mars reconnaissance orbitermars reconnaissance orbiter
Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation
Mars' High Flying Camera Reveals Planet in Exquisite Detail
Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch
Mars' Mysterious Dark Streaks May Not Be Flowing Water After All
Ancient Lake on Mars Tells a Story
NASA's Most Recent Successes in the Search for Life-friendly Conditions on Mars
Comet ISON: Comet of the Century or Fanciful Fluff?
It's Dune-Boarding Season on Mars!
Sponsored
window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={"attachmentsReducer":{"audio_0":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_0","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"}}},"audio_1":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_1","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"}}},"audio_2":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_2","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"}}},"audio_3":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_3","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"}}},"audio_4":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_4","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"}}},"placeholder":{"type":"attachments","id":"placeholder","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-160x96.jpg","width":160,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-800x478.jpg","width":800,"height":478,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1020x610.jpg","width":1020,"height":610,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1920x1148.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1180x705.jpg","width":1180,"height":705,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-960x574.jpg","width":960,"height":574,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-240x143.jpg","width":240,"height":143,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-375x224.jpg","width":375,"height":224,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-520x311.jpg","width":520,"height":311,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1180x705.jpg","width":1180,"height":705,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1920x1148.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-e1514998105161.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148}}},"science_1961967":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1961967","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1961967","found":true},"title":"PIA13402","publishDate":1586888271,"status":"inherit","parent":1961943,"modified":1586888339,"caption":"Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. ","credit":"NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS","description":"Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. ","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg","width":160,"height":90,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg","width":800,"height":449,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg","width":768,"height":431,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg","width":1020,"height":573,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1920x1078.jpg","width":1920,"height":1078,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg","width":1920,"height":1078}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_1942070":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1942070","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1942070","found":true},"title":"mro-artist-NASA-JPL-Corby Waste","publishDate":1558457256,"status":"inherit","parent":1942063,"modified":1558457299,"caption":null,"credit":"NASA/JPL/Corby Waste","description":"Artist concept of NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter flying over the surface of Mars. ","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/mro-artist-NASA-JPL-Corby-Waste-160x90.jpg","width":160,"height":90,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/mro-artist-NASA-JPL-Corby-Waste-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/mro-artist-NASA-JPL-Corby-Waste-768x432.jpg","width":768,"height":432,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/mro-artist-NASA-JPL-Corby-Waste-1020x574.jpg","width":1020,"height":574,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/mro-artist-NASA-JPL-Corby-Waste-1200x675.jpg","width":1200,"height":675,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/mro-artist-NASA-JPL-Corby-Waste-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/mro-artist-NASA-JPL-Corby-Waste-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/mro-artist-NASA-JPL-Corby-Waste-1920x1080.jpg","width":1920,"height":1080,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/mro-artist-NASA-JPL-Corby-Waste.jpg","width":1920,"height":1080}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_1925906":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1925906","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1925906","found":true},"title":"mro-nasajpl","publishDate":1529352519,"status":"inherit","parent":1925893,"modified":1529352582,"caption":"Artist depiction of NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which first detected the major Martian wind storm on May 30.","credit":"NASA/JPL","description":"Artist depiction of NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which first detected the major Martian wind storm on May 30.","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-160x90.jpg","width":160,"height":90,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-768x432.jpg","width":768,"height":432,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-240x135.jpg","width":240,"height":135,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-375x211.jpg","width":375,"height":211,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-520x293.jpg","width":520,"height":293,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mro-nasajpl.jpg","width":800,"height":450}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_1918172":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_1918172","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"1918172","found":true},"title":"MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater","publishDate":1512499128,"status":"inherit","parent":1918168,"modified":1512499197,"caption":"Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) on the inner wall of Mars' Newton Crater, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HiRISE camera.","credit":"NASA/JPL-Caltech","description":"Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) on the inner wall of Mars' Newton Crater, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HiRISE camera.","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-160x90.jpg","width":160,"height":90,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-768x432.jpg","width":768,"height":432,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-240x135.jpg","width":240,"height":135,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-375x211.jpg","width":375,"height":211,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-520x293.jpg","width":520,"height":293,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/MRO-RSL-NewtonCrater.jpg","width":800,"height":450}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_301932":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_301932","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"301932","found":true},"title":"kimberley_formation","publishDate":1444687696,"status":"inherit","parent":301931,"modified":1444687866,"caption":"The \"Kimberley\" formation on Mars' Mount Sharp. This color-enhanced image shows layers of lake-bottom mudstone, confirming the existence of a paleo-lake in Gale Crater 3.8 to 3.3 billion years ago. ","credit":"NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS","description":"The \"Kimberley\" formation on Mars' Mount Sharp. This color-enhanced image shows layers of lake-bottom mudstone, confirming the existence of a paleo-lake in Gale Crater 3.8 to 3.3 billion years ago. ","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/kimberley_formation-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/kimberley_formation-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/kimberley_formation-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/kimberley_formation-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/kimberley_formation-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/kimberley_formation-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/kimberley_formation-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/kimberley_formation-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/kimberley_formation.jpg","width":800,"height":450}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_29791":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_29791","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"29791","found":true},"title":"curiosity-at-mojave","publishDate":1430258917,"status":"inherit","parent":29786,"modified":1430258997,"caption":"Curiosity's self-portrait at \"Mojave\" on Mount Sharp. (JPL-Caltech/MSSS/NASA)","credit":null,"description":"Curiosity's self-portrait at \"Mojave\" on Mount Sharp. (JPL-Caltech/MSSS/NASA)","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/curiosity-at-mojave.jpg","width":800,"height":450}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_7956":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_7956","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"7956","found":true},"title":"Hubble Space Telescope Image of Comet ISON","publishDate":1378320785,"status":"inherit","parent":7941,"modified":1378320785,"caption":"Hubble Space Telescope Image of Comet ISON, April 2013","credit":null,"description":"Hubble Space Telescope Image of Comet ISON, April 2013","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/cometISON-hst-april2013.jpg","width":630,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"science_4779":{"type":"attachments","id":"science_4779","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"science","id":"4779","found":true},"title":"nasa-mro-gullies-in-russell-crater","publishDate":1372349610,"status":"inherit","parent":4777,"modified":1372349610,"caption":"NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image of unusual channels dug on the slopes of a Martian sand dune","credit":null,"description":"NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image of unusual channels dug on the slopes of a Martian sand dune","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/nasa-mro-gullies-in-russell-crater.jpg","width":630,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1961943":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1961943","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1961943","score":null,"sort":[1587056627000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation","publishDate":1587056627,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847569,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1290},"headData":{"title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","description":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_498","science_330","science_1056","science_5180","science_5179","science_364","science_351","science_5175","science_501"],"featImg":"science_1961967","label":"source_science_1961943"},"science_1942063":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1942063","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1942063","score":null,"sort":[1558962102000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mars-high-flying-camera-reveals-planet-in-exquisite-detail","title":"Mars' High Flying Camera Reveals Planet in Exquisite Detail","publishDate":1558962102,"format":"image","headTitle":"Mars’ High Flying Camera Reveals Planet in Exquisite Detail | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>We have come a long way in our understanding of the planet Mars in the last few decades, and even the past several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once visible only as a reddish spark in the night sky, when all that humans had to behold it with were bare eyes, Mars became more intriguing after the invention of the telescope 400 years ago. Mysterious surface markings and seasonal changes in color on Mars’ surface tantalized human scientific curiosity, and we had to know more.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-best-of-mros-hirise-images-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Best of MRO’s HiRISE Images \u003cem>(Futurism.com)\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Since we began sending robotic orbiters and, later, landers our understanding of our neighbor planet has skyrocketed to new heights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no single mission has revealed so much of Mars’ surface in such astounding fine detail, revealed its dynamic geologic and meteorological processes with such exquisite finesse, and laid groundwork for so many other missions, as NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MRO\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month NASA marks MRO’s tremendous achievements by celebrating its 60,000th orbit since arriving at Mars in 2006. In that time, the high-tech orbiter has brought us many discoveries and — if the past is a guide to the future — will bring many more\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cem>\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, MRO has captured over 378,000 high-resolution images of the Martian surface, returned over 360 terabits of scientific data to Earth, scouted out or mapped landing sites for seven missions, tracked the descent of three of them, and relayed one terabit of data from multiple surface missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No two ways about it, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-mro-completes-60000-trips-around-mars\">MRO is a high-flying achiever.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biggest Camera in Deep Space\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loaded with a suite of scientific instruments, one of MRO’s most crowd-pleasing achievements is the fantastic set of hundreds of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/multimedia/images/\">images of Mars’ surface\u003c/a> captured with its \u003ca href=\"https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE\u003c/a> (High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) camera. With a half-meter wide aperture, HiRISE is the largest camera ever sent into deep space, beyond the Earth-Moon system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1942081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1942081\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Sand dunes that have formed by constant wind action moving in the same direction. Features like this help scientists map prevailing wind conditions on Mars' surface. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sand dunes that have formed by constant wind action moving in the same direction. Features like this help scientists map prevailing wind conditions on Mars’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Capable of spotting objects not much larger than a beach ball from 190 miles up, and retargeting any location as often as every two weeks, HiRISE has revealed details of Mars that can only be surpassed by a lander or rover’s on-the-ground point of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, MRO has a high-ground advantage over its surface-based cousins: from its polar orbit that winds around the globe, MRO has a sweeping view of the entire planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1942077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1942077\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Tracks left behind by dust devils crossing a flat frosty plain in Mars' southern polar region.\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracks left behind by dust devils crossing a flat frosty plain in Mars’ southern polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because MRO can capture images of the same regions repeatedly, it offers a sort of \u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/archive/PIA23238.gif\">time-lapse perspective\u003c/a> that reveals changes in Mars’ surface and atmosphere. This ability, more than for any other mission, has shown us that Mars is a highly dynamic planet, with seasonal cycles of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA23238\">carbon dioxide\u003c/a> and water ice formation and decline, \u003ca href=\"https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_058960_1800\">landslides\u003c/a>, windstorms and dust devil activity, \u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21267\">meteorite impacts\u003c/a>, cloud formation and atmospheric circulation, and much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Red-Planet Relay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MRO is the best communications point, to date, on the Red Planet — one that can serve both space robots and any human explorers alike\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> You may recall how important orbital satellites were to ground operations on the film, “The Martian.” It was through repeated orbital surveillance, that mission control knew astronaut Mark Watney was still alive after his crew mates left him for dead. Then, when he managed to hot-wire the derelict Pathfinder lander, his attempts at communication with Earth were facilitated by orbital relaying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so there hasn’t been any human drama like that in reality — yet — but MRO has already had a fine career as an orbital surveillance and communications relay station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1942079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rovers like \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/learn/video/mars-in-a-minute-phoning-home-communicating-from-mars/\">Curiosity can communicate directly with Earth\u003c/a>, via the giant radio receivers of \u003ca href=\"https://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Deep Space Network\u003c/a>, but when it comes to porting large amounts of scientific images and other data, using orbiters like MRO as go-betweens has some powerful advantages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At close range — from surface to orbit — radio signals are stronger and the data bandwidth greater. Curiosity can upload to MRO a large amount of data relatively quickly. Then, MRO can send the batch to Earth through its large, high-gain antenna. And since MRO has a direct line of sight with Earth most of the time, there is far less interruption in communication than for surface robots, which spend half of each day blocked from Earth by Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot Spotting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because MRO’s HiRISE surveillance covers the entire surface of Mars, and can spot objects as small as a card table, it has been a wonderful tool not only for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15980.html\">tracking spacecraft\u003c/a> as they make their descent toward landing, but for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro-20061204.html\">locating them\u003c/a> and providing \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/mars/ctx-curiosity.html\">context imagery\u003c/a> and data of the areas around their landing sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1942078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 727px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1942078\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/petals-3dc7d250ef3ea6426b4049043f8a57f39a784003-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"A "selfie" taken by NASA's Pathfinder lander, which carried the first successful rover mission to Mars' surface--Sojourner--in 1997. Though this early mission did not have the orbital support of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the now derelict lander has been spotted by MRO's HiRISE camera since.\" width=\"727\" height=\"545\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/petals-3dc7d250ef3ea6426b4049043f8a57f39a784003-s800-c85.jpg 727w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/petals-3dc7d250ef3ea6426b4049043f8a57f39a784003-s800-c85-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 727px) 100vw, 727px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” taken by NASA’s Pathfinder lander, which carried the first successful rover mission to Mars’ surface \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over time, MRO has spotted Vikings 1 and 2, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro-20070111.html\">Pathfinder\u003c/a>, the rovers Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity, the Phoenix lander near Mars’ north pole, the new Insight lander, and even the ill-fated European Beagle 2, with which contact was lost during landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of greater importance to landing missions is the job that puts the R into MRO: Reconnaissance. Landing a robot on Mars is tricky, especially for larger and more complicated vehicles like Curiosity, and the upcoming Mars 2020 rover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, getting detailed pictures and other measurements of the terrain and surface conditions of prospective landing sites gives mission planners the vital information they need to choose where to land, and then to plan the final landing maneuvers with as much safety as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MRO has scouted and mapped the sites for seven landing missions, including pre-landing reconnaissance and post-landing surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Job Security For a Robot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With plenty of geologic and meteorological action continually taking place on Mars, and future missions to scout out possible landing sites for, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter should remain on the NASA payroll for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This month NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter completed its 60,000th orbit of Mars.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848650,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1056},"headData":{"title":"Mars' High Flying Camera Reveals Planet in Exquisite Detail | KQED","description":"This month NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter completed its 60,000th orbit of Mars.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Mars","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1942063/mars-high-flying-camera-reveals-planet-in-exquisite-detail","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We have come a long way in our understanding of the planet Mars in the last few decades, and even the past several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once visible only as a reddish spark in the night sky, when all that humans had to behold it with were bare eyes, Mars became more intriguing after the invention of the telescope 400 years ago. Mysterious surface markings and seasonal changes in color on Mars’ surface tantalized human scientific curiosity, and we had to know more.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-best-of-mros-hirise-images-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Best of MRO’s HiRISE Images \u003cem>(Futurism.com)\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Since we began sending robotic orbiters and, later, landers our understanding of our neighbor planet has skyrocketed to new heights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no single mission has revealed so much of Mars’ surface in such astounding fine detail, revealed its dynamic geologic and meteorological processes with such exquisite finesse, and laid groundwork for so many other missions, as NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MRO\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month NASA marks MRO’s tremendous achievements by celebrating its 60,000th orbit since arriving at Mars in 2006. In that time, the high-tech orbiter has brought us many discoveries and — if the past is a guide to the future — will bring many more\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cem>\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, MRO has captured over 378,000 high-resolution images of the Martian surface, returned over 360 terabits of scientific data to Earth, scouted out or mapped landing sites for seven missions, tracked the descent of three of them, and relayed one terabit of data from multiple surface missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No two ways about it, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-mro-completes-60000-trips-around-mars\">MRO is a high-flying achiever.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biggest Camera in Deep Space\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loaded with a suite of scientific instruments, one of MRO’s most crowd-pleasing achievements is the fantastic set of hundreds of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/multimedia/images/\">images of Mars’ surface\u003c/a> captured with its \u003ca href=\"https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE\u003c/a> (High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) camera. With a half-meter wide aperture, HiRISE is the largest camera ever sent into deep space, beyond the Earth-Moon system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1942081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1942081\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Sand dunes that have formed by constant wind action moving in the same direction. Features like this help scientists map prevailing wind conditions on Mars' surface. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22285_PIA23056.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sand dunes that have formed by constant wind action moving in the same direction. Features like this help scientists map prevailing wind conditions on Mars’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Capable of spotting objects not much larger than a beach ball from 190 miles up, and retargeting any location as often as every two weeks, HiRISE has revealed details of Mars that can only be surpassed by a lander or rover’s on-the-ground point of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, MRO has a high-ground advantage over its surface-based cousins: from its polar orbit that winds around the globe, MRO has a sweeping view of the entire planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1942077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1942077\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Tracks left behind by dust devils crossing a flat frosty plain in Mars' southern polar region.\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/22315_PIA23064.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracks left behind by dust devils crossing a flat frosty plain in Mars’ southern polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because MRO can capture images of the same regions repeatedly, it offers a sort of \u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/archive/PIA23238.gif\">time-lapse perspective\u003c/a> that reveals changes in Mars’ surface and atmosphere. This ability, more than for any other mission, has shown us that Mars is a highly dynamic planet, with seasonal cycles of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA23238\">carbon dioxide\u003c/a> and water ice formation and decline, \u003ca href=\"https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_058960_1800\">landslides\u003c/a>, windstorms and dust devil activity, \u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21267\">meteorite impacts\u003c/a>, cloud formation and atmospheric circulation, and much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Red-Planet Relay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MRO is the best communications point, to date, on the Red Planet — one that can serve both space robots and any human explorers alike\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> You may recall how important orbital satellites were to ground operations on the film, “The Martian.” It was through repeated orbital surveillance, that mission control knew astronaut Mark Watney was still alive after his crew mates left him for dead. Then, when he managed to hot-wire the derelict Pathfinder lander, his attempts at communication with Earth were facilitated by orbital relaying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so there hasn’t been any human drama like that in reality — yet — but MRO has already had a fine career as an orbital surveillance and communications relay station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1942079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/pia19114_esp_039280_1755.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rovers like \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/learn/video/mars-in-a-minute-phoning-home-communicating-from-mars/\">Curiosity can communicate directly with Earth\u003c/a>, via the giant radio receivers of \u003ca href=\"https://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Deep Space Network\u003c/a>, but when it comes to porting large amounts of scientific images and other data, using orbiters like MRO as go-betweens has some powerful advantages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At close range — from surface to orbit — radio signals are stronger and the data bandwidth greater. Curiosity can upload to MRO a large amount of data relatively quickly. Then, MRO can send the batch to Earth through its large, high-gain antenna. And since MRO has a direct line of sight with Earth most of the time, there is far less interruption in communication than for surface robots, which spend half of each day blocked from Earth by Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot Spotting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because MRO’s HiRISE surveillance covers the entire surface of Mars, and can spot objects as small as a card table, it has been a wonderful tool not only for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15980.html\">tracking spacecraft\u003c/a> as they make their descent toward landing, but for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro-20061204.html\">locating them\u003c/a> and providing \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/mars/ctx-curiosity.html\">context imagery\u003c/a> and data of the areas around their landing sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1942078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 727px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1942078\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/petals-3dc7d250ef3ea6426b4049043f8a57f39a784003-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"A "selfie" taken by NASA's Pathfinder lander, which carried the first successful rover mission to Mars' surface--Sojourner--in 1997. Though this early mission did not have the orbital support of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the now derelict lander has been spotted by MRO's HiRISE camera since.