid-February, a normal precipitation year was almost out of reach. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Ctr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The stage is certainly being set for some sort of drought. This week as the State Water Resources Control Board considered permanent statewide restrictions on a list of wasteful water uses, members were told that, measured by a key collection of gauges in the northern Sierra Nevada, the December-through-February period has been California’s third driest on record (exceeded only by 1977 and 1991, when a “March Miracle” saved the wet season). In the central Sierra, this December through February was measured as the driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three months typically provide the state with half of its total annual precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project dry conditions to “develop or persist” in California over the next three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 781px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\" alt=\"NOAA 3-mo. Drought Outlook map\" width=\"781\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png 781w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-768x542.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-240x169.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-520x367.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook does not bode well for California precipitation. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The weekly Drought Monitor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps are compiled\u003c/a> by a rotating stable of authors, in consultation with various government agencies, and they take into account more than 100 indicators. And while some have argued that they are given too much weight, John Leahigh, head of operations for California’s State Water Project, told the water board that an “ugly picture” is beginning to form of the state’s current water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the notable exception of Lake Oroville, which engineers have kept at cautiously low levels \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/rebuilding-oroville-spillway-with-the-rainy-season-just-around-the-corner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after last year’s near spillway disaster\u003c/a>, major reservoirs remain flush from last year’s precipitation. But Leahigh told regulators that expectations are “dramatically decreasing” for runoff from the state’s key watersheds to replenish water supplies this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1919931/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1622","science_3370","science_1004","science_110"],"featImg":"science_1920168","label":"science_1151"},"science_1918587":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1918587","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1918587","score":null,"sort":[1515007625000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sierra-snow-season-bogged-down-by-warm-storms-dry-december","title":"Sierra Snow Season Bogged Down by Warm Storms, Dry December","publishDate":1515007625,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Sierra Snow Season Bogged Down by Warm Storms, Dry December | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>It’s that time of year, when state water managers begin their series of monthly snow surveys — and the initial news is bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snow that’s presently sitting on the Sierra Nevada range is packing only \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 percent of the water content\u003c/a> considered normal for this date. That’s worrisome as the Sierra’s “frozen reservoir” of snow typically holds about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra.’\u003ccite>Nina Oakley, climatologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra,” laments Nina Oakley, a climatologist with the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main culprits: first a stubborn bubble of high-pressure that was parked along the California coast for most of December, diverting potential storms around the state, into the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. That put a pinch on total precipitation for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“November was a fairly good month,” recalls Cory Mueller, a forecaster in Sacramento. “We were running about normal, but then as we went into December we had that ridge build in and that really cut off the precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December is historically California’s wettest month, counted on to deliver about 20 percent of the total precipitation in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, the wet systems that have managed to sneak in from the Pacific Ocean have been on the warm side, dropping snow at only the highest elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\" alt=\"Mostly-barren winter meadow in the Sierra.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been another winter of scant snow in the Sierra, so far. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The picture is even more grim in Southern California, much of which has yet to see any significant precipitation this season. Santa Barbara, which should be closing in on six inches of rain by now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has logged\u003c/a> just .07 inches for the season — that’s 1 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might be too soon to starting dropping the “D-word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just coming out of a multi-year drought with the wet year of 2016-2017 and then looking at the potential for going back into drought, it is concerning,” says Oakley. “But we live in an area where precipitation is highly variable from year to year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from month to month. Extended dry periods are common during the California winter, though they’re more likely to occur in January, giving rise to the skiers’ snarky appellation of “June-uary.” And just as abruptly as the tap can shut off, it can open up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as we have that ridge break down and open the storm corridor, and if we can get several big storms into the region, we can recover what we lost in previous months,” says Oakley hopefully. “So it can certainly turn around.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California typically gets half its precipitation during three winter months -- and December was a bust.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928253,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":489},"headData":{"title":"Sierra Snow Season Bogged Down by Warm Storms, Dry December | KQED","description":"California typically gets half its precipitation during three winter months -- and December was a bust.