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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1981803":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1981803","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1981803","score":null,"sort":[1677718478000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"look-up-venus-and-jupiter-are-going-in-for-a-nighttime-kiss","title":"Look Up! Venus and Jupiter Are Going In for a Nighttime Kiss","publishDate":1677718478,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Look Up! Venus and Jupiter Are Going In for a Nighttime Kiss | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Last night, after dinner, I went outside to take care of our chickens. And I literally gasped. Up in the sky were two dazzlingly bright objects close to each other. It was a beautiful, extraordinary sight. I felt a tingle of joy and a moment of calm. I felt what psychologists call \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/06/29/1010319240/stuck-in-a-rut-sometimes-joy-takes-a-little-practice\">awe\u003c/a> – an emotion that can relieve stress and calm nerves. Who doesn’t need that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And tonight is going to be an even better night to experience this awe. So, after sunset I’m taking my entire family outside to feel this warm and lovely feeling of awe. Because these two bright objects – the planets Venus and Jupiter – will be even closer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve been coming in closer and closer for a little nighttime kiss,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.jackiefaherty.com/\">Jackie Faherty\u003c/a>, who’s an astronomer at the American Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course in space the planets aren’t really going to smooch. “They are actually 400 million miles apart,” Faherty says. That’s more than four times the distance than we are from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is happening, is a Venus-Jupiter “conjunction” — that’s what astronomers call it. “Venus is passing Jupiter as they both orbit the sun,” Faherty explains. “The inner planets move a lot faster than the outer planets. So you get a lot of these like racetrack passes,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as the orbits pass, they’ll appear to be about .5 degrees apart from our earthly vantage point. That means, the two planets will be separated by the width of a pencil erasure held up at arms’ length in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see this beautiful event, go outside as darkness falls and look west toward the sunset. “There is no way that you’ll miss these two bright lights in the sky,” says \u003ca href=\"https://skyandtelescope.org/about-us/diana-hannikainen/\">Diana Hannikainen\u003c/a>, who’s an editor at \u003cem>Sky & Telescope\u003c/em> magazine. “Venus is definitely brighter and is the rightmost one. Jupiter is the leftmost one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while you’re looking up, try something new. Pause for a moment and focus on how extraordinary the universe is. How far away these planets are. How mysterious they are. And how small you are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at that sky and think, ‘Wow! That’s big,” says psychologist \u003ca href=\"https://search.asu.edu/profile/977684\">Michelle Shiota\u003c/a> at Arizona State University. “That’s so much bigger than me. That’s so much bigger than my life and my problems. However real those problems are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the feeling of awe, Shiota says, which can give us perspective and be humbling. “And it seems to just help us calm down a little bit in a powerful way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you miss the event tonight, check back on Thursday night. The two planets will still seem quite close, continuing their celestial dance. But soon, they’ll go back to arms length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Look+up%21+Venus+and+Jupiter+are+going+in+for+a+nighttime+kiss&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The two brightest planets in Earth's night sky are millions of miles apart. But due to an astronomical quirk, they appear to be engaging in a cosmic dance tonight. Now, that's a moment of awe.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846080,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":520},"headData":{"title":"Look Up! Venus and Jupiter Are Going In for a Nighttime Kiss | KQED","description":"The two brightest planets in Earth's night sky are millions of miles apart. But due to an astronomical quirk, they appear to be engaging in a cosmic dance tonight. Now, that's a moment of awe.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Look Up! Venus and Jupiter Are Going In for a Nighttime Kiss","datePublished":"2023-03-02T00:54:38.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:21:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Stan Honda","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/348778932/michaeleen-doucleff\">Michaeleen Doucleff\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"AFP via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"1160382060","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1160382060&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/01/1160382060/look-up-venus-and-jupiter-are-going-in-for-a-nighttime-kiss?ft=nprml&f=1160382060","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 01 Mar 2023 19:00:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 01 Mar 2023 18:45:15 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 01 Mar 2023 19:00:19 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1981803/look-up-venus-and-jupiter-are-going-in-for-a-nighttime-kiss","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last night, after dinner, I went outside to take care of our chickens. And I literally gasped. Up in the sky were two dazzlingly bright objects close to each other. It was a beautiful, extraordinary sight. I felt a tingle of joy and a moment of calm. I felt what psychologists call \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/06/29/1010319240/stuck-in-a-rut-sometimes-joy-takes-a-little-practice\">awe\u003c/a> – an emotion that can relieve stress and calm nerves. Who doesn’t need that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And tonight is going to be an even better night to experience this awe. So, after sunset I’m taking my entire family outside to feel this warm and lovely feeling of awe. Because these two bright objects – the planets Venus and Jupiter – will be even closer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve been coming in closer and closer for a little nighttime kiss,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.jackiefaherty.com/\">Jackie Faherty\u003c/a>, who’s an astronomer at the American Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course in space the planets aren’t really going to smooch. “They are actually 400 million miles apart,” Faherty says. That’s more than four times the distance than we are from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is happening, is a Venus-Jupiter “conjunction” — that’s what astronomers call it. “Venus is passing Jupiter as they both orbit the sun,” Faherty explains. “The inner planets move a lot faster than the outer planets. So you get a lot of these like racetrack passes,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as the orbits pass, they’ll appear to be about .5 degrees apart from our earthly vantage point. That means, the two planets will be separated by the width of a pencil erasure held up at arms’ length in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see this beautiful event, go outside as darkness falls and look west toward the sunset. “There is no way that you’ll miss these two bright lights in the sky,” says \u003ca href=\"https://skyandtelescope.org/about-us/diana-hannikainen/\">Diana Hannikainen\u003c/a>, who’s an editor at \u003cem>Sky & Telescope\u003c/em> magazine. “Venus is definitely brighter and is the rightmost one. Jupiter is the leftmost one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while you’re looking up, try something new. Pause for a moment and focus on how extraordinary the universe is. How far away these planets are. How mysterious they are. And how small you are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at that sky and think, ‘Wow! That’s big,” says psychologist \u003ca href=\"https://search.asu.edu/profile/977684\">Michelle Shiota\u003c/a> at Arizona State University. “That’s so much bigger than me. That’s so much bigger than my life and my problems. However real those problems are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the feeling of awe, Shiota says, which can give us perspective and be humbling. “And it seems to just help us calm down a little bit in a powerful way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you miss the event tonight, check back on Thursday night. The two planets will still seem quite close, continuing their celestial dance. But soon, they’ll go back to arms length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Look+up%21+Venus+and+Jupiter+are+going+in+for+a+nighttime+kiss&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1981803/look-up-venus-and-jupiter-are-going-in-for-a-nighttime-kiss","authors":["byline_science_1981803"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1073","science_5180","science_577","science_5195"],"featImg":"science_1981804","label":"source_science_1981803"},"science_1979526":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979526","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979526","score":null,"sort":[1655509847000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-to-see-five-planets-all-in-a-row-in-the-early-dawn-sky","title":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky","publishDate":1655509847,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A spectacular summer lineup is on the schedule for June, and it isn’t on television.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From mid-June to almost the end of the month, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/\">a family of planets will come together in the early morning sky\u003c/a>, in a glittering bracelet of celestial gems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From June 16 on, starting around 4 a.m., look to the southeast. Strung in a line stretching from the east toward the west shine all five of the planets visible to the unaided eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — and our waning gibbous moon as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-768x472.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking east in the morning after June 16, 2022, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — stretch westward from the predawn twilight near the horizon. Until June 24, the moon also will be visible, moving night to night from its gibbous phase on June 16, west of Saturn, toward a thin crescent between Venus and Mars on June 24. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mercury and Venus form the pair nearest the horizon while Mars and Jupiter hang out higher in the southeast. Saturn shines highest of all, almost directly south.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tips for spotting all five\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mercury doesn’t stray far from the sun and can be challenging to spot, hiding in the glow of twilight or lost in the sun’s glare. To find Mercury you’ll need a clear eastern horizon, free of obstacles like trees, buildings and hills. Fortunately, brilliant Venus, the brightest of the planets, is nearby, and can be used as a signpost to spot the elusive innermost planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Center your sights on Venus, then look down and to the left about 10 degrees, roughly the width of your fist. There, you may glimpse a fiery spark in the growing twilight: Mercury. If you are successful, enjoy the moment, for it is a rare sighting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 994px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979511\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"994\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg 994w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-800x454.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-768x436.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 994px) 100vw, 994px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is a difficult planet to spot under the best of conditions, but in late June 2022, especially around June 24, Venus is well-positioned to aid in finding the elusive innermost planet. Bright Venus is easy to see, and on this morning, Mercury is found down and to the left at a distance about the width of your fist held against the sky. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On June 24, the waning moon will move farther east and diminish to a delicate crescent, staging a finale for this rare and beautiful assembly of celestial orbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days after, the moon will dive into the dawn, and Mercury will disappear quickly into the sun’s glow, followed in August by Venus. Mars, Jupiter and Saturn will remain prominent well into autumn, but spread farther and farther apart over the weeks, dissolving their close partnership of summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How rare is this alignment?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>All five visible planets gathering in the same patch of sky occurs, on average, every 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matchups of two planets happen regularly. As the \u003ca href=\"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/orbit_viewer.html\">planets circle the sun\u003c/a> at their various orbital velocities, they pass each other like cars on a freeway moving at different speeds. Mars makes a complete circuit around the ecliptic — the great circle that the sun and planets travel along as seen from Earth — about every two years, reliably buzzing Jupiter and Saturn each time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/i/inferior+planet\">inner planets Mercury and Venus\u003c/a> — closer to the sun than Earth — move more quickly, emerging from the sun’s glare in the morning and evening in seasonal turns, cyclically lining up with more distant planets as they go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1135px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1135\" height=\"815\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg 1135w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-800x574.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-1020x732.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-768x551.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1135px) 100vw, 1135px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The orbital positions of the planets out to Saturn in the second half of June 2022. As viewed from Earth, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye fall in a westward sweeping line from the sun, all appearing together in a dazzling lineup before fading in dawn’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Orbit Viewer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sometimes these pairings are breathtakingly close, bringing a pair of planets within a thumb’s width of each other, or closer. Venus and Jupiter had such a rendezvous in late April, passing less than half a degree from each other as seen from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the chance to see all five of the visible planets in one vista is rare. The celestial math of the planets’ dance only brings them together every couple of decades, and when the sun gets into the act we may not see the performance at all. The last time these planets clustered together, in May of 2000, the sun was right in the middle of the stage and outshined all the other luminaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So June brings a rare opportunity to gaze upon all the visible planets, compare their brightness and color, and appreciate the celestial choreography that allows us to witness such splendor. You need to get up early to enjoy the show, but it’s worth it!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's rare to see a lineup of all five of the planets visible to us with the naked eye. June is your chance to catch this striking planetary arc in the sky.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846248,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":825},"headData":{"title":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky | KQED","description":"It's rare to see a lineup of all five of the planets visible to us with the naked eye. June is your chance to catch this striking planetary arc in the sky.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How to See Five Planets All in a Row, in the Early Dawn Sky","datePublished":"2022-06-17T23:50:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:24:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1979526/how-to-see-five-planets-all-in-a-row-in-the-early-dawn-sky","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A spectacular summer lineup is on the schedule for June, and it isn’t on television.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From mid-June to almost the end of the month, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/\">a family of planets will come together in the early morning sky\u003c/a>, in a glittering bracelet of celestial gems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From June 16 on, starting around 4 a.m., look to the southeast. Strung in a line stretching from the east toward the west shine all five of the planets visible to the unaided eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — and our waning gibbous moon as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/planetalignment2-768x472.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking east in the morning after June 16, 2022, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — stretch westward from the predawn twilight near the horizon. Until June 24, the moon also will be visible, moving night to night from its gibbous phase on June 16, west of Saturn, toward a thin crescent between Venus and Mars on June 24. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mercury and Venus form the pair nearest the horizon while Mars and Jupiter hang out higher in the southeast. Saturn shines highest of all, almost directly south.