'It's Transformed My Life': FDA Approves First Gene-Editing Treatment for Illness
Walking Sticks Stop, Drop and Clone to Survive
Making Sense of the CRISPR Patent Dispute Between the University of California and Broad
Those Reports That Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Changed — They're Wrong
Skulls Show Women Moved Across Medieval Europe, Not Just Men
These Lizards Have Been Playing Rock-Paper-Scissors for 15 Million Years
Genetically Speaking, Americans Really Are a Melting Pot of Diversity
New Study Sheds Light On Two Regions of DNA Linked to Male Homosexuality
Some of Us May Have a Genetic Predisposition to Disliking Exercise
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This brutal blood disorder has long been neglected by medical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decisions are being hailed as milestones for treating sickle cell and for the rapidly advancing field of gene therapy, which is stirring excitement for the treatment of many diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sickle cell disease is a rare, debilitating and life-threatening blood disorder with significant unmet need, and we are excited to advance the field, especially for individuals whose lives have been severely disrupted by the disease by approving two cell-based gene therapies today,” says Dr. Nicole Verdun, director of the Office of Therapeutic Products within the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, in a statement. “Gene therapy holds the promise of delivering more targeted and effective treatments, especially for individuals with rare diseases where the current treatment options are limited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m elated, excited, in awe,” \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/jennifer-doudna\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a> of the University of California, Berkeley, who helped discover the gene-editing technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/773368439/the-crispr-revolution\">CRISPR\u003c/a> used in one of the sickle cell treatments, told NPR in an interview. “It’s an exciting day and the beginning of a new day in medicine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Jennifer Doudna, biochemistry professor, UC Berkeley,\"]‘I’m elated, excited, in awe. It’s an exciting day and the beginning of a new day in medicine.’[/pullquote]For the CRISPR treatment, which was developed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.vrtx.com/\">Vertex Pharmaceuticals\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://crisprtx.com/\">CRISPR Therapeutics\u003c/a>, both in Boston, doctors remove cells from each patient’s bone marrow, edit a gene with CRISPR and then infuse billions of the modified cells back into patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edited cells produce a form of hemoglobin known as fetal hemoglobin, restoring the normal function of red blood cells. While not a cure for the disease, the hope is the therapy, brand name Casgevy, is designed to be a one-time treatment that will alleviate symptoms for a lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/media/173472/download\"> data presented to the FDA\u003c/a>, the treatment resolved the severe pain crises for at least 18 months for 29 of the subjects — 96.7%. The treatment has produced similar results for patients with a related condition known as \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/beta-thalassemia/\">beta thalassemia.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA approved another gene therapy called Lyfgenia, developed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.bluebirdbio.com/\">bluebird bio Inc\u003c/a>. of Somerville, Massachusetts, that doesn’t use CRISPR to treat sickle cell disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Treatment comes with a high price\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>However, the elation over the approvals was tempered by concerns the breakthrough treatments may not be accessible to many sickle cell patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are both very expensive. Vertex says the wholesale price for Casgevy will be $2.2 million. Bluebird set the wholesale price of Lyfgenia at $3.1 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatments also require a complicated, arduous procedure many hospitals cannot provide. Many patients may find the treatment too physically and logistically daunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot more work to do” to make gene-editing treatments widely available, Berkeley’s Doudna says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene-editing, which allows scientists to manipulate the basic building blocks of life more easily than ever before, is being studied as a treatment for illnesses ranging from rare genetic disorders like muscular dystrophy to common ailments like cancer, heart disease, diabetes, AIDS and Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1985712\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1985712\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920.jpg\" alt=\"A blond white woman in a lab coat stands looking to the camera with a smile and arms crossed in a laboratory as people work behind her.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jennifer Doudna, who helped discover the revolutionary gene-editing tool CRISPR, photographed in the Li Ka Shing Center on the Campus of UC Berkeley on Feb. 19, 2016. \u003ccite>(Nick Otto For The Washington Post via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sickle cell disease is caused by a genetic defect that produces an abnormal form of the protein hemoglobin, which red blood cells need to carry oxygen through the body. As a result, the red blood cells of sickle cell patients become misshapen sickle-shaped cells that get jammed inside blood vessels. That causes excruciating, unpredictable attacks of pain and damages vital organs, cutting patients’ lives short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sickle cell disproportionately occurs among people of African, Middle Eastern and Indian descent, affecting millions around the world and about 100,000 in the U.S. Although a rare disease, sickle cell is one of the most common genetic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bone marrow transplants can cure some patients, but most can’t find a suitable donor. About 20,000 patients in the U.S. have the severe form of the disease the CRISPR treatment would initially be used to treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really excited,” Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://hospital.uillinois.edu/find-a-doctor/lewis-hsu\">Lewis Hsu\u003c/a>, a pediatric hematologist at the University of Illinois at Chicago who serves as the chief medical officer at the Sickle Cell Association of America, told NPR in an interview. “This is something that we’ve been waiting for in the sickle cell community for basically 70 years. This is a very big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A life transformed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The approval of the CRISPR gene-editing treatment was also welcomed by\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/25/784395525/a-young-mississippi-womans-journey-through-a-pioneering-gene-editing-experiment\"> Victoria Gray\u003c/a>, a Forest, Mississippi, sickle cell patient who was the first person to receive it in the U.S. NPR has had exclusive access to chronicle her experience since she was treated in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Victoria Gray, sickle cell patient\"]‘Since I received the CRISPR treatment, I’ve had a new beginning. Most of all, I no longer have to fear dying and leaving my kids behind without a mother. My life is limitless now. I’m full of energy. I don’t have pain. It’s a real transformation.’[/pullquote]“I’m ecstatic. It’s a blessing that they approved this therapy. It’s a new beginning for people with sickle cell disease,” Gray told NPR in her latest interview with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many sickle cell patients, Gray was forced throughout her life to repeatedly rush to the hospital for powerful pain drugs and blood transfusions. She could not finish school, hold jobs or often even care for herself or her children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has turned my life around. It gave me a new lease on life. It’s transformed my life more than I could have ever imagined,” Gray says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the treatment, Gray has been much more energetic and able to start working full-time selling cosmetics at Walmart and spend more time with her four children, who are now teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since I received the CRISPR treatment, I’ve had a new beginning. Most of all, I no longer have to fear dying and leaving my kids behind without a mother,” Gray says. “My life is limitless now. I’m full of energy. I don’t have pain. It’s a real transformation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Technical complexity and lengthy hospitalization\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Aside from the price of the treatments, another concern is the procedures are long, difficult and complex, requiring multiple trips to a hospital for testing, a grueling and potentially dangerous bone marrow transplant, and lengthy hospitalization. Those factors may put the treatment out of reach for those who need it most in the U.S., as well as in less affluent countries where the disease is most common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Melissa Creary, assistant professor, University of Michigan School of Public Health\"]‘I have a mixed reaction. … as this technology comes to market, it’s going to be really interesting to see the ways in which profit overtakes social justice.’[/pullquote]“I have a mixed reaction,” says \u003ca href=\"https://sph.umich.edu/faculty-profiles/creary-melissa.html\">Melissa Creary\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at the University of Michigan who studies sickle cell at the University of Michigan School of Public Health and has the disease herself. “I am excited about the promise that this technology has for those living with sickle cell disease. But as this technology comes to market, it’s going to be really interesting to see the ways in which profit overtakes social justice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the countries where most sickle cell patients live don’t have enough sophisticated medical centers to provide complicated treatment. Even in the U.S., the treatment may not be widely available, making it difficult to access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rural patients will likely to be at a disadvantage. And there might be whole states or regions with no gene-therapy options,” Hsu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More gene-editing treatments are in the works\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Doudna heads a center at Berkeley to try to make gene-editing treatments simpler and, therefore, more accessible. The National Institutes of Health is also trying to address the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biotech companies say they are working with private and public insurers to cover the procedure. Advocates note that the high price could easily be offset by the savings of avoiding a lifetime of sickle cell complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is whether sufficient research had been done to spot “off-target” effects of the treatment — unintended editing errors that missed their mark in the DNA and that could potentially cause long-term health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies plan to follow all the patients treated in the study for 15 years to see how long the benefits last, if the treatment actually helps patients live longer, and watch for any signs of long-term complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR-based treatments have also shown promise for treating a rare liver condition known as amyloidosis, as well as an inherited form of high cholesterol known as familial hypercholesterolemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only the beginning,” CRISPR researcher Doudna says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The FDA approved two gene therapies for anyone 12 and older suffering from the most severe form of sickle cell disease, a brutal blood disorder long neglected by medical research.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845806,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1627},"headData":{"title":"'It's Transformed My Life': FDA Approves First Gene-Editing Treatment for Illness | KQED","description":"The FDA approved two gene therapies for anyone 12 and older suffering from the most severe form of sickle cell disease, a brutal blood disorder long neglected by medical research.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/arts/affiliate/npr","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/146944972/rob-stein\">Rob Stein\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1985709/fda-approves-first-gene-editing-treatment-for-human-illness","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a landmark decision, the Food and Drug Administration on Friday approved the first gene-editing treatment to alleviate human illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA approved two gene therapies for anyone 12 and older suffering from the most severe form of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sickle-cell-disease\">sickle cell disease\u003c/a>. This brutal blood disorder has long been neglected by medical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decisions are being hailed as milestones for treating sickle cell and for the rapidly advancing field of gene therapy, which is stirring excitement for the treatment of many diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sickle cell disease is a rare, debilitating and life-threatening blood disorder with significant unmet need, and we are excited to advance the field, especially for individuals whose lives have been severely disrupted by the disease by approving two cell-based gene therapies today,” says Dr. Nicole Verdun, director of the Office of Therapeutic Products within the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, in a statement. “Gene therapy holds the promise of delivering more targeted and effective treatments, especially for individuals with rare diseases where the current treatment options are limited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m elated, excited, in awe,” \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/jennifer-doudna\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a> of the University of California, Berkeley, who helped discover the gene-editing technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/773368439/the-crispr-revolution\">CRISPR\u003c/a> used in one of the sickle cell treatments, told NPR in an interview. “It’s an exciting day and the beginning of a new day in medicine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘I’m elated, excited, in awe. It’s an exciting day and the beginning of a new day in medicine.