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1918587/sierra-snow-season-bogged-down-by-warm-storms-dry-december","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s that time of year, when state water managers begin their series of monthly snow surveys — and the initial news is bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snow that’s presently sitting on the Sierra Nevada range is packing only \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 percent of the water content\u003c/a> considered normal for this date. That’s worrisome as the Sierra’s “frozen reservoir” of snow typically holds about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra.’\u003ccite>Nina Oakley, climatologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra,” laments Nina Oakley, a climatologist with the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main culprits: first a stubborn bubble of high-pressure that was parked along the California coast for most of December, diverting potential storms around the state, into the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. That put a pinch on total precipitation for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“November was a fairly good month,” recalls Cory Mueller, a forecaster in Sacramento. “We were running about normal, but then as we went into December we had that ridge build in and that really cut off the precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December is historically California’s wettest month, counted on to deliver about 20 percent of the total precipitation in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, the wet systems that have managed to sneak in from the Pacific Ocean have been on the warm side, dropping snow at only the highest elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\" alt=\"Mostly-barren winter meadow in the Sierra.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been another winter of scant snow in the Sierra, so far. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The picture is even more grim in Southern California, much of which has yet to see any significant precipitation this season. Santa Barbara, which should be closing in on six inches of rain by now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has logged\u003c/a> just .07 inches for the season — that’s 1 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might be too soon to starting dropping the “D-word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just coming out of a multi-year drought with the wet year of 2016-2017 and then looking at the potential for going back into drought, it is concerning,” says Oakley. “But we live in an area where precipitation is highly variable from year to year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from month to month. Extended dry periods are common during the California winter, though they’re more likely to occur in January, giving rise to the skiers’ snarky appellation of “June-uary.” And just as abruptly as the tap can shut off, it can open up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as we have that ridge break down and open the storm corridor, and if we can get several big storms into the region, we can recover what we lost in previous months,” says Oakley hopefully. “So it can certainly turn around.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1918587/sierra-snow-season-bogged-down-by-warm-storms-dry-december","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_3370","science_1004","science_1462","science_365"],"featImg":"science_1918617","label":"science_1151"},"science_1917907":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1917907","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1917907","score":null,"sort":[1511373611000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-sierra-snow-line-seems-to-be-moving-uphill-rapidly","title":"The Sierra 'Snow Line' Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly","publishDate":1511373611,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Sierra ‘Snow Line’ Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>If you make the winter run to Tahoe on a regular basis, it might seem like you’ve had to go farther up the hill to find snow in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists say it’s not your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been keeping their eyes on the “snow line,” the point of elevation where rain turns to snow (or vice versa) during winter storms in the northern Sierra. What they found is that warming temperatures have pushed that level uphill by 1,200-to-1,500 feet in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that sounds like a lot, even the lead author of the study was surprised when the data came in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely,” says Ben Hatchett at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno. “That was a lot of rise in the snow line.” Hatchett says it means more rain and less snow in the mountains overall — and the trend appears to be accelerating. “If this trend continues,” he adds, “that does not bode very well for the northern California watershed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/30/see-how-one-years-snowpack-buried-the-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depends on the Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> to store about a third of the state’s water supply, holding onto it well into the spring months when it can gradually melt into downstream reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1715px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917924 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\" alt=\"The snow line study focused on the northern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period.\" width=\"1715\" height=\"1768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png 1715w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-160x165.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-800x825.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-768x792.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1020x1052.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1180x1216.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-960x990.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-240x247.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-375x387.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-520x536.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1715px) 100vw, 1715px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The snow line study focused on the norhern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period. \u003ccite>(MDPI/Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/9/11/899/html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published this week\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Water\u003c/em>, used specialized snow level-sensing radar to monitor the rain-snow transition line over a ten-year period. Then the research team cross-checked the results with temperature data to estimate changes in the snow line back to the mid-20th century. What they found, says Hatchett, was that the last decade saw the biggest decrease in the proportion of precipitation falling as snow compared to any decade going back to 1951 (the earliest point examined).