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tips for spotting all five\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mercury doesn’t stray far from the sun and can be challenging to spot, hiding in the glow of twilight or lost in the sun’s glare. To find Mercury you’ll need a clear eastern horizon, free of obstacles like trees, buildings and hills. Fortunately, brilliant Venus, the brightest of the planets, is nearby, and can be used as a signpost to spot the elusive innermost planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Center your sights on Venus, then look down and to the left about 10 degrees, roughly the width of your fist. There, you may glimpse a fiery spark in the growing twilight: Mercury. If you are successful, enjoy the moment, for it is a rare sighting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 994px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979511\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"994\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422.jpg 994w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-800x454.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/venus-and-mercury-062422-768x436.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 994px) 100vw, 994px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is a difficult planet to spot under the best of conditions, but in late June 2022, especially around June 24, Venus is well-positioned to aid in finding the elusive innermost planet. Bright Venus is easy to see, and on this morning, Mercury is found down and to the left at a distance about the width of your fist held against the sky. \u003ccite>(Made by Ben Burress using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On June 24, the waning moon will move farther east and diminish to a delicate crescent, staging a finale for this rare and beautiful assembly of celestial orbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days after, the moon will dive into the dawn, and Mercury will disappear quickly into the sun’s glow, followed in August by Venus. Mars, Jupiter and Saturn will remain prominent well into autumn, but spread farther and farther apart over the weeks, dissolving their close partnership of summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How rare is this alignment?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>All five visible planets gathering in the same patch of sky occurs, on average, every 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matchups of two planets happen regularly. As the \u003ca href=\"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/orbit_viewer.html\">planets circle the sun\u003c/a> at their various orbital velocities, they pass each other like cars on a freeway moving at different speeds. Mars makes a complete circuit around the ecliptic — the great circle that the sun and planets travel along as seen from Earth — about every two years, reliably buzzing Jupiter and Saturn each time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/i/inferior+planet\">inner planets Mercury and Venus\u003c/a> — closer to the sun than Earth — move more quickly, emerging from the sun’s glare in the morning and evening in seasonal turns, cyclically lining up with more distant planets as they go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1135px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1979509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1135\" height=\"815\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy.jpg 1135w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-800x574.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-1020x732.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/Untitled-2-copy-768x551.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1135px) 100vw, 1135px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The orbital positions of the planets out to Saturn in the second half of June 2022. As viewed from Earth, the five planets possible to see with the naked eye fall in a westward sweeping line from the sun, all appearing together in a dazzling lineup before fading in dawn’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Orbit Viewer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sometimes these pairings are breathtakingly close, bringing a pair of planets within a thumb’s width of each other, or closer. Venus and Jupiter had such a rendezvous in late April, passing less than half a degree from each other as seen from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the chance to see all five of the visible planets in one vista is rare. The celestial math of the planets’ dance only brings them together every couple of decades, and when the sun gets into the act we may not see the performance at all. The last time these planets clustered together, in May of 2000, the sun was right in the middle of the stage and outshined all the other luminaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So June brings a rare opportunity to gaze upon all the visible planets, compare their brightness and color, and appreciate the celestial choreography that allows us to witness such splendor. You need to get up early to enjoy the show, but it’s worth it!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979526/how-to-see-five-planets-all-in-a-row-in-the-early-dawn-sky","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5180","science_5179","science_1272","science_501","science_5195"],"featImg":"science_1979510","label":"source_science_1979526"},"science_1978509":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1978509","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1978509","score":null,"sort":[1644616534000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"juno-spacecraft-captures-sounds-as-it-flies-past-jupiters-moon","title":"Juno Spacecraft Captures Sounds As It Flies Past Jupiter's Moon","publishDate":1644616534,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Juno Spacecraft Captures Sounds As It Flies Past Jupiter’s Moon | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last June, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/see-the-first-images-nasas-juno-took-as-it-sailed-by-ganymede\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">whizzed past Jupiter’s largest moon\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Ganymede, zipping along at over 40,000 miles per hour. Juno swung within 645 miles of the moon’s surface — the closest any spacecraft has come to it in two decades. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it flew by, Juno raked the moon for data with its cameras and host of scientific instruments. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One instrument in particular, called “Waves,” has delivered something beyond the dazzling imagery we’ve come to expect from solar system exploration: a 50-second sweep of \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">magnetic \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">measurements, later \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_09R6jIo74U\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">converted to audio\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> frequencies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_09R6jIo74U\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dynamic whistles and whirs of the soundtrack \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">off\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">er a rare opportunity to imagine ourselves exploring deep space in person, via the telepresence of a robot. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’ve heard direct recordings of sound from different places in the solar system before, like the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/huygens_alien_winds_descent.mp3\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as the Huygens probe descended, or the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25714/perseverance-rovers-supercam-records-wind-on-mars/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">winds of Mars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> heard by the Perseverance rover. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But in this case, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-juno-spacecraft-hears-jupiters-moon\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s “ear,”\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the Waves instrument, measures the properties of magnetic fields the spacecraft passes through, giving us the chance to hear something normally inaccessible to human senses. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978258\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's moon, Ganymede, etches a curve of white against a black sky. The planet's surface is a crisscrossing network of dun-colored streaks, punctuated by white sparks. \" width=\"480\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos-160x160.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up image of Jupiter’s largest moon, Ganymede, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during its June 7, 2021, flyby. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Thomas Thomopoulos)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Moonlighting at Ganymede\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s primary mission is to explore the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but NASA often takes advantage of serendipitous encounters to explore more. On June 8, 2021, the close flyby of Ganymede created an opportunity for some side work beyond the mission routine. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is the largest moon in the solar system and the only one to possess a significant global enveloping magnetic field — a magnetic field that extends from the moon into space. This is a feature that even the planets Venus and Mars\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">do not possess. If Ganymede orbited the sun instead of Jupiter, it would be considered a planet, larger even than Mercury. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ganymede’s mystery runs below its icy, cratered, cracked surface. Hidden beneath that frosty shell may be an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/first-evidence-of-water-vapor-at-jupiters-moon-ganymede-may-hold-more-water-than-all-of-earths-oceans/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ocean\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, one that contains more water than all of Earth’s. This alone ranks Ganymede as prime real estate for the search for extraterrestrial life, like other tantalizing moons where we have detected the presence of liquid water — Jupiter’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europa \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and Saturn’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enceladus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978261\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978261\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-800x778.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"778\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-800x778.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1020x992.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-768x747.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1536x1493.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-2048x1991.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1920x1866.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s batch of flyby data most likely won’t discover extraterrestrials, but magnetic and other data collected by instruments like Waves may provide insights into the ocean lurking beneath Ganymede’s crust, such as its depth, volume, salinity and other properties. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Juno’s day job\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA launched Juno a decade ago on a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission to explore Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to give us our first-ever look at the gas giant’s mysterious polar regions, and to probe its interior by measuring its magnetic and gravitational fields. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since arriving in 2016, Juno has circled the giant planet on an elongated orbit that sends it buzzing close to Jupiter’s polar regions every 53 days, cruising to within 2,100 miles of its cloud tops, arguably one of the most stunning vista points in the solar system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">From this vantage, Juno has captured thousands of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?featured=1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">captivating images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of Jupiter’s colorful cloud belts, swirling storm systems and auroras. And we have glimpsed processes and structures of the planet’s interior that may help scientists understand how Jupiter originally formed and evolved. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978260\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1742px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978260\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1742\" height=\"1742\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS.jpg 1742w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-1536x1536.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1742px) 100vw, 1742px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images of Jupiter’s turbulent cloud and storm systems during a close flyby of the gas giant world by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt and Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, some of Juno’s major discoveries include: insights into a mysterious magnetic anomaly near Jupiter’s equator, called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia25035-mapping-jupiters-great-blue-spot\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Great Blue Spot\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">; similarities in patterns between \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia25037-vortices-on-jupiter-and-earth\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter’s swirling cyclones\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and vortices in Earth’s oceans; and detailed imagery of the thin \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/multimedia/largest/rings.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ring of dust encircling Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and its relationship to the two tiny moons Metis and Adrastea. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>The Future of Juno\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA has extended Juno’s mission through September 2025, so more discoveries about the king of planets and its entourage of amazing moons are sure to come. Whether the solar-powered spacecraft will survive Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts until then remains to be seen, but for now we can continue to enjoy the grand vista.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As the Juno spacecraft flew by Ganymede, Jupiter's largest moon, it raked for data with its cameras and host of scientific instruments. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846314,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":800},"headData":{"title":"Juno Spacecraft Captures Sounds As It Flies Past Jupiter's Moon | KQED","description":"As the Juno spacecraft flew by Ganymede, Jupiter's largest moon, it raked for data with its cameras and host of scientific instruments. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Juno Spacecraft Captures Sounds As It Flies Past Jupiter's Moon","datePublished":"2022-02-11T21:55:34.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:25:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1978509/juno-spacecraft-captures-sounds-as-it-flies-past-jupiters-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last June, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/see-the-first-images-nasas-juno-took-as-it-sailed-by-ganymede\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">whizzed past Jupiter’s largest moon\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Ganymede, zipping along at over 40,000 miles per hour. Juno swung within 645 miles of the moon’s surface — the closest any spacecraft has come to it in two decades. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it flew by, Juno raked the moon for data with its cameras and host of scientific instruments. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One instrument in particular, called “Waves,” has delivered something beyond the dazzling imagery we’ve come to expect from solar system exploration: a 50-second sweep of \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">magnetic \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">measurements, later \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_09R6jIo74U\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">converted to audio\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> frequencies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_09R6jIo74U'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_09R6jIo74U'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dynamic whistles and whirs of the soundtrack \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">off\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">er a rare opportunity to imagine ourselves exploring deep space in person, via the telepresence of a robot. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’ve heard direct recordings of sound from different places in the solar system before, like the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/huygens_alien_winds_descent.mp3\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as the Huygens probe descended, or the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25714/perseverance-rovers-supercam-records-wind-on-mars/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">winds of Mars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> heard by the Perseverance rover. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But in this case, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-juno-spacecraft-hears-jupiters-moon\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s “ear,”\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the Waves instrument, measures the properties of magnetic fields the spacecraft passes through, giving us the chance to hear something normally inaccessible to human senses. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978258\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's moon, Ganymede, etches a curve of white against a black sky. The planet's surface is a crisscrossing network of dun-colored streaks, punctuated by white sparks. \" width=\"480\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/ganymede-060721-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Thomas-Thomopoulos-160x160.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up image of Jupiter’s largest moon, Ganymede, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during its June 7, 2021, flyby. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Thomas Thomopoulos)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Moonlighting at Ganymede\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s primary mission is to explore the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but NASA often takes advantage of serendipitous encounters to explore more. On June 8, 2021, the close flyby of Ganymede created an opportunity for some side work beyond the mission routine. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is the largest moon in the solar system and the only one to possess a significant global enveloping magnetic field — a magnetic field that extends from the moon into space. This is a feature that even the planets Venus and Mars\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">do not possess. If Ganymede orbited the sun instead of Jupiter, it would be considered a planet, larger even than Mercury. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ganymede’s mystery runs below its icy, cratered, cracked surface. Hidden beneath that frosty shell may be an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/first-evidence-of-water-vapor-at-jupiters-moon-ganymede-may-hold-more-water-than-all-of-earths-oceans/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ocean\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, one that contains more water than all of Earth’s. This alone ranks Ganymede as prime real estate for the search for extraterrestrial life, like other tantalizing moons where we have detected the presence of liquid water — Jupiter’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europa \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and Saturn’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enceladus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978261\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1978261\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-800x778.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"778\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-800x778.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1020x992.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-768x747.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1536x1493.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-2048x1991.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22949NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Kevin-M.-Gill-1920x1866.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juno’s batch of flyby data most likely won’t discover extraterrestrials, but magnetic and other data collected by instruments like Waves may provide insights into the ocean lurking beneath Ganymede’s crust, such as its depth, volume, salinity and other properties. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Juno’s day job\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA launched Juno a decade ago on a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission to explore Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to give us our first-ever look at the gas giant’s mysterious polar regions, and to probe its interior by measuring its magnetic and gravitational fields. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since arriving in 2016, Juno has circled the giant planet on an elongated orbit that sends it buzzing close to Jupiter’s polar regions every 53 days, cruising to within 2,100 miles of its cloud tops, arguably one of the most stunning vista points in the solar system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">From this vantage, Juno has captured thousands of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?featured=1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">captivating images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of Jupiter’s colorful cloud belts, swirling storm systems and auroras. And we have glimpsed processes and structures of the planet’s interior that may help scientists understand how Jupiter originally formed and evolved. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978260\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1742px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978260\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1742\" height=\"1742\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS.jpg 1742w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/01/pia22692_hires-Enhanced-Image-by-Gerald-Eichstädt-and-Sean-Doran-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-1536x1536.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1742px) 100vw, 1742px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images of Jupiter’s turbulent cloud and storm systems during a close flyby of the gas giant world by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt and Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, some of Juno’s major discoveries include: insights into a mysterious magnetic anomaly near Jupiter’s equator, called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia25035-mapping-jupiters-great-blue-spot\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Great Blue Spot\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">; similarities in patterns between \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia25037-vortices-on-jupiter-and-earth\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter’s swirling cyclones\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and vortices in Earth’s oceans; and detailed imagery of the thin \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/multimedia/largest/rings.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ring of dust encircling Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and its relationship to the two tiny moons Metis and Adrastea. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>The Future of Juno\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA has extended Juno’s mission through September 2025, so more discoveries about the king of planets and its entourage of amazing moons are sure to come. Whether the solar-powered spacecraft will survive Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts until then remains to be seen, but for now we can continue to enjoy the grand vista.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1978509/juno-spacecraft-captures-sounds-as-it-flies-past-jupiters-moon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_1056","science_5180"],"featImg":"science_1978259","label":"source_science_1978509"},"science_1973548":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1973548","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1973548","score":null,"sort":[1617401306000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"meet-the-interstellar-five-robotic-explorers-venturing-far-far-from-earth","title":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth","publishDate":1617401306,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More than four decades after launch, NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, cruising an eternal course through the stars of the Milky Way galaxy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And Voyager 1 i\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s not the only spacefaring vehicle to venture so far from home. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The probe belongs to a cadre of five interstellar-bound spacecraft, three of which are still communicating with Earth through NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/deep_space_network/about\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deep Space Network\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> radio dishes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What have these interstellar five been doing over their decades of exploration, and where are they now?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Horizons: Pluto or Bust\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The youngest of NASA’s interstellar vehicles, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/new-horizons/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, launched 15 years ago with a singular goal: to become the first spacecraft to reach Pluto, the last unexplored planet in the solar system. Only after launch, in 2006, did the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Astronomical Union\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> vote to demote Pluto to a “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dwarf planet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">”.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973552\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 790px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973552\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-768x582.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plutonium-powered New Horizons spacecraft during final assembly before its 2006 launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With a boost in speed generated by a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/primer/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gravitational slingshot maneuver\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Jupiter, New Horizons became the fastest interplanetary spacecraft up till that time, reaching a peak velocity of over 36,000 mph—a speed that would take you from the Earth to the moon in under seven hours.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since Pluto’s discovery in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, little was known of this small, distant world; the best pictures of the dwarf planet, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, had revealed little more than a blur of light and dark patches. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So on July 14, 2015, the world waited with great anticipation of seeing the first up-close images–and were rewarded handsomely for a decade of giddy patience. \u003c/span>After nine years in hibernation, New Horizons \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/five-years-after-new-horizons-historic-flyby-here-are-10-cool-things-we-learned-about-plut-0/\">whizzed past Pluto\u003c/a> at over 30,000 mph, passing within 4,800 miles of the dwarf planet’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/281378/new-horizons-spacecraft-turns-pluto-from-blurry-disk-into-highly-complex-world\">brought into sharp focus\u003c/a> for the first time, was revealed as a far more interesting world than anyone expected. With mountains of solid ice reaching two miles high, vast planes of frozen nitrogen-methane “slush” that appear to be flowing like glaciers, and a thin hazy atmosphere reaching heights of 80 miles above the surface, we are still gasping at Pluto’s beauty and uniqueness six years after the encounter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973555\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973555\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto. Image captured by New Horizons during its flyby on July 14, 2015. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following that flyby, New Horizons cruised onward into the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a wide swath of space beyond Neptune that contains multitudes of icy objects, mostly smaller than Pluto, circling the sun.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2019 New Horizons encountered one of these objects, later named \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/arrokoth-2014-mu69/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrokoth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is to date the most distant object visited by any spacecraft. Discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope in June 2014, Arrokoth was added to New Horizons’ post-Pluto itinerary as a target of opportunity. Scientists interested in how our solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago wanted an up-close look at this example of a primitive “building block” object, the likes of which are believed to have come together to form the planets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973559\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1143\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1020x1457.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-160x229.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-768x1097.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1075x1536.png 1075w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth.png 1302w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arrokoth, the Kuiper Belt Object that New Horizons flew by in 2019. This is an ancient object, formed in the earliest times of our solar system 4.5 billion years ago. Arrokoth is the most distant object ever visited by a spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons was bound for interstellar space since it launched, moving fast enough to escape the sun’s gravitational pull and coast forever outward into space, never to return home\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> Today, it is more than 4.6 billion miles away, forging ahead \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">through the vast region of the Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> toward its inevitable departure from the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voyagers 1 and 2: A Grand Tour\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The twin \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft launched from Earth in 1977 on a five-year mission to explore the two largest planets of the solar system, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/jupiter/#:~:text=NASA%20launched%20the%20two%20Voyager,approach%20was%20July%209%2C%201979.&text=They%20took%20more%20than%2033%2C000,and%20its%20five%20major%20satellites.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/saturn/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But as time went on, and the Voyagers continued in good health, NASA engineers became optimistic the spacecraft might operate for years beyond their expiration dates.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then a rare alignment of planets offered an opportunity to send at least one of the Voyagers on to the planet Uranus and perhaps Neptune as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"671\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-160x134.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-768x644.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path.jpg 805w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the “Grand Tour” of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After capturing astounding close-up images of Jupiter and Saturn plus a host of their remarkable moons, mission planners engineered an end game that still tops all record charts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn’s gravity flung Voyager 2 toward \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/uranus/#:~:text=NASA's%20Voyager%202%20spacecraft%20flew,24%2C%201986.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uranus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and the spacecraft arrived at the “ice giant” five years later, in 1986. Uranus, in turn, hurled Voyager 2 toward its final planet encounter, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/neptune/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neptune\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1989. To date, Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these worlds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1’s path through the Saturn system sent it by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/11/12/voyager-1-the-first-close-encounter-with-titan/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Titan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the ringed world’s largest moon. Titan’s size and thick atmosphere offered great scientific reward, trumping an alternative option to send the spacecraft to Pluto.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With most of their instruments still functioning after their final encounters, the Voyagers began new careers searching for the boundary of interstellar space, where the rarefied gases and magnetic fields flowing outward from the sun change like a shift in the wind to become the prevailing environment between stars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973556\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boundary between our solar system and interstellar space is formed where the “bubble” of our sun’s gases and magnetic fields encounters the gases spread through interstellar space. Called the heliosphere, the shape of this bubble is not symmetrical around the sun, extending farther in some directions than in others. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1 officially passed into interstellar space on Aug. 12, 2012. Voyager 2 made the crossing in 2018.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, Voyager 1 has traveled the greatest distance from home of any spacecraft, 152 astronomical units from Earth, or just over 14 billion miles—a distance that takes radio signals over 21 hours to cross.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both Voyagers are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">still reporting back to Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, more than four decades after their five-year missions began. Electrical power from their radioisotope thermoelectric generators has declined over the decades, and some of their instruments have been shut down to conserve what remains, but NASA estimates that Voyager 1 could remain functional until 2025.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pioneers 10 and 11: Gone But Not Forgotten\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the Voyagers’ epic tours came the first explorers of the outer solar system: \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer10-11.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneers 10 and\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 11\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Launched in 1972, scarcely a decade after the dawn of the space age, the Pioneers gave us our first up-close looks of Jupiter and Saturn and some of their moons. Before this, the gas giants’ enigmatic moons were known only as fuzzy points of light in Earth-based telescopes, and measurements of Jupiter’s magnetic field and intense radiation belts were crucial for designing the later Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973551\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 784px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973551\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"784\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg 784w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-768x588.