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Jennifer Doudna, biochemistry professor, UC Berkeley,","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For the CRISPR treatment, which was developed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.vrtx.com/\">Vertex Pharmaceuticals\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://crisprtx.com/\">CRISPR Therapeutics\u003c/a>, both in Boston, doctors remove cells from each patient’s bone marrow, edit a gene with CRISPR and then infuse billions of the modified cells back into patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edited cells produce a form of hemoglobin known as fetal hemoglobin, restoring the normal function of red blood cells. While not a cure for the disease, the hope is the therapy, brand name Casgevy, is designed to be a one-time treatment that will alleviate symptoms for a lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/media/173472/download\"> data presented to the FDA\u003c/a>, the treatment resolved the severe pain crises for at least 18 months for 29 of the subjects — 96.7%. The treatment has produced similar results for patients with a related condition known as \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/beta-thalassemia/\">beta thalassemia.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA approved another gene therapy called Lyfgenia, developed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.bluebirdbio.com/\">bluebird bio Inc\u003c/a>. of Somerville, Massachusetts, that doesn’t use CRISPR to treat sickle cell disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Treatment comes with a high price\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>However, the elation over the approvals was tempered by concerns the breakthrough treatments may not be accessible to many sickle cell patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are both very expensive. Vertex says the wholesale price for Casgevy will be $2.2 million. Bluebird set the wholesale price of Lyfgenia at $3.1 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatments also require a complicated, arduous procedure many hospitals cannot provide. Many patients may find the treatment too physically and logistically daunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot more work to do” to make gene-editing treatments widely available, Berkeley’s Doudna says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene-editing, which allows scientists to manipulate the basic building blocks of life more easily than ever before, is being studied as a treatment for illnesses ranging from rare genetic disorders like muscular dystrophy to common ailments like cancer, heart disease, diabetes, AIDS and Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1985712\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1985712\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920.jpg\" alt=\"A blond white woman in a lab coat stands looking to the camera with a smile and arms crossed in a laboratory as people work behind her.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-528038920-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jennifer Doudna, who helped discover the revolutionary gene-editing tool CRISPR, photographed in the Li Ka Shing Center on the Campus of UC Berkeley on Feb. 19, 2016. \u003ccite>(Nick Otto For The Washington Post via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sickle cell disease is caused by a genetic defect that produces an abnormal form of the protein hemoglobin, which red blood cells need to carry oxygen through the body. As a result, the red blood cells of sickle cell patients become misshapen sickle-shaped cells that get jammed inside blood vessels. That causes excruciating, unpredictable attacks of pain and damages vital organs, cutting patients’ lives short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sickle cell disproportionately occurs among people of African, Middle Eastern and Indian descent, affecting millions around the world and about 100,000 in the U.S. Although a rare disease, sickle cell is one of the most common genetic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bone marrow transplants can cure some patients, but most can’t find a suitable donor. About 20,000 patients in the U.S. have the severe form of the disease the CRISPR treatment would initially be used to treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really excited,” Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://hospital.uillinois.edu/find-a-doctor/lewis-hsu\">Lewis Hsu\u003c/a>, a pediatric hematologist at the University of Illinois at Chicago who serves as the chief medical officer at the Sickle Cell Association of America, told NPR in an interview. “This is something that we’ve been waiting for in the sickle cell community for basically 70 years. This is a very big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A life transformed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The approval of the CRISPR gene-editing treatment was also welcomed by\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/25/784395525/a-young-mississippi-womans-journey-through-a-pioneering-gene-editing-experiment\"> Victoria Gray\u003c/a>, a Forest, Mississippi, sickle cell patient who was the first person to receive it in the U.S. NPR has had exclusive access to chronicle her experience since she was treated in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Since I received the CRISPR treatment, I’ve had a new beginning. Most of all, I no longer have to fear dying and leaving my kids behind without a mother. My life is limitless now. I’m full of energy. I don’t have pain. It’s a real transformation.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Victoria Gray, sickle cell patient","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I’m ecstatic. It’s a blessing that they approved this therapy. It’s a new beginning for people with sickle cell disease,” Gray told NPR in her latest interview with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many sickle cell patients, Gray was forced throughout her life to repeatedly rush to the hospital for powerful pain drugs and blood transfusions. She could not finish school, hold jobs or often even care for herself or her children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has turned my life around. It gave me a new lease on life. It’s transformed my life more than I could have ever imagined,” Gray says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the treatment, Gray has been much more energetic and able to start working full-time selling cosmetics at Walmart and spend more time with her four children, who are now teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since I received the CRISPR treatment, I’ve had a new beginning. Most of all, I no longer have to fear dying and leaving my kids behind without a mother,” Gray says. “My life is limitless now. I’m full of energy. I don’t have pain. It’s a real transformation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Technical complexity and lengthy hospitalization\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Aside from the price of the treatments, another concern is the procedures are long, difficult and complex, requiring multiple trips to a hospital for testing, a grueling and potentially dangerous bone marrow transplant, and lengthy hospitalization. Those factors may put the treatment out of reach for those who need it most in the U.S., as well as in less affluent countries where the disease is most common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘I have a mixed reaction. … as this technology comes to market, it’s going to be really interesting to see the ways in which profit overtakes social justice.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Melissa Creary, assistant professor, University of Michigan School of Public Health","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I have a mixed reaction,” says \u003ca href=\"https://sph.umich.edu/faculty-profiles/creary-melissa.html\">Melissa Creary\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at the University of Michigan who studies sickle cell at the University of Michigan School of Public Health and has the disease herself. “I am excited about the promise that this technology has for those living with sickle cell disease. But as this technology comes to market, it’s going to be really interesting to see the ways in which profit overtakes social justice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the countries where most sickle cell patients live don’t have enough sophisticated medical centers to provide complicated treatment. Even in the U.S., the treatment may not be widely available, making it difficult to access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rural patients will likely to be at a disadvantage. And there might be whole states or regions with no gene-therapy options,” Hsu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More gene-editing treatments are in the works\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Doudna heads a center at Berkeley to try to make gene-editing treatments simpler and, therefore, more accessible. The National Institutes of Health is also trying to address the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biotech companies say they are working with private and public insurers to cover the procedure. Advocates note that the high price could easily be offset by the savings of avoiding a lifetime of sickle cell complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is whether sufficient research had been done to spot “off-target” effects of the treatment — unintended editing errors that missed their mark in the DNA and that could potentially cause long-term health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies plan to follow all the patients treated in the study for 15 years to see how long the benefits last, if the treatment actually helps patients live longer, and watch for any signs of long-term complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR-based treatments have also shown promise for treating a rare liver condition known as amyloidosis, as well as an inherited form of high cholesterol known as familial hypercholesterolemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only the beginning,” CRISPR researcher Doudna says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1985709/fda-approves-first-gene-editing-treatment-for-human-illness","authors":["byline_science_1985709"],"categories":["science_39","science_3890","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1287","science_1050","science_4417","science_4414","science_327","science_190"],"featImg":"science_1985711","label":"source_science_1985709"},"science_1958912":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1958912","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1958912","score":null,"sort":[1585054845000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"walking-sticks-stop-drop-and-clone-to-survive","title":"Walking Sticks Stop, Drop and Clone to Survive","publishDate":1585054845,"format":"video","headTitle":"Walking Sticks Stop, Drop and Clone to Survive | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]There’s that old cheesy joke: What’s brown and sticky? A stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sometimes it’s not just a stick — but a walking stick. This non-native insect, originally from India, relies on clever camouflage to hide from predators. They’re so skilled at remaining undercover, you may not have noticed that they’ve made themselves right at home in your local park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959196\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1959196 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-1020x568.jpg\" alt=\"walking stick nymph\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-1020x568.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-1038x576.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-1920x1069.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Indian walking stick nymph as seen on the University of California Berkeley campus. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area researchers are studying the insects’ genetics to learn more about how they are such masters of camouflage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t think of any other insect as effective as they are in remaining hidden in plain sight,” said Edward Ramirez, an undergraduate researcher at the University of California, Berkeley who is currently studying the genetics of Indian walking sticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘How is this possible?’ was always the question that came to mind, so I wanted to search for a more clear answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the unusual insects, who live on every continent except Antarctica, are readily available as subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1958917\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1958917\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-1020x650.jpg\" alt=\"Edward Ramirez\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-1020x650.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-800x510.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-768x490.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-1920x1224.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edward Ramirez, an undergraduate researcher at the University of California, Berkeley is currently studying the genetics of Indian walking sticks. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very prevalent invasive species that can be found all throughout California, including right here on campus,” Ramirez said. “All of our specimens we study were collected when they’re out and about at night around the nearby creek, since they’re nocturnal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colors are an important part of a stick insect’s camouflage defense. When these stick insects first hatch, they’re brown. As they mature and go through successive molts, they may change to an array of vibrant colors – from light green to a much darker brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1958918\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1958918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick-1020x560.jpg\" alt=\"walking sticks\" width=\"640\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick-1020x560.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick-768x422.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick.jpg 1691w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wide variety of colors found in Indian walking sticks remains a mystery to researchers. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Having adults in a variety of colors allows them to occupy and better survive in different parts of a plant,” Ramirez said. “Having a darker stick insect may allow it to blend in more with the trunk of a tree or the darker stems of ivy and blackberry. On the other hand, lighter green stick insects have an advantage on greener surfaces such as the bottom of leaves or greener stems of plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differences in color also affect how well they can escape predators. A darker stick insect can use another means of defense — behavioral mimicry — if it feels threatened. Once it tucks in its limbs, it’ll fall down to the ground and “look like a dead twig,” Ramirez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One puzzle Ramirez is trying to solve is why there’s such a colorful palette of Indian walking sticks. They’re parthenogenic, which means the females don’t need males to reproduce. They can actually clone themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1958921\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1958921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"green walking stick\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A green Indian walking stick blends in with its leafy green background. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So to see a wide variety of different colors in the stick insects is very interesting because if they’re clones of the mother they should all be the same exact thing, but they’re not,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s something that’s really interesting to explore and would definitely require more genetic analysis, which we haven’t gotten to quite yet. But hopefully someday that’ll be possible in the future,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason could be due to genetic mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are plenty of other species that undergo parthenogenesis such as aphids, species of bees, ants, wasps, flies, and others which all go through similar asexual cloning mechanisms and can have mutations,” Ramirez said. “However, these insects contain very little or do not have any noticeable color variation compared to the Indian stick insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez said he hopes to use the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436872/explainer-the-new-gene-editing-tool-significantly-more-precise-than-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool\u003c/a> to try and unlock the mysteries behind the Indian walking stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s also planning to apply to dental school after he graduates later this year, with the goal of using what he’s learned studying walking sticks. His background in genetics and gene editing will help him in emerging fields of research, such as bioengineering human teeth using stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This would be revolutionary for dentistry as patients who have lost their permanent teeth could have them replaced,” Ramirez said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Indian walking sticks are more than just twig impersonators. They even clone themselves into a surprising variety of colors to stay hidden in plain sight from predators.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847631,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":772},"headData":{"title":"Walking Sticks Stop, Drop and Clone to Survive | KQED","description":"Indian walking sticks are more than just twig impersonators. They even clone themselves into a surprising variety of colors to stay hidden in plain sight from predators.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Indian walking sticks are more than just twig impersonators. They even clone themselves into a surprising variety of colors to stay hidden in plain sight from predators."},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/Nxs0Q7ktaKU","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1958912/walking-sticks-stop-drop-and-clone-to-survive","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>There’s that old cheesy joke: What’s brown and sticky? A stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sometimes it’s not just a stick — but a walking stick. This non-native insect, originally from India, relies on clever camouflage to hide from predators. They’re so skilled at remaining undercover, you may not have noticed that they’ve made themselves right at home in your local park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959196\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1959196 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-1020x568.jpg\" alt=\"walking stick nymph\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-1020x568.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-1038x576.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/nymph-1920x1069.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Indian walking stick nymph as seen on the University of California Berkeley campus. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area researchers are studying the insects’ genetics to learn more about how they are such masters of camouflage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t think of any other insect as effective as they are in remaining hidden in plain sight,” said Edward Ramirez, an undergraduate researcher at the University of California, Berkeley who is currently studying the genetics of Indian walking sticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘How is this possible?’ was always the question that came to mind, so I wanted to search for a more clear answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the unusual insects, who live on every continent except Antarctica, are readily available as subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1958917\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1958917\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-1020x650.jpg\" alt=\"Edward Ramirez\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-1020x650.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-800x510.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-768x490.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/Edwardlab-1920x1224.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edward Ramirez, an undergraduate researcher at the University of California, Berkeley is currently studying the genetics of Indian walking sticks. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very prevalent invasive species that can be found all throughout California, including right here on campus,” Ramirez said. “All of our specimens we study were collected when they’re out and about at night around the nearby creek, since they’re nocturnal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colors are an important part of a stick insect’s camouflage defense. When these stick insects first hatch, they’re brown. As they mature and go through successive molts, they may change to an array of vibrant colors – from light green to a much darker brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1958918\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1958918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick-1020x560.jpg\" alt=\"walking sticks\" width=\"640\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick-1020x560.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick-768x422.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/colors_walking_stick.jpg 1691w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wide variety of colors found in Indian walking sticks remains a mystery to researchers. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Having adults in a variety of colors allows them to occupy and better survive in different parts of a plant,” Ramirez said. “Having a darker stick insect may allow it to blend in more with the trunk of a tree or the darker stems of ivy and blackberry. On the other hand, lighter green stick insects have an advantage on greener surfaces such as the bottom of leaves or greener stems of plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differences in color also affect how well they can escape predators. A darker stick insect can use another means of defense — behavioral mimicry — if it feels threatened. Once it tucks in its limbs, it’ll fall down to the ground and “look like a dead twig,” Ramirez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One puzzle Ramirez is trying to solve is why there’s such a colorful palette of Indian walking sticks. They’re parthenogenic, which means the females don’t need males to reproduce. They can actually clone themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1958921\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1958921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"green walking stick\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/DL707_resting_walking_stick-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A green Indian walking stick blends in with its leafy green background. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So to see a wide variety of different colors in the stick insects is very interesting because if they’re clones of the mother they should all be the same exact thing, but they’re not,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s something that’s really interesting to explore and would definitely require more genetic analysis, which we haven’t gotten to quite yet. But hopefully someday that’ll be possible in the future,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason could be due to genetic mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are plenty of other species that undergo parthenogenesis such as aphids, species of bees, ants, wasps, flies, and others which all go through similar asexual cloning mechanisms and can have mutations,” Ramirez said. “However, these insects contain very little or do not have any noticeable color variation compared to the Indian stick insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez said he hopes to use the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436872/explainer-the-new-gene-editing-tool-significantly-more-precise-than-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool\u003c/a> to try and unlock the mysteries behind the Indian walking stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s also planning to apply to dental school after he graduates later this year, with the goal of using what he’s learned studying walking sticks. His background in genetics and gene editing will help him in emerging fields of research, such as bioengineering human teeth using stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This would be revolutionary for dentistry as patients who have lost their permanent teeth could have them replaced,” Ramirez said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1958912/walking-sticks-stop-drop-and-clone-to-survive","authors":["2100"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_40","science_86"],"tags":["science_57","science_327","science_83","science_190"],"featImg":"science_1959194","label":"science_1935"},"science_1938007":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1938007","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1938007","score":null,"sort":[1550687407000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"making-sense-of-the-crispr-patent-dispute-between-the-university-of-california-and-broad","title":"Making Sense of the CRISPR Patent Dispute Between the University of California and Broad","publishDate":1550687407,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Making Sense of the CRISPR Patent Dispute Between the University of California and Broad | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Anyone fond of intricate intellectual property disputes (and really, who isn’t?) is going to have their cup runnething over when it comes to the long-running battle between the University of California and Harvard/MIT’s Broad Institute to determine who will get to cash in the most on their seminal CRISPR/Cas 9 discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 is a precise gene-editing technology. Scientists can use it to home in on specific locations within the human genetic code to swap out a problematic section of DNA with a corrected segment. The advance has created enormous excitement over its potential for curing or preventing genetic diseases, and galvanized an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/435096/as-human-gene-editing-advances-doudna-says-ethical-discussions-cant-wait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ethical debate\u003c/a> over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934926/trying-to-understand-the-crispr-baby-five-things-to-read\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human genome editing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1938166\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC and Broad have been slugging it out in administrative hearings and the courts since 2014, when Broad, which had paid for an expedited review, received a key patent while UC still waited for approval on its own filing. UC eventually \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444391/uc-loses-appeal-on-crispr-patent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lost\u003c/a> the legal fight, but on Feb. 8, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ucberkeley-ip-crispr/university-of-california-to-be-granted-pioneering-crispr-patent-idUSKCN1PX25K\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news broke\u003c/a> that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will finally issue UC’s foundational CRISPR/Cas9 patent. Not everyone expected the decision, and it has created a potentially even bigger muddle over who will get paid for what should the considerable hopes for the technology come to fruition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To sort out the complexities, KQED spoke with two people following the case, reporter \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/08/the-university-of-california-gets-its-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sharon Begley\u003c/a> of the health news website \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT,\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Professor Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, of the Innovation Center for Law and Technology at New York Law School. Some key points …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the history of the dispute between Broad and UC? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, University of California Berkeley biochemist \u003ca href=\"https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/doudna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a> and colleagues made a seminal discovery about how to use CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing, performing their experiments on DNA in a test tube. UC subsequently filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a group led by molecular biologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/feng-zhang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> at the Broad Institute in Boston also edited genes using CRISPR. This team was able to edit the DNA inside of actual mouse and human cells. Broad filed for a patent on its process, and in 2014 the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted the patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, UC claimed the Broad patents “interfered” with the patent for which UC had applied. “That’s called an interference proceeding,” Begley said of the legal maneuver. “Lawyers make gazillions of dollars on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the tactic didn’t work. In February 2017, the Patent office ruled that Broad’s patents were sufficiently different from the one UC claimed, so no interference had occurred. UC then took Broad to court, and in September 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the patent office’s decision to award Broad its patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So at this point, and again, we’re six years later, UC’s (2013) patent application is still sitting there at the Patent and Trademark Office,” said Begley. “And what happened on February 8 is that the patent office finally said, ‘UC, we are going to give you this patent that you applied for on the basic use of CRISPR in all kinds of cells.’ And that should be very good news for UC.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob Sherkow, a patent law expert who has been following the case closely, wrote in an email that he was surprised at the news that UC is going to be awarded the patent for which it filed in 2013. He thought UC would run into trouble given the filing of an earlier patent from a Lithuanian researcher named Virginijus Šikšnys, who won the prestigious Kavli Prize last year for “seminal” CRISPR advances. Science magazine \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/prestigious-prize-overshadowed-crispr-researcher-wins-spotlight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called\u003c/a> Šikšnys an “overshadowed” researcher in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surprisingly — and I wasn’t the only one surprised — the patent office assigned the patent to a new examiner, who simply allowed the patent with only minimal comment,” Sherkow said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much are these patents worth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of companies are trying to produce human therapies using CRISPR. If they succeed, “that market almost certainly will be worth tens of billions of dollars per year,” said Begley. But the holder of the patent that enables these advances won’t get a huge slice. Despite early reports that the patents might be worth billions of dollars, she said the figure will “almost certainly be in the millions of dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow’s back-of-the-envelope calculation puts that figure at “easily tens of millions” per year, or $100 million over the life of the patent. Developments over the last several years, he says, have diminished the stakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the case was first filed, it was unclear whether enzymes other than Cas9 would have the same efficacy. Now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-crisper-casx-cas12b-20190204-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we’ve got a riot\u003c/a>: Cas12, CasX, CasY, etc. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Begley said the scientists she’s spoken to “have sort of been rooting for UC because it’s a public institution,” whereas Harvard and MIT are private universities. With the funding difficulties UC has had over the years, “if a significant revenue stream can come to UC as a result of [CRISPR patents], there’s just a lot of people who are hoping that happens,” Begley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the dispute over? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute could challenge UC’s patents in a procedure called a post-grant review, said Sherkow. He said Broad has nine months from the date the UC patent is issued to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Alternatively, there may be an opportunity to bring a lawsuit in federal court challenging the UC patent,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, it appears UC and Broad may both need to be compensated for any applications using CRISPR in humans. Begley said we’re “years away” from knowing the final outcome of the dispute. “Not until there’s an actual commercialized therapy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there could be one more complication down the road: Another expert in intellectual property and innovation, Stanford Law Professor Lisa Larrimore Ouellette, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/08/the-university-of-california-gets-its-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told Begley\u003c/a> that UC’s patent could be vulnerable to challenges based on something called the “enablement clause,” which requires that patents allow for anyone to follow a series of steps to carry out the invention. Sherkow agreed UC’s patent may fall short in this regard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brian Watt and Danielle Venton contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recent news that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will award a key CRISPR/Cas9 patent to the University of California may create even more complications in its long-running dispute with the Broad Institute.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848841,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1136},"headData":{"title":"Making Sense of the CRISPR Patent Dispute Between the University of California and Broad | KQED","description":"Recent news that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will award a key CRISPR/Cas9 patent to the University of California may create even more complications in its long-running dispute with the Broad Institute.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/02/WattCrisprPatent.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":159,"path":"/science/1938007/making-sense-of-the-crispr-patent-dispute-between-the-university-of-california-and-broad","audioDuration":182000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Anyone fond of intricate intellectual property disputes (and really, who isn’t?) is going to have their cup runnething over when it comes to the long-running battle between the University of California and Harvard/MIT’s Broad Institute to determine who will get to cash in the most on their seminal CRISPR/Cas 9 discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 is a precise gene-editing technology. Scientists can use it to home in on specific locations within the human genetic code to swap out a problematic section of DNA with a corrected segment. The advance has created enormous excitement over its potential for curing or preventing genetic diseases, and galvanized an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/435096/as-human-gene-editing-advances-doudna-says-ethical-discussions-cant-wait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ethical debate\u003c/a> over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934926/trying-to-understand-the-crispr-baby-five-things-to-read\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human genome editing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1938166\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC and Broad have been slugging it out in administrative hearings and the courts since 2014, when Broad, which had paid for an expedited review, received a key patent while UC still waited for approval on its own filing. UC eventually \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444391/uc-loses-appeal-on-crispr-patent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lost\u003c/a> the legal fight, but on Feb. 8, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ucberkeley-ip-crispr/university-of-california-to-be-granted-pioneering-crispr-patent-idUSKCN1PX25K\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news broke\u003c/a> that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will finally issue UC’s foundational CRISPR/Cas9 patent. Not everyone expected the decision, and it has created a potentially even bigger muddle over who will get paid for what should the considerable hopes for the technology come to fruition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To sort out the complexities, KQED spoke with two people following the case, reporter \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/08/the-university-of-california-gets-its-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sharon Begley\u003c/a> of the health news website \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT,\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Professor Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, of the Innovation Center for Law and Technology at New York Law School. Some key points …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the history of the dispute between Broad and UC? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, University of California Berkeley biochemist \u003ca href=\"https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/doudna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a> and colleagues made a seminal discovery about how to use CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing, performing their experiments on DNA in a test tube. UC subsequently filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a group led by molecular biologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/feng-zhang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> at the Broad Institute in Boston also edited genes using CRISPR. This team was able to edit the DNA inside of actual mouse and human cells. Broad filed for a patent on its process, and in 2014 the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted the patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, UC claimed the Broad patents “interfered” with the patent for which UC had applied. “That’s called an interference proceeding,” Begley said of the legal maneuver. “Lawyers make gazillions of dollars on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the tactic didn’t work. In February 2017, the Patent office ruled that Broad’s patents were sufficiently different from the one UC claimed, so no interference had occurred. UC then took Broad to court, and in September 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the patent office’s decision to award Broad its patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So at this point, and again, we’re six years later, UC’s (2013) patent application is still sitting there at the Patent and Trademark Office,” said Begley. “And what happened on February 8 is that the patent office finally said, ‘UC, we are going to give you this patent that you applied for on the basic use of CRISPR in all kinds of cells.’ And that should be very good news for UC.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob Sherkow, a patent law expert who has been following the case closely, wrote in an email that he was surprised at the news that UC is going to be awarded the patent for which it filed in 2013. He thought UC would run into trouble given the filing of an earlier patent from a Lithuanian researcher named Virginijus Šikšnys, who won the prestigious Kavli Prize last year for “seminal” CRISPR advances. Science magazine \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/prestigious-prize-overshadowed-crispr-researcher-wins-spotlight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called\u003c/a> Šikšnys an “overshadowed” researcher in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surprisingly — and I wasn’t the only one surprised — the patent office assigned the patent to a new examiner, who simply allowed the patent with only minimal comment,” Sherkow said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much are these patents worth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of companies are trying to produce human therapies using CRISPR. If they succeed, “that market almost certainly will be worth tens of billions of dollars per year,” said Begley. But the holder of the patent that enables these advances won’t get a huge slice. Despite early reports that the patents might be worth billions of dollars, she said the figure will “almost certainly be in the millions of dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow’s back-of-the-envelope calculation puts that figure at “easily tens of millions” per year, or $100 million over the life of the patent. Developments over the last several years, he says, have diminished the stakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the case was first filed, it was unclear whether enzymes other than Cas9 would have the same efficacy. Now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-crisper-casx-cas12b-20190204-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we’ve got a riot\u003c/a>: Cas12, CasX, CasY, etc. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Begley said the scientists she’s spoken to “have sort of been rooting for UC because it’s a public institution,” whereas Harvard and MIT are private universities. With the funding difficulties UC has had over the years, “if a significant revenue stream can come to UC as a result of [CRISPR patents], there’s just a lot of people who are hoping that happens,” Begley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the dispute over? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute could challenge UC’s patents in a procedure called a post-grant review, said Sherkow. He said Broad has nine months from the date the UC patent is issued to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Alternatively, there may be an opportunity to bring a lawsuit in federal court challenging the UC patent,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, it appears UC and Broad may both need to be compensated for any applications using CRISPR in humans. Begley said we’re “years away” from knowing the final outcome of the dispute. “Not until there’s an actual commercialized therapy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there could be one more complication down the road: Another expert in intellectual property and innovation, Stanford Law Professor Lisa Larrimore Ouellette, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/08/the-university-of-california-gets-its-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told Begley\u003c/a> that UC’s patent could be vulnerable to challenges based on something called the “enablement clause,” which requires that patents allow for anyone to follow a series of steps to carry out the invention. Sherkow agreed UC’s patent may fall short in this regard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brian Watt and Danielle Venton contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1938007/making-sense-of-the-crispr-patent-dispute-between-the-university-of-california-and-broad","authors":["80"],"categories":["science_30","science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_3841","science_1287","science_3370","science_327","science_3830"],"featImg":"science_1938166","label":"science"},"science_1921220":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921220","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921220","score":null,"sort":[1521169239000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"contrary-to-news-reports-astronaut-scott-kelly-did-not-turn-into-a-mutant","title":"Those Reports That Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Changed — They're Wrong","publishDate":1521169239,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Those Reports That Astronaut Scott Kelly’s DNA Changed — They’re Wrong | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Following several misleading news reports that claimed 7 percent of an identical twin’s DNA changed after he spent one year in space, rendering them no longer identical, NASA reissued the press release clarifying the preliminary findings of their “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/2104.