\" width=\"727\" height=\"545\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/petals-3dc7d250ef3ea6426b4049043f8a57f39a784003-s800-c85.jpg 727w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/petals-3dc7d250ef3ea6426b4049043f8a57f39a784003-s800-c85-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 727px) 100vw, 727px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” taken by NASA’s Pathfinder lander, which carried the first successful rover mission to Mars’ surface \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over time, MRO has spotted Vikings 1 and 2, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro-20070111.html\">Pathfinder\u003c/a>, the rovers Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity, the Phoenix lander near Mars’ north pole, the new Insight lander, and even the ill-fated European Beagle 2, with which contact was lost during landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of greater importance to landing missions is the job that puts the R into MRO: Reconnaissance. Landing a robot on Mars is tricky, especially for larger and more complicated vehicles like Curiosity, and the upcoming Mars 2020 rover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, getting detailed pictures and other measurements of the terrain and surface conditions of prospective landing sites gives mission planners the vital information they need to choose where to land, and then to plan the final landing maneuvers with as much safety as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MRO has scouted and mapped the sites for seven landing missions, including pre-landing reconnaissance and post-landing surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Job Security For a Robot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With plenty of geologic and meteorological action continually taking place on Mars, and future missions to scout out possible landing sites for, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter should remain on the NASA payroll for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1942063/mars-high-flying-camera-reveals-planet-in-exquisite-detail","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_3370","science_5179","science_364","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1942070","label":"source_science_1942063"},"science_1925893":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925893","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925893","score":null,"sort":[1529946094000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mighty-storm-rages-on-mars-while-robot-fleet-stands-ready-to-observe","title":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch","publishDate":1529946094,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>There is a mighty windstorm now raging on Mars\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> From all indications, it’s a whopper, stronger than any since at least 2007 and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">now covering most of the planet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the opening scene of “The Martian,” Matt Damon battles against a Red Planet gale that blows over equipment and sends objects flying. So you might expect that NASA is busy commanding its rovers and spacecraft to batten down their hatches and find safe havens to ride out the storm. In fact, on June 12, NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/mars-dust-storm-rages-nasa-s-opportunity-rover-falls-silent-ncna882786\">lost contact with the rover Opportunity\u003c/a>, located near the heart of the raging storm, where winds may be as high as 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the loss of contact is not because the wind has toppled the rover or smashed it to pieces with a flying rock. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/the-fact-and-fiction-of-martian-dust-storms\">Real Martian wind storms\u003c/a> are less dramatic than you might believe from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925483/lets-talk-thors-hammer-and-wakanda-sciencewise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hollywood\u003c/a>. Mars’ atmosphere is only a hundredth as thick as Earth’s, so even a full-blown Martian gale wouldn’t lift a kite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity effectively went to sleep for a lack of sunlight. A thick veil of dust blown into the atmosphere by the storm choked off the rays of sunlight needed to charge its batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A simulation of the sun's brightness in Opportunity's skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simulation of the sun’s brightness in Opportunity’s skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity has entered a low-battery “sleep” mode to conserve whatever power is left. When the dust finally clears and full sunlight is restored, Opportunity’s batteries will recharge and, if all goes well, the rover will transmit an “I’m alive!” message to Earth, whose humans are anxiously waiting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Hang in there, Opportunity! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/OppyPhoneHome?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#OppyPhoneHome\u003c/a> ❤ \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/mars?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#mars\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/marsrover?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#marsrover\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Opportunity?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Opportunity\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/JPL?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#JPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/goforlaunchcomics?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#goforlaunchcomics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tweetsoutloud?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tweetsoutloud\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL_Edu?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL_Edu\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/govspaceagent?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@govspaceagent\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lorengrush?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@lorengrush\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SPACEdotcom?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@SPACEdotcom\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/rWNxxEJrPo\">pic.twitter.com/rWNxxEJrPo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Abby Garrett (@abbygarrettX) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/abbygarrettX/status/1008810120644526081?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This week, I channeled my worry into designing and stitching this \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> Opportunity, with blue for the Martian sunrise we are waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cc: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanyaofmars?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tanyaofmars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PlanetaryKeri?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@PlanetaryKeri\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/5rx8qKSes6\">pic.twitter.com/5rx8qKSes6\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alyshondra Meacham (@AlyshondraM) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AlyshondraM/status/1008694844775002112?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Opportunity for Learning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside of the planet, located almost halfway around the globe, the rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/MSL/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> stands ready to observe. As the storm continues its fury in the days and weeks ahead, Curiosity’s observations will provide valuable data on the storm’s development, how it effects conditions on the ground, and ultimately how it dissipates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg\" alt=\"Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \" width=\"800\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-768x343.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1020x455.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1200x535.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1920x856.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1180x526.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-960x428.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-240x107.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-375x167.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-520x232.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, from the lower slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7164&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20180620-2\">Curiosity has detected an upswing of dust\u003c/a> in the atmosphere around it — enough to show up on camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is not vulnerable to the choking of sunlight by atmospheric dust, since it is powered by a nuclear generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Team of Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to having wheels on the ground to observe this storm, NASA has three spacecraft in orbit that will also make a study of this great dust-up event, each with instruments that offer unique scientific perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter — which originally alerted NASA about the developing storm on May 30 — offers a comprehensive global view with its wide-angle camera, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/marci/\">MARCI\u003c/a>, as well as the potential to study localized effects with its powerful \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE\u003c/a> camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 705px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Mars from images captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity.\" width=\"705\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg 705w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-520x291.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mars from images captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars Odyssey can detect and measure dust density and distribution in the atmosphere beneath it, with its infrared camera, \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/\">THEMIS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/\">MAVEN\u003c/a> will investigate the highest levels of Mars’ atmosphere to look for connections between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7041\">dust storm activity and the loss of atmospheric gases into space\u003c/a>, following up on observations by other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three orbiters and one rover will work together to give us a comprehensive look at the storm’s effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Winds of Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind storms of different scales occur every Martian year, stirred up by surface heating from sunlight, especially when Mars passes closest to the sun with each orbit. Sometimes, an isolated Martian squall can grow into a much larger storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every three to four Martian years (six to eight Earth years) a wind storm can grow to encircle the globe, kicking up enormous amounts of dust that shroud the planet — like the one we’re seeing on Mars now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925907\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg\" alt=\"Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-160x85.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-768x409.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1020x543.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1200x639.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1180x628.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-960x511.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-240x128.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-375x200.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-520x277.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first spacecraft to orbit Mars, Mariner 9, arrived in 1971, a major global dust storm was in full swing. Mariner 9 had to wait a couple of months for the dust to settle before it had a chance to take clear pictures of Mars’ surface.\u003cbr>\n[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003cbr>\nToday’s dust-up has now officially grown to become one of these “planet-encircling” or global wind storms, and is already being called the most powerful storm ever observed on Mars. Scientists are hopeful for the windfall of science that may be blowing their way.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA rover and orbiters are poised to study what may be the greatest wind storm ever observed on Mars. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927767,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":960},"headData":{"title":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch | KQED","description":"NASA rover and orbiters are poised to study what may be the greatest wind storm ever observed on Mars. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Mars","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1925893/mighty-storm-rages-on-mars-while-robot-fleet-stands-ready-to-observe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is a mighty windstorm now raging on Mars\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> From all indications, it’s a whopper, stronger than any since at least 2007 and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">now covering most of the planet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the opening scene of “The Martian,” Matt Damon battles against a Red Planet gale that blows over equipment and sends objects flying. So you might expect that NASA is busy commanding its rovers and spacecraft to batten down their hatches and find safe havens to ride out the storm. In fact, on June 12, NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/mars-dust-storm-rages-nasa-s-opportunity-rover-falls-silent-ncna882786\">lost contact with the rover Opportunity\u003c/a>, located near the heart of the raging storm, where winds may be as high as 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the loss of contact is not because the wind has toppled the rover or smashed it to pieces with a flying rock. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/the-fact-and-fiction-of-martian-dust-storms\">Real Martian wind storms\u003c/a> are less dramatic than you might believe from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925483/lets-talk-thors-hammer-and-wakanda-sciencewise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hollywood\u003c/a>. Mars’ atmosphere is only a hundredth as thick as Earth’s, so even a full-blown Martian gale wouldn’t lift a kite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity effectively went to sleep for a lack of sunlight. A thick veil of dust blown into the atmosphere by the storm choked off the rays of sunlight needed to charge its batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A simulation of the sun's brightness in Opportunity's skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simulation of the sun’s brightness in Opportunity’s skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity has entered a low-battery “sleep” mode to conserve whatever power is left. When the dust finally clears and full sunlight is restored, Opportunity’s batteries will recharge and, if all goes well, the rover will transmit an “I’m alive!” message to Earth, whose humans are anxiously waiting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Hang in there, Opportunity! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/OppyPhoneHome?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#OppyPhoneHome\u003c/a> ❤ \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/mars?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#mars\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/marsrover?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#marsrover\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Opportunity?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Opportunity\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/JPL?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#JPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/goforlaunchcomics?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#goforlaunchcomics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tweetsoutloud?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tweetsoutloud\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL_Edu?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL_Edu\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/govspaceagent?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@govspaceagent\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lorengrush?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@lorengrush\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SPACEdotcom?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@SPACEdotcom\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/rWNxxEJrPo\">pic.twitter.com/rWNxxEJrPo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Abby Garrett (@abbygarrettX) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/abbygarrettX/status/1008810120644526081?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This week, I channeled my worry into designing and stitching this \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> Opportunity, with blue for the Martian sunrise we are waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cc: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanyaofmars?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tanyaofmars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PlanetaryKeri?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@PlanetaryKeri\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/5rx8qKSes6\">pic.twitter.com/5rx8qKSes6\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alyshondra Meacham (@AlyshondraM) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AlyshondraM/status/1008694844775002112?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Opportunity for Learning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside of the planet, located almost halfway around the globe, the rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/MSL/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> stands ready to observe. As the storm continues its fury in the days and weeks ahead, Curiosity’s observations will provide valuable data on the storm’s development, how it effects conditions on the ground, and ultimately how it dissipates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg\" alt=\"Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \" width=\"800\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-768x343.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1020x455.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1200x535.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1920x856.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1180x526.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-960x428.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-240x107.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-375x167.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-520x232.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, from the lower slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7164&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20180620-2\">Curiosity has detected an upswing of dust\u003c/a> in the atmosphere around it — enough to show up on camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is not vulnerable to the choking of sunlight by atmospheric dust, since it is powered by a nuclear generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Team of Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to having wheels on the ground to observe this storm, NASA has three spacecraft in orbit that will also make a study of this great dust-up event, each with instruments that offer unique scientific perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter — which originally alerted NASA about the developing storm on May 30 — offers a comprehensive global view with its wide-angle camera, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/marci/\">MARCI\u003c/a>, as well as the potential to study localized effects with its powerful \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE\u003c/a> camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 705px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Mars from images captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity.\" width=\"705\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg 705w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-520x291.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mars from images captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars Odyssey can detect and measure dust density and distribution in the atmosphere beneath it, with its infrared camera, \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/\">THEMIS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/\">MAVEN\u003c/a> will investigate the highest levels of Mars’ atmosphere to look for connections between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7041\">dust storm activity and the loss of atmospheric gases into space\u003c/a>, following up on observations by other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three orbiters and one rover will work together to give us a comprehensive look at the storm’s effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Winds of Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind storms of different scales occur every Martian year, stirred up by surface heating from sunlight, especially when Mars passes closest to the sun with each orbit. Sometimes, an isolated Martian squall can grow into a much larger storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every three to four Martian years (six to eight Earth years) a wind storm can grow to encircle the globe, kicking up enormous amounts of dust that shroud the planet — like the one we’re seeing on Mars now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925907\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg\" alt=\"Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-160x85.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-768x409.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1020x543.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1200x639.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1180x628.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-960x511.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-240x128.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-375x200.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-520x277.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first spacecraft to orbit Mars, Mariner 9, arrived in 1971, a major global dust storm was in full swing. Mariner 9 had to wait a couple of months for the dust to settle before it had a chance to take clear pictures of Mars’ surface.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"science","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nToday’s dust-up has now officially grown to become one of these “planet-encircling” or global wind storms, and is already being called the most powerful storm ever observed on Mars. Scientists are hopeful for the windfall of science that may be blowing their way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925893/mighty-storm-rages-on-mars-while-robot-fleet-stands-ready-to-observe","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_3370","science_5179","science_364","science_5175","science_419"],"featImg":"science_1925906","label":"source_science_1925893"},"science_1918168":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1918168","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1918168","score":null,"sort":[1512773762000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mars-mysterious-dark-streaks-may-not-be-flowing-water-after-all","title":"Mars' Mysterious Dark Streaks May Not Be Flowing Water After All","publishDate":1512773762,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Mars’ Mysterious Dark Streaks May Not Be Flowing Water After All | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>If you recall a 2015 announcement by NASA celebrating the discovery of liquid water on Mars seeping down dusty slopes in dark streaks, you may remember a hubbub of excitement over the possibility of finding life-friendly environments there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hitting fast-forward on Martian exploration to the present, a recent study suggests that the rumor of “Martian mud” may not hold as much water as first thought….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study looks at 3D topography data from \u003ca href=\"https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> to explain the streaks not as flowing water stains, but as downhill flows of sand and dust–and has thrown a dry blanket over the quest to find life-friendly environments on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a reminder that the walk of scientific exploration is often slow and ponderous, replete with unexpected twists and turns along the path, false trails, and dead ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mysterious Dark Streaks—Wet or Dry?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mysterious downhill-running streaks were discovered in images captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2011, and stirred up a lot of excitement. The streaks, called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2014/0513-whats-seeping-on-mars.html\">recurring slope lineae\u003c/a>,” seemed to indicate the potential that liquid water flowed on Mars, and raised the possibility of environments suitable for microbial life. Since their initial discovery, scientists have observed thousands of these streaks in dozens of sites ranging from Mars’ equatorial region to mid latitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918173\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-800x495.jpg\" alt=\"Recurring Slope Lineae running down the inner wall of Mars' Horowitz Crater, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HiRISE camera.\" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-800x495.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-768x476.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-1020x632.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-1180x731.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-960x594.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-240x149.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-375x232.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-520x322.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater.jpg 1610w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recurring Slope Lineae running down the inner wall of Mars’ Horowitz Crater, captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s HiRISE camera. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The behavior of the streaks looks similar to seasonal snow-melt runoff on Earth, appearing only during warm seasons, growing gradually in the downhill direction in stripes 2-15 feet wide and hundreds of feet long, and then disappearing when the active flow is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2015, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/science/space/mars-life-liquid-water.html\">detected the presence of hydrated salts\u003c/a> in one of the streaks–an unambiguous signal that water, if only in the form of mineral-bonded water molecules, was a player in this mysterious drama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery not only showed that water molecules were present, it provided fuel for scientists trying to explain how any liquid water could exist under the conditions of Mars’ cold, dry, thin atmosphere. While fresh water should freeze to ice or evaporate into a gas in the Martian desert, salty water can act like an antifreeze, possibly allowing water to flow as a liquid brine for a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flowing Behavior More Like Sand?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/recurring-martian-streaks-flowing-sand-not-water\">newer research examined 151 recurring slope lineae\u003c/a> using 3D image data obtained by the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE camera\u003c/a> on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Analysis revealed that the streaks only appear on slopes steeper than 27 degrees. This small fact is dramatic because that exact degree of slope is the tipping point when a pile of dry dust and sand lying stably on a hillside begins to slide and cascade downhill. This is called the dynamic “\u003ca href=\"http://throughthesandglass.typepad.com/through_the_sandglass/2012/05/reposing-differently-on-mars.html\">angle of repose\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The streaks appeared on the steeper slopes, but stopped upon reaching inclines of 27 degrees or less. If flowing water were driving the action, the streaks would not be halted by the gentler slope and would flow on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Visions of a Watery Mars Dried Up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the preponderance of evidence gathered by multiple robotic orbiters, landers, and rovers still tells us that, in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-research-suggests-mars-once-had-more-water-than-earth-s-arctic-ocean\">Mars’ past, liquid surface water \u003c/a>was widespread and long-enduring, the search for moisture on Mars today remains a bit of a cat-and-mouse game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918175\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Mars at a time in the distant past when it possessed a thicker atmosphere, a water cycle, and liquid surface water. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Mars at a time in the distant past when it possessed a thicker atmosphere, a water cycle, and liquid surface water. \u003ccite>(NASA/MAVEN/Lunar and Planetary Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars123.php\">vast amount of frozen water\u003c/a> exists on Mars, under the dusty patina of the flat northern plains and piled up in the polar ice caps—remnants of rivers, lakes, and seas in Mars’ warmer, wetter past eons ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mars lost the atmospheric swaddling of its youth—\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-mars-maven-20170331-story.html\">through processes under investigation\u003c/a>—its water became locked up as ice or evaporated into the thin atmosphere as water vapor. Today, the environment on Mars is far drier than the most parched desert on Earth, where one can still expect to find a bit of morning dew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Unique Phenomenon of an Alien Environment?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the mystery of Mars’ seasonal dark streaks is not completely solved. Questions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do the streaks appear only in the warm season, as if triggered by a changing environmental condition? On Earth, seasonally occurring landslides are usually associated with water—precipitation or snow melt causing a hillside to slough off under the added weight and softening soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do the Martian streaks appear to form gradually, like the slow seeping of water, and not in one quick slide of sand? Landslides of dry dust, soil, and rock on Earth tend to happen in rapid bursts, and then are done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918174\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918174\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-800x484.jpg\" alt=\"An avalanche of dry dust and soil caught tumbling down a scarp in Mars' Northern Polar region, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HiRISE camera. \" width=\"800\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-768x464.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-1020x616.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-1180x713.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-960x580.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-240x145.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-375x227.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-520x314.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4.jpg 1686w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An avalanche of dry dust and soil caught tumbling down a scarp in Mars’ Northern Polar region, captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s HiRISE camera. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How does the presence of hydrated salt minerals in the streaks fit into the puzzle? Are salt-bearing soils, upturned and exposed to the atmosphere in a natural landslide, chemically drawing water molecules from the air, as salt tends to do? Or does the hydration of soil salts, maybe driven by elevated seasonal humidity, somehow trigger a slide?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do the dark streaks then fade, as if drying up?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really good questions. Scientists are looking for answers. The more we learn about the phenomenon, the more it seems that it may be a uniquely Martian thing, the likes of which we don’t find on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further observations from orbit may help us solve some of these riddles, but the best way to see what is really going on would be to send a lander or rover directly to an area with RSL activity to do some first-hand digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be a special challenge since these streaks appear only on steep slopes, terrain that we have never attempted to land or drive a robot on. Still, getting there could answer a lot of intriguing questions.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"These streaks hinted at the possibility of life on Mars. Is that hope dead?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928274,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1064},"headData":{"title":"Mars' Mysterious Dark Streaks May Not Be Flowing Water After All | KQED","description":"These streaks hinted at the possibility of life on Mars. Is that hope dead?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1918168/mars-mysterious-dark-streaks-may-not-be-flowing-water-after-all","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you recall a 2015 announcement by NASA celebrating the discovery of liquid water on Mars seeping down dusty slopes in dark streaks, you may remember a hubbub of excitement over the possibility of finding life-friendly environments there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hitting fast-forward on Martian exploration to the present, a recent study suggests that the rumor of “Martian mud” may not hold as much water as first thought….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study looks at 3D topography data from \u003ca href=\"https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> to explain the streaks not as flowing water stains, but as downhill flows of sand and dust–and has thrown a dry blanket over the quest to find life-friendly environments on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a reminder that the walk of scientific exploration is often slow and ponderous, replete with unexpected twists and turns along the path, false trails, and dead ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mysterious Dark Streaks—Wet or Dry?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mysterious downhill-running streaks were discovered in images captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2011, and stirred up a lot of excitement. The streaks, called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2014/0513-whats-seeping-on-mars.html\">recurring slope lineae\u003c/a>,” seemed to indicate the potential that liquid water flowed on Mars, and raised the possibility of environments suitable for microbial life. Since their initial discovery, scientists have observed thousands of these streaks in dozens of sites ranging from Mars’ equatorial region to mid latitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918173\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-800x495.jpg\" alt=\"Recurring Slope Lineae running down the inner wall of Mars' Horowitz Crater, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HiRISE camera.\" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-800x495.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-768x476.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-1020x632.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-1180x731.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-960x594.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-240x149.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-375x232.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater-520x322.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/RSL-HorowitzCrater.jpg 1610w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recurring Slope Lineae running down the inner wall of Mars’ Horowitz Crater, captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s HiRISE camera. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The behavior of the streaks looks similar to seasonal snow-melt runoff on Earth, appearing only during warm seasons, growing gradually in the downhill direction in stripes 2-15 feet wide and hundreds of feet long, and then disappearing when the active flow is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2015, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/science/space/mars-life-liquid-water.html\">detected the presence of hydrated salts\u003c/a> in one of the streaks–an unambiguous signal that water, if only in the form of mineral-bonded water molecules, was a player in this mysterious drama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery not only showed that water molecules were present, it provided fuel for scientists trying to explain how any liquid water could exist under the conditions of Mars’ cold, dry, thin atmosphere. While fresh water should freeze to ice or evaporate into a gas in the Martian desert, salty water can act like an antifreeze, possibly allowing water to flow as a liquid brine for a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flowing Behavior More Like Sand?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/recurring-martian-streaks-flowing-sand-not-water\">newer research examined 151 recurring slope lineae\u003c/a> using 3D image data obtained by the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE camera\u003c/a> on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Analysis revealed that the streaks only appear on slopes steeper than 27 degrees. This small fact is dramatic because that exact degree of slope is the tipping point when a pile of dry dust and sand lying stably on a hillside begins to slide and cascade downhill. This is called the dynamic “\u003ca href=\"http://throughthesandglass.typepad.com/through_the_sandglass/2012/05/reposing-differently-on-mars.html\">angle of repose\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The streaks appeared on the steeper slopes, but stopped upon reaching inclines of 27 degrees or less. If flowing water were driving the action, the streaks would not be halted by the gentler slope and would flow on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Visions of a Watery Mars Dried Up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the preponderance of evidence gathered by multiple robotic orbiters, landers, and rovers still tells us that, in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-research-suggests-mars-once-had-more-water-than-earth-s-arctic-ocean\">Mars’ past, liquid surface water \u003c/a>was widespread and long-enduring, the search for moisture on Mars today remains a bit of a cat-and-mouse game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918175\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Mars at a time in the distant past when it possessed a thicker atmosphere, a water cycle, and liquid surface water. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-5-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Mars at a time in the distant past when it possessed a thicker atmosphere, a water cycle, and liquid surface water. \u003ccite>(NASA/MAVEN/Lunar and Planetary Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars123.php\">vast amount of frozen water\u003c/a> exists on Mars, under the dusty patina of the flat northern plains and piled up in the polar ice caps—remnants of rivers, lakes, and seas in Mars’ warmer, wetter past eons ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mars lost the atmospheric swaddling of its youth—\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-mars-maven-20170331-story.html\">through processes under investigation\u003c/a>—its water became locked up as ice or evaporated into the thin atmosphere as water vapor. Today, the environment on Mars is far drier than the most parched desert on Earth, where one can still expect to find a bit of morning dew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Unique Phenomenon of an Alien Environment?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the mystery of Mars’ seasonal dark streaks is not completely solved. Questions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do the streaks appear only in the warm season, as if triggered by a changing environmental condition? On Earth, seasonally occurring landslides are usually associated with water—precipitation or snow melt causing a hillside to slough off under the added weight and softening soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do the Martian streaks appear to form gradually, like the slow seeping of water, and not in one quick slide of sand? Landslides of dry dust, soil, and rock on Earth tend to happen in rapid bursts, and then are done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918174\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918174\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-800x484.jpg\" alt=\"An avalanche of dry dust and soil caught tumbling down a scarp in Mars' Northern Polar region, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HiRISE camera. \" width=\"800\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-768x464.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-1020x616.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-1180x713.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-960x580.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-240x145.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-375x227.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4-520x314.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/Untitled-4.jpg 1686w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An avalanche of dry dust and soil caught tumbling down a scarp in Mars’ Northern Polar region, captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s HiRISE camera. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How does the presence of hydrated salt minerals in the streaks fit into the puzzle? Are salt-bearing soils, upturned and exposed to the atmosphere in a natural landslide, chemically drawing water molecules from the air, as salt tends to do? Or does the hydration of soil salts, maybe driven by elevated seasonal humidity, somehow trigger a slide?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do the dark streaks then fade, as if drying up?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really good questions. Scientists are looking for answers. The more we learn about the phenomenon, the more it seems that it may be a uniquely Martian thing, the likes of which we don’t find on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further observations from orbit may help us solve some of these riddles, but the best way to see what is really going on would be to send a lander or rover directly to an area with RSL activity to do some first-hand digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be a special challenge since these streaks appear only on steep slopes, terrain that we have never attempted to land or drive a robot on. Still, getting there could answer a lot of intriguing questions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1918168/mars-mysterious-dark-streaks-may-not-be-flowing-water-after-all","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_3370","science_5179","science_364","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1918172","label":"science"},"science_301931":{"type":"posts","id":"science_301931","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"301931","score":null,"sort":[1445000408000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ancient-lake-on-mars-tells-a-story","title":"Ancient Lake on Mars Tells a Story","publishDate":1445000408,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Ancient Lake on Mars Tells a Story | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Recently, scientists using data from NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory mission confirmed something that has been suspected for some time: the floor of Mars’ Gale Crater and the foundations of the mound of sediments that sits within it—Mount Sharp—were long ago the bottom of a lake of water that may have been present for as long as 500 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Curiosity landed in Gale Crater, near the foot of Mount Sharp, three years ago. After prospecting the geology of the crater floor for almost two years, the robot began making its way up the lower slopes of the mountain, sampling the chemistry and morphology of its sedimentary rock layers and building a picture of the crater’s early—and now verifiably watery—history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting Signs That Water Flowed in the Past \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last year Curiosity has encountered \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rock formations that suggest the past action of flowing water\u003c/a>: large-grain gravel deposits that indicate fast-flowing streams or rivers, and other formations that suggest locales where streams emptied into pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_302004\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 483px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-302004\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Three-dimensional model of Mars' Gale Crater, and the central mound of sediment named Mount Sharp, currently being explored by NASA's Curiosity rover. \" width=\"483\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three-dimensional model of Mars’ Gale Crater, and the central mound of sediment named Mount Sharp, currently being explored by NASA’s Curiosity rover. \u003ccite>(ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/G. Neukum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These signs of past flowing water sent mission scientists looking downstream, where common sense promised we might find a lake formation, an accumulation of fine-grained silts and muds built up over time at a lake bottom. Gale Crater, after all, was a deep impact basin, with no outlets through which water flowing into it might escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s just what Curiosity has found, in the form of mudstone. One prospecting site along Curiosity’s path, called the “Kimberley” formation, shown in the picture at the top of this post, is a beautiful example of these mudstone layers, the telltale geological legacy of a long-enduring body of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story told by the lower level mudstone strata is that between 3.8 and 3.3 billion years ago the 90-mile-wide impact basin hosted a lake, either continuously or in repeating cycles of wet and dry climate. The water may have been supplied by the inflow of rivers and streams, or the runoff of melting snow from surrounding highlands, or a combination of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the crater basin filled in with deep layers of sediment, which were later sculpted by erosion to form the central mound of Mount Sharp, Curiosity’s current digging grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Did Mars Start to Dry Up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements of Mount Sharp’s higher slopes, whose layers represent more recent sedimentation, show no signs of past association with liquid water, and might be explained as wind-deposited material. This dramatic change tells us something we already knew: that the wet conditions of Mars’ youth eventually dried up. As Curiosity climbs toward these higher, historically drier layers, we may learn more about when and how Mars began to change into the world we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps Mars has not dried up completely… .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water On Mars Today?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news of Gale Crater’s ancient lake bed followed closely \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s recent announcement \u003c/a>confirming the action of liquid water on Mars at present. NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter detected hydrated mineral salts in transient dark streaks observed running down the inner slopes of low- and mid-latitude crater and canyon walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_302005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 434px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-302005\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-400x250.jpg\" alt=\"Recurring slope lineae (dark streaks) running down the slopes of the Martian canyon, Coprates Chasma. \" width=\"434\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma.jpg 1638w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recurring slope lineae (dark streaks) running down the slopes of the Martian canyon, Coprates Chasma. \u003ccite>(ASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These streaks, called recurring slope lineae, have been observed from orbit over the past few years, appearing during the warm seasons in Mars’ northern and southern hemispheres, and disappearing in the cooler seasons. The spectroscopic data from the orbiter confirms what was suspected: that the dark streaks are most likely caused by flows of briny liquid water, on or just under the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could Curiosity’s Wheels Get Stuck In The Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could Curiosity’s wheels, now treading over the dry mudstones of Gale Crater’s paleo lake bed, ever encounter actual wet mud? Are there any recurring slope lineae in the vicinity that NASA could send the rover on a spin through?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been scrutinizing high-resolution imagery of the slopes around Gale Crater \u003ca href=\"http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/2327.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking for activity\u003c/a>. So far, researchers have seen no strong candidates, although they have spotted transient darkenings that match some characteristics of the brine flows—the most promising of these only about 30 miles east of Curiosity’s present location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity’s operators could, I suspect they probably would consider making a detour to examine slope lineae up close. Imagine what we might find… .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 30 miles is a long haul even for the capable Curiosity—even if the rover could traverse whatever terrain lies between it and a candidate site. Added to the challenge is that the briny streaks are found running down fairly steep slopes, and they may be inaccessible to this robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the investigation of the environment around these transitory water seeps is probably the subject of a future mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, we can expect more fascinating reports from Curiosity as it climbs above the mudstone layers of Gale Crater’s ancient lakebed, and sleuths out what may have happened to a once much more Earth-like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recently, scientists using data from NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission confirmed something that has been speculated on for some time: the floor of Gale Crater and the foundations of mound of sediments that sits within it—Mount Sharp—were long ago the bottom of a lake of water that may have been present for as long as 500 million years.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931180,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":922},"headData":{"title":"Ancient Lake on Mars Tells a Story | KQED","description":"Recently, scientists using data from NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission confirmed something that has been speculated on for some time: the floor of Gale Crater and the foundations of mound of sediments that sits within it—Mount Sharp—were long ago the bottom of a lake of water that may have been present for as long as 500 million years.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/301931/ancient-lake-on-mars-tells-a-story","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Recently, scientists using data from NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory mission confirmed something that has been suspected for some time: the floor of Mars’ Gale Crater and the foundations of the mound of sediments that sits within it—Mount Sharp—were long ago the bottom of a lake of water that may have been present for as long as 500 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Curiosity landed in Gale Crater, near the foot of Mount Sharp, three years ago. After prospecting the geology of the crater floor for almost two years, the robot began making its way up the lower slopes of the mountain, sampling the chemistry and morphology of its sedimentary rock layers and building a picture of the crater’s early—and now verifiably watery—history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting Signs That Water Flowed in the Past \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last year Curiosity has encountered \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rock formations that suggest the past action of flowing water\u003c/a>: large-grain gravel deposits that indicate fast-flowing streams or rivers, and other formations that suggest locales where streams emptied into pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_302004\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 483px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-302004\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Three-dimensional model of Mars' Gale Crater, and the central mound of sediment named Mount Sharp, currently being explored by NASA's Curiosity rover. \" width=\"483\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three-dimensional model of Mars’ Gale Crater, and the central mound of sediment named Mount Sharp, currently being explored by NASA’s Curiosity rover. \u003ccite>(ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/G. Neukum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These signs of past flowing water sent mission scientists looking downstream, where common sense promised we might find a lake formation, an accumulation of fine-grained silts and muds built up over time at a lake bottom. Gale Crater, after all, was a deep impact basin, with no outlets through which water flowing into it might escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s just what Curiosity has found, in the form of mudstone. One prospecting site along Curiosity’s path, called the “Kimberley” formation, shown in the picture at the top of this post, is a beautiful example of these mudstone layers, the telltale geological legacy of a long-enduring body of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story told by the lower level mudstone strata is that between 3.8 and 3.3 billion years ago the 90-mile-wide impact basin hosted a lake, either continuously or in repeating cycles of wet and dry climate. The water may have been supplied by the inflow of rivers and streams, or the runoff of melting snow from surrounding highlands, or a combination of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the crater basin filled in with deep layers of sediment, which were later sculpted by erosion to form the central mound of Mount Sharp, Curiosity’s current digging grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Did Mars Start to Dry Up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements of Mount Sharp’s higher slopes, whose layers represent more recent sedimentation, show no signs of past association with liquid water, and might be explained as wind-deposited material. This dramatic change tells us something we already knew: that the wet conditions of Mars’ youth eventually dried up. As Curiosity climbs toward these higher, historically drier layers, we may learn more about when and how Mars began to change into the world we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps Mars has not dried up completely… .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water On Mars Today?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news of Gale Crater’s ancient lake bed followed closely \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s recent announcement \u003c/a>confirming the action of liquid water on Mars at present. NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter detected hydrated mineral salts in transient dark streaks observed running down the inner slopes of low- and mid-latitude crater and canyon walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_302005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 434px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-302005\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-400x250.jpg\" alt=\"Recurring slope lineae (dark streaks) running down the slopes of the Martian canyon, Coprates Chasma. \" width=\"434\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma.jpg 1638w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recurring slope lineae (dark streaks) running down the slopes of the Martian canyon, Coprates Chasma. \u003ccite>(ASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These streaks, called recurring slope lineae, have been observed from orbit over the past few years, appearing during the warm seasons in Mars’ northern and southern hemispheres, and disappearing in the cooler seasons. The spectroscopic data from the orbiter confirms what was suspected: that the dark streaks are most likely caused by flows of briny liquid water, on or just under the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could Curiosity’s Wheels Get Stuck In The Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could Curiosity’s wheels, now treading over the dry mudstones of Gale Crater’s paleo lake bed, ever encounter actual wet mud? Are there any recurring slope lineae in the vicinity that NASA could send the rover on a spin through?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been scrutinizing high-resolution imagery of the slopes around Gale Crater \u003ca href=\"http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/2327.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking for activity\u003c/a>. So far, researchers have seen no strong candidates, although they have spotted transient darkenings that match some characteristics of the brine flows—the most promising of these only about 30 miles east of Curiosity’s present location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity’s operators could, I suspect they probably would consider making a detour to examine slope lineae up close. Imagine what we might find… .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 30 miles is a long haul even for the capable Curiosity—even if the rover could traverse whatever terrain lies between it and a candidate site. Added to the challenge is that the briny streaks are found running down fairly steep slopes, and they may be inaccessible to this robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the investigation of the environment around these transitory water seeps is probably the subject of a future mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, we can expect more fascinating reports from Curiosity as it climbs above the mudstone layers of Gale Crater’s ancient lakebed, and sleuths out what may have happened to a once much more Earth-like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/301931/ancient-lake-on-mars-tells-a-story","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_332","science_5179","science_364","science_333","science_420","science_309","science_201"],"featImg":"science_301932","label":"science"},"science_29786":{"type":"posts","id":"science_29786","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"29786","score":null,"sort":[1430401748000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-most-recent-successes-in-the-search-for-life-friendly-conditions-on-mars","title":"NASA's Most Recent Successes in the Search for Life-friendly Conditions on Mars","publishDate":1430401748,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA’s Most Recent Successes in the Search for Life-friendly Conditions on Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29791\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/curiosity-at-mojave.