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Pioneer 10 passing through the Jupiter system, the first spacecraft encounter with any planet beyond the orbit of Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/Rick Guidice)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to cross the asteroid belt, to enter the outer solar system, and to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/forty-years-ago-pioneer-10-closest-approach-to-jupiter\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fly past Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1973. Afterward, Pioneer 10 continued on a solar escape trajectory that will carry it eventually to interstellar space, probably within the next three decades. The last radio signal we received from Pioneer 10 came in 2003.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg 228w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a-160x159.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, captured by Pioneer 10. Before this image, pictures of outer solar system moons taken from Earth will little more than fuzzy dots. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 11 flew past Jupiter, and then on to become the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/40-years-ago-pioneer-11-first-to-explore-saturn\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first spacecraft to visit Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1979. The last radio signal received from Pioneer 11 came in 1995.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Next for the Frontier Five?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the youngster New Horizons may continue to actively explore objects and the environment of the Kuiper Belt for years to come, the ultimate fate of all five of our interstellar pioneers is to drift perpetually between the stars of the Milky Way, becoming galactic derelicts of human technology and space exploration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than four decades after launch, the Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, one of five spacecraft bound for interstellar space. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846689,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1383},"headData":{"title":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth | KQED","description":"More than four decades after launch, the Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, one of five spacecraft bound for interstellar space. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Meet the Interstellar Five, Robotic Explorers Venturing Far, Far From Earth","datePublished":"2021-04-02T22:08:26.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:31:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1973548/meet-the-interstellar-five-robotic-explorers-venturing-far-far-from-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More than four decades after launch, NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft is over 14 billion miles from Earth, cruising an eternal course through the stars of the Milky Way galaxy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And Voyager 1 i\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s not the only spacefaring vehicle to venture so far from home. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The probe belongs to a cadre of five interstellar-bound spacecraft, three of which are still communicating with Earth through NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/deep_space_network/about\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deep Space Network\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> radio dishes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What have these interstellar five been doing over their decades of exploration, and where are they now?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Horizons: Pluto or Bust\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The youngest of NASA’s interstellar vehicles, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/new-horizons/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, launched 15 years ago with a singular goal: to become the first spacecraft to reach Pluto, the last unexplored planet in the solar system. Only after launch, in 2006, did the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Astronomical Union\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> vote to demote Pluto to a “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dwarf planet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">”.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973552\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 790px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973552\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/790px-New_Horizons_1-nasa-768x582.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plutonium-powered New Horizons spacecraft during final assembly before its 2006 launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With a boost in speed generated by a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/primer/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gravitational slingshot maneuver\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Jupiter, New Horizons became the fastest interplanetary spacecraft up till that time, reaching a peak velocity of over 36,000 mph—a speed that would take you from the Earth to the moon in under seven hours.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since Pluto’s discovery in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, little was known of this small, distant world; the best pictures of the dwarf planet, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, had revealed little more than a blur of light and dark patches. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So on July 14, 2015, the world waited with great anticipation of seeing the first up-close images–and were rewarded handsomely for a decade of giddy patience. \u003c/span>After nine years in hibernation, New Horizons \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/five-years-after-new-horizons-historic-flyby-here-are-10-cool-things-we-learned-about-plut-0/\">whizzed past Pluto\u003c/a> at over 30,000 mph, passing within 4,800 miles of the dwarf planet’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/281378/new-horizons-spacecraft-turns-pluto-from-blurry-disk-into-highly-complex-world\">brought into sharp focus\u003c/a> for the first time, was revealed as a far more interesting world than anyone expected. With mountains of solid ice reaching two miles high, vast planes of frozen nitrogen-methane “slush” that appear to be flowing like glaciers, and a thin hazy atmosphere reaching heights of 80 miles above the surface, we are still gasping at Pluto’s beauty and uniqueness six years after the encounter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973555\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973555\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI-.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/2020_march31_pluto-NASA-JHUAPL-SwRI--768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto. Image captured by New Horizons during its flyby on July 14, 2015. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following that flyby, New Horizons cruised onward into the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a wide swath of space beyond Neptune that contains multitudes of icy objects, mostly smaller than Pluto, circling the sun.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2019 New Horizons encountered one of these objects, later named \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/arrokoth-2014-mu69/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrokoth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is to date the most distant object visited by any spacecraft. Discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope in June 2014, Arrokoth was added to New Horizons’ post-Pluto itinerary as a target of opportunity. Scientists interested in how our solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago wanted an up-close look at this example of a primitive “building block” object, the likes of which are believed to have come together to form the planets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973559\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1143\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-800x1143.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1020x1457.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-160x229.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-768x1097.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth-1075x1536.png 1075w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/mu69-named-arrokoth.png 1302w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arrokoth, the Kuiper Belt Object that New Horizons flew by in 2019. This is an ancient object, formed in the earliest times of our solar system 4.5 billion years ago. Arrokoth is the most distant object ever visited by a spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Horizons was bound for interstellar space since it launched, moving fast enough to escape the sun’s gravitational pull and coast forever outward into space, never to return home\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> Today, it is more than 4.6 billion miles away, forging ahead \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">through the vast region of the Kuiper Belt\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> toward its inevitable departure from the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voyagers 1 and 2: A Grand Tour\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The twin \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft launched from Earth in 1977 on a five-year mission to explore the two largest planets of the solar system, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/jupiter/#:~:text=NASA%20launched%20the%20two%20Voyager,approach%20was%20July%209%2C%201979.&text=They%20took%20more%20than%2033%2C000,and%20its%20five%20major%20satellites.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/saturn/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But as time went on, and the Voyagers continued in good health, NASA engineers became optimistic the spacecraft might operate for years beyond their expiration dates.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then a rare alignment of planets offered an opportunity to send at least one of the Voyagers on to the planet Uranus and perhaps Neptune as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"671\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-800x671.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-160x134.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path-768x644.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Voyager_Path.jpg 805w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the “Grand Tour” of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After capturing astounding close-up images of Jupiter and Saturn plus a host of their remarkable moons, mission planners engineered an end game that still tops all record charts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturn’s gravity flung Voyager 2 toward \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/uranus/#:~:text=NASA's%20Voyager%202%20spacecraft%20flew,24%2C%201986.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uranus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and the spacecraft arrived at the “ice giant” five years later, in 1986. Uranus, in turn, hurled Voyager 2 toward its final planet encounter, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/neptune/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neptune\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1989. To date, Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these worlds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1’s path through the Saturn system sent it by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/11/12/voyager-1-the-first-close-encounter-with-titan/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Titan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the ringed world’s largest moon. Titan’s size and thick atmosphere offered great scientific reward, trumping an alternative option to send the spacecraft to Pluto.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With most of their instruments still functioning after their final encounters, the Voyagers began new careers searching for the boundary of interstellar space, where the rarefied gases and magnetic fields flowing outward from the sun change like a shift in the wind to become the prevailing environment between stars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973556\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/pia22835a_20181206_voyager_in_interstellar_space_annotated_1920x1080_72dpi-final-nasa-jpl-caltech.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boundary between our solar system and interstellar space is formed where the “bubble” of our sun’s gases and magnetic fields encounters the gases spread through interstellar space. Called the heliosphere, the shape of this bubble is not symmetrical around the sun, extending farther in some directions than in others. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voyager 1 officially passed into interstellar space on Aug. 12, 2012. Voyager 2 made the crossing in 2018.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, Voyager 1 has traveled the greatest distance from home of any spacecraft, 152 astronomical units from Earth, or just over 14 billion miles—a distance that takes radio signals over 21 hours to cross.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both Voyagers are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">still reporting back to Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, more than four decades after their five-year missions began. Electrical power from their radioisotope thermoelectric generators has declined over the decades, and some of their instruments have been shut down to conserve what remains, but NASA estimates that Voyager 1 could remain functional until 2025.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pioneers 10 and 11: Gone But Not Forgotten\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the Voyagers’ epic tours came the first explorers of the outer solar system: \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer10-11.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneers 10 and\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 11\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Launched in 1972, scarcely a decade after the dawn of the space age, the Pioneers gave us our first up-close looks of Jupiter and Saturn and some of their moons. Before this, the gas giants’ enigmatic moons were known only as fuzzy points of light in Earth-based telescopes, and measurements of Jupiter’s magnetic field and intense radiation belts were crucial for designing the later Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973551\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 784px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973551\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"784\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice.jpg 784w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/784px-Pioneer_10_at_Jupiter-NASA-Rick-Guidice-768x588.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Pioneer 10 passing through the Jupiter system, the first spacecraft encounter with any planet beyond the orbit of Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/Rick Guidice)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to cross the asteroid belt, to enter the outer solar system, and to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/forty-years-ago-pioneer-10-closest-approach-to-jupiter\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fly past Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1973. Afterward, Pioneer 10 continued on a solar escape trajectory that will carry it eventually to interstellar space, probably within the next three decades. The last radio signal we received from Pioneer 10 came in 2003.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1973553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a.jpg 228w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Pioneer_10_-_Ganymede_-_P102a-160x159.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, captured by Pioneer 10. Before this image, pictures of outer solar system moons taken from Earth will little more than fuzzy dots. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pioneer 11 flew past Jupiter, and then on to become the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/40-years-ago-pioneer-11-first-to-explore-saturn\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first spacecraft to visit Saturn\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1979. The last radio signal received from Pioneer 11 came in 1995.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Next for the Frontier Five?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the youngster New Horizons may continue to actively explore objects and the environment of the Kuiper Belt for years to come, the ultimate fate of all five of our interstellar pioneers is to drift perpetually between the stars of the Milky Way, becoming galactic derelicts of human technology and space exploration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1973548/meet-the-interstellar-five-robotic-explorers-venturing-far-far-from-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4414","science_3419","science_5180","science_2173","science_2172","science_5191","science_501","science_1028"],"featImg":"science_1973550","label":"source_science_1973548"},"science_1972554":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972554","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972554","score":null,"sort":[1612575832000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","title":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter","publishDate":1612575832,"format":"image","headTitle":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like an artist whose pleased patron commissions more masterpieces, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juno \u003c/a>\u003c/span>spacecraft just earned an extension after four extraordinary years of discovery. And if you’ve seen any of Juno’s images of Jupiter, you may find the artist reference apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore images from Juno\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solar-powered robotic probe, whose adventure exploring the atmosphere and interior of the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-new-view-of-jupiters-storms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was scheduled to end this July, has been granted a four-year extension, through September 2025. It’s mission has also expanded, and it will now investigate the planet’s system of rings and three of its large and remarkable moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Primary Mission\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its arrival at Jupiter in 2016, Juno’s observations have focused on dynamics that scientists previously knew very little about: the gas giant’s complex atmosphere and storm systems at the high latitudes of the northern polar region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juno has captured \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathtaking images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Jupiter’s cloud systems and other atmospheric phenomena at very close range. It’s also probed beneath the visible cloud layers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-Se%C3%A1n-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of clouds and storm systems on Jupiter, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close passes by the gas giant. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt-Seán)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instruments \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that measure Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field and gravitational variations, Juno has divined processes and structures deep within the gaseous world. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mong \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its many discoveries \u003c/span>\u003c/a>are\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stupendous strokes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploding dozens of miles beneath the planet’s thick layers of clouds; an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abundance of water\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> welling up at the equator; \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mighty auroras\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surging high in the atmosphere; “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/whoa-like-jupiter-is-deep-really-really-deep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">packs” of Earth-sized storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spinning around both poles; and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43317566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wind systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose roots are buried 1,000-2,000 miles below Jupiter’s cloud tops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Wild Orbit\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972439 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft cruising by Jupiter. Juno’s 53-day orbit carries it to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops at closest approach, giving it a unique vantage point from which to study its atmosphere and make measurements of its interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get close enough to Jupiter to do what it came for, Juno must pass through \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, captured in Jupiter’s surrounding magnetic field. To minimize exposure to radiation damage, NASA placed Juno in a highly elliptical orbit that keeps it well outside the radiation belts most of the time. At the far-flung end of its elongated orbit, Juno is 5 million miles away from Jupiter, 20 times farther than our moon is from Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once every 53 days, Juno’s orbit carries it swiftly through the danger zone and close to Jupiter, passing only 2,600 miles above the cloud tops in the northern regions, offering a view like no other in the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With each close pass by Jupiter, Juno’s orbit alters slightly due to interaction with the planet’s gravity. Over time, its point of closest approach has migrated northward, toward the pole, while the long loop of its extended orbit has shifted closer and closer to Jupiter’s large Galilean moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Targeting Jupiter’s Mystifying Moons\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the four additional years of Juno’s extended mission, its shifting orbit will send it past three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa and Io. No spacecraft has flown close to these small worlds since the Galileo probe two decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede will be the first fly-by target, on June 7 this year. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the largest moon in the solar system, half again bigger than Earth’s moon. Its surface is a patchwork of rough, ancient, cratered terrain overlapped by smooth, probably icy regions. It is the only moon in the solar system with a magnetic field of its own, and its poles are lit up with auroras. Strong evidence exists that a liquid water ocean lies hidden beneath Ganymede’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Io. This image was captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft during one of its close flybys of this moon. Io is the most volcanically activity object in the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Io \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the most volcanically active moon in the solar system, with hundreds of sulfurous eruptions spewing out lava and gas, in some cases dozens of miles into the sky. Volcanic Io will receive a pair of visits, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most intriguing of all is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shelters a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust. Europa’s ocean may be as much as 100 miles deep, and its waters are thawed by heat emerging from the moon’s interior. Scientists are excited by the possibility that within Europa’s ocean may exist conditions that could support life. On Sept. 29, 2022, Juno will have a close encounter with Europa. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its extended mission, Juno will also fly through trails of ions shed into space by Io’s volcanoes, and plumes of water vapor erupting from Europa’s icy crust. By sampling the composition of Europa’s water vapor plumes, scientists hope to better understand the nature of the moon’s ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Recon for Upcoming Missions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending Juno’s exploration to include the Jovian moons will help pave the way for two upcoming missions: NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the European Space Agency’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JUICE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, scheduled to launch later this decade. Both of these spacecraft will investigate the Galilean moons in great detail, with a special focus on Europa and its tantalizing ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1020x345.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-768x260.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1038x352.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnificent belts of clouds dominate areas of Jupiter’s southern polar region. This image was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the gas giant world. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of its extended mission in 2025, Juno will have orbited Jupiter 76 times over eight years and collected enough data to keep scientists busy for many more years to come.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Juno will be deliberately driven into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will be incinerated in a fiery finale, its atoms forever becoming part of the world it has explored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA has extended Juno's mission exploring Jupiter by four years, and projected close flybys of three Jovian moons. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846772,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1095},"headData":{"title":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter | KQED","description":"NASA has extended Juno's mission exploring Jupiter by four years, and projected close flybys of three Jovian moons. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter","datePublished":"2021-02-06T01:43:52.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:32:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1972554/after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like an artist whose pleased patron commissions more masterpieces, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juno \u003c/a>\u003c/span>spacecraft just earned an extension after four extraordinary years of discovery. And if you’ve seen any of Juno’s images of Jupiter, you may find the artist reference apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore images from Juno\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solar-powered robotic probe, whose adventure exploring the atmosphere and interior of the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-new-view-of-jupiters-storms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was scheduled to end this July, has been granted a four-year extension, through September 2025. It’s mission has also expanded, and it will now investigate the planet’s system of rings and three of its large and remarkable moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Primary Mission\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its arrival at Jupiter in 2016, Juno’s observations have focused on dynamics that scientists previously knew very little about: the gas giant’s complex atmosphere and storm systems at the high latitudes of the northern polar region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juno has captured \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathtaking images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Jupiter’s cloud systems and other atmospheric phenomena at very close range. It’s also probed beneath the visible cloud layers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-Se%C3%A1n-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of clouds and storm systems on Jupiter, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close passes by the gas giant. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt-Seán)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instruments \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that measure Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field and gravitational variations, Juno has divined processes and structures deep within the gaseous world. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mong \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its many discoveries \u003c/span>\u003c/a>are\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stupendous strokes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploding dozens of miles beneath the planet’s thick layers of clouds; an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abundance of water\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> welling up at the equator; \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mighty auroras\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surging high in the atmosphere; “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/whoa-like-jupiter-is-deep-really-really-deep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">packs” of Earth-sized storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spinning around both poles; and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43317566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wind systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose roots are buried 1,000-2,000 miles below Jupiter’s cloud tops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Wild Orbit\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972439 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft cruising by Jupiter. Juno’s 53-day orbit carries it to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops at closest approach, giving it a unique vantage point from which to study its atmosphere and make measurements of its interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get close enough to Jupiter to do what it came for, Juno must pass through \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, captured in Jupiter’s surrounding magnetic field. To minimize exposure to radiation damage, NASA placed Juno in a highly elliptical orbit that keeps it well outside the radiation belts most of the time. At the far-flung end of its elongated orbit, Juno is 5 million miles away from Jupiter, 20 times farther than our moon is from Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once every 53 days, Juno’s orbit carries it swiftly through the danger zone and close to Jupiter, passing only 2,600 miles above the cloud tops in the northern regions, offering a view like no other in the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With each close pass by Jupiter, Juno’s orbit alters slightly due to interaction with the planet’s gravity. Over time, its point of closest approach has migrated northward, toward the pole, while the long loop of its extended orbit has shifted closer and closer to Jupiter’s large Galilean moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Targeting Jupiter’s Mystifying Moons\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the four additional years of Juno’s extended mission, its shifting orbit will send it past three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa and Io. No spacecraft has flown close to these small worlds since the Galileo probe two decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede will be the first fly-by target, on June 7 this year. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the largest moon in the solar system, half again bigger than Earth’s moon. Its surface is a patchwork of rough, ancient, cratered terrain overlapped by smooth, probably icy regions. It is the only moon in the solar system with a magnetic field of its own, and its poles are lit up with auroras. Strong evidence exists that a liquid water ocean lies hidden beneath Ganymede’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Io. This image was captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft during one of its close flybys of this moon. Io is the most volcanically activity object in the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Io \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the most volcanically active moon in the solar system, with hundreds of sulfurous eruptions spewing out lava and gas, in some cases dozens of miles into the sky. Volcanic Io will receive a pair of visits, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most intriguing of all is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shelters a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust. Europa’s ocean may be as much as 100 miles deep, and its waters are thawed by heat emerging from the moon’s interior. Scientists are excited by the possibility that within Europa’s ocean may exist conditions that could support life. On Sept. 29, 2022, Juno will have a close encounter with Europa. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its extended mission, Juno will also fly through trails of ions shed into space by Io’s volcanoes, and plumes of water vapor erupting from Europa’s icy crust. By sampling the composition of Europa’s water vapor plumes, scientists hope to better understand the nature of the moon’s ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Recon for Upcoming Missions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending Juno’s exploration to include the Jovian moons will help pave the way for two upcoming missions: NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the European Space Agency’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JUICE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, scheduled to launch later this decade. Both of these spacecraft will investigate the Galilean moons in great detail, with a special focus on Europa and its tantalizing ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1020x345.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-768x260.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1038x352.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnificent belts of clouds dominate areas of Jupiter’s southern polar region. This image was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the gas giant world. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of its extended mission in 2025, Juno will have orbited Jupiter 76 times over eight years and collected enough data to keep scientists busy for many more years to come.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Juno will be deliberately driven into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will be incinerated in a fiery finale, its atoms forever becoming part of the world it has explored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972554/after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1216","science_1064","science_1056","science_5180"],"featImg":"science_1972434","label":"source_science_1972554"},"science_1971809":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1971809","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1971809","score":null,"sort":[1608332259000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jupiter-and-saturn-conjunction-how-to-see-it-on-monday","title":"Jupiter and Saturn Conjunction: How to See It on Monday","publishDate":1608332259,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Jupiter and Saturn Conjunction: How to See It on Monday | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the evening of Dec. 21, the planets Jupiter and Saturn will appear closer together than in centuries, only a tenth of a degree apart, or one-fifth the width of the full moon. They won’t be this close again until March 2080.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This juxtaposition of giants will shine like few things you’ve seen in the sky, and offers a rare sight through the eyepiece of even a small telescope.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Great Conjunction\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since before the pandemic began, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Saturn \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">have crept closer and closer together, first appearing back in February, rising with the dawn.