\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is striking,” says Roger Bales, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a> at UC Merced and was not on the study team. “This is a huge move uphill.” Though Bales advises caution reading too much into any analysis over a relatively short period of time, he adds that “the Sierra Nevada seems to be changing faster than predicted by the past ‘average’ climate projections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are more skeptical of the results. Noting the relatively short time span of the study, NASA snow hydrologist Tom Painter noted, “That’s not what one would call a trend.” Painter spends much of his time in the Sierra and above it with NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917911\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2550px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917911 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\" alt='Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more \"warm\" storms overall. Click image to enlarge.' width=\"2550\" height=\"1463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png 2550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-160x92.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-800x459.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-768x441.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1020x585.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1920x1102.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1180x677.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-960x551.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-240x138.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-375x215.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-520x298.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2550px) 100vw, 2550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more “warm” storms overall. Click image to enlarge. (NOAA Earth Systems Research Lab) \u003ccite>(WRCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hatchett acknowledges that the matter needs further study, but he does see an emergent trend and attributes much of it to warmer ocean temperatures and an increase in winter storms known as “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/21/new-research-shows-atmospheric-rivers-wreak-havoc-around-the-globe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>,” which tend to be on the warm side and hence drop rain at relatively high elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re saying is not that all storms are getting warmer,” notes Hatchett, “but in a statistical sense, we’re having more warm storms than we are cool storms. and that’s concerning because the future is projected to have more of these strong, warm storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results suggest that warmer ocean temperatures off the West Coast may be contributing to more precipitation as rain than snow in the northern Sierra,” adds Nina Oakley, regional climatologist at the \u003ca href=\"https://wrcc.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Regional Climate Center\u003c/a> and a member of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That alone would hardly come as a shock to most climate scientists, who for years have predicted this as a symptom of the warming climate. But the pace of the transition suggested by this study is arresting. The team found that three percent more precipitation fell as rain rather than snow in each year from 2008-2017 than in the previous five-year period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could certainly change how we manage our water resources,” says Hatchett, “but if it’s a trend that continues, that’s certainly cause for much concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That concern would extend beyond the water supply to Sierra ski resorts and the entire mountain ecosystem, which had developed around the presence of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was a collaboration of researchers at the WRCC and its parent Desert Research Institute, several U.S. universities and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists call new study results \"striking\" and say it has big implications -- and not just for skiers.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928293,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":790},"headData":{"title":"The Sierra 'Snow Line' Seems To Be Moving Uphill — Rapidly | KQED","description":"Scientists call new study results "striking" and say it has big implications -- and not just for skiers.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1917907/the-sierra-snow-line-seems-to-be-moving-uphill-rapidly","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you make the winter run to Tahoe on a regular basis, it might seem like you’ve had to go farther up the hill to find snow in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists say it’s not your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been keeping their eyes on the “snow line,” the point of elevation where rain turns to snow (or vice versa) during winter storms in the northern Sierra. What they found is that warming temperatures have pushed that level uphill by 1,200-to-1,500 feet in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that sounds like a lot, even the lead author of the study was surprised when the data came in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely,” says Ben Hatchett at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno. “That was a lot of rise in the snow line.” Hatchett says it means more rain and less snow in the mountains overall — and the trend appears to be accelerating. “If this trend continues,” he adds, “that does not bode very well for the northern California watershed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/30/see-how-one-years-snowpack-buried-the-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depends on the Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> to store about a third of the state’s water supply, holding onto it well into the spring months when it can gradually melt into downstream reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1715px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917924 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png\" alt=\"The snow line study focused on the northern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period.\" width=\"1715\" height=\"1768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water.png 1715w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-160x165.