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/curiosity-at-mojave.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity's self-portrait at "Mojave" on Mount Sharp. (JPL-Caltech/MSSS/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity’s self-portrait at “Mojave” on Mount Sharp. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 1964 science fiction classic, “Robinson Crusoe on Mars,” paraphrased an old adage, “Water is where you find it.” NASA’s exploration of the real Mars has paraphrased further, “On Mars, water seems to be where you look for it!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intensive exploration of Mars by NASA spacecraft continues to pay tantalizing dividends in our quest for signs of liquid water, and the potentially life-friendly environments it could offer. Here are a few recent finds by the Curiosity rover, and other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mineral Veins of Garden City\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Recently, NASA’s Curiosity rover \u003ca title=\"Curiosity discovers veins of water-deposited minerals in Garden City\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discovered a mineral formation\u003c/a> that drew the eye of mission water-seekers. Criss-crossing the bedrock of a site named Garden City are raised veins of whitish material, marbled through the rock in a very particular pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29796\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/garden_city-mineral_veins-288x159.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-29796\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/garden_city-mineral_veins-288x159.jpg\" alt=\"Mineral veins found by NASA's Curiosity rover on Mount Sharp. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\" width=\"288\" height=\"159\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mineral veins found by NASA’s Curiosity rover on Mount Sharp. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Earth, similar formations of mineral veins lacing through rock are created when water, flowing through cracks, deposits minerals. In Garden City on Mars, erosion of the surrounding rock has exposed the veins, forming small ridges as high as 2.5 inches and an inch or so wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon closer examination, the veins were found to be two-shaded, with darker material at the edges sandwiching a lighter layer between. This indicates a process that involved different liquid water solutions depositing different minerals at different times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity, as well as the veteran rover \u003ca title=\"Opportunity finds a layer of gypsum\" href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/newsroom/pressreleases/20111207a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, had found outcroppings of likely water-formed calcium sulfate in other locations, but the two-tone veins at Garden City offer a more detailed glimpse into the story of how the environment, at least locally, may have changed long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Curiosity continues its climb up the slopes of Mount Sharp, exploring ever-younger layers of sediment, a more complete picture of how the apparently watery Mars of long ago became the dry desert world we know today will develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most of Curiosity’s instrumentation is geared to study the chemistry and morphology of the Martian soil and rock, atmospheric data collected by its Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) has produced\u003ca title=\"Do liquid brines form on Mars at night?\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4549\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> a fascinating watery possibility\u003c/a> as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, REMS has measured atmospheric temperature and relative humidity in the lower region of Gale Crater where Curiosity is exploring. From these measurements, along with the previous detection of perchlorate salts in more than one location on Mars, a theory has developed suggesting that liquid water on Mars’ surface isn’t necessarily a thing of the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory goes, under the right conditions of temperature and relative humidity, salty minerals like perchlorate, which draw in surrounding water vapor from the air, can form a liquid brine in the soil—most likely at night when temperatures drop. Overnight brine moisture would evaporate under the sun’s rays after dawn, but for a time the mixture would form a substance that might be characterized as “Martian mud….”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">On Mars, water seems to be where you look for it….\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Under typical Martian surface conditions today, liquid water cannot persist due to the low atmospheric pressure and temperature, which tend to drive it into gaseous (water vapor) or solid (ice) states. But with perchlorate in the mix, water’s freezing point can be lowered–not unlike how we lower the freezing point in an ice cream maker by adding salt!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/577359main_pia14472-946b-216x162.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-29808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/577359main_pia14472-946b-216x162.gif\" alt=\"Flows of material running down the slopes of crater walls on Mars, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flows of material running down the slopes of crater walls on Mars, captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Gale Crater, located near the planet’s equator, is one of Mars’ least likely climates for brine-forming conditions, Curiosity’s observations suggest that small amounts could form for short periods. In Mars’ higher latitudes, where atmospheric relative humidity is greater and sunlight less intense, the conditions are more favorable. In fact, overnight brine accumulation is a leading contender to explain \u003ca title=\"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captures downhill flows of material on Mars\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20110804.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downhill flows of material\u003c/a> observed by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft on high-latitude steep slopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ready-to-eat Nitrogen\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another recent detection made by Curiosity is that of “ready to eat” nitrogen—so to speak. Though this detection does not pertain to water, it is of possible relevance to the same ultimate goal of Mars exploration: detection of life-friendly environments on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time it was \u003ca title=\"Biologically useful nitrogen detected on Mars\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SAM’s time to tell the story\u003c/a>—SAM, the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument. SAM detected nitric oxide (a molecule of one nitrogen and one oxygen atom) in a collected soil sample. The nitric oxide is thought to have been released when nitrates in the sample broke down as it was heated—and in any case, this marks the first discovery of “biologically useful” forms of nitrogen on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nitrates in general are nitrogen-bearing molecules of a form that living organisms can make use of in the life process. In Earth life, obtaining nitrogen from the environment is crucial, since it is an essential element of such important molecules as DNA and RNA, among other things. Though nitrogen is abundant in Earth’s atmosphere, making up 79% of it, most of it is in the form of nitrogen gas, a molecule of two very tightly bound nitrogen atoms. Most life forms on Earth cannot make use of nitrogen in this form, though certain organisms can break it apart and convert it to usable forms, and in doing so introduce nitrates into the food chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t believe that the nitrates found in Mars’ soil were produced by biological activity, but rather by non-biological processes, probably long ago in Mars’ past. Energetic events like meteorite impacts and lighting strikes are two possible nitrate-forming agents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the source, the fact that nitrogen in a form that Earth-organisms would “eat up” is present adds to the preponderance of evidence that Mars once had a habitable environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether anything actually inhabited Mars is still an open question, but one actively being pursued by missions like Curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Intensive exploration of Mars by NASA spacecraft continues to pay tantalizing dividends in our quest for signs of liquid water, and the potentially life-friendly environments it could offer.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931884,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1057},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Most Recent Successes in the Search for Life-friendly Conditions on Mars | KQED","description":"Intensive exploration of Mars by NASA spacecraft continues to pay tantalizing dividends in our quest for signs of liquid water, and the potentially life-friendly environments it could offer.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/29786/nasas-most-recent-successes-in-the-search-for-life-friendly-conditions-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29791\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/curiosity-at-mojave.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/curiosity-at-mojave.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity's self-portrait at "Mojave" on Mount Sharp. (JPL-Caltech/MSSS/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity’s self-portrait at “Mojave” on Mount Sharp. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 1964 science fiction classic, “Robinson Crusoe on Mars,” paraphrased an old adage, “Water is where you find it.” NASA’s exploration of the real Mars has paraphrased further, “On Mars, water seems to be where you look for it!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intensive exploration of Mars by NASA spacecraft continues to pay tantalizing dividends in our quest for signs of liquid water, and the potentially life-friendly environments it could offer. Here are a few recent finds by the Curiosity rover, and other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mineral Veins of Garden City\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Recently, NASA’s Curiosity rover \u003ca title=\"Curiosity discovers veins of water-deposited minerals in Garden City\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discovered a mineral formation\u003c/a> that drew the eye of mission water-seekers. Criss-crossing the bedrock of a site named Garden City are raised veins of whitish material, marbled through the rock in a very particular pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29796\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/garden_city-mineral_veins-288x159.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-29796\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/garden_city-mineral_veins-288x159.jpg\" alt=\"Mineral veins found by NASA's Curiosity rover on Mount Sharp. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\" width=\"288\" height=\"159\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mineral veins found by NASA’s Curiosity rover on Mount Sharp. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Earth, similar formations of mineral veins lacing through rock are created when water, flowing through cracks, deposits minerals. In Garden City on Mars, erosion of the surrounding rock has exposed the veins, forming small ridges as high as 2.5 inches and an inch or so wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon closer examination, the veins were found to be two-shaded, with darker material at the edges sandwiching a lighter layer between. This indicates a process that involved different liquid water solutions depositing different minerals at different times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity, as well as the veteran rover \u003ca title=\"Opportunity finds a layer of gypsum\" href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/newsroom/pressreleases/20111207a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, had found outcroppings of likely water-formed calcium sulfate in other locations, but the two-tone veins at Garden City offer a more detailed glimpse into the story of how the environment, at least locally, may have changed long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Curiosity continues its climb up the slopes of Mount Sharp, exploring ever-younger layers of sediment, a more complete picture of how the apparently watery Mars of long ago became the dry desert world we know today will develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most of Curiosity’s instrumentation is geared to study the chemistry and morphology of the Martian soil and rock, atmospheric data collected by its Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) has produced\u003ca title=\"Do liquid brines form on Mars at night?\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4549\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> a fascinating watery possibility\u003c/a> as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, REMS has measured atmospheric temperature and relative humidity in the lower region of Gale Crater where Curiosity is exploring. From these measurements, along with the previous detection of perchlorate salts in more than one location on Mars, a theory has developed suggesting that liquid water on Mars’ surface isn’t necessarily a thing of the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory goes, under the right conditions of temperature and relative humidity, salty minerals like perchlorate, which draw in surrounding water vapor from the air, can form a liquid brine in the soil—most likely at night when temperatures drop. Overnight brine moisture would evaporate under the sun’s rays after dawn, but for a time the mixture would form a substance that might be characterized as “Martian mud….”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">On Mars, water seems to be where you look for it….\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Under typical Martian surface conditions today, liquid water cannot persist due to the low atmospheric pressure and temperature, which tend to drive it into gaseous (water vapor) or solid (ice) states. But with perchlorate in the mix, water’s freezing point can be lowered–not unlike how we lower the freezing point in an ice cream maker by adding salt!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/577359main_pia14472-946b-216x162.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-29808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/577359main_pia14472-946b-216x162.gif\" alt=\"Flows of material running down the slopes of crater walls on Mars, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flows of material running down the slopes of crater walls on Mars, captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Gale Crater, located near the planet’s equator, is one of Mars’ least likely climates for brine-forming conditions, Curiosity’s observations suggest that small amounts could form for short periods. In Mars’ higher latitudes, where atmospheric relative humidity is greater and sunlight less intense, the conditions are more favorable. In fact, overnight brine accumulation is a leading contender to explain \u003ca title=\"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captures downhill flows of material on Mars\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20110804.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downhill flows of material\u003c/a> observed by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft on high-latitude steep slopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ready-to-eat Nitrogen\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another recent detection made by Curiosity is that of “ready to eat” nitrogen—so to speak. Though this detection does not pertain to water, it is of possible relevance to the same ultimate goal of Mars exploration: detection of life-friendly environments on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time it was \u003ca title=\"Biologically useful nitrogen detected on Mars\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SAM’s time to tell the story\u003c/a>—SAM, the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument. SAM detected nitric oxide (a molecule of one nitrogen and one oxygen atom) in a collected soil sample. The nitric oxide is thought to have been released when nitrates in the sample broke down as it was heated—and in any case, this marks the first discovery of “biologically useful” forms of nitrogen on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nitrates in general are nitrogen-bearing molecules of a form that living organisms can make use of in the life process. In Earth life, obtaining nitrogen from the environment is crucial, since it is an essential element of such important molecules as DNA and RNA, among other things. Though nitrogen is abundant in Earth’s atmosphere, making up 79% of it, most of it is in the form of nitrogen gas, a molecule of two very tightly bound nitrogen atoms. Most life forms on Earth cannot make use of nitrogen in this form, though certain organisms can break it apart and convert it to usable forms, and in doing so introduce nitrates into the food chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t believe that the nitrates found in Mars’ soil were produced by biological activity, but rather by non-biological processes, probably long ago in Mars’ past. Energetic events like meteorite impacts and lighting strikes are two possible nitrate-forming agents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the source, the fact that nitrogen in a form that Earth-organisms would “eat up” is present adds to the preponderance of evidence that Mars once had a habitable environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether anything actually inhabited Mars is still an open question, but one actively being pursued by missions like Curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/29786/nasas-most-recent-successes-in-the-search-for-life-friendly-conditions-on-mars","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_5179","science_364","science_5175","science_420","science_201"],"featImg":"science_29791","label":"science"},"science_7941":{"type":"posts","id":"science_7941","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"7941","score":null,"sort":[1378479638000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"comet-ison-comet-of-the-century-or-fanciful-fluff","title":"Comet ISON: Comet of the Century or Fanciful Fluff?","publishDate":1378479638,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Comet ISON: Comet of the Century or Fanciful Fluff? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7956\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/cometISON-hst-april2013.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7956\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7956\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/cometISON-hst-april2013.jpg\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope Image of Comet ISON, April 2013\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope Image of Comet ISON, April 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s been said that in order to be noticed, you have to do something daring and bold. A comet named ISON appears to be a thrill-and-glory seeker, for well in advance of demonstrating its potential as a possible “comet of the century,” it has already garnered more attention than \u003ca title=\"Comets\" href=\"http://www.space.com/53-comets-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">comets \u003c/a>or asteroids that pass harrowingly close to the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comet, discovered in 2012 and named after the International Sky Observers Network (ISON) through which it was spotted, has taken a couple of dares to win a spot in history–or at least some media buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First dare: get in front of a camera. On October 1st, ISON will \u003ca title=\"Comet ISON to pass Mars\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/23aug_marsison/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pass within seven million miles of Mars\u003c/a> (which is a lot closer than it will ever get to Earth, in case you were wondering if it’s a good time to restock your bunker). This gives \u003ca title=\"NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> (MRO) and its huge HiRISE camera a front row viewing seat, and NASA is planning to take advantage of this by redirecting MRO’s attention to focus on ISON.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sneak preview of ISON should tell us a lot more about the comet’s size, mass and composition, giving us ammunition to make some predictions on how spectacular (or not) it may become later in the fall. But beyond how bright and breezy ISON may grow, another factor depends critically on the comet’s physical stature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the second dare: ISON, as it turns out, is a “\u003ca title=\"Comet Lovejoy\" href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0607/Comet-Lovejoy-survives-boiling-brush-with-Sun-does-victory-dance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sun-grazer\u003c/a>,” one of that breed of comets that risk it all by buzzing the sun. Some of these actually fall into the sun and are completely vaporized, like moths to a candle flame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On November 28th, ISON will reach its closest approach to the sun, making a sharp hairpin turn as it swings through \u003ca title=\"Comet Orbits\" href=\"http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/segwayed/lessons/cometstale/frame_orbits.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perihelion\u003c/a> and is flung back toward deep space. If we were talking about a roller coaster ride, this would be the point when the coaster swoops through the bottom of the arc attaining its highest speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On that day, the comet will be less than a single solar diameter from the Sun’s surface–so close that someone standing on the comet’s surface would look up and see the sun spanning a quarter of the sky!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If ISON survives the intense solar radiation and powerful gravitational tidal forces brought to bear by this close encounter, then it has a chance to put on a really good show for us here on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will it survive? That isn’t certain and won’t be until the end of November. But after MRO’s observations in October, we should have a better idea of the odds. If ISON is below a certain mass, then chances are higher that it will break apart during its Icarus-style sun-skimming stunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, if ISON weighs in heavier (oh, let’s say 5 to 10 kilometers in diameter–something in that class), it has a much better chance of emerging intact, and the heating from its near-sun experience may produce a significant coma and tail, potentially lighting up the night for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, ISON is already showing up in telescopes, though it isn’t much more than a smudge. As we move into October and November, it will grow brighter, if only because it will be getting closer to us as well as its source of illumination, the sun. Though it’s too early to tell how bright it will get, ISON will rise in the east in the early morning before dawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit after mid-November, ISON will get lost in the sun’s glare and pass from our view until after its potentially fateful date with destiny on November 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, we wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we ever see it again, ISON will reappear in our skies sometime in mid-December. If it lives up to some of the more optimistic predictions, ISON could be a great sight to behold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If not, do we call it a fizzle, a dud?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how I like to think about it: Even if it doesn’t live up to the hype, ISON’s daring trajectory has already guided our thoughts along paths to exciting possibilities that we don’t usually consider, plunging our imaginations on a wild solar-coaster ride and filling our fancied nights with bright comet fluff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty good work for a comet yet to prove itself.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A comet named ISON has been hailed as a possible \"comet of the century.\" But scientists aren't sure yet if it will survive a hairpin turn around the sun. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935117,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":784},"headData":{"title":"Comet ISON: Comet of the Century or Fanciful Fluff? | KQED","description":"A comet named ISON has been hailed as a possible "comet of the century." But scientists aren't sure yet if it will survive a hairpin turn around the sun. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/7941/comet-ison-comet-of-the-century-or-fanciful-fluff","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7956\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/cometISON-hst-april2013.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7956\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7956\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/cometISON-hst-april2013.jpg\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope Image of Comet ISON, April 2013\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope Image of Comet ISON, April 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s been said that in order to be noticed, you have to do something daring and bold. A comet named ISON appears to be a thrill-and-glory seeker, for well in advance of demonstrating its potential as a possible “comet of the century,” it has already garnered more attention than \u003ca title=\"Comets\" href=\"http://www.space.com/53-comets-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">comets \u003c/a>or asteroids that pass harrowingly close to the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comet, discovered in 2012 and named after the International Sky Observers Network (ISON) through which it was spotted, has taken a couple of dares to win a spot in history–or at least some media buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First dare: get in front of a camera. On October 1st, ISON will \u003ca title=\"Comet ISON to pass Mars\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/23aug_marsison/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pass within seven million miles of Mars\u003c/a> (which is a lot closer than it will ever get to Earth, in case you were wondering if it’s a good time to restock your bunker). This gives \u003ca title=\"NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> (MRO) and its huge HiRISE camera a front row viewing seat, and NASA is planning to take advantage of this by redirecting MRO’s attention to focus on ISON.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sneak preview of ISON should tell us a lot more about the comet’s size, mass and composition, giving us ammunition to make some predictions on how spectacular (or not) it may become later in the fall. But beyond how bright and breezy ISON may grow, another factor depends critically on the comet’s physical stature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the second dare: ISON, as it turns out, is a “\u003ca title=\"Comet Lovejoy\" href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0607/Comet-Lovejoy-survives-boiling-brush-with-Sun-does-victory-dance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sun-grazer\u003c/a>,” one of that breed of comets that risk it all by buzzing the sun. Some of these actually fall into the sun and are completely vaporized, like moths to a candle flame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On November 28th, ISON will reach its closest approach to the sun, making a sharp hairpin turn as it swings through \u003ca title=\"Comet Orbits\" href=\"http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/segwayed/lessons/cometstale/frame_orbits.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perihelion\u003c/a> and is flung back toward deep space. If we were talking about a roller coaster ride, this would be the point when the coaster swoops through the bottom of the arc attaining its highest speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On that day, the comet will be less than a single solar diameter from the Sun’s surface–so close that someone standing on the comet’s surface would look up and see the sun spanning a quarter of the sky!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If ISON survives the intense solar radiation and powerful gravitational tidal forces brought to bear by this close encounter, then it has a chance to put on a really good show for us here on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will it survive? That isn’t certain and won’t be until the end of November. But after MRO’s observations in October, we should have a better idea of the odds. If ISON is below a certain mass, then chances are higher that it will break apart during its Icarus-style sun-skimming stunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, if ISON weighs in heavier (oh, let’s say 5 to 10 kilometers in diameter–something in that class), it has a much better chance of emerging intact, and the heating from its near-sun experience may produce a significant coma and tail, potentially lighting up the night for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, ISON is already showing up in telescopes, though it isn’t much more than a smudge. As we move into October and November, it will grow brighter, if only because it will be getting closer to us as well as its source of illumination, the sun. Though it’s too early to tell how bright it will get, ISON will rise in the east in the early morning before dawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit after mid-November, ISON will get lost in the sun’s glare and pass from our view until after its potentially fateful date with destiny on November 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, we wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we ever see it again, ISON will reappear in our skies sometime in mid-December. If it lives up to some of the more optimistic predictions, ISON could be a great sight to behold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If not, do we call it a fizzle, a dud?