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though the two gas giant planets are physically almost half a billion miles apart, their orbital motions periodically bring them close together, from our perspective on Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When Jupiter, orbiting the sun once every 12 years, overtakes the slower-moving Saturn, their visual convergence is called a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/planets/great-conjunction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Great Conjunction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. This happens every two decades, though sometimes the pairing appears too close to the sun to be seen. And the two don’t usually get as close as they will on Dec. 21, 2020.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What to Look For\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’ve been tracking Jupiter and Saturn over the past few weeks, you know where to find them: low over the southwest horizon shortly after sunset — starting as soon as 5:30 p.m., even before the glow of twilight has faded. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can’t miss Jupiter, the larger and closer of the duo, a gold-white beacon dominating a patch of sky with no particularly bright stars nearby. After that, Saturn is an easy second, above and to the left of Jupiter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971708\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-800x521.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-800x521.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1020x664.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-768x500.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1536x1000.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-2048x1334.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1920x1250.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On December 21, 2020, Jupiter and Saturn will appear close enough to each other to be seen simultaneously through the eyepiece of even a low-powered telescope. Several of the solar system’s largest and most fascinating moons will also be seen in the view, including volcanic Io, the ocean-harboring Europa, and Saturn’s Titan, the only moon to possess a thick atmosphere. \u003ccite>(Ben Burress/Created using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Just after sunset on Monday, Dec. 21, one thing will change to the casual glance: you may notice only one shining beacon, resting low in the fading glow of dusk near the horizon. With good eyesight you may still see two planets, but they will almost appear to merge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you have a small telescope, this meeting of Jupiter and Saturn may be one of the most thrilling things you’ve ever seen through the eyepiece. In a single view you will see not only the two majestic gas giant planets, but Saturn’s iconic system of rings, and several of the largest and most intriguing moons in the solar system, Jupiter’s Callisto, Io, and Europa, and Saturn’s Titan.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971707 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x433.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x552.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x416.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-1536x831.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A montage showing Jupiter’s moon Europa set before the gas giant planet’s mighty face. Europa hides a massive ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pleasure of witnessing this convergence will be short-lived since Jupiter and Saturn set together around 7 p.m., offering scarcely an hour to enjoy the rare and beautiful spectacle. By 6:30 the pair will be approaching the horizon and any obstructions there may be — trees, buildings, hills. So don’t wait too late!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno and Huygens\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Currently, there is only one spacecraft, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, orbiting either of the gas giants. Juno is investigating Jupiter’s previously unexplored polar region, shedding light on an unexpectedly beautiful and mysterious realm of spinning, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-juno-navigators-enable-jupiter-cyclone-discovery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">twisting cloud and storm systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Juno is also probing Jupiter’s interior, seeking to understand its structure, the processes that create its powerful magnetic field and atmospheric auroras, and what might lie deep in the gas giant’s core.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA and the European Space Agency are preparing future missions to Jupiter to investigate the hidden ocean of its moon \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the European \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">JUICE \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">spacecraft are slated to launch early this decade, though it will take several years for the spacecraft to get there.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971710\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971710 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist rendering of the European Huygens probe, which landed on the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005. The now derelict lander is the only piece of human technology anywhere in the Saturn system, after the deliberate incineration of mothership Cassini several years ago. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A billion miles away in the Saturn system, the only human artifact remaining is the tiny and defunct \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/mission/spacecraft/huygens-probe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">European Huygens\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> probe, which \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Cassini\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft dropped onto the surface of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Titan \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">in 2005. Cassini was deliberately incinerated in a fiery plunge through Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you miss this union of giant planets, you’ll only have to wait 60 years for your next chance — so I’d recommend going for it this time. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On December 21 Jupiter and Saturn will appear closer together than in almost 800 years, one fifth the width of the full moon. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846871,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":828},"headData":{"title":"Jupiter and Saturn Conjunction: How to See It on Monday | KQED","description":"On December 21 Jupiter and Saturn will appear closer together than in almost 800 years, one fifth the width of the full moon. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Jupiter and Saturn Conjunction: How to See It on Monday","datePublished":"2020-12-18T22:57:39.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:34:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1971809/jupiter-and-saturn-conjunction-how-to-see-it-on-monday","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the evening of Dec. 21, the planets Jupiter and Saturn will appear closer together than in centuries, only a tenth of a degree apart, or one-fifth the width of the full moon. They won’t be this close again until March 2080.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This juxtaposition of giants will shine like few things you’ve seen in the sky, and offers a rare sight through the eyepiece of even a small telescope.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Great Conjunction\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since before the pandemic began, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Saturn \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">have crept closer and closer together, first appearing back in February, rising with the dawn.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though the two gas giant planets are physically almost half a billion miles apart, their orbital motions periodically bring them close together, from our perspective on Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When Jupiter, orbiting the sun once every 12 years, overtakes the slower-moving Saturn, their visual convergence is called a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/planets/great-conjunction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Great Conjunction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. This happens every two decades, though sometimes the pairing appears too close to the sun to be seen. And the two don’t usually get as close as they will on Dec. 21, 2020.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What to Look For\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’ve been tracking Jupiter and Saturn over the past few weeks, you know where to find them: low over the southwest horizon shortly after sunset — starting as soon as 5:30 p.m., even before the glow of twilight has faded. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can’t miss Jupiter, the larger and closer of the duo, a gold-white beacon dominating a patch of sky with no particularly bright stars nearby. After that, Saturn is an easy second, above and to the left of Jupiter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971708\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-800x521.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-800x521.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1020x664.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-768x500.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1536x1000.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-2048x1334.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1920x1250.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On December 21, 2020, Jupiter and Saturn will appear close enough to each other to be seen simultaneously through the eyepiece of even a low-powered telescope. Several of the solar system’s largest and most fascinating moons will also be seen in the view, including volcanic Io, the ocean-harboring Europa, and Saturn’s Titan, the only moon to possess a thick atmosphere. \u003ccite>(Ben Burress/Created using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Just after sunset on Monday, Dec. 21, one thing will change to the casual glance: you may notice only one shining beacon, resting low in the fading glow of dusk near the horizon. With good eyesight you may still see two planets, but they will almost appear to merge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you have a small telescope, this meeting of Jupiter and Saturn may be one of the most thrilling things you’ve ever seen through the eyepiece. In a single view you will see not only the two majestic gas giant planets, but Saturn’s iconic system of rings, and several of the largest and most intriguing moons in the solar system, Jupiter’s Callisto, Io, and Europa, and Saturn’s Titan.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971707 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x433.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x552.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x416.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-1536x831.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A montage showing Jupiter’s moon Europa set before the gas giant planet’s mighty face. Europa hides a massive ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pleasure of witnessing this convergence will be short-lived since Jupiter and Saturn set together around 7 p.m., offering scarcely an hour to enjoy the rare and beautiful spectacle. By 6:30 the pair will be approaching the horizon and any obstructions there may be — trees, buildings, hills. So don’t wait too late!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno and Huygens\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Currently, there is only one spacecraft, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, orbiting either of the gas giants. Juno is investigating Jupiter’s previously unexplored polar region, shedding light on an unexpectedly beautiful and mysterious realm of spinning, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-juno-navigators-enable-jupiter-cyclone-discovery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">twisting cloud and storm systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Juno is also probing Jupiter’s interior, seeking to understand its structure, the processes that create its powerful magnetic field and atmospheric auroras, and what might lie deep in the gas giant’s core.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA and the European Space Agency are preparing future missions to Jupiter to investigate the hidden ocean of its moon \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the European \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">JUICE \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">spacecraft are slated to launch early this decade, though it will take several years for the spacecraft to get there.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971710\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971710 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist rendering of the European Huygens probe, which landed on the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005. The now derelict lander is the only piece of human technology anywhere in the Saturn system, after the deliberate incineration of mothership Cassini several years ago. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A billion miles away in the Saturn system, the only human artifact remaining is the tiny and defunct \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/mission/spacecraft/huygens-probe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">European Huygens\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> probe, which \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Cassini\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft dropped onto the surface of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Titan \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">in 2005. Cassini was deliberately incinerated in a fiery plunge through Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you miss this union of giant planets, you’ll only have to wait 60 years for your next chance — so I’d recommend going for it this time. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1971809/jupiter-and-saturn-conjunction-how-to-see-it-on-monday","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1073","science_4414","science_5180","science_501"],"featImg":"science_1971705","label":"source_science_1971809"},"science_1968693":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1968693","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1968693","score":null,"sort":[1598364002000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"draft-weather-report-from-jupiter-mushballs-with-a-chance-of-shallow-lightning","title":"Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning","publishDate":1598364002,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four years after arriving at the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is still making fresh discoveries and sending us breathtaking pictures of the gas giant and its entourage of at least 79 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7711&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200722-2\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">moons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most recent finding is a bizarre meteorological phenomenon, something not seen on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/tq_6DClZ0Ns\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: “shallow” lightning, accompanied by slushy hailstones made of an antifreeze-like mixture of water and ammonia, dubbed “mushballs” by NASA’s Juno science team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968536 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1187x1536.jpg 1187w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1583x2048.jpg 1583w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1920x2485.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-scaled.jpg 1978w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which orbits Jupiter in an elongated, looping path that carries it as close as 2,600 miles of the gas giant’s cloud tops. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These mysterious weather phenomena have helped us better understand the distribution of ammonia in the Jovian atmosphere\u003c/span>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> And, they can help improve our overall understanding of distant planets orbiting stars in other solar systems, too far away for us to study in detail.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Makes Lightning ‘Shallow’?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 1979, observations made by spacecraft before Juno — Voyagers 1 and 2, and Galileo — detected \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powerful flashes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through the cloud layers of Jupiter’s turbulent atmosphere. Unlike Earth, the gas giant planet has no solid surface, and is made up of ever deeper and thicker layers of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium. The potent electrical discharges — detected by earlier missions — are believed to occur as far as 40 miles below the visible cloud tops, where temperatures and atmospheric pressure are right for the formation of lightning as we understand it on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968696 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1036\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist illustration of the distribution of powerful, “deep” lightning in Jupiter’s polar regions, detected decades ago by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. On Earth, solar heating drives most lightning activity in the warm equatorial region, but on Jupiter, where the sun’s light is 25 times weaker, the tropical areas are more stable, and lightning driven by Jupiter’s own internal heat appears to reside in the more turbulent polar regions. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/JunoCam)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Earth, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/#:~:text=Lightning%20is%20a%20giant%20spark,the%20cloud%20and%20the%20ground.