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-800x825.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-768x792.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1020x1052.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-1180x1216.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-960x990.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-240x247.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-375x387.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-520x536.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowline-studymap_Water-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1715px) 100vw, 1715px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The snow line study focused on the norhern Sierra Nevada over a ten-year period. \u003ccite>(MDPI/Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/9/11/899/html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published this week\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Water\u003c/em>, used specialized snow level-sensing radar to monitor the rain-snow transition line over a ten-year period. Then the research team cross-checked the results with temperature data to estimate changes in the snow line back to the mid-20th century. What they found, says Hatchett, was that the last decade saw the biggest decrease in the proportion of precipitation falling as snow compared to any decade going back to 1951 (the earliest point examined).\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is striking,” says Roger Bales, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a> at UC Merced and was not on the study team. “This is a huge move uphill.” Though Bales advises caution reading too much into any analysis over a relatively short period of time, he adds that “the Sierra Nevada seems to be changing faster than predicted by the past ‘average’ climate projections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are more skeptical of the results. Noting the relatively short time span of the study, NASA snow hydrologist Tom Painter noted, “That’s not what one would call a trend.” Painter spends much of his time in the Sierra and above it with NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917911\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2550px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917911 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png\" alt='Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more \"warm\" storms overall. Click image to enlarge.' width=\"2550\" height=\"1463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL.png 2550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-160x92.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-800x459.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-768x441.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1020x585.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1920x1102.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-1180x677.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-960x551.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-240x138.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-375x215.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/snowlevel-annotated-crop_ESRL-520x298.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2550px) 100vw, 2550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph shows the difference in snow elevation between warmer and colder storms. The Sierra has been experiencing more “warm” storms overall. Click image to enlarge. (NOAA Earth Systems Research Lab) \u003ccite>(WRCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hatchett acknowledges that the matter needs further study, but he does see an emergent trend and attributes much of it to warmer ocean temperatures and an increase in winter storms known as “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/21/new-research-shows-atmospheric-rivers-wreak-havoc-around-the-globe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>,” which tend to be on the warm side and hence drop rain at relatively high elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re saying is not that all storms are getting warmer,” notes Hatchett, “but in a statistical sense, we’re having more warm storms than we are cool storms. and that’s concerning because the future is projected to have more of these strong, warm storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results suggest that warmer ocean temperatures off the West Coast may be contributing to more precipitation as rain than snow in the northern Sierra,” adds Nina Oakley, regional climatologist at the \u003ca href=\"https://wrcc.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Regional Climate Center\u003c/a> and a member of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That alone would hardly come as a shock to most climate scientists, who for years have predicted this as a symptom of the warming climate. But the pace of the transition suggested by this study is arresting. The team found that three percent more precipitation fell as rain rather than snow in each year from 2008-2017 than in the previous five-year period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could certainly change how we manage our water resources,” says Hatchett, “but if it’s a trend that continues, that’s certainly cause for much concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That concern would extend beyond the water supply to Sierra ski resorts and the entire mountain ecosystem, which had developed around the presence of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was a collaboration of researchers at the WRCC and its parent Desert Research Institute, several U.S. universities and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1917907/the-sierra-snow-line-seems-to-be-moving-uphill-rapidly","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_31","science_40"],"tags":["science_3180","science_1004","science_1462"],"featImg":"science_1917936","label":"science"},"science_1315823":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1315823","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1315823","score":null,"sort":[1484240144000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"end-of-californias-epic-drought-is-in-sight","title":"End of California's Epic Drought Is in Sight","publishDate":1484240144,"format":"video","headTitle":"End of California’s Epic Drought Is in Sight | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>To paraphrase an old expression, this might not be the end of the drought, but you can see it from here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">U.S. Drought Monitor’s weekly analysis\u003c/a>, released on Thursday, shows 58 percent of California in at least moderate drought, compared to 97 percent one year ago. Only 2 percent of the state remains in the most extreme category, “exceptional