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how I like to think about it: Even if it doesn’t live up to the hype, ISON’s daring trajectory has already guided our thoughts along paths to exciting possibilities that we don’t usually consider, plunging our imaginations on a wild solar-coaster ride and filling our fancied nights with bright comet fluff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty good work for a comet yet to prove itself.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/7941/comet-ison-comet-of-the-century-or-fanciful-fluff","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_145","science_64","science_5179","science_364","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_7956","label":"science"},"science_4777":{"type":"posts","id":"science_4777","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"4777","score":null,"sort":[1372406416000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"its-dune-boarding-season-on-mars","title":"It's Dune-Boarding Season on Mars!","publishDate":1372406416,"format":"aside","headTitle":"It’s Dune-Boarding Season on Mars! | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4779\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/nasa-mro-gullies-in-russell-crater.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4779\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/nasa-mro-gullies-in-russell-crater.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image of unusual channels dug on the slopes of a Martian sand dune\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4779\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image of unusual channels dug on the slopes of a Martian sand dune\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ah, the yearly refresh of spring. Temperatures are warming, snows are sublimating, large sheets of dry ice are breaking free from dune tops and sliding like giant snow boards down the sandy slopes….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doesn’t sound like the spring thaws of Earth, much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\" title=\"NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> and its high-powered HiRISE camera, which has been capturing extremely detailed pictures all over the surface of Mars for a few years now, has happened upon a number of surprising, curious and often captivating landscape features, many of which have inferred the action of dynamic weather processes on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from being the dead desert world that it first appeared in the 1960’s, images from MRO and other orbiting spacecraft, as well as several landers and rovers, have revealed that Mars is alive with activity—maybe not alive with actual life, but certainly a world that exhibits daily and seasonal weather patterns that we would find familiar, as well as some that we would not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia17260\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an image\u003c/a> captured by MRO that shows a downhill-slithering brigade of channels that present a different appearance than others that look more like the features of liquid-carved gullies and streambeds. The long trenches gouged in the sandy slopes have an almost hair-like pattern, rooted at the tops of their runs and cascading downhill to blunt ends at the bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluid-carved channels typically wind in a side-to-side meander and often end in dendritic fans where the fluid and the solids they carry spread out and dissipate. Whatever dug out these luge-chutes were probably solid, several meters across, and at the end of their run disappeared. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chunks of frozen carbon dioxide — or dry ice — forming in sheets on the dunes over the winter and breaking off during the spring thaw is one process that fits the bill. Their disappearance at the end of the run would be explained by the dry ice doing what we know it does best: simply sublimating away directly into its gaseous state, leaving behind only a dry depression where it came to rest. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though huge slabs of dry ice sand-boarding down the faces of dunes (full-body sand-boarding is something I enjoyed doing on dunes in Death Valley when I was a kid) is an exotic example of the weather in an alien environment, reports from the Red Planet include other headlines. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20120404.html\" title=\"MRO animation of dust devil on Mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dust devils\u003c/a>, a common sight in the windy deserts on Earth, also seem to be common on Mars—which is almost entirely windy desert. MRO has captured images of \u003ca href=\"http://fettss.arc.nasa.gov/collection/details/mars-dust-devils/\" title=\"Dust devil tracks on Mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looping and arcing streaks\u003c/a> left behind by packs of roving dust devils, and at least one of the Mars Exploration Rovers not only captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/mer-042105.html\" title=\"Video footage from Mars Exploration Rover of dust devil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video footage\u003c/a> of some from the ground, it was also run over by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strange, dark, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/24/springtime-on-mars/\" title=\"Springtime on Mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">burst-like blemishes\u003c/a> have also been imaged in the Martian spring, thought to be outbursts of dust-laden carbon dioxide gas breaking free from layers of water, ice and permafrost as the season grows warmer (or, actually, less frigid). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still more! NASA’s Phoenix lander detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080929.html\" title=\"Snowfall on Mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aerial snow\u003c/a> from its location near the northern polar ice cap—a snowflake version of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">virga\u003c/a>, perhaps. As far back as the Viking lander missions, we have known of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jplhistory/captions/vikinglander-t.php\" title=\"Ground frost at Viking lander site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ground frost\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even from Earth, before the first robotic probe was sent to Mars, we witnessed the seasonal cycle of growth and decline of the polar caps, as well as the global wind and dust storms that envelope the planet’s entire surface each Martian year when it passes closest to the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not a dead, lifeless planet at all. Meteorologically speaking, Mars is more exotic and often livelier than certain desert realms on Earth. So, grab a board of dry ice and hit the slopes, dude; it’s dune-boarding season!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and its high-powered HiRISE camera has been capturing extremely detailed pictures all over the surface of Mars for a few years now. MRO now reveals a number of surprising, curious, and often captivating landscape features, many of which have inferred the action of dynamic weather processes on Mars.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935553,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":673},"headData":{"title":"It's Dune-Boarding Season on Mars! | KQED","description":"NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and its high-powered HiRISE camera has been capturing extremely detailed pictures all over the surface of Mars for a few years now. MRO now reveals a number of surprising, curious, and often captivating landscape features, many of which have inferred the action of dynamic weather processes on Mars.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/4777/its-dune-boarding-season-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4779\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/nasa-mro-gullies-in-russell-crater.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4779\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/nasa-mro-gullies-in-russell-crater.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image of unusual channels dug on the slopes of a Martian sand dune\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4779\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image of unusual channels dug on the slopes of a Martian sand dune\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ah, the yearly refresh of spring. Temperatures are warming, snows are sublimating, large sheets of dry ice are breaking free from dune tops and sliding like giant snow boards down the sandy slopes….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doesn’t sound like the spring thaws of Earth, much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\" title=\"NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> and its high-powered HiRISE camera, which has been capturing extremely detailed pictures all over the surface of Mars for a few years now, has happened upon a number of surprising, curious and often captivating landscape features, many of which have inferred the action of dynamic weather processes on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from being the dead desert world that it first appeared in the 1960’s, images from MRO and other orbiting spacecraft, as well as several landers and rovers, have revealed that Mars is alive with activity—maybe not alive with actual life, but certainly a world that exhibits daily and seasonal weather patterns that we would find familiar, as well as some that we would not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia17260\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an image\u003c/a> captured by MRO that shows a downhill-slithering brigade of channels that present a different appearance than others that look more like the features of liquid-carved gullies and streambeds. The long trenches gouged in the sandy slopes have an almost hair-like pattern, rooted at the tops of their runs and cascading downhill to blunt ends at the bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluid-carved channels typically wind in a side-to-side meander and often end in dendritic fans where the fluid and the solids they carry spread out and dissipate. Whatever dug out these luge-chutes were probably solid, several meters across, and at the end of their run disappeared. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chunks of frozen carbon dioxide — or dry ice — forming in sheets on the dunes over the winter and breaking off during the spring thaw is one process that fits the bill. Their disappearance at the end of the run would be explained by the dry ice doing what we know it does best: simply sublimating away directly into its gaseous state, leaving behind only a dry depression where it came to rest. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though huge slabs of dry ice sand-boarding down the faces of dunes (full-body sand-boarding is something I enjoyed doing on dunes in Death Valley when I was a kid) is an exotic example of the weather in an alien environment, reports from the Red Planet include other headlines. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20120404.html\" title=\"MRO animation of dust devil on Mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dust devils\u003c/a>, a common sight in the windy deserts on Earth, also seem to be common on Mars—which is almost entirely windy desert. MRO has captured images of \u003ca href=\"http://fettss.arc.nasa.gov/collection/details/mars-dust-devils/\" title=\"Dust devil tracks on Mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looping and arcing streaks\u003c/a> left behind by packs of roving dust devils, and at least one of the Mars Exploration Rovers not only captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/mer-042105.html\" title=\"Video footage from Mars Exploration Rover of dust devil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video footage\u003c/a> of some from the ground, it was also run over by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strange, dark, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/24/springtime-on-mars/\" title=\"Springtime on Mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">burst-like blemishes\u003c/a> have also been imaged in the Martian spring, thought to be outbursts of dust-laden carbon dioxide gas breaking free from layers of water, ice and permafrost as the season grows warmer (or, actually, less frigid). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still more! NASA’s Phoenix lander detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080929.html\" title=\"Snowfall on Mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aerial snow\u003c/a> from its location near the northern polar ice cap—a snowflake version of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">virga\u003c/a>, perhaps. As far back as the Viking lander missions, we have known of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jplhistory/captions/vikinglander-t.php\" title=\"Ground frost at Viking lander site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ground frost\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even from Earth, before the first robotic probe was sent to Mars, we witnessed the seasonal cycle of growth and decline of the polar caps, as well as the global wind and dust storms that envelope the planet’s entire surface each Martian year when it passes closest to the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not a dead, lifeless planet at all. Meteorologically speaking, Mars is more exotic and often livelier than certain desert realms on Earth. So, grab a board of dry ice and hit the slopes, dude; it’s dune-boarding season!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/4777/its-dune-boarding-season-on-mars","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_5179","science_364","science_5175","science_365"],"featImg":"science_4779","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Live-From-Here-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.","airtime":"SUN 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/money/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/planet-money","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"}},"politicalbreakdown":{"id":"politicalbreakdown","title":"Political Breakdown","tagline":"Politics from a personal perspective","info":"Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.","airtime":"THU 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Political Breakdown","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"11"},"link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5Nzk2MzI2MTEx","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"}},"pri-the-world":{"id":"pri-the-world","title":"PRI's The World: Latest Edition","info":"Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.","airtime":"MON-FRI 2pm-3pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world","meta":{"site":"news","source":"PRI"},"link":"/radio/program/pri-the-world","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/","rss":"http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"}},"radiolab":{"id":"radiolab","title":"Radiolab","info":"A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.","airtime":"SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/radiolab","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/","rss":"https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"}},"reveal":{"id":"reveal","title":"Reveal","info":"Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.","airtime":"SAT 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/reveal","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/","rss":"http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"}},"says-you":{"id":"says-you","title":"Says You!","info":"Public radio's game show of bluff and bluster, words and whimsy. The warmest, wittiest cocktail party - it's spirited and civil, brainy and boisterous, peppered with musical interludes. Fast paced and playful, it's the most fun you can have with language without getting your mouth washed out with soap. Our motto: It's not important to know the answers, it's important to like the answers!","airtime":"SUN 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Says-You-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.saysyouradio.com/","meta":{"site":"comedy","source":"Pipit and Finch"},"link":"/radio/program/says-you","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/says-you!/id1050199826","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Says-You-p480/","rss":"https://saysyou.libsyn.com/rss"}},"science-friday":{"id":"science-friday","title":"Science Friday","info":"Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.","airtime":"FRI 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/science-friday","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"}},"science-podcast":{"id":"science-podcast","title":"KQED Science News","tagline":"From the lab, to your ears","info":"KQED Science explores science and environment news, trends, and events from the Bay Area and beyond.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-News-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/category/science-podcast/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"kqed","order":"17"},"link":"/science/category/science-podcast","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqed-science-news/id214663465","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2dzLmtxZWQub3JnL3NjaWVuY2UvZmVlZC8","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed-science-news","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/category/science-podcast/feed/podcast"}},"selected-shorts":{"id":"selected-shorts","title":"Selected Shorts","info":"Spellbinding short stories by established and emerging writers take on a new life when they are performed by stars of the stage and screen.","airtime":"SAT 8pm-9pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Selected-Shorts-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pri.org/programs/selected-shorts","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"pri"},"link":"/radio/program/selected-shorts","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=253191824&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Selected-Shorts-p31792/","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/selectedshorts"}},"snap-judgment":{"id":"snap-judgment","title":"Snap Judgment","info":"Snap Judgment (Storytelling, with a BEAT) mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic, kick-ass radio. Snap’s raw, musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. WNYC studios is the producer of leading podcasts including Radiolab, Freakonomics Radio, Note To Self, Here’s The Thing With Alec Baldwin, and more.","airtime":"SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/snapJudgement.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://snapjudgment.org","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/snap-judgment","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=283657561&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Snap-Judgment-p243817/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/snapjudgment-wnyc"}},"soldout":{"id":"soldout","title":"SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America","tagline":"A new future for housing","info":"Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/soldout","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":3},"link":"/podcasts/soldout","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america","tunein":"https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vc29sZG91dA"}},"ted-radio-hour":{"id":"ted-radio-hour","title":"TED Radio Hour","info":"The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.","airtime":"SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/ted-radio-hour","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"}},"tech-nation":{"id":"tech-nation","title":"Tech Nation Radio Podcast","info":"Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.","airtime":"FRI 10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://technation.podomatic.com/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"Tech Nation Media"},"link":"/radio/program/tech-nation","subscribe":{"rss":"https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"}},"thebay":{"id":"thebay","title":"The Bay","tagline":"Local news to keep you rooted","info":"Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED The Bay","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/thebay","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"6"},"link":"/podcasts/thebay","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM4MjU5Nzg2MzI3","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"}},"californiareport":{"id":"californiareport","title":"The California Report","tagline":"California, day by day","info":"KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The California Report","officialWebsiteLink":"/californiareport","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"9"},"link":"/californiareport","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1MDAyODE4NTgz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"}},"californiareportmagazine":{"id":"californiareportmagazine","title":"The California Report Magazine","tagline":"Your state, your stories","info":"Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.","airtime":"FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/californiareportmagazine","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"10"},"link":"/californiareportmagazine","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"}},"theleap":{"id":"theleap","title":"The Leap","tagline":"What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?","info":"Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The Leap","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/theleap","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"14"},"link":"/podcasts/theleap","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM0NTcwODQ2MjY2","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"}},"masters-of-scale":{"id":"masters-of-scale","title":"Masters of Scale","info":"Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.","airtime":"Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://mastersofscale.com/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WaitWhat"},"link":"/radio/program/masters-of-scale","subscribe":{"apple":"http://mastersofscale.app.link/","rss":"https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"}},"the-moth-radio-hour":{"id":"the-moth-radio-hour","title":"The Moth Radio Hour","info":"Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.","airtime":"SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://themoth.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"prx"},"link":"/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/","rss":"http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"}},"the-new-yorker-radio-hour":{"id":"the-new-yorker-radio-hour","title":"The New Yorker Radio Hour","info":"The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.","airtime":"SAT 10am-11am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"}},"the-takeaway":{"id":"the-takeaway","title":"The Takeaway","info":"The Takeaway is produced in partnership with its national audience. It delivers perspective and analysis to help us better understand the day’s news. Be a part of the American conversation on-air and online.","airtime":"MON-THU 12pm-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Takeaway-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/takeaway","meta":{"site":"news","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/the-takeaway","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-takeaway/id363143310?mt=2","tuneIn":"http://tunein.com/radio/The-Takeaway-p150731/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/takeawaypodcast"}},"this-american-life":{"id":"this-american-life","title":"This American Life","info":"This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.","airtime":"SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wbez"},"link":"/radio/program/this-american-life","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","rss":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"}},"truthbetold":{"id":"truthbetold","title":"Truth Be Told","tagline":"Advice by and for people of color","info":"We’re the friend you call after a long day, the one who gets it. Through wisdom from some of the greatest thinkers of our time, host Tonya Mosley explores what it means to grow and thrive as a Black person in America, while discovering new ways of being that serve as a portal to more love, more healing, and more joy.","airtime":"","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Truth-Be-Told-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Truth Be Told with Tonya Mosley","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.kqed.ord/podcasts/truthbetold","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr","order":"12"},"link":"/podcasts/truthbetold","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/truth-be-told/id1462216572","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS90cnV0aC1iZS10b2xkLXBvZGNhc3QvZmVlZA","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/719210818/truth-be-told","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/s?fid=398170&refid=stpr","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/587DhwTBxke6uvfwDfaV5N"}},"wait-wait-dont-tell-me":{"id":"wait-wait-dont-tell-me","title":"Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!","info":"Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.","airtime":"SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"}},"washington-week":{"id":"washington-week","title":"Washington Week","info":"For 50 years, Washington Week has been the most intelligent and up to date conversation about the most important news stories of the week. Washington Week is the longest-running news and public affairs program on PBS and features journalists -- not pundits -- lending insight and perspective to the week's important news stories.","airtime":"SAT 1:30am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/washington-week.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/washington-week","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/washington-week-audio-pbs/id83324702?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Current-Affairs/Washington-Week-p693/","rss":"http://feeds.pbs.org/pbs/weta/washingtonweek-audio"}},"weekend-edition-saturday":{"id":"weekend-edition-saturday","title":"Weekend Edition Saturday","info":"Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.","airtime":"SAT 5am-10am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"},"weekend-edition-sunday":{"id":"weekend-edition-sunday","title":"Weekend Edition Sunday","info":"Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.","airtime":"SUN 5am-10am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"},"world-affairs":{"id":"world-affairs","title":"World Affairs","info":"The world as we knew it is undergoing a rapid transformation…so what's next? Welcome to WorldAffairs, your guide to a changing world. We give you the context you need to navigate across borders and ideologies. Through sound-rich stories and in-depth interviews, we break down what it means to be a global citizen on a hot, crowded planet. Our hosts, Ray Suarez, Teresa Cotsirilos and Philip Yun help you make sense of an uncertain world, one story at a time.","airtime":"MON 10pm, TUE 1am, SAT 3am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/World-Affairs-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg ","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.worldaffairs.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"World Affairs"},"link":"/radio/program/world-affairs","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/world-affairs/id101215657?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/WorldAffairs-p1665/","rss":"https://worldaffairs.libsyn.com/rss"}},"on-shifting-ground":{"id":"on-shifting-ground","title":"On Shifting Ground with Ray Suarez","info":"Geopolitical turmoil. A warming planet. Authoritarians on the rise. We live in a chaotic world that’s rapidly shifting around us. “On Shifting Ground with Ray Suarez” explores international fault lines and how they impact us all. Each week, NPR veteran Ray Suarez hosts conversations with journalists, leaders and policy experts to help us read between the headlines – and give us hope for human resilience.","airtime":"MON 10pm, TUE 1am, SAT 3am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/12/onshiftingground-600x600-1.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://worldaffairs.org/radio-podcast/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"On Shifting Ground"},"link":"/radio/program/on-shifting-ground","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/on-shifting-ground/id101215657","rss":"https://feeds.libsyn.com/36668/rss"}},"hidden-brain":{"id":"hidden-brain","title":"Hidden Brain","info":"Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain","airtime":"SUN 7pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"NPR"},"link":"/radio/program/hidden-brain","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"}},"city-arts":{"id":"city-arts","title":"City Arts & Lectures","info":"A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.cityarts.net/","airtime":"SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am","meta":{"site":"news","source":"City Arts & Lectures"},"link":"https://www.cityarts.net","subscribe":{"tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/","rss":"https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"}},"white-lies":{"id":"white-lies","title":"White Lies","info":"In 1965, Rev. James Reeb was murdered in Selma, Alabama. Three men were tried and acquitted, but no one was ever held to account. Fifty years later, two journalists from Alabama return to the city where it happened, expose the lies that kept the murder from being solved and uncover a story about guilt and memory that says as much about America today as it does about the past.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/White-Lies-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510343/white-lies","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/white-lies","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/whitelies","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1462650519?