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twins Study\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mark and Scott Kelly are still identical twins; Scott’s DNA did not fundamentally change,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated press release\u003c/a> says.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZTDqyNC4dv1rL1BBeaeUBeLuTAJ8Jrmr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott and his twin brother, Mark Kelly, were the subjects of the study, which looked at how spaceflight affects the human body. Scott \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/437105/beyond-a-year-in-space-living-on-space-station-takes-toll-on-astronauts-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lived\u003c/a> on the International Space Station from March 2015 to March 2016. Researchers documented physiological and psychological changes in Scott and compared the data to his twin brother Mark, who remained on Earth and served as a control subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In reality, if a whopping 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had really changed, he likely would no longer be human.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The confusion seems to stem from NASA’s original, January press release, which was vaguely worded. Publications like Newsweek began reporting that some of Scott’s DNA had changed, based on this excerpt from the original press release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Researchers now know that 93% of Scott’s genes returned to normal after landing. However, the remaining 7% point to possible longer term changes in genes related to his immune system, DNA repair, bone formation networks, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In reality if 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had changed, he likely would no longer be human. As National Geographic’s Nadia Drake \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/scott-kelly-astronaut-space-station-dna-health-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted\u003c/a>, \u003ci>“\u003c/i>humans and chimps have genetic sequences that differ by less than 2 percent, and individual humans—even completely unrelated strangers—differ by about 0.1 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly did NASA researchers discover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in Scott’s genome were related to gene expression, not the actual structure of his DNA. The updated press release is careful to note that the observed changes were “very minimal.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IXpaDahM4jLd2Fi1dCeYHWZZVNvQkKX4”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What researchers did observe are changes in gene expression, which is how your body reacts to your environment,” the press release says. “This likely is within the range for humans under stress, such as mountain climbing or SCUBA diving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning that the observed changes are not all that surprising and can happen to anyone who engages in some sort of strenuous activity. Changes in genetic expression\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\"> reflect whether genes are activated or deactivated, which in turn determines how cells develop and function.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\">“Within each of us, most of our cells are otherwise genetically identical, but their genes are expressed at different levels,” writes Drake. “It’s those patterns of expression that produce hearts, brains, eyeballs, and other things, kind of like using the same set of ingredients to cook up vastly different dishes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusing news reports overshadowed some important findings of the multifaceted study, which also looked at how the spaceflight environment impacts cognitive performance and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers noted a pronounced decrease in cognitive speed and accuracy after Scott landed, possibly related to re-adapting to Earth’s gravity. The preliminary study noted however that most of the biological changes observed in Scott quickly returned to normal after he returned to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says it plans on releasing more comprehensive results of its study later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After a slew of misleading news reports claiming that an astronaut's DNA changed, NASA clarifies. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928103,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":578},"headData":{"title":"Those Reports That Astronaut Scott Kelly's DNA Changed — They're Wrong | KQED","description":"After a slew of misleading news reports claiming that an astronaut's DNA changed, NASA clarifies. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Space","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1921220/contrary-to-news-reports-astronaut-scott-kelly-did-not-turn-into-a-mutant","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Following several misleading news reports that claimed 7 percent of an identical twin’s DNA changed after he spent one year in space, rendering them no longer identical, NASA reissued the press release clarifying the preliminary findings of their “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/2104.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twins Study\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mark and Scott Kelly are still identical twins; Scott’s DNA did not fundamentally change,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated press release\u003c/a> says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott and his twin brother, Mark Kelly, were the subjects of the study, which looked at how spaceflight affects the human body. Scott \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/437105/beyond-a-year-in-space-living-on-space-station-takes-toll-on-astronauts-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lived\u003c/a> on the International Space Station from March 2015 to March 2016. Researchers documented physiological and psychological changes in Scott and compared the data to his twin brother Mark, who remained on Earth and served as a control subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In reality, if a whopping 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had really changed, he likely would no longer be human.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The confusion seems to stem from NASA’s original, January press release, which was vaguely worded. Publications like Newsweek began reporting that some of Scott’s DNA had changed, based on this excerpt from the original press release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Researchers now know that 93% of Scott’s genes returned to normal after landing. However, the remaining 7% point to possible longer term changes in genes related to his immune system, DNA repair, bone formation networks, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In reality if 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had changed, he likely would no longer be human. As National Geographic’s Nadia Drake \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/scott-kelly-astronaut-space-station-dna-health-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted\u003c/a>, \u003ci>“\u003c/i>humans and chimps have genetic sequences that differ by less than 2 percent, and individual humans—even completely unrelated strangers—differ by about 0.1 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly did NASA researchers discover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in Scott’s genome were related to gene expression, not the actual structure of his DNA. The updated press release is careful to note that the observed changes were “very minimal.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What researchers did observe are changes in gene expression, which is how your body reacts to your environment,” the press release says. “This likely is within the range for humans under stress, such as mountain climbing or SCUBA diving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning that the observed changes are not all that surprising and can happen to anyone who engages in some sort of strenuous activity. Changes in genetic expression\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\"> reflect whether genes are activated or deactivated, which in turn determines how cells develop and function.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\">“Within each of us, most of our cells are otherwise genetically identical, but their genes are expressed at different levels,” writes Drake. “It’s those patterns of expression that produce hearts, brains, eyeballs, and other things, kind of like using the same set of ingredients to cook up vastly different dishes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusing news reports overshadowed some important findings of the multifaceted study, which also looked at how the spaceflight environment impacts cognitive performance and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers noted a pronounced decrease in cognitive speed and accuracy after Scott landed, possibly related to re-adapting to Earth’s gravity. The preliminary study noted however that most of the biological changes observed in Scott quickly returned to normal after he returned to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says it plans on releasing more comprehensive results of its study later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921220/contrary-to-news-reports-astronaut-scott-kelly-did-not-turn-into-a-mutant","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_5176","science_327","science_5175","science_1342","science_3543","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1921238","label":"source_science_1921220"},"science_1921057":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921057","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921057","score":null,"sort":[1520967002000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"skulls-show-women-moved-across-medieval-europe-not-just-men","title":"Skulls Show Women Moved Across Medieval Europe, Not Just Men","publishDate":1520967002,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Skulls Show Women Moved Across Medieval Europe, Not Just Men | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The newcomers who arrived in the little farming villages of medieval Germany would have stood out: They had dark hair and tawny skin, spoke a different language and had remarkably tall heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists who investigated the unusually shaped skulls say they provide evidence that women also migrated long distances across medieval Europe, not just men. A genetic analysis showed the women traveled from what is now Romania, Bulgaria and northern Greece at a time when the continent was being reshaped by the collapse of the Roman Empire.[contextly_sidebar id=”pYT2UC3yizTWZTbVAhbQsLs7wMAIg0iD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published Monday by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers say the women’s elongated heads — a result of binding done after birth — suggest they might have been high-class individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These women looked extremely different to the local women, very exotic if you will,” said one of the researchers, Joachim Burger, a population geneticist at the University of Mainz, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With colleagues from Europe and the United States, Burger compared the genetic profile of almost 40 human remains unearthed from 5th and 6th century burial sites in Bavaria, along the Isar and Danube rivers.[contextly_sidebar id=”yRbjvplWb5QobaxW1Mu8CTsT9nbEUHYN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected to find the telltale signs of centuries of Roman presence in the area — soldiers from the Mediterranean leaving their genetic mark on the location population. Instead, it looked “very central or northern European — blond and fair-skinned, like modern-day Scandinavians,” Burger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Head Binding\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe exception was a group with deformed skulls. Known from various cultures across the world, artificially elongated skulls may have been considered a form of beauty or denoted high status because of the time and effort required to bandage a child’s head, said Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the practice is often associated with the Huns who swept into Europe from the East during the 5th century, the genetic makeup of the women found in Bavaria showed little Asian ancestry, suggesting that either head binding had been adopted by people living in southeastern Europe or emerged there independently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a sound study with quite interesting results,” said Jean-Jacques Hublin of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. He had no role in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually large-distance movements involve more males — explorers, soldiers, political elite, etc. — and short range movements are more common for females (spouses moving to their husband’s family),” Hublin said via email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s unclear why the women — apparently without men — traveled such a long distance, the study’s authors speculate that they may have represented strategic alliances between distant populations across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They must have come on purpose,” said Burger. “It’s not a single case, there are quite a few of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their foreign origins, the women integrated into Bavarian society, according to the researchers. They wore the same clothes as the locals and were buried with the same artifacts. Burger said further research is needed to see whether the women intermarried with the local population.