drought,” down from nearly 43 percent a year ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week some of California’s most respected voices in climate science and water supply started edging toward calling an end to the most punishing drought in memory, now in its sixth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This series of storms — and when you look out it looks like we’re going to get even more wet — is a surface storage drought buster,” says Jeff Mount, co-founder of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis, now a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a mid-week \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2017/01/10/tails-of-californias-drought/\">post from the Center\u003c/a>, Mount’s former colleague, Jay Lund, largely agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of surface water, most of California is no longer in drought,” wrote Lund. “Unless the remainder of the year is incredibly dry and warm, 2017 will not be a drought for surface water, with perhaps a few local exceptions.” (Lund held out Santa Barbara as one of those exceptions, a city that still “faces major urban drought.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s two largest reservoirs — Shasta and Oroville — are 26 percent and 17 percent above their average levels for mid-January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a month ago, hydrologists were fretting over a “snow drought” in the Sierra Nevada. But after a series of blizzards fed by atmospheric rivers off the Pacific, the statewide snowpack now stands at 58 percent above “normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that both Mount and Lunds qualify their declarations by talking about “surface” water, which is to say the rapidly rising — in some cases overflowing — levels in most of the state’s reservoirs, even in long-parched Southern California. Those surface reservoirs (the ones you can actually see the water in) typically supply about two-thirds of the water that Californians use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1317439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1317439 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219.jpg\" alt=\"Flooded vineyards along Hwy 29 in the Napa Valley. Standing water like this will slowly sink in, helping to recharge groundwater aquifers.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooded vineyards along Hwy 29 on January 8 in the Napa Valley. Standing water like this will slowly sink in, helping to recharge groundwater aquifers — but it’s a slow process. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In drought years, however, farms and many cities turn to pumping groundwater for relief, and there’s the rub. Mount says water consumers have been drawing down the state’s strained aquifers by about 2 million acre-feet per year, “come wet, come dry.” (That’s nearly a quarter of total urban water use in California). In recent years, the lack of surface water supplies have only accelerated that pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing historically that can compare to this,” says Mount, “and it will take many years — many, many years of wet or at least above-average precipitation to fill that gap and fill that hole in the ground that we left when we pumped so hard on our aquifers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount’s full analysis is laid out in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/blog_detail.asp?i=2199&utm_source=The+PPIC+Blog&utm_campaign=cf4ff17e2b-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_Water&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1d97666088-cf4ff17e2b-218172481\">post for the PPIC blog\u003c/a> that published on Tuesday, as Northern California was getting hammered by rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Leading water experts are edging toward calling an end to the state's most grueling drought on record.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929198,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":579},"headData":{"title":"End of California's Epic Drought Is in Sight | KQED","description":"Leading water experts are edging toward calling an end to the state's most grueling drought on record.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5pOU1I95OY","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1315823/end-of-californias-epic-drought-is-in-sight","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To paraphrase an old expression, this might not be the end of the drought, but you can see it from here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">U.S. Drought Monitor’s weekly analysis\u003c/a>, released on Thursday, shows 58 percent of California in at least moderate drought, compared to 97 percent one year ago. Only 2 percent of the state remains in the most extreme category, “exceptional drought,” down from nearly 43 percent a year ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week some of California’s most respected voices in climate science and water supply started edging toward calling an end to the most punishing drought in memory, now in its sixth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This series of storms — and when you look out it looks like we’re going to get even more wet — is a surface storage drought buster,” says Jeff Mount, co-founder of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis, now a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a mid-week \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2017/01/10/tails-of-californias-drought/\">post from the Center\u003c/a>, Mount’s former colleague, Jay Lund, largely agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of surface water, most of California is no longer in drought,” wrote Lund. “Unless the remainder of the year is incredibly dry and warm, 2017 will not be a drought for surface water, with perhaps a few local exceptions.” (Lund held out Santa Barbara as one of those exceptions, a city that still “faces major urban drought.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s two largest reservoirs — Shasta and Oroville — are 26 percent and 17 percent above their average levels for mid-January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a month ago, hydrologists were fretting over a “snow drought” in the Sierra Nevada. But after a series of blizzards fed by atmospheric rivers off the Pacific, the statewide snowpack now stands at 58 percent above “normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that both Mount and Lunds qualify their declarations by talking about “surface” water, which is to say the rapidly rising — in some cases overflowing — levels in most of the state’s reservoirs, even in long-parched Southern California. Those surface reservoirs (the ones you can actually see the water in) typically supply about two-thirds of the water that Californians use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1317439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1317439 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219.jpg\" alt=\"Flooded vineyards along Hwy 29 in the Napa Valley. Standing water like this will slowly sink in, helping to recharge groundwater aquifers.