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM0My9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/12yZ2j8vxqhc0QZyRES3ft?si=LfWYEK6URA63hueKVxRLAw","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510343/podcast.xml"}},"rightnowish":{"id":"rightnowish","title":"Rightnowish","tagline":"Art is where you find it","info":"Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/rightnowish","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"kqed","order":"5"},"link":"/podcasts/rightnowish","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"}},"jerrybrown":{"id":"jerrybrown","title":"The Political Mind of Jerry Brown","tagline":"Lessons from a lifetime in politics","info":"The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/jerrybrown","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"16"},"link":"/podcasts/jerrybrown","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/","tuneIn":"http://tun.in/pjGcK","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9zZXJpZXMvamVycnlicm93bi9mZWVkL3BvZGNhc3Qv"}},"the-splendid-table":{"id":"the-splendid-table","title":"The Splendid Table","info":"\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.splendidtable.org/","airtime":"SUN 10-11 pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/the-splendid-table"}},"racesReducer":{"5921":{"id":"5921","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 7","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":158422,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.97,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Doris Matsui","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":89456,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tom Silva","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":48920,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Mandel","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":20046,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-09T01:00:38.194Z"},"5922":{"id":"5922","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 8","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Rudy Recile","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John Garamendi","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5924":{"id":"5924","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 10","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":185034,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.07,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark DeSaulnier","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":121265,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katherine Piccinini","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34883,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nolan Chen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":19459,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Sweeney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":7606,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mohamed Elsherbini","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1821,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-09T01:02:32.415Z"},"5926":{"id":"5926","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":153801,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.88,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:41 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lateefah Simon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":85905,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jennifer Tran","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":22964,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tony Daysog","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":17197,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stephen Slauson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9699,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Glenn Kaplan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":6785,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4243,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Abdur Sikder","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2847,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ned Nuerge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2532,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Andre Todd","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1629,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-16T00:22:36.062Z"},"5928":{"id":"5928","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 14","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":125831,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.14,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:41 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Eric Swalwell","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":83989,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Vin Kruttiventi","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":22106,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Alison Hayden","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11928,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Luis Reynoso","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":7808,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:51:36.366Z"},"5930":{"id":"5930","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 16","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":182135,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.91,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","timeUpdated":"3:04 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sam Liccardo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":38489,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Evan Low","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":30249,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Simitian","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":30249,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Peter Ohtaki","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":23275,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Peter Dixon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14673,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Rishi Kumar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":12377,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Karl Ryan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11557,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Julie Lythcott-Haims","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11383,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ahmed Mostafa","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":5811,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Greg Tanaka","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2421,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joby Bernstein","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1651,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:32:05.002Z"},"5931":{"id":"5931","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 17","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":117534,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.92,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ro Khanna","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":73941,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Anita Chen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":31539,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Ritesh Tandon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":5728,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mario Ramirez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4491,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Dehn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":1835,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-08T01:50:53.956Z"},"5932":{"id":"5932","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 18","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":96302,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.93,"eevp":98.83,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Zoe Lofgren","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":49323,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Peter Hernandez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":31622,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Charlene Nijmeh","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":10614,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Lawrence Milan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2712,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Luele Kifle","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2031,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:26:02.706Z"},"5963":{"id":"5963","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":139085,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.62,"eevp":98.6,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Greer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":38079,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Chris Rogers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":27126,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rusty Hicks","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25615,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ariel Kelley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19483,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Frankie Myers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":17694,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ted Williams","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":9550,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Cynthia Click","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1538,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-22T21:38:36.711Z"},"5972":{"id":"5972","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":99775,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lori Wilson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":50085,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Dave Ennis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":26074,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Wanda Wallis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14638,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jeffrey Flack","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":8978,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-08T02:01:24.524Z"},"5973":{"id":"5973","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":143532,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.19,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:38 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Damon Connolly","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":111275,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andy Podshadley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":17240,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Eryn Cervantes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15017,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-21T00:25:32.262Z"},"5975":{"id":"5975","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 14","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":106997,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.06,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Buffy Wicks","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":78678,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Margot Smith","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":18251,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Utkarsh Jain","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":10068,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-15T01:30:34.539Z"},"5976":{"id":"5976","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":97144,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.98,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sonia Ledo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":30946,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Anamarie Farias","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":29512,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Monica Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":24775,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Karen Mitchoff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11911,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T00:19:38.858Z"},"5977":{"id":"5977","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 16","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joseph Rubay","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rebecca Bauer-Kahan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5978":{"id":"5978","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 17","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":111003,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"8:25 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Matt Haney","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":90915,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Manuel Noris-Barrera","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":13843,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Otto Duke","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":6245,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:36:19.697Z"},"5979":{"id":"5979","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 18","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":86008,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.1,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:41 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mia Bonta","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":73040,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andre Sandford","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"AIP","voteCount":4575,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mindy Pechenuk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4389,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Cheyenne Kenney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4004,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T08:03:23.729Z"},"5980":{"id":"5980","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 19","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":113959,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.8,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Catherine Stefani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":64960,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":33035,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nadia Flamenco","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":8335,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Arjun Sodhani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":7629,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-11T23:50:23.109Z"},"5981":{"id":"5981","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 20","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:36 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Liz Ortega","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5982":{"id":"5982","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 21","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark Gilham","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Diane Papan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5984":{"id":"5984","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 23","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":116963,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.91,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Marc Berman","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":67106,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Lydia Kou","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":23699,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Gus Mattammal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":13277,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Allan Marson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":12881,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T01:13:06.280Z"},"5987":{"id":"5987","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 26","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":72753,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.19,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Patrick Ahrens","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25036,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tara Sreekrishnan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19600,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Sophie Song","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15954,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Omar Din","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":8772,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Bob Goodwyn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":2170,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ashish Garg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1221,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T21:06:29.070Z"},"5989":{"id":"5989","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 28","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Gail Pellerin","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Liz Lawler","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6010":{"id":"6010","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 49","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:36 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Fong","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Long Liu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6018":{"id":"6018","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":229348,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.05,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:38 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jared Huffman","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":169005,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Chris Coulombe","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":37372,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tief Gibbs","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":18437,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jolian Kangas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":3166,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Brisendine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1368,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:46:10.103Z"},"6020":{"id":"6020","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":187640,"precinctsReportPercentage":96.32,"eevp":96.36,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Thompson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":118147,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John Munn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":56232,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andrew Engdahl","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11202,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Niket Patwardhan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":2059,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-07T00:30:57.980Z"},"6025":{"id":"6025","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 9","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":121271,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.17,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Josh Harder","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":60396,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Kevin Lincoln","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":36346,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John McBride","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15525,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Khalid Jafri","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9004,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:49:44.113Z"},"6031":{"id":"6031","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Anna Kramer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Kevin Mullin","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6035":{"id":"6035","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 19","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":203670,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.11,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jimmy Panetta","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":132540,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jason Anderson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":58120,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Sean Dougherty","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Grn","voteCount":13010,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-07T00:23:46.779Z"},"6066":{"id":"6066","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 3","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jamie Gallagher","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Aaron Draper","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6067":{"id":"6067","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 4","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Cecilia Aguiar-Curry","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6087":{"id":"6087","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 24","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":66643,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.19,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Alex Lee","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":45544,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bob Brunton","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14951,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marti Souza","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":6148,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T23:23:49.770Z"},"6088":{"id":"6088","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 25","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":69560,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.31,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ash Kalra","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":35821,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Ted Stroll","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":18255,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Lan Ngo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":15484,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T02:40:57.200Z"},"6092":{"id":"6092","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 29","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Robert Rivas","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"J.W. Paine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6223":{"id":"6223","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 46","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:16 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lou Correa","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Pan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6530":{"id":"6530","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 3","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":222193,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Thom Bogue","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":61776,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Christopher Cabaldon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":59041,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rozzana Verder-Aliga","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":45546,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jackie Elward","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":41127,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jimih Jones","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14703,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-15T01:24:31.539Z"},"6531":{"id":"6531","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":171623,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.09,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jim Shoemaker","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":74935,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jerry McNerney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":57040,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Carlos Villapudua","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":39648,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T20:07:46.382Z"},"6532":{"id":"6532","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 7","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":192446,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.72,"eevp":98.78,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jesse Arreguín","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":61837,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jovanka Beckles","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":34025,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Dan Kalb","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":28842,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Kathryn Lybarger","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":28041,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sandre Swanson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":22862,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jeanne Solnordal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":16839,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-16T00:58:11.533Z"},"6533":{"id":"6533","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 9","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Tim Grayson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marisol Rubio","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6534":{"id":"6534","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":228260,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.09,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Scott Wiener","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":166592,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Yvette Corkrean","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34438,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Cynthia Cravens","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":18513,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jing Xiong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":8717,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T02:01:51.597Z"},"6535":{"id":"6535","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 13","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":227191,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.88,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Josh Becker","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":167127,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Alexander Glew","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":42788,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Christina Laskowski","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":17276,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T01:56:24.964Z"},"6536":{"id":"6536","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":180231,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.81,"eevp":98.95,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Dave Cortese","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":124440,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Robert Howell","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34173,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tony Loaiza","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":21618,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T01:15:45.365Z"},"6548":{"id":"6548","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 39","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:55 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Akilah Weber","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bob Divine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6611":{"id":"6611","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":188732,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.89,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"8:25 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Nancy Pelosi","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":138285,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bruce Lou","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":16285,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marjorie Mikels","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":9363,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Bianca Von Krieg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":7634,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Zeng","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":6607,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Boyce","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4325,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Larry Nichelson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3482,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eve Del Castello","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2751,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:31:55.445Z"},"8589":{"id":"8589","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. Senate, Class I","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":7276537,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Adam Schiff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2299507,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Steve Garvey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2292414,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katie Porter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1115606,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Barbara Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":714408,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Early","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":240723,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"James Bradley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":98180,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Christina Pascucci","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":61755,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sharleta Bassett","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":54422,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sarah Liew","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":38483,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Laura Garza ","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":34320,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jonathan