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Women traveled at a time when Europe was being reshaped by the collapse of the Roman Empire.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928121,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":530},"headData":{"title":"Skulls Show Women Moved Across Medieval Europe, Not Just Men | KQED","description":"Women traveled at a time when Europe was being reshaped by the collapse of the Roman Empire.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Frank Jordans\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1921057/skulls-show-women-moved-across-medieval-europe-not-just-men","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The newcomers who arrived in the little farming villages of medieval Germany would have stood out: They had dark hair and tawny skin, spoke a different language and had remarkably tall heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists who investigated the unusually shaped skulls say they provide evidence that women also migrated long distances across medieval Europe, not just men. A genetic analysis showed the women traveled from what is now Romania, Bulgaria and northern Greece at a time when the continent was being reshaped by the collapse of the Roman Empire.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published Monday by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers say the women’s elongated heads — a result of binding done after birth — suggest they might have been high-class individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These women looked extremely different to the local women, very exotic if you will,” said one of the researchers, Joachim Burger, a population geneticist at the University of Mainz, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With colleagues from Europe and the United States, Burger compared the genetic profile of almost 40 human remains unearthed from 5th and 6th century burial sites in Bavaria, along the Isar and Danube rivers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected to find the telltale signs of centuries of Roman presence in the area — soldiers from the Mediterranean leaving their genetic mark on the location population. Instead, it looked “very central or northern European — blond and fair-skinned, like modern-day Scandinavians,” Burger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Head Binding\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe exception was a group with deformed skulls. Known from various cultures across the world, artificially elongated skulls may have been considered a form of beauty or denoted high status because of the time and effort required to bandage a child’s head, said Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the practice is often associated with the Huns who swept into Europe from the East during the 5th century, the genetic makeup of the women found in Bavaria showed little Asian ancestry, suggesting that either head binding had been adopted by people living in southeastern Europe or emerged there independently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a sound study with quite interesting results,” said Jean-Jacques Hublin of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. He had no role in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually large-distance movements involve more males — explorers, soldiers, political elite, etc. — and short range movements are more common for females (spouses moving to their husband’s family),” Hublin said via email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s unclear why the women — apparently without men — traveled such a long distance, the study’s authors speculate that they may have represented strategic alliances between distant populations across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They must have come on purpose,” said Burger. “It’s not a single case, there are quite a few of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their foreign origins, the women integrated into Bavarian society, according to the researchers. They wore the same clothes as the locals and were buried with the same artifacts. Burger said further research is needed to see whether the women intermarried with the local population.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921057/skulls-show-women-moved-across-medieval-europe-not-just-men","authors":["byline_science_1921057"],"categories":["science_35","science_37","science_40"],"tags":["science_327","science_703","science_309"],"featImg":"science_1921061","label":"source_science_1921057"},"science_681185":{"type":"posts","id":"science_681185","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"681185","score":null,"sort":[1463490029000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"these-lizards-have-been-playing-rock-paper-scissors-for-15-million-years","title":"These Lizards Have Been Playing Rock-Paper-Scissors for 15 Million Years","publishDate":1463490029,"format":"video","headTitle":"These Lizards Have Been Playing Rock-Paper-Scissors for 15 Million Years | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Every spring, keen-eyed biologists carrying fishing poles search the rolling hills near Los Banos, about two hours southeast of San Francisco. But they’re not looking for fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re catching lizards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team collects Western side-blotched lizards, which come in different shades of blue, orange and yellow. They’re studying the intricate mating strategies that earned the diminutive reptiles the nickname “rock-paper-scissors lizards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dramas that play out between the lizards of these three colors offer the researchers a window into how how species evolve and diversify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690248\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-690248\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"From left: blue, orange and yellow side-blotched lizards. The males of each color have different strategies to get mates\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left: blue, orange and yellow side-blotched lizards. The males of each color have different strategies to get mates \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The males of each color are able to outcompete one of the others’ colors for mates but is susceptible to the other color. It reminded the researchers of the rock-paper-scissors game where rock beats scissors, scissors beats paper and paper beats rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 100%px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_RockPaperScissors_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-690253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_RockPaperScissors_500.gif\" alt=\"Each of the three colors of male side-blotched lizard uses a strategy that allows it to outcompete one of the others but leaves it vulnerable to the other.\" width=\"500\" height=\"275\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Each of the three colors of male side-blotched lizard uses a strategy that allows it to outcompete one of the others but leaves it vulnerable to the other. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lizards look like tiny dinosaurs, but are actually more closely related to iguanas. At about two inches long, they may not appear ferocious, but that won’t stop them from issuing threat displays — which looks like a series of pushups — to lizard and human intruders alike. It’s one of the territorial behaviors that first caught the eye of \u003ca href=\"http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/~barrylab/lizardland/game.html\">Barry Sinervo\u003c/a>, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UC Santa Cruz. Sinervo leads the team as they unlock an incredibly intricate and ancient game of strategy that steers the love lives of these colorful creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690257\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 100%px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_Pushups_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-690257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_Pushups_500.gif\" alt=\"A male side-blotched lizard performing pushups as threat display\" width=\"500\" height=\"275\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male side-blotched lizard performing pushups as threat display \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s all about territories. Orange males tend to be the biggest and most aggressive. They hold large territories with several females each and are able to oust the somewhat smaller and less aggressive blues. Blue males typically hold smaller territories and are more monogamous, each focusing his interest on a single female. Yellow males tend not to even form exclusive territories. Instead they use stealth to find unaccompanied females with whom to mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690258\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 100%px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-690258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution-400x300.png\" alt=\"Side-blotched lizards range over much of the western United States and into Mexico.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution-768x576.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution-960x720.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Side-blotched lizards range over much of the western United States and into Mexico. \u003ccite>(IUCN Red List of Threatened Species)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The yellow males are particularly successful with females that live in territories held by their more aggressive orange competitors. Because the orange males spread their attention among several females, they aren’t able to guard each individual female against intruding yellow males. But the more monogamous blues males are more vigilant and chase sneaky yellow males away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690260\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 100%px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_Fight_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-690260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_Fight_500.gif\" alt=\"A male side-blotched lizard chases an invading male out of its territory.\" width=\"500\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male side-blotched lizard chases an invading male out of its territory. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their different strategies keep each other in check making the system stable. Sinervo believes this game has likely been in play for at least 15 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the males are only partially responsible for that long run. Female side-blotched lizards have their own strategies when it comes to choosing a mate. They tend to prefer males of their own color, but also give preference to whichever color of male is less abundant that season. So if there are fewer blues this season, the females give preference to the blue males. That keeps any one color from being outcompeted by one of the others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole system is incredibly complicated to study. According to Sinervo, “the males have three strategies and females have two strategies when it comes to selecting a mate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690261\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-690261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye.jpg\" alt=\"Rafa Lara, a member of the UC Santa Cruz research team, looks at the variation in throat color while collecting side-blotched lizards \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rafa Lara, a member of the UC Santa Cruz research team, looks at the variation in throat color while collecting side-blotched lizards \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even after the mating is done, the pregnant females have a whole extra level of strategy when it comes to the number of eggs to lay and the size of the eggs. By adjusting the level of hormones in the eggs, females can even adjust the the color and aggressiveness of their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samples taken by the field team this summer are part of a next step in the study to determine the genetics behind this complex behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out to be beautiful mathematics,” says Sinervo, “and it turns out to be central to game theory so it’s interesting to people in economics and evolution both. So it just becomes this endless source of fascination for humans as it has all of these beautiful mathematical properties.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Male side-blotched lizards have more than one way to get the girl. Orange males are bullies. Yellows are sneaks. Blues team up with a buddy to protect their territories. Who wins? It depends — on a genetic game of roshambo. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930171,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":778},"headData":{"title":"These Lizards Have Been Playing Rock-Paper-Scissors for 15 Million Years | KQED","description":"Male side-blotched lizards have more than one way to get the girl. Orange males are bullies. Yellows are sneaks. Blues team up with a buddy to protect their territories. Who wins? It depends — on a genetic game of roshambo. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rafdHxBwIbQ","sticky":false,"path":"/science/681185/these-lizards-have-been-playing-rock-paper-scissors-for-15-million-years","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Every spring, keen-eyed biologists carrying fishing poles search the rolling hills near Los Banos, about two hours southeast of San Francisco. But they’re not looking for fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re catching lizards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team collects Western side-blotched lizards, which come in different shades of blue, orange and yellow. They’re studying the intricate mating strategies that earned the diminutive reptiles the nickname “rock-paper-scissors lizards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dramas that play out between the lizards of these three colors offer the researchers a window into how how species evolve and diversify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690248\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-690248\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"From left: blue, orange and yellow side-blotched lizards. The males of each color have different strategies to get mates\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-three-colors-in-hand-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left: blue, orange and yellow side-blotched lizards. The males of each color have different strategies to get mates \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The males of each color are able to outcompete one of the others’ colors for mates but is susceptible to the other color. It reminded the researchers of the rock-paper-scissors game where rock beats scissors, scissors beats paper and paper beats rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 100%px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_RockPaperScissors_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-690253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_RockPaperScissors_500.gif\" alt=\"Each of the three colors of male side-blotched lizard uses a strategy that allows it to outcompete one of the others but leaves it vulnerable to the other.