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/P1080219-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooded vineyards along Hwy 29 on January 8 in the Napa Valley. Standing water like this will slowly sink in, helping to recharge groundwater aquifers — but it’s a slow process. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In drought years, however, farms and many cities turn to pumping groundwater for relief, and there’s the rub. Mount says water consumers have been drawing down the state’s strained aquifers by about 2 million acre-feet per year, “come wet, come dry.” (That’s nearly a quarter of total urban water use in California). In recent years, the lack of surface water supplies have only accelerated that pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing historically that can compare to this,” says Mount, “and it will take many years — many, many years of wet or at least above-average precipitation to fill that gap and fill that hole in the ground that we left when we pumped so hard on our aquifers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount’s full analysis is laid out in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/blog_detail.asp?i=2199&utm_source=The+PPIC+Blog&utm_campaign=cf4ff17e2b-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_Water&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1d97666088-cf4ff17e2b-218172481\">post for the PPIC blog\u003c/a> that published on Tuesday, as Northern California was getting hammered by rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1315823/end-of-californias-epic-drought-is-in-sight","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1622","science_490","science_1004","science_110"],"featImg":"science_1317548","label":"science_1151"},"science_1125944":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1125944","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1125944","score":null,"sort":[1478039326000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"its-raining-will-californians-still-conserve-water","title":"It's Raining -- Will Californians Still Conserve Water?","publishDate":1478039326,"format":"standard","headTitle":"It’s Raining — Will Californians Still Conserve Water? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Californians ended three months of backsliding in September, using 18.3 percent less water than in September of 2013, according to the state’s monthly tally of local suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators were relieved by the number after monthly urban conservation rates had tumbled steadily month-to-month, from 28.1 percent in May, to 17.5 percent in August. Conservation began to evaporate when the state dropped its system of mandatory savings quotas for local water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mandatory was a good idea to get things going,” said State Water Resources Control Board member Steven Moore, “and now things are going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, at least in September they were going. October numbers won’t be available for about a month, but might show further improvement given the unusually wet month that much of California experienced. Rain often prompts homeowners to turn off their sprinklers, which is now required by state regulations. As part of the drought restrictions that Governor Jerry Brown made permanent last spring, outside irrigation is prohibited either while it’s raining or for 48 hours after it stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rain can also have the effect of signaling that the drought is “over,” which officials hasten to point out is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like I’ve spent my life saying, ‘Well, we’re still in a drought — just not the drought we were in last year,”‘ a drought-weary chair Felicia Marcus groaned at Tuesday’s meeting of the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/oct2016.htm\">October’s copious rains\u003c/a> might signal otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\">Many locations\u003c/a> in the northern half of the state saw 200-to-400 percent of their normal October precipitation, or even more. Sacramento clocked in at more than 450 percent of average. Mount Shasta City, near Shasta Lake, the state’s largest reservoir, registered five times the average for October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1126416\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1126416\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png\" alt='Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate \"extreme\" and \"exceptional\" drought conditions, respectively.' width=\"541\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-160x175.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-240x263.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-375x410.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-520x569.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate “extreme” and “exceptional” drought conditions, respectively. \u003ccite>(U.S. Drought Monitor)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Southern California remains stubbornly dry and more than 40 percent of the state is \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">still categorized\u003c/a> by federal climatologists as being in “extreme drought.” But the extra precipitation up north was a boon to the entire state, if indirectly, as many of the key reservoirs that supply statewide water projects are located in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But October can be a cruel tease. History shows that a wet start notwithstanding, the “tap” can shut off at any time, and soggy Octobers have often led to disappointingly dry winters, overall.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Conservation improved slightly in September -- but what effect will October's abundant rain have?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929458,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":441},"headData":{"title":"It's Raining -- Will Californians Still Conserve Water? | KQED","description":"Conservation improved slightly in September -- but what effect will October's abundant rain have?