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lightning is generated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where water is found in all its states — gas, liquid droplets and solid particles of ice. Water vapor feeds the growth of liquid droplets in a cloud, and strong updrafts carry the droplets to altitudes where freezing temperatures turn them to ice particles. The ice particles fall downward, colliding with the upwelling liquid droplets, and the friction of their interaction knocks electrons from water molecules. Static electric charge builds up until it’s too strong to remain static, then discharges into the air, another cloud, or the ground. The same thing happens on a much smaller scale when you \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scijinks.gov/lightning/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drag your shoes across a carpet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and build up static electricity from the friction, until you touch another electrical conductor (metal, or another person) and discharge the electrons in a tiny, sometimes painful zap of mini-lightning. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To scientists’ surprise, Juno, passing within a few thousand miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops on the night side, detected flashes of lightning much smaller than the powerful strikes earlier missions had seen coming from beneath the clouds. Estimates place the number of these lightning strokes at about 3.75 billion per year, across Jupiter’s entire surface — that’s about 119 per second on average! These fainter flashes appear to come from much higher in the atmosphere, where it is too cold — below negative 126 degrees Fahrenheit — for droplets of liquid water to exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-enhanced image showing one of Jupiter’s turbulent storm systems. The bumpy white texture highlighting the strokes of the storm’s swirls are where power updrafts of storm cloud cells rise high above Jupiter’s general cloud tops. It is in these thunderhead towers that NASA’s Juno discovery of “shallow lighting” is thought to occur. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstaedt/Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was baffling at first, until one Juno scientist had an idea that could not only explain the high-altitude lightning in Jupiter’s atmosphere, but also another mystery that has puzzled scientists for years: much \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/space/2020/08/15/jupiters-atmosphere-is-regulated-by-ammonia-storms-research-reveals/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lower than predicted amounts of ammonia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Mushball Connection\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7721&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200805-1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">explanation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the shallow lightning and Jupiter’s “missing” ammonia in the upper atmosphere goes like this: Jupiter’s powerful thunderstorms and the strong updrafts of air and liquid water droplets eject plumes of water as high as 16 miles above the tops of the thunderheads, which freeze into ice crystals in the extreme cold above. There, the ice particles encounter a layer of ammonia gas, which melts the ice and blends with the water to form a liquid water-ammonia antifreeze mixture. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968539 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"681\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-160x136.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows how Juno’s newly discovered “shallow lightning” may be generated by the growth of semi-slushy “mushballs” of water-ammonia that fall like hail onto updrafts of frozen water-ice particles. On Earth, it is falling solid-ice hail interacting with rising liquid water droplets that generate static electricity that drives lightning. On Jupiter, due to the involvement of ammonia, the process is turned somewhat upside down. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/CNRS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the droplets of water-ammonia rise and fall, they collide with the water-ice crystals flung upward by the thunderhead far below. As with Earthly lightning, the friction of collision between the liquid “antifreeze” and solid ice particles generates static electricity, and high-altitude lightning is born. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why there is less ammonia in some parts of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere than previously thought may be explained by what happens next.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the cold, high-altitude layers where the lightning is generated, a crust of water ice forms around the liquid water-ammonia core of a droplet, growing thicker and enlarging the so-called “mushball” until the atmosphere can no longer support it. It falls like a hailstone, deep into Jupiter’s atmosphere, below the visible surface of its cloud tops where it cannot be detected by spacecraft like Juno. Only then, far below the clouds, does the mushball’s icy crust melt and its water-ammonia core evaporate, potentially forming a layer of ammonia beneath the clouds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Are Shallow Lightning and Mushy Ammonia Hailstones Important?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a great diversity in planets and moons within our own solar system, each with very different compositions and environments. As we explore Jupiter’s stormy weather, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars’ global dust storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-discovers-flowing-ices-on-pluto\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto’s nitrogen-methane glacial flows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we are learning how different planets work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we begin to study more closely the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190927135157.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thousands of extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discovered in the last 30 years, we can use what we’ve learned in our solar system as a framework to understand what lies beyond. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Four years after arriving at Jupiter, NASA's Juno spacecraft has discovered \"shallow\" lightning and \"mushballs.\" ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847084,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1168},"headData":{"title":"Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning | KQED","description":"Four years after arriving at Jupiter, NASA's Juno spacecraft has discovered "shallow" lightning and "mushballs." ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning","datePublished":"2020-08-25T14:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:38:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1968693/draft-weather-report-from-jupiter-mushballs-with-a-chance-of-shallow-lightning","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four years after arriving at the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is still making fresh discoveries and sending us breathtaking pictures of the gas giant and its entourage of at least 79 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7711&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200722-2\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">moons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most recent finding is a bizarre meteorological phenomenon, something not seen on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/tq_6DClZ0Ns\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: “shallow” lightning, accompanied by slushy hailstones made of an antifreeze-like mixture of water and ammonia, dubbed “mushballs” by NASA’s Juno science team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968536 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1187x1536.jpg 1187w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1583x2048.jpg 1583w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1920x2485.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-scaled.jpg 1978w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which orbits Jupiter in an elongated, looping path that carries it as close as 2,600 miles of the gas giant’s cloud tops. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These mysterious weather phenomena have helped us better understand the distribution of ammonia in the Jovian atmosphere\u003c/span>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> And, they can help improve our overall understanding of distant planets orbiting stars in other solar systems, too far away for us to study in detail.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Makes Lightning ‘Shallow’?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 1979, observations made by spacecraft before Juno — Voyagers 1 and 2, and Galileo — detected \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powerful flashes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through the cloud layers of Jupiter’s turbulent atmosphere. Unlike Earth, the gas giant planet has no solid surface, and is made up of ever deeper and thicker layers of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium. The potent electrical discharges — detected by earlier missions — are believed to occur as far as 40 miles below the visible cloud tops, where temperatures and atmospheric pressure are right for the formation of lightning as we understand it on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968696 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1036\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist illustration of the distribution of powerful, “deep” lightning in Jupiter’s polar regions, detected decades ago by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. On Earth, solar heating drives most lightning activity in the warm equatorial region, but on Jupiter, where the sun’s light is 25 times weaker, the tropical areas are more stable, and lightning driven by Jupiter’s own internal heat appears to reside in the more turbulent polar regions. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/JunoCam)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Earth, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/#:~:text=Lightning%20is%20a%20giant%20spark,the%20cloud%20and%20the%20ground.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lightning is generated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where water is found in all its states — gas, liquid droplets and solid particles of ice. Water vapor feeds the growth of liquid droplets in a cloud, and strong updrafts carry the droplets to altitudes where freezing temperatures turn them to ice particles. The ice particles fall downward, colliding with the upwelling liquid droplets, and the friction of their interaction knocks electrons from water molecules. Static electric charge builds up until it’s too strong to remain static, then discharges into the air, another cloud, or the ground. The same thing happens on a much smaller scale when you \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scijinks.gov/lightning/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drag your shoes across a carpet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and build up static electricity from the friction, until you touch another electrical conductor (metal, or another person) and discharge the electrons in a tiny, sometimes painful zap of mini-lightning. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To scientists’ surprise, Juno, passing within a few thousand miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops on the night side, detected flashes of lightning much smaller than the powerful strikes earlier missions had seen coming from beneath the clouds. Estimates place the number of these lightning strokes at about 3.75 billion per year, across Jupiter’s entire surface — that’s about 119 per second on average! These fainter flashes appear to come from much higher in the atmosphere, where it is too cold — below negative 126 degrees Fahrenheit — for droplets of liquid water to exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-enhanced image showing one of Jupiter’s turbulent storm systems. The bumpy white texture highlighting the strokes of the storm’s swirls are where power updrafts of storm cloud cells rise high above Jupiter’s general cloud tops. It is in these thunderhead towers that NASA’s Juno discovery of “shallow lighting” is thought to occur. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstaedt/Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was baffling at first, until one Juno scientist had an idea that could not only explain the high-altitude lightning in Jupiter’s atmosphere, but also another mystery that has puzzled scientists for years: much \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/space/2020/08/15/jupiters-atmosphere-is-regulated-by-ammonia-storms-research-reveals/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lower than predicted amounts of ammonia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Mushball Connection\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7721&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200805-1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">explanation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the shallow lightning and Jupiter’s “missing” ammonia in the upper atmosphere goes like this: Jupiter’s powerful thunderstorms and the strong updrafts of air and liquid water droplets eject plumes of water as high as 16 miles above the tops of the thunderheads, which freeze into ice crystals in the extreme cold above. There, the ice particles encounter a layer of ammonia gas, which melts the ice and blends with the water to form a liquid water-ammonia antifreeze mixture. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968539 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"681\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-160x136.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows how Juno’s newly discovered “shallow lightning” may be generated by the growth of semi-slushy “mushballs” of water-ammonia that fall like hail onto updrafts of frozen water-ice particles. On Earth, it is falling solid-ice hail interacting with rising liquid water droplets that generate static electricity that drives lightning. On Jupiter, due to the involvement of ammonia, the process is turned somewhat upside down. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/CNRS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the droplets of water-ammonia rise and fall, they collide with the water-ice crystals flung upward by the thunderhead far below. As with Earthly lightning, the friction of collision between the liquid “antifreeze” and solid ice particles generates static electricity, and high-altitude lightning is born. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why there is less ammonia in some parts of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere than previously thought may be explained by what happens next.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the cold, high-altitude layers where the lightning is generated, a crust of water ice forms around the liquid water-ammonia core of a droplet, growing thicker and enlarging the so-called “mushball” until the atmosphere can no longer support it. It falls like a hailstone, deep into Jupiter’s atmosphere, below the visible surface of its cloud tops where it cannot be detected by spacecraft like Juno. Only then, far below the clouds, does the mushball’s icy crust melt and its water-ammonia core evaporate, potentially forming a layer of ammonia beneath the clouds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Are Shallow Lightning and Mushy Ammonia Hailstones Important?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a great diversity in planets and moons within our own solar system, each with very different compositions and environments. As we explore Jupiter’s stormy weather, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars’ global dust storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-discovers-flowing-ices-on-pluto\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto’s nitrogen-methane glacial flows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we are learning how different planets work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we begin to study more closely the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190927135157.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thousands of extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discovered in the last 30 years, we can use what we’ve learned in our solar system as a framework to understand what lies beyond. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1968693/draft-weather-report-from-jupiter-mushballs-with-a-chance-of-shallow-lightning","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1056","science_5180","science_1746"],"featImg":"science_1968699","label":"source_science_1968693"},"science_1961943":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1961943","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1961943","score":null,"sort":[1587056627000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation","publishDate":1587056627,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847569,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1290},"headData":{"title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","description":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation","datePublished":"2020-04-16T17:03:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:46:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_498","science_330","science_1056","science_5180","science_5179","science_364","science_351","science_5175","science_501"],"featImg":"science_1961967","label":"source_science_1961943"},"science_1946840":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1946840","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1946840","score":null,"sort":[1567429277000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-europa-clipper-is-a-go","title":"NASA's Europa Clipper Is a Go","publishDate":1567429277,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s Europa Clipper Is a Go | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA has taken a big step closer to testing the waters of the ocean hiding under the icy crust of Europa, Jupiter’s most enigmatic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Europa Clipper mission\u003c/a>, in development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, has just been approved for its final design and construction phase. It’s on track for a 2025 launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clipper” is the culmination of decades of dreaming and years of conceptual and preliminary design. It is only the second mission NASA has dedicated to exploring a moon in the solar system—our own moon was the first. The target, Jupiter’s icy \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\">Europa\u003c/a>, is very different from Earth’s moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946853\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a view from Europa's icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter.\" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1020x657.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1200x773.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a view from Europa’s icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Believed to possess a heated rocky core and mantle surrounded by an ice-topped ocean of liquid water up to 100 miles deep, Europa is arguably the best place in our solar system to look for life beyond Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Interested in this Icy Jovian Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">Astrobiologists\u003c/a>‘ mouths water at the prospect of an ocean of liquid water — particularly a salty one — in contact with a rocky ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They theorize that heat from within Europa’s rocky interior, generated by \u003ca href=\"https://tidal-heating.weebly.com/jupiters-moons.html\">tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity,\u003c/a> powers eruptions of hot, mineral-laden water on Europa’s ocean floor. Such “hydrothermal vents” could supply all the ingredients necessary to sustain some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946849\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946849\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Europa's ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters.\" width=\"800\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-160x159.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-768x764.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll.jpg 955w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Europa’s ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Michael Carroll)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">Hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> dot Earth’s own oceans in volcanically active areas. Since their discovery, researchers have found communities of life forms that thrive around hydrothermal vents, subsisting entirely on thermal and chemical energy emerging from Earth’s interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How life arrived at these deep ocean oases is still open to scientific debate. One theory poses the idea that life on Earth could have gotten its start at hydrothermal vents and migrated later to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Challenge of Exploring a Concealed Ocean Half a Billion Miles Away\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might wonder, if there’s a saltwater ocean on Europa, and the strong possibility of a life-friendly environment, why don’t we already have robot submarines in the water sending us images of beautiful bioluminescent jellyfish, or something?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easier said than done. Even landing a robot on Europa’s unexplored surface would be a great engineering challenge. Designing a mission capable of boring through miles of ice and descending through a hundred miles of water to reach the ocean floor, and still able to communicate with us back on Earth, is presently an adventure of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/without-champion-europa-lander-falls-nasa-s-back-burner\">earlier mission concepts\u003c/a> flirted with dropping robots onto Europa’s surface, the Clipper mission won’t do that. It won’t even orbit Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That moon resides within \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/a> that surround Jupiter, an environment where even a radiation-hardened spacecraft might survive only a few weeks. Such a short visit wouldn’t allow much time to explore, let alone transmit the huge volumes of collected scientific data back to Earth before a fatal failure brought an end to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Clipper will follow a looping trajectory around Jupiter that will send it careening past Europa on 45 close flybys. Some will pass as close as 16 miles near the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 673px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946854\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing NASA's strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper's observations global coverage. \" width=\"673\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg 673w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper-160x148.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing NASA’s strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper’s observations global coverage. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Between flybys the spacecraft will retreat to the far end of its elongated orbit, away from Jupiter and into safer climates beyond the deadly radiation zone. The longer mission time and extended orbits will ultimately let Clipper collect and send home up to three times as much data as a Europa-orbiting spacecraft could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Europa Clipper Will See Under Europa’s Skin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa Clipper will carry \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-clipper/instruments/\">nine scientific instruments\u003c/a> designed to offer a detailed look at the moon, particularly the vast ocean lurking beneath its icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from the usual cameras and spectrometers that will take high-resolution pictures and analyze the composition of Europa’s surface, Clipper will carry instruments to investigate what lies below that surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ice-penetrating radar will probe the frozen crust to determine its thickness and map its structure. Scientists will look for any subsurface lakes in chambers closer to the surface, which may be sources of water plumes detected by the Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A magnetometer will measure the disturbance of Jupiter’s magnetic field by Europa’s salty ocean, divining its salinity and depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two different instruments will analyze particles “sniffed” during very close flybys. The composition of particles and gases in Europa’s tenuous atmosphere and possibly plumes of water and chemicals erupting from its surface could help explain what Europa’s ocean is made of, if those plumes originate from the ocean’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Long Have We Known About Europa’s Ocean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We caught our \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-europa/ocean/\">first scent of Europa’s ocean\u003c/a> in 1979 when the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft flew through the Jupiter system. The spacecraft captured images of Europa’s fractured surface. Its patterns of cracks and fissures were best explained by a thin icy crust floating on a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 732px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"732\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg 732w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the cracked icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa, captured by the Galileo spacecraft durin \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1995 the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">Galileo spacecraft\u003c/a> made 11 close flybys of Europa, capturing images of much higher detail and measuring Europa’s effects on Jupiter’s magnetic field. The images further confirmed the presence of the hidden ocean, and Europa’s magnetic disturbances suggested that ocean is salty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years, observations by the Hubble Space Telescope have \u003ca href=\"https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1717a/\">tentatively detected what may be plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> emanating from Europa’s southern polar region, further whetting scientists’ appetites to explore the exo-ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ll have to wait a few more years before getting our next taste of Europa’s ocean waters, but at least we know that Europa Clipper is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Europa Clipper has been approved for final design and is on track for a 2025 launch.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848358,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1077},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Europa Clipper Is a Go | KQED","description":"NASA's Europa Clipper has been approved for final design and is on track for a 2025 launch.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Europa Clipper Is a Go","datePublished":"2019-09-02T13:01:17.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:59:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1946840/nasas-europa-clipper-is-a-go","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA has taken a big step closer to testing the waters of the ocean hiding under the icy crust of Europa, Jupiter’s most enigmatic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Europa Clipper mission\u003c/a>, in development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, has just been approved for its final design and construction phase. It’s on track for a 2025 launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clipper” is the culmination of decades of dreaming and years of conceptual and preliminary design. It is only the second mission NASA has dedicated to exploring a moon in the solar system—our own moon was the first. The target, Jupiter’s icy \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\">Europa\u003c/a>, is very different from Earth’s moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946853\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a view from Europa's icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter.\" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1020x657.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1200x773.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a view from Europa’s icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Believed to possess a heated rocky core and mantle surrounded by an ice-topped ocean of liquid water up to 100 miles deep, Europa is arguably the best place in our solar system to look for life beyond Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Interested in this Icy Jovian Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">Astrobiologists\u003c/a>‘ mouths water at the prospect of an ocean of liquid water — particularly a salty one — in contact with a rocky ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They theorize that heat from within Europa’s rocky interior, generated by \u003ca href=\"https://tidal-heating.weebly.com/jupiters-moons.html\">tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity,\u003c/a> powers eruptions of hot, mineral-laden water on Europa’s ocean floor. Such “hydrothermal vents” could supply all the ingredients necessary to sustain some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946849\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946849\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Europa's ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters.\" width=\"800\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-160x159.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-768x764.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll.jpg 955w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Europa’s ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Michael Carroll)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">Hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> dot Earth’s own oceans in volcanically active areas. Since their discovery, researchers have found communities of life forms that thrive around hydrothermal vents, subsisting entirely on thermal and chemical energy emerging from Earth’s interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How life arrived at these deep ocean oases is still open to scientific debate. One theory poses the idea that life on Earth could have gotten its start at hydrothermal vents and migrated later to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Challenge of Exploring a Concealed Ocean Half a Billion Miles Away\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might wonder, if there’s a saltwater ocean on Europa, and the strong possibility of a life-friendly environment, why don’t we already have robot submarines in the water sending us images of beautiful bioluminescent jellyfish, or something?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easier said than done. Even landing a robot on Europa’s unexplored surface would be a great engineering challenge. Designing a mission capable of boring through miles of ice and descending through a hundred miles of water to reach the ocean floor, and still able to communicate with us back on Earth, is presently an adventure of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/without-champion-europa-lander-falls-nasa-s-back-burner\">earlier mission concepts\u003c/a> flirted with dropping robots onto Europa’s surface, the Clipper mission won’t do that. It won’t even orbit Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That moon resides within \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/a> that surround Jupiter, an environment where even a radiation-hardened spacecraft might survive only a few weeks. Such a short visit wouldn’t allow much time to explore, let alone transmit the huge volumes of collected scientific data back to Earth before a fatal failure brought an end to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Clipper will follow a looping trajectory around Jupiter that will send it careening past Europa on 45 close flybys. Some will pass as close as 16 miles near the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 673px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946854\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing NASA's strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper's observations global coverage. \" width=\"673\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg 673w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper-160x148.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing NASA’s strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper’s observations global coverage. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Between flybys the spacecraft will retreat to the far end of its elongated orbit, away from Jupiter and into safer climates beyond the deadly radiation zone. The longer mission time and extended orbits will ultimately let Clipper collect and send home up to three times as much data as a Europa-orbiting spacecraft could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Europa Clipper Will See Under Europa’s Skin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa Clipper will carry \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-clipper/instruments/\">nine scientific instruments\u003c/a> designed to offer a detailed look at the moon, particularly the vast ocean lurking beneath its icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from the usual cameras and spectrometers that will take high-resolution pictures and analyze the composition of Europa’s surface, Clipper will carry instruments to investigate what lies below that surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ice-penetrating radar will probe the frozen crust to determine its thickness and map its structure. Scientists will look for any subsurface lakes in chambers closer to the surface, which may be sources of water plumes detected by the Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A magnetometer will measure the disturbance of Jupiter’s magnetic field by Europa’s salty ocean, divining its salinity and depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two different instruments will analyze particles “sniffed” during very close flybys. The composition of particles and gases in Europa’s tenuous atmosphere and possibly plumes of water and chemicals erupting from its surface could help explain what Europa’s ocean is made of, if those plumes originate from the ocean’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Long Have We Known About Europa’s Ocean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We caught our \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-europa/ocean/\">first scent of Europa’s ocean\u003c/a> in 1979 when the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft flew through the Jupiter system. The spacecraft captured images of Europa’s fractured surface. Its patterns of cracks and fissures were best explained by a thin icy crust floating on a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 732px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"732\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg 732w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the cracked icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa, captured by the Galileo spacecraft durin \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1995 the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">Galileo spacecraft\u003c/a> made 11 close flybys of Europa, capturing images of much higher detail and measuring Europa’s effects on Jupiter’s magnetic field. The images further confirmed the presence of the hidden ocean, and Europa’s magnetic disturbances suggested that ocean is salty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years, observations by the Hubble Space Telescope have \u003ca href=\"https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1717a/\">tentatively detected what may be plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> emanating from Europa’s southern polar region, further whetting scientists’ appetites to explore the exo-ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ll have to wait a few more years before getting our next taste of Europa’s ocean waters, but at least we know that Europa Clipper is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1946840/nasas-europa-clipper-is-a-go","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_30","science_32","science_3947","science_98"],"tags":["science_2356","science_1064","science_3370","science_3832","science_5180","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1946845","label":"source_science_1946840"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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