Reiss","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34283,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sepi Gilani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":34056,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Gail Lightfoot","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":33046,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Denice Gary-Pandol","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":25494,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"James Macauley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":23168,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Harmesh Kumar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21522,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"David Peterson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21076,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Douglas Pierce","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19371,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Major Singh","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":16965,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"John Rose","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14577,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Perry Pound","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14134,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Raji Rab","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":13558,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mark Ruzon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":13429,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Forrest Jones","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"AIP","voteCount":13027,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stefan Simchowitz","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":12717,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Martin Veprauskas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9714,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Don Grundmann","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":6582,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T05:01:46.589Z"},"8686":{"id":"8686","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"President,","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":3589127,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:48 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joe Biden","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":3200188,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marianne Williamson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":145690,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Dean Phillips","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":99981,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Armando Perez-Serrato","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":42925,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Gabriel Cornejo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":41261,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"President Boddie","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25373,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stephen Lyons","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21008,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eban Cambridge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":12701,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:12:27.559Z"},"8688":{"id":"8688","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"President,","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":2466569,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Donald Trump","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":1953947,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nikki Haley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":430792,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ron DeSantis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":35581,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Chris Christie","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":20164,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Vivek Ramaswamy","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11069,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Rachel Swift","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4231,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"David Stuckenberg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3895,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ryan Binkley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3563,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Asa Hutchinson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3327,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:13:19.766Z"},"81993":{"id":"81993","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. Senate, Class I Unexpired Term","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":7358837,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Steve Garvey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2444940,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Adam Schiff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2155146,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katie Porter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1269194,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Barbara Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":863278,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Early","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":448788,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Christina Pascucci","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":109421,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sepi Gilani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":68070,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:31:08.186Z"},"82014":{"id":"82014","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"Proposition, 1 - Behavioral Health Services Program","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":7221972,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":null,"voteCount":3624998,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":null,"voteCount":3596974,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-21T00:11:06.265Z"},"timeLoaded":"April 18, 2024 5:44 PM","nationalRacesLoaded":true,"localRacesLoaded":true,"overrides":[{"id":"5921","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 7","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5922","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 8","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5924","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 10","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5926","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 12","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/congress-12th-district"},{"id":"5928","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 14","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5930","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 16","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/congress-16th-district"},{"id":"5931","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 17","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5932","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 18","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5963","raceName":"State Assembly, District 2","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5972","raceName":"State Assembly, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5973","raceName":"State Assembly, District 12","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5975","raceName":"State Assembly, District 14","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5976","raceName":"State Assembly, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/contracosta/state-assembly"},{"id":"5977","raceName":"State Assembly, District 16","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5978","raceName":"State Assembly, District 17","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5979","raceName":"State Assembly, District 18","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5980","raceName":"State Assembly, District 19","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5981","raceName":"State Assembly, District 20","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5982","raceName":"State Assembly, District 21","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5984","raceName":"State Assembly, District 23","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-assembly-23rd-district"},{"id":"5987","raceName":"State Assembly, District 26","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/state-assembly-26th-district"},{"id":"5989","raceName":"State Assembly, District 28","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6010","raceName":"State Assembly, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6018","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 2","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6020","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6025","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 9","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6031","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6035","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 19","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6067","raceName":"State Assembly, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6087","raceName":"State Assembly, District 24","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6088","raceName":"State Assembly, District 25","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6092","raceName":"State Assembly, District 29","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6223","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6530","raceName":"State Senate, District 3","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-senate-3rd-district"},{"id":"6531","raceName":"State Senate, District 5","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6532","raceName":"State Senate, District 7","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-senate-7th-district"},{"id":"6533","raceName":"State Senate, District 9","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6534","raceName":"State Senate, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6535","raceName":"State Senate, District 13","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6536","raceName":"State Senate, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6611","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"8589","raceName":"U.S. Senate (Full Term)","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/senator"},{"id":"8686","raceName":"California Democratic Presidential Primary","raceDescription":"Candidates are competing for 496 delegates.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/president/democrat"},{"id":"8688","raceName":"California Republican Presidential Primary","raceDescription":"Candidates are competing for 169 delegates.","raceReadTheStory":"https://kqed.org/elections/results/president/republican"},{"id":"81993","raceName":"U.S. Senate (Partial/Unexpired Term)","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election."},{"id":"82014","raceName":"Proposition 1","raceDescription":"Bond and mental health reforms. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/proposition-1"}],"AlamedaJudge5":{"id":"AlamedaJudge5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":200601,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Terry Wiley","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":200601}]},"AlamedaJudge12":{"id":"AlamedaJudge12","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":240853,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark Fickes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":133009},{"candidateName":"Michael P. Johnson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":107844}]},"AlamedaBoard2":{"id":"AlamedaBoard2","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":33580,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"John Lewis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6943},{"candidateName":"Angela Normand","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":26637}]},"AlamedaBoard5":{"id":"AlamedaBoard5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":26072,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Guadalupe \"Lupe\" Angulo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7521},{"candidateName":"Janevette Cole","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13338},{"candidateName":"Joe Orlando Ramos","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5213}]},"AlamedaBoard6":{"id":"AlamedaBoard6","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 6","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":30864,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"John Guerrero","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9989},{"candidateName":"Eileen McDonald","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20875}]},"AlamedaSup1":{"id":"AlamedaSup1","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":41038,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Haubert","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":41038}]},"AlamedaSup2":{"id":"AlamedaSup2","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":31034,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Elisa Márquez","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":31034}]},"AlamedaSup4":{"id":"AlamedaSup4","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":57007,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jennifer Esteen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22400},{"candidateName":"Nate Miley","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":34607}]},"AlamedaSup5":{"id":"AlamedaSup5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":81059,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ben Bartlett","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13518},{"candidateName":"Nikki Fortunato Bas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":27597},{"candidateName":"John J. Bauters","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":16783},{"candidateName":"Ken Berrick","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7520},{"candidateName":"Omar Farmer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1240},{"candidateName":"Gregory Hodge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3419},{"candidateName":"Chris Moore","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7428},{"candidateName":"Gerald Pechenuk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":305},{"candidateName":"Lorrel Plimier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3249}]},"AlamedaBoard7":{"id":"AlamedaBoard7","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Flood Control & Water Conservation District Director, Zone 7, Full Term","raceDescription":"Top three candidates win seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top3","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":134340,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Alan Burnham","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":15723},{"candidateName":"Sandy Figuers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22454},{"candidateName":"Laurene K. Green","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":30343},{"candidateName":"Kathy Narum","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23833},{"candidateName":"Seema Badar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7468},{"candidateName":"Catherine Brown","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":34519}]},"AlamedaAuditor":{"id":"AlamedaAuditor","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Oakland Auditor","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":59227,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Houston","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":59227}]},"AlamedaMeasureA":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Alameda County. Civil service. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":282335,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":167903},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":114432}]},"AlamedaMeasureB":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Alameda County. Recall rules. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/measure-b","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":282683,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":182200},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":100483}]},"AlamedaMeasureD":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Oakland. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":79797,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":59852},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":19945}]},"AlamedaMeasureE":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Alameda Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":22692,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":17280},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5412}]},"AlamedaMeasureF":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureF","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure F","raceDescription":"Piedmont. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":4855,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3673},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1182}]},"AlamedaMeasureG":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Albany Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":5898,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4651},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1247}]},"AlamedaMeasureH":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Berkeley Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":33331,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":29418},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3913}]},"AlamedaMeasureI":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureI","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure I","raceDescription":"Hayward Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":21929,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14151},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7778}]},"AlamedaMeasureJ":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureJ","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure J","raceDescription":"San Leandro Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":12338,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7784},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4554}]},"CCD2":{"id":"CCD2","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":45776,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Candace Andersen","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":45776}]},"CCD3":{"id":"CCD3","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":25120,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Diane Burgis","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":25120}]},"CCD5":{"id":"CCD5","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/contracosta/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":37045,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Barbanica","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14338},{"candidateName":"Jelani Killings","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5683},{"candidateName":"Shanelle Scales-Preston","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":12993},{"candidateName":"Iztaccuauhtli Hector Gonzalez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4031}]},"CCMeasureA":{"id":"CCMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Martinez. Appoint City Clerk. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":11513,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7554},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3959}]},"CCMeasureB":{"id":"CCMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Antioch Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":17971,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10397},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7574}]},"CCMeasureC":{"id":"CCMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Martinez Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":9230,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6917},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2313}]},"CCMeasureD":{"id":"CCMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Moraga School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":6007,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4052},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1955}]},"MarinD2":{"id":"MarinD2","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/supervisor-2nd-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":18466,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Brian Colbert","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7971},{"candidateName":"Heather McPhail Sridharan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4851},{"candidateName":"Ryan O'Neil","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2647},{"candidateName":"Gabe Paulson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2997}]},"MarinD3":{"id":"MarinD3","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":13274,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Stephanie Moulton-Peters","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13274}]},"MarinD4":{"id":"MarinD4","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":12986,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Dennis Rodoni","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10086},{"candidateName":"Francis Drouillard","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2900}]},"MarinLarkspurCC":{"id":"MarinLarkspurCC","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Larkspur City Council (Short Term)","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":4176,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Stephanie Andre","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2514},{"candidateName":"Claire Paquette","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1008},{"candidateName":"Lana Scott","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":654}]},"MarinRossCouncil":{"id":"MarinRossCouncil","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Ross Town Council","raceDescription":"Top three candidates win seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top3","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1740,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Charles William \"Bill\" Kircher, Jr.","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":536},{"candidateName":"Mathew Salter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":502},{"candidateName":"Shadi Aboukhater","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":187},{"candidateName":"Teri Dowling","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":515}]},"MarinMeasureA":{"id":"MarinMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Tamalpais Union High School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":45345,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":24376},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20969}]},"MarinMeasureB":{"id":"MarinMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Petaluma Joint Union High School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":132,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":62},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":70}]},"MarinMeasureC":{"id":"MarinMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Belvedere. Appropriation limit. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":870,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":679},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":191}]},"MarinMeasureD":{"id":"MarinMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Larkspur. Rent stabilization. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/measure-d","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":4955,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2573},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2382}]},"MarinMeasureE":{"id":"MarinMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Ross. Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/measure-e","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":874,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":683},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":191}]},"MarinMeasureF":{"id":"MarinMeasureF","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure F","raceDescription":"San Anselmo. Flood Control and Water Conservation District. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":5193,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3083},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2110}]},"MarinMeasureG":{"id":"MarinMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Bel Marin Keys Community Services District. Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":830,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":661},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":169}]},"MarinMeasureH":{"id":"MarinMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Marinwood Community Services District. Appropriations limit, fire protection. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1738,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1369},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":369}]},"MarinMeasureI":{"id":"MarinMeasureI","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure I","raceDescription":"Marinwood Community Services District. Appropriations limit, parks. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1735,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1336},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":399}]},"NapaD2":{"id":"NapaD2","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":8351,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Liz Alessio","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6340},{"candidateName":"Doris Gentry","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2011}]},"NapaD4":{"id":"NapaD4","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/napa/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":7306,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Amber Manfree","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3913},{"candidateName":"Pete Mott","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3393}]},"NapaD5":{"id":"NapaD5","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/napa/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":5356,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mariam Aboudamous","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2379},{"candidateName":"Belia Ramos","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2977}]},"NapaMeasureD":{"id":"NapaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Howell Mountain Elementary School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":741,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":367},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":374}]},"NapaMeasureU":{"id":"NapaMeasureU","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure U","raceDescription":"Lake Berryessa Resort Improvement District. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":86,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":63},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23}]},"NapaMeasureU1":{"id":"NapaMeasureU1","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure U","raceDescription":"Yountville. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":925,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":793},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":132}]},"SFJudge1":{"id":"SFJudge1","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Seat 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/superior-court-seat-1","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":202960,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Begert","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":124943},{"candidateName":"Chip Zecher","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":78017}]},"SFJudge13":{"id":"SFJudge13","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Seat 13","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/superior-court-seat-13","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":202386,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jean Myungjin Roland","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":90012},{"candidateName":"Patrick S. Thompson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":112374}]},"SFPropA":{"id":"SFPropA","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition A","raceDescription":"Housing bond. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-a","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":225187,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":158497},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":66690}]},"SFPropB":{"id":"SFPropB","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition B","raceDescription":"Police staffing. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222954,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":61580},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":161374}]},"SFPropC":{"id":"SFPropC","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition C","raceDescription":"Transfer tax exemption. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":220349,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":116311},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":104038}]},"SFPropD":{"id":"SFPropD","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition D","raceDescription":"Ethics laws. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222615,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":198584},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":24031}]},"SFPropE":{"id":"SFPropE","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition E","raceDescription":"Police policies. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-e","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222817,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":120529},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":102288}]},"SFPropF":{"id":"SFPropF","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition F","raceDescription":"Drug screening. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-f","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":224004,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":130214},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":93790}]},"SFPropG":{"id":"SFPropG","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition G","raceDescription":"Eighth-grade algebra. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222704,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":182066},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":40638}]},"SMJudge4":{"id":"SMJudge4","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":108919,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sarah Burdick","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":108919}]},"SMD1":{"id":"SMD1","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanmateo/supervisor-1st-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":29650,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jackie Speier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20353},{"candidateName":"Ann Schneider","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9297}]},"SMD4":{"id":"SMD4","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanmateo/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":22725,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Antonio Lopez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5730},{"candidateName":"Lisa Gauthier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10358},{"candidateName":"Celeste Brevard","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1268},{"candidateName":"Paul Bocanegra","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1909},{"candidateName":"Maggie Cornejo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3460}]},"SMD5":{"id":"SMD5","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":19937,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Canepa","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":19937}]},"SMMeasureB":{"id":"SMMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"County Service Area #1 (Highlands). Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":1549,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1360},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":189}]},"SMMeasureC":{"id":"SMMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Jefferson Elementary School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":12234,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8543},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3691}]},"SMMeasureE":{"id":"SMMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Woodside Elementary School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":1392,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":910},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":482}]},"SMMeasureG":{"id":"SMMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Pacifica School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":11548,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7067},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4481}]},"SMMeasureH":{"id":"SMMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"San Carlos School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":9938,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6283},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3655}]},"SCJudge5":{"id":"SCJudge5","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":301953,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jay Boyarsky","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":142549},{"candidateName":"Nicole M. Ford","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":52147},{"candidateName":"Johnene Linda Stebbins","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":107257}]},"SCD2":{"id":"SCD2","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/supervisor-2nd-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":44059,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Corina Herrera-Loera","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10519},{"candidateName":"Jennifer Margaret Celaya","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2394},{"candidateName":"Madison Nguyen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":12794},{"candidateName":"Betty Duong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14031},{"candidateName":"Nelson McElmurry","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4321}]},"SCD3":{"id":"SCD3","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":42549,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Otto Lee","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":42549}]},"SCD5":{"id":"SCD5","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":88712,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Margaret Abe-Koga","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":37172},{"candidateName":"Sally J. Lieber","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":21962},{"candidateName":"Barry Chang","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6164},{"candidateName":"Peter C. Fung","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":17892},{"candidateName":"Sandy Sans","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5522}]},"SCSJMayor":{"id":"SCSJMayor","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José Mayor","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":167064,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Matt Mahan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":144701},{"candidateName":"Tyrone Wade","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22363}]},"SCSJD2":{"id":"SCSJD2","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14131,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joe Lopez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4950},{"candidateName":"Pamela Campos","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3436},{"candidateName":"Vanessa Sandoval","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2719},{"candidateName":"Babu Prasad","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3026}]},"SCSJD4":{"id":"SCSJD4","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14322,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Kansen Chu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5931},{"candidateName":"David Cohen","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8391}]},"SCSJD6":{"id":"SCSJD6","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 6","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":25108,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Cohen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9875},{"candidateName":"Alex Shoor","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3850},{"candidateName":"Angelo \"A.J.\" Pasciuti","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2688},{"candidateName":"Michael Mulcahy","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8695}]},"SCSJD8":{"id":"SCSJD8","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 8","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":21462,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Tam Truong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6982},{"candidateName":"Domingo Candelas","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8466},{"candidateName":"Sukhdev Singh Bainiwal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5513},{"candidateName":"Surinder Kaur Dhaliwal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":501}]},"SCSJD10":{"id":"SCSJD10","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 10","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":22799,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"George Casey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8805},{"candidateName":"Arjun Batra","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8354},{"candidateName":"Lenka Wright","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5640}]},"SCMeasureA":{"id":"SCMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Santa Clara. Appointed city clerk. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":20315,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6580},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13735}]},"SCMeasureB":{"id":"SCMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Santa Clara. Appointed police chief. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":20567,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5680},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14887}]},"SCMeasureC":{"id":"SCMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Sunnyvale School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14656,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10261},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4395}]},"SolanoD15":{"id":"SolanoD15","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Department 15","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":81709,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Thompson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":36844},{"candidateName":"Bryan J. Kim","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":44865}]},"SolanoD1":{"id":"SolanoD1","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/supervisor-1st-district","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":13786,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6401},{"candidateName":"Cassandra James","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7385}]},"SolanoD2":{"id":"SolanoD2","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":19903,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Monica Brown","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10951},{"candidateName":"Nora Dizon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3135},{"candidateName":"Rochelle Sherlock","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5817}]},"SolanoD5":{"id":"SolanoD5","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":17888,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mitch Mashburn","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":11210},{"candidateName":"Chadwick J. Ledoux","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6678}]},"SolanoEducation":{"id":"SolanoEducation","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Sacramento County Board of Education","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":3650,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Heather Davis","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2960},{"candidateName":"Shazleen Khan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":690}]},"SolanoMeasureA":{"id":"SolanoMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Benicia. Hotel tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/measure-a","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10136,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7869},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2267}]},"SolanoMeasureB":{"id":"SolanoMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Benicia. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/measure-b","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10164,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7335},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2829}]},"SolanoMeasureC":{"id":"SolanoMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Benicia Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10112,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6316},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3796}]},"SolanoMeasureN":{"id":"SolanoMeasureN","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure N","raceDescription":"Davis Joint Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":15,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10}]},"SonomaJudge3":{"id":"SonomaJudge3","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":115405,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Kristine M. Burk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":79498},{"candidateName":"Beki Berrey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":35907}]},"SonomaJudge4":{"id":"SonomaJudge4","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":86789,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Paul J. Lozada","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":86789}]},"SonomaJudge6":{"id":"SonomaJudge6","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 6","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":117990,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Omar Figueroa","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":42236},{"candidateName":"Kenneth English","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":75754}]},"SonomaD1":{"id":"SonomaD1","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":30348,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Rebecca Hermosillo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23958},{"candidateName":"Jonathan Mathieu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6390}]},"SonomaD3":{"id":"SonomaD3","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sonoma/supervisor-3rd-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":16312,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Chris Coursey","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":11346},{"candidateName":"Omar Medina","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4966}]},"SonomaD5":{"id":"SonomaD5","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":23356,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lynda Hopkins","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23356}]},"SonomaMeasureA":{"id":"SonomaMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Cotati-Rohnert Park Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":13756,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10320},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3436}]},"SonomaMeasureB":{"id":"SonomaMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Petaluma Joint Union High School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":24877,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":15795},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9082}]},"SonomaMeasureC":{"id":"SonomaMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Fort Ross School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":286,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":159},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":127}]},"SonomaMeasureD":{"id":"SonomaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Harmony Union School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":1925,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1089},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":836}]},"SonomaMeasureE":{"id":"SonomaMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Petaluma City (Elementary) School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":11133,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7622},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3511}]},"SonomaMeasureG":{"id":"SonomaMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Rincon Valley Union School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":14577,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8668},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5909}]},"SonomaMeasureH":{"id":"SonomaMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Sonoma County. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sonoma/measure-h","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":145261,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":89646},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":55615}]}},"radioSchedulesReducer":{},"listsReducer":{"posts/science?tag=mars-reconnaissance-orbiter":{"isFetching":false,"latestQuery":{"from":0,"postsToRender":9},"tag":null,"vitalsOnly":true,"totalRequested":8,"isLoading":false,"isLoadingMore":false,"total":8,"items":["science_1961943","science_1942063","science_1925893","science_1918168","science_301931","science_29786","science_7941","science_4777"]}},"recallGuideReducer":{"intros":{},"policy":{},"candidates":{}},"savedPostsReducer":{},"pfsSessionReducer":{},"siteSettingsReducer":{},"subscriptionsReducer":{},"termsReducer":{"about":{"name":"About","type":"terms","id":"about","slug":"about","link":"/about","taxonomy":"site"},"arts":{"name":"Arts & Culture","grouping":["arts","pop","trulyca"],"description":"KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.","type":"terms","id":"arts","slug":"arts","link":"/arts","taxonomy":"site"},"artschool":{"name":"Art School","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"artschool","slug":"artschool","link":"/artschool","taxonomy":"site"},"bayareabites":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"bayareabites","slug":"bayareabites","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"bayareahiphop":{"name":"Bay Area Hiphop","type":"terms","id":"bayareahiphop","slug":"bayareahiphop","link":"/bayareahiphop","taxonomy":"site"},"campaign21":{"name":"Campaign 21","type":"terms","id":"campaign21","slug":"campaign21","link":"/campaign21","taxonomy":"site"},"checkplease":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"checkplease","slug":"checkplease","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"education":{"name":"Education","grouping":["education"],"type":"terms","id":"education","slug":"education","link":"/education","taxonomy":"site"},"elections":{"name":"Elections","type":"terms","id":"elections","slug":"elections","link":"/elections","taxonomy":"site"},"events":{"name":"Events","type":"terms","id":"events","slug":"events","link":"/events","taxonomy":"site"},"event":{"name":"Event","alias":"events","type":"terms","id":"event","slug":"event","link":"/event","taxonomy":"site"},"filmschoolshorts":{"name":"Film School Shorts","type":"terms","id":"filmschoolshorts","slug":"filmschoolshorts","link":"/filmschoolshorts","taxonomy":"site"},"food":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"type":"terms","id":"food","slug":"food","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"forum":{"name":"Forum","relatedContentQuery":"posts/forum?","parent":"news","type":"terms","id":"forum","slug":"forum","link":"/forum","taxonomy":"site"},"futureofyou":{"name":"Future of You","grouping":["science","futureofyou"],"parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"futureofyou","slug":"futureofyou","link":"/futureofyou","taxonomy":"site"},"jpepinheart":{"name":"KQED food","relatedContentQuery":"trending/food,bayareabites,checkplease","parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"jpepinheart","slug":"jpepinheart","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"liveblog":{"name":"Live Blog","type":"terms","id":"liveblog","slug":"liveblog","link":"/liveblog","taxonomy":"site"},"livetv":{"name":"Live TV","parent":"tv","type":"terms","id":"livetv","slug":"livetv","link":"/livetv","taxonomy":"site"},"lowdown":{"name":"The Lowdown","relatedContentQuery":"posts/lowdown?","parent":"news","type":"terms","id":"lowdown","slug":"lowdown","link":"/lowdown","taxonomy":"site"},"mindshift":{"name":"Mindshift","parent":"news","description":"MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.","type":"terms","id":"mindshift","slug":"mindshift","link":"/mindshift","taxonomy":"site"},"news":{"name":"News","grouping":["news","forum"],"type":"terms","id":"news","slug":"news","link":"/news","taxonomy":"site"},"perspectives":{"name":"Perspectives","parent":"radio","type":"terms","id":"perspectives","slug":"perspectives","link":"/perspectives","taxonomy":"site"},"podcasts":{"name":"Podcasts","type":"terms","id":"podcasts","slug":"podcasts","link":"/podcasts","taxonomy":"site"},"pop":{"name":"Pop","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"pop","slug":"pop","link":"/pop","taxonomy":"site"},"pressroom":{"name":"Pressroom","type":"terms","id":"pressroom","slug":"pressroom","link":"/pressroom","taxonomy":"site"},"quest":{"name":"Quest","parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"quest","slug":"quest","link":"/quest","taxonomy":"site"},"radio":{"name":"Radio","grouping":["forum","perspectives"],"description":"Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.","type":"terms","id":"radio","slug":"radio","link":"/radio","taxonomy":"site"},"root":{"name":"KQED","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","imageWidth":1200,"imageHeight":630,"headData":{"title":"KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California","description":"KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."},"type":"terms","id":"root","slug":"root","link":"/root","taxonomy":"site"},"science":{"name":"Science","grouping":["science","futureofyou"],"description":"KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.","type":"terms","id":"science","slug":"science","link":"/science","taxonomy":"site"},"stateofhealth":{"name":"State of Health","parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"stateofhealth","slug":"stateofhealth","link":"/stateofhealth","taxonomy":"site"},"support":{"name":"Support","type":"terms","id":"support","slug":"support","link":"/support","taxonomy":"site"},"thedolist":{"name":"The Do List","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"thedolist","slug":"thedolist","link":"/thedolist","taxonomy":"site"},"trulyca":{"name":"Truly CA","grouping":["arts","pop","trulyca"],"parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"trulyca","slug":"trulyca","link":"/trulyca","taxonomy":"site"},"tv":{"name":"TV","type":"terms","id":"tv","slug":"tv","link":"/tv","taxonomy":"site"},"voterguide":{"name":"Voter Guide","parent":"elections","alias":"elections","type":"terms","id":"voterguide","slug":"voterguide","link":"/voterguide","taxonomy":"site"},"science_364":{"type":"terms","id":"science_364","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"364","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"mars reconnaissance orbiter","slug":"mars-reconnaissance-orbiter","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"mars reconnaissance orbiter Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null,"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","width":1200,"height":630},"twImageSize":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"}},"ttid":370,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter"},"source_science_1961943":{"type":"terms","id":"source_science_1961943","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Astronomy","isLoading":false},"source_science_1942063":{"type":"terms","id":"source_science_1942063","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Mars","isLoading":false},"source_science_1925893":{"type":"terms","id":"source_science_1925893","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Mars","isLoading":false},"science_28":{"type":"terms","id":"science_28","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"28","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Astronomy","slug":"astronomy","taxonomy":"category","description":"Explore the universe with KQED Science! Dive into the latest astronomy news, discover celestial events, and unravel the mysteries of outer space.","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Astronomy Articles | KQED Science","description":"Explore the universe with KQED Science! Dive into the latest astronomy news, discover celestial events, and unravel the mysteries of outer space.","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":30,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/astronomy"},"science_4450":{"type":"terms","id":"science_4450","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"4450","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Science","slug":"science","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Science Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":4450,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/science"},"science_498":{"type":"terms","id":"science_498","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"498","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"cassini","slug":"cassini","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"cassini Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":504,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/cassini"},"science_330":{"type":"terms","id":"science_330","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"330","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"curiosity","slug":"curiosity","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"curiosity Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":336,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/curiosity"},"science_1056":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1056","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1056","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"juno","slug":"juno","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"juno Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1064,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/juno"},"science_5180":{"type":"terms","id":"science_5180","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"5180","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Jupiter","slug":"jupiter","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Jupiter Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":5180,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/jupiter"},"science_5179":{"type":"terms","id":"science_5179","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"5179","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Mars","slug":"mars","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Mars Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":5179,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/mars"},"science_351":{"type":"terms","id":"science_351","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"351","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"moon","slug":"moon","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"moon Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":357,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/moon"},"science_5175":{"type":"terms","id":"science_5175","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"5175","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"NASA","slug":"nasa","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"NASA Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":5175,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/nasa"},"science_501":{"type":"terms","id":"science_501","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"501","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"saturn","slug":"saturn","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"saturn Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":507,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/saturn"},"science_3370":{"type":"terms","id":"science_3370","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"3370","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"featured","slug":"featured","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"featured Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":3370,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/featured"},"science_419":{"type":"terms","id":"science_419","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"419","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"opportunity","slug":"opportunity","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"opportunity Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":425,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/opportunity"},"science_332":{"type":"terms","id":"science_332","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"332","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"gale crater","slug":"gale-crater","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"gale crater Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":338,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/gale-crater"},"science_333":{"type":"terms","id":"science_333","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"333","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"mount sharp","slug":"mount-sharp","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"mount sharp Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":339,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/mount-sharp"},"science_420":{"type":"terms","id":"science_420","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"420","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"rover","slug":"rover","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"rover Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":426,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/rover"},"science_309":{"type":"terms","id":"science_309","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"309","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"science","slug":"science","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"science Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":314,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/science"},"science_201":{"type":"terms","id":"science_201","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"201","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"water","slug":"water-2","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"water Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":205,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/water-2"},"science_145":{"type":"terms","id":"science_145","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"145","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"comet","slug":"comet","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"comet Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":149,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/comet"},"science_64":{"type":"terms","id":"science_64","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"64","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"full-image","slug":"full-image","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"full-image Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":67,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/full-image"},"science_365":{"type":"terms","id":"science_365","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"365","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"weather","slug":"weather","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"weather Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":371,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/weather"}},"userAgentReducer":{"userAgent":"claudebot","isBot":true},"userPermissionsReducer":{"wpLoggedIn":false},"localStorageReducer":{},"browserHistoryReducer":[],"eventsReducer":{},"fssReducer":{},"tvDailyScheduleReducer":{},"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer":{},"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer":{},"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer":{},"userAccountReducer":{"routeTo":"","showDeleteConfirmModal":false,"user":{"userId":"","isFound":false,"firstName":"","lastName":"","phoneNumber":"","email":"","articles":[]}},"youthMediaReducer":{},"checkPleaseReducer":{"filterData":{},"restaurantData":[]},"reframeReducer":{"attendee":null},"location":{"pathname":"/science/tag/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/","previousPathname":"/"}}