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1125944/its-raining-will-californians-still-conserve-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians ended three months of backsliding in September, using 18.3 percent less water than in September of 2013, according to the state’s monthly tally of local suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators were relieved by the number after monthly urban conservation rates had tumbled steadily month-to-month, from 28.1 percent in May, to 17.5 percent in August. Conservation began to evaporate when the state dropped its system of mandatory savings quotas for local water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mandatory was a good idea to get things going,” said State Water Resources Control Board member Steven Moore, “and now things are going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, at least in September they were going. October numbers won’t be available for about a month, but might show further improvement given the unusually wet month that much of California experienced. Rain often prompts homeowners to turn off their sprinklers, which is now required by state regulations. As part of the drought restrictions that Governor Jerry Brown made permanent last spring, outside irrigation is prohibited either while it’s raining or for 48 hours after it stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rain can also have the effect of signaling that the drought is “over,” which officials hasten to point out is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like I’ve spent my life saying, ‘Well, we’re still in a drought — just not the drought we were in last year,”‘ a drought-weary chair Felicia Marcus groaned at Tuesday’s meeting of the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/oct2016.htm\">October’s copious rains\u003c/a> might signal otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\">Many locations\u003c/a> in the northern half of the state saw 200-to-400 percent of their normal October precipitation, or even more. Sacramento clocked in at more than 450 percent of average. Mount Shasta City, near Shasta Lake, the state’s largest reservoir, registered five times the average for October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1126416\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1126416\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png\" alt='Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate \"extreme\" and \"exceptional\" drought conditions, respectively.' width=\"541\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-160x175.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-240x263.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-375x410.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-520x569.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate “extreme” and “exceptional” drought conditions, respectively. \u003ccite>(U.S. Drought Monitor)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Southern California remains stubbornly dry and more than 40 percent of the state is \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">still categorized\u003c/a> by federal climatologists as being in “extreme drought.” But the extra precipitation up north was a boon to the entire state, if indirectly, as many of the key reservoirs that supply statewide water projects are located in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But October can be a cruel tease. History shows that a wet start notwithstanding, the “tap” can shut off at any time, and soggy Octobers have often led to disappointingly dry winters, overall.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1125944/its-raining-will-californians-still-conserve-water","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_1622","science_1004","science_1126","science_876","science_365"],"featImg":"science_1126176","label":"science_1151"},"science_595716":{"type":"posts","id":"science_595716","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"595716","score":null,"sort":[1459148507000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"was-march-the-rainfall-miracle-wed-hoped-for","title":"Was March the Rainfall Miracle We'd Hoped For?","publishDate":1459148507,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Was March the Rainfall Miracle We’d Hoped For? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Yes, the Bay Area got a lot of rain this winter. But was it enough to end the drought?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, no. But there’s good news—this winter was the best we’ve had in five years in terms of precipitation. Rainfall in most Bay Area cities is about 100 percent of normal. San Francisco has received \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">21 inches of rain this winter\u003c/a>, up from \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 inches last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought.’\u003ccite>Paul Rogers,\u003cbr>KQED and the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And the state’s two biggest reservoirs, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oroville and Shasta, are now more than \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent full\u003c/a>. Last March, they hovered between \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/50-percent-of-average_reservoirs.jpg\">50 and 59 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been kind of a wonderful last few months,” says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulRogersSJMN?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Rogers\u003c/a>, San Jose Mercury News Environment Reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño’s warm ocean waters fueled storms across the state, and northern California got most of the benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought,” Rogers says. “The soaking storms that we got in March really delivered their biggest punch in the most important watersheds in the state.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Oroville and Shasta, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pardee reservoir, the biggest reservoir that serves the East Bay, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/water-and-drought/about-your-water/water-supply/water-supply-reports/daily-water-supply-report/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent full\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_596537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-596537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg\" alt=\"This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \" width=\"1006\" height=\"1392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-400x553.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-800x1107.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-768x1063.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-960x1328.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Rogers says southern California wasn’t as lucky. Some cities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">like Los Angeles, are only at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent of normal rainfall\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farther south, say in Long Beach and Riverside, rainfall totals are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">44 percent of average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is a tale of two droughts,” Rogers says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandatory water cutbacks Governor Jerry Brown enacted last April have been extended \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/emergency_regulation.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through October\u003c/a>, but some of those restrictions may be lifted in parts of northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, has already \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article66078267.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hinted at this\u003c/a>, Rogers noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What you’re going to probably see,” he says, “is that, in northern California, particularly the further north you go, where we had a lot of rain, they’re going to have few or no mandatory rules. The further south you go, their rules are going to look pretty similar to what they had this past summer.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although relaxed restriction are a positive sign—\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/11/when-will-californias-drought-end/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the drought isn’t legally over\u003c/a> until Brown says so and lifts his executive order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That probably won’t happen this year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Northern California's winter rains weren't enough to end the drought, but it's the most precipitation we’ve had in five years.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930432,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":490},"headData":{"title":"Was March the Rainfall Miracle We'd Hoped For? | KQED","description":"Northern California's winter rains weren't enough to end the drought, but it's the most precipitation we’ve had in five years.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2016/03/WEBMarchMiracleRogers2way160328.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/595716/was-march-the-rainfall-miracle-wed-hoped-for","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Yes, the Bay Area got a lot of rain this winter. But was it enough to end the drought?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, no. But there’s good news—this winter was the best we’ve had in five years in terms of precipitation. Rainfall in most Bay Area cities is about 100 percent of normal. San Francisco has received \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">21 inches of rain this winter\u003c/a>, up from \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 inches last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought.’\u003ccite>Paul Rogers,\u003cbr>KQED and the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And the state’s two biggest reservoirs, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oroville and Shasta, are now more than \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent full\u003c/a>. Last March, they hovered between \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/50-percent-of-average_reservoirs.jpg\">50 and 59 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been kind of a wonderful last few months,” says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulRogersSJMN?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Rogers\u003c/a>, San Jose Mercury News Environment Reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño’s warm ocean waters fueled storms across the state, and northern California got most of the benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought,” Rogers says. “The soaking storms that we got in March really delivered their biggest punch in the most important watersheds in the state.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Oroville and Shasta, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pardee reservoir, the biggest reservoir that serves the East Bay, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/water-and-drought/about-your-water/water-supply/water-supply-reports/daily-water-supply-report/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent full\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_596537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-596537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg\" alt=\"This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \" width=\"1006\" height=\"1392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-400x553.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-800x1107.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-768x1063.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-960x1328.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Rogers says southern California wasn’t as lucky. Some cities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">like Los Angeles, are only at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent of normal rainfall\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farther south, say in Long Beach and Riverside, rainfall totals are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">44 percent of average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is a tale of two droughts,” Rogers says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandatory water cutbacks Governor Jerry Brown enacted last April have been extended \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/emergency_regulation.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through October\u003c/a>, but some of those restrictions may be lifted in parts of northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, has already \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article66078267.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hinted at this\u003c/a>, Rogers noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What you’re going to probably see,” he says, “is that, in northern California, particularly the further north you go, where we had a lot of rain, they’re going to have few or no mandatory rules. The further south you go, their rules are going to look pretty similar to what they had this past summer.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although relaxed restriction are a positive sign—\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/11/when-will-californias-drought-end/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the drought isn’t legally over\u003c/a> until Brown says so and lifts his executive order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That probably won’t happen this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/595716/was-march-the-rainfall-miracle-wed-hoped-for","authors":["5432"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_572","science_1004","science_1213","science_539"],"featImg":"science_596167","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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