\" width=\"500\" height=\"275\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Each of the three colors of male side-blotched lizard uses a strategy that allows it to outcompete one of the others but leaves it vulnerable to the other. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lizards look like tiny dinosaurs, but are actually more closely related to iguanas. At about two inches long, they may not appear ferocious, but that won’t stop them from issuing threat displays — which looks like a series of pushups — to lizard and human intruders alike. It’s one of the territorial behaviors that first caught the eye of \u003ca href=\"http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/~barrylab/lizardland/game.html\">Barry Sinervo\u003c/a>, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UC Santa Cruz. Sinervo leads the team as they unlock an incredibly intricate and ancient game of strategy that steers the love lives of these colorful creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690257\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 100%px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_Pushups_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-690257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_Pushups_500.gif\" alt=\"A male side-blotched lizard performing pushups as threat display\" width=\"500\" height=\"275\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male side-blotched lizard performing pushups as threat display \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s all about territories. Orange males tend to be the biggest and most aggressive. They hold large territories with several females each and are able to oust the somewhat smaller and less aggressive blues. Blue males typically hold smaller territories and are more monogamous, each focusing his interest on a single female. Yellow males tend not to even form exclusive territories. Instead they use stealth to find unaccompanied females with whom to mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690258\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 100%px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-690258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution-400x300.png\" alt=\"Side-blotched lizards range over much of the western United States and into Mexico.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution-768x576.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution-960x720.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/1024px-Uta_stansburiana_distribution.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Side-blotched lizards range over much of the western United States and into Mexico. \u003ccite>(IUCN Red List of Threatened Species)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The yellow males are particularly successful with females that live in territories held by their more aggressive orange competitors. Because the orange males spread their attention among several females, they aren’t able to guard each individual female against intruding yellow males. But the more monogamous blues males are more vigilant and chase sneaky yellow males away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690260\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 100%px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_Fight_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-690260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL312_Lizards_Fight_500.gif\" alt=\"A male side-blotched lizard chases an invading male out of its territory.\" width=\"500\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male side-blotched lizard chases an invading male out of its territory. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their different strategies keep each other in check making the system stable. Sinervo believes this game has likely been in play for at least 15 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the males are only partially responsible for that long run. Female side-blotched lizards have their own strategies when it comes to choosing a mate. They tend to prefer males of their own color, but also give preference to whichever color of male is less abundant that season. So if there are fewer blues this season, the females give preference to the blue males. That keeps any one color from being outcompeted by one of the others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole system is incredibly complicated to study. According to Sinervo, “the males have three strategies and females have two strategies when it comes to selecting a mate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_690261\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-690261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye.jpg\" alt=\"Rafa Lara, a member of the UC Santa Cruz research team, looks at the variation in throat color while collecting side-blotched lizards \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/DL309-Lizards-blue-lizards-with-researcher-eye-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rafa Lara, a member of the UC Santa Cruz research team, looks at the variation in throat color while collecting side-blotched lizards \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even after the mating is done, the pregnant females have a whole extra level of strategy when it comes to the number of eggs to lay and the size of the eggs. By adjusting the level of hormones in the eggs, females can even adjust the the color and aggressiveness of their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samples taken by the field team this summer are part of a next step in the study to determine the genetics behind this complex behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out to be beautiful mathematics,” says Sinervo, “and it turns out to be central to game theory so it’s interesting to people in economics and evolution both. So it just becomes this endless source of fascination for humans as it has all of these beautiful mathematical properties.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/681185/these-lizards-have-been-playing-rock-paper-scissors-for-15-million-years","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_86"],"tags":["science_116","science_327"],"featImg":"science_690251","label":"science_1935"},"science_26511":{"type":"posts","id":"science_26511","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"26511","score":null,"sort":[1422280843000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"genetically-speaking-americans-really-are-a-melting-pot-of-diversity","title":"Genetically Speaking, Americans Really Are a Melting Pot of Diversity","publishDate":1422280843,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Genetically Speaking, Americans Really Are a Melting Pot of Diversity | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26515\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/BrazillianFamily.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/BrazillianFamily.jpg\" alt=\"A new genetic study shows that the U.S. really is a great melting pot. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A new genetic study shows that the U.S. really is a great melting pot. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the outstanding science fiction novel, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lathe_of_Heaven\">\u003cem>Lathe of Heaven\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, racism is solved by turning everyone’s skin color to the same light gray shade. It turns out that if we peel away the skin and pay attention to just the DNA, we might not need this magical solution. At the DNA level, people in the U.S. are more similar than their outward appearance might suggest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is the conclusion of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(14)00476-5\">new study\u003c/a> that used genetics to trace the ancestry of over 160,000 U.S. customers of 23andMe, a personal genomics company located in Mountain View, CA. The researchers found that most people who self-identified as European-American, Latino or African -American actually had DNA from the one or both of the other groups as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, people who self-identify as African-American had, on average, 24% European and 0.8% Native American ancestry. And people who self-identify as Latino had, on average, 6.2% African, 18% Native American and 65% European ancestry. Although the numbers were not as large for those who report themselves to be European-American, they still had on average around 0.2% African and 0.2% Native American heritage.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We are all way more similar than our cultural labels might imply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sound like a lot but if we extrapolate the results with European Americans to the U.S. population, it means that more than 6 million of these folks carry some African ancestry and over 5 million carry some Native American ancestry. We are all way more similar than our cultural labels might imply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this doesn’t mean the labels are totally wrong. Another finding is that self-reporting lined up very well with the majority of people’s ancestry. For example, if you are mostly of African ancestry, odds are you have self-identified as such.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This last result does not change the fact that scientists can see in people’s DNA there has been a whole lot of mixing since Europeans and Africans came to the U.S. The U.S. really has been and still is a great melting pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moms Not Dads\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are able to tease out how much of a certain ancestry came from mom’s side of the family and how much from dad’s by comparing a person’s X chromosome with his or her other chromosomes. Remember, men have an X and a Y chromosome and women have two X’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By doing such an analysis, the scientists in this study concluded that the non-European ancestry tended to come more from mom’s side of the family. For example, European-Americans might have ten times as many female Native American ancestors as male ones. And African-Americans have four times as many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a couple of possible explanations for this. One obvious one is exploitation. European men may have taken advantage of Native American women meaning that Native American ancestry would flow in from the maternal side of the family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possible explanation has to do with there being more men than women on the frontier. In that situation, many of these men needed to turn to Native American women if they wanted a partner. We can see the results of their successful searches in modern DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Digging Deeper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As companies like 23andMe and AncestryDNA amass more and more genomes in their database, they will be able to parse out everyone’s genomes more and more precisely. For example, in this study the researchers were able to see that the European part of the ancestry of Latinos tended to come from Spain and Portugal as we might expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were also able to see that most of the mixing we see in the U.S. population happened over the last 500 years or so. They are not seeing some ancient mixing of African and European populations back in the Old World. No, they are seeing the results of everyone coming together in the New World.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is lots more in \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(14)00476-5\">this study\u003c/a> too that you can peruse at your leisure (it is open access which means anyone can read it.) And these sorts of studies are just a start. I can’t wait to learn even more about our ancestry in the future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study confirms that at the DNA level, people in the U.S. are more similar than many might think. People who self identify as African-American, Latino or European-American very often have traces of one or both of the other ancestries in their DNA.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932361,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":748},"headData":{"title":"Genetically Speaking, Americans Really Are a Melting Pot of Diversity | KQED","description":"A new study confirms that at the DNA level, people in the U.S. are more similar than many might think. People who self identify as African-American, Latino or European-American very often have traces of one or both of the other ancestries in their DNA.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/26511/genetically-speaking-americans-really-are-a-melting-pot-of-diversity","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26515\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/BrazillianFamily.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/BrazillianFamily.jpg\" alt=\"A new genetic study shows that the U.S. really is a great melting pot. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A new genetic study shows that the U.S. really is a great melting pot. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the outstanding science fiction novel, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lathe_of_Heaven\">\u003cem>Lathe of Heaven\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, racism is solved by turning everyone’s skin color to the same light gray shade. It turns out that if we peel away the skin and pay attention to just the DNA, we might not need this magical solution. At the DNA level, people in the U.S. are more similar than their outward appearance might suggest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is the conclusion of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(14)00476-5\">new study\u003c/a> that used genetics to trace the ancestry of over 160,000 U.S. customers of 23andMe, a personal genomics company located in Mountain View, CA. The researchers found that most people who self-identified as European-American, Latino or African -American actually had DNA from the one or both of the other groups as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, people who self-identify as African-American had, on average, 24% European and 0.8% Native American ancestry. And people who self-identify as Latino had, on average, 6.2% African, 18% Native American and 65% European ancestry. Although the numbers were not as large for those who report themselves to be European-American, they still had on average around 0.2% African and 0.2% Native American heritage.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We are all way more similar than our cultural labels might imply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sound like a lot but if we extrapolate the results with European Americans to the U.S. population, it means that more than 6 million of these folks carry some African ancestry and over 5 million carry some Native American ancestry. We are all way more similar than our cultural labels might imply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this doesn’t mean the labels are totally wrong. Another finding is that self-reporting lined up very well with the majority of people’s ancestry. For example, if you are mostly of African ancestry, odds are you have self-identified as such.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This last result does not change the fact that scientists can see in people’s DNA there has been a whole lot of mixing since Europeans and Africans came to the U.S. The U.S. really has been and still is a great melting pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moms Not Dads\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are able to tease out how much of a certain ancestry came from mom’s side of the family and how much from dad’s by comparing a person’s X chromosome with his or her other chromosomes. Remember, men have an X and a Y chromosome and women have two X’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By doing such an analysis, the scientists in this study concluded that the non-European ancestry tended to come more from mom’s side of the family. For example, European-Americans might have ten times as many female Native American ancestors as male ones. And African-Americans have four times as many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a couple of possible explanations for this. One obvious one is exploitation. European men may have taken advantage of Native American women meaning that Native American ancestry would flow in from the maternal side of the family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possible explanation has to do with there being more men than women on the frontier. In that situation, many of these men needed to turn to Native American women if they wanted a partner. We can see the results of their successful searches in modern DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Digging Deeper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As companies like 23andMe and AncestryDNA amass more and more genomes in their database, they will be able to parse out everyone’s genomes more and more precisely. For example, in this study the researchers were able to see that the European part of the ancestry of Latinos tended to come from Spain and Portugal as we might expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were also able to see that most of the mixing we see in the U.S. population happened over the last 500 years or so. They are not seeing some ancient mixing of African and European populations back in the Old World. No, they are seeing the results of everyone coming together in the New World.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is lots more in \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(14)00476-5\">this study\u003c/a> too that you can peruse at your leisure (it is open access which means anyone can read it.) And these sorts of studies are just a start. I can’t wait to learn even more about our ancestry in the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/26511/genetically-speaking-americans-really-are-a-melting-pot-of-diversity","authors":["6177"],"categories":["science_30"],"tags":["science_327"],"featImg":"science_26515","label":"science"},"science_24256":{"type":"posts","id":"science_24256","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"24256","score":null,"sort":[1417442436000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-study-sheds-light-on-two-regions-of-dna-linked-to-male-homosexuality","title":"New Study Sheds Light On Two Regions of DNA Linked to Male Homosexuality","publishDate":1417442436,"format":"aside","headTitle":"New Study Sheds Light On Two Regions of DNA Linked to Male Homosexuality | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24258\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/HoldingHands.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/HoldingHands.jpg\" alt=\"Two DNA regions may contribute to male homosexuality. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two DNA regions may contribute to male homosexuality. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gay_pride_090_-_Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_Toulouse_2011.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is little doubt any more among the research community that sexual preference is a combination of both nature and nurture. In other words, it comes about because of both genes and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next questions to answer have more to do with how much each contributes and which genes and environmental factors are involved. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25399360\">new study\u003c/a> has begun to shed light on the genetic side of the equation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this study, researchers looked at over 400 pairs of brothers who were both gay and found two regions in the genome that may play a role in male sexual orientation. These regions were found on chromosome 8 and on one of the sex chromosomes, the X.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected for something as complex as sexual attraction, neither region is the whole story. There are undoubtedly many, many genes in many different parts of the genome involved in this part of brain development. There will be heterosexual men who have the genetic variations identified in this study and homosexual men who do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course genes aren’t the whole story. The environment plays an important role as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/103/28/10771.full\">men with lots of older brothers are more likely to be gay than first born sons\u003c/a>. This is true even for brothers reared apart which means it isn’t the older brothers themselves influencing the younger brother directly. Rather it is the effect on the mom of having multiple sons which triggers some effect in the next male fetus as he develops in her womb. This is just one of many environmental influences like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, this obviously does not mean all younger brothers are gay and all first born men are straight. It just means that men with lots of older brothers are more likely to be gay and that first born sons are less likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24261\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/LargeFamily.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/LargeFamily.jpg\" alt=\"The younger sons are more likely to be gay. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The younger sons are more likely to be gay. (\u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Large_family_group,_Chwilog_NLW3363021.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This all points to sexual orientation in men being a complex mix of genetics and the environment. Some men will have a genetic predisposition towards being gay but will not have encountered any of the environmental triggers while others will have no genetic predisposition but will be gay because of multiple environmental triggers. And everything in between.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing this means is that even if scientists find every DNA region that plays a role in a man’s sexual orientation, they still probably won’t be able to predict if a boy will grow up to be attracted to men or women. A boy might have all the variations that point to being gay and still be attracted to women because of how the environment has influenced his genes, his development, his cells and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important to note that this study only looked at homosexual men, not women. This is because a growing amount of research points to sexual orientation being determined differently in each sex. When researchers look at both men and women in the same studies, there is a big chance that subtle effects like the ones seen in this study will be missed. Scientists need to do a separate study in women to understand the genetics behind their sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regions Not Genes\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe researchers in this study did not find any specific gene involved in male sexual preference. As is common in these studies, they are at the first step where they have narrowed down parts of the genome that may be involved. Now they can focus on these regions and find the specific differences responsible for these brothers’ sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24269\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/XYbathroom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24269\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/XYbathroom.jpg\" alt=\"A region on the X chromosome may cause women to have more babies and increase the chances that a man will be gay. (Peter Eimon)\" width=\"300\" height=\"316\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A region on the X chromosome may cause women to have more babies and increase the chances that a man will be gay. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/pmeimon/8483407989/in/photostream/\">Peter Eimon\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The next step will be to figure out whether these regions translate to more gay men or whether these researchers have stumbled onto something that happens to be specific for this set of brothers. This will not necessarily be a slam dunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data in this study is definitely suggestive that these regions on chromosome 8 and the X chromosome are important but they are nowhere near overwhelming. More work will need to be done to confirm that these regions play a role. And then the real work of identifying which genetic differences affect which genes can begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>X Marks the Spot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region on the X chromosome is particularly intriguing. It matches up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8332896\">a study done back in 1993\u003c/a> that found the same region, Xq28, that was involved in male sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The X chromosome has been a favorite of scientists because it may help to explain how being gay has survived in the population as a sizeable minority. After all, most genetic differences that lead to having fewer kids should fade away over time. Unless, that is, there is some way that it can also lead to more children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea scientists have had is that women who have the genetic differences on their X that increase a man’s chances of being gay have more babies. Her increase offsets his decrease and so the genetic variants stay in the population. There is even data to support this hypothesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a good theory but definitely needs more testing. And keep in mind that this region on the X is one of at least two and probably more regions involved in male sexual preference. It is unlikely that every region that might lead to homosexuality in men has some sort of compensatory effect in women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead it may just be that because there is such a complex relationship between these genes and the environment, that these genes don’t have a big impact on the number of kids over time. In each generation, only a few of the men with these differences go on to be homosexual. This might mean that the genetic differences do not have a significant effect on the number of kids in each generation. Obviously more research needs to be done.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There is little doubt any more among the research community that sexual preference is a combination of both nature and nurture. In other words, it comes about because of both genes and the environment. The next questions to answer have more to do with how much each contributes and which genes and environmental factors are involved.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932565,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1032},"headData":{"title":"New Study Sheds Light On Two Regions of DNA Linked to Male Homosexuality | KQED","description":"There is little doubt any more among the research community that sexual preference is a combination of both nature and nurture. In other words, it comes about because of both genes and the environment. The next questions to answer have more to do with how much each contributes and which genes and environmental factors are involved.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/24256/new-study-sheds-light-on-two-regions-of-dna-linked-to-male-homosexuality","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24258\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/HoldingHands.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/HoldingHands.jpg\" alt=\"Two DNA regions may contribute to male homosexuality. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two DNA regions may contribute to male homosexuality. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gay_pride_090_-_Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_Toulouse_2011.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is little doubt any more among the research community that sexual preference is a combination of both nature and nurture. In other words, it comes about because of both genes and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next questions to answer have more to do with how much each contributes and which genes and environmental factors are involved. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25399360\">new study\u003c/a> has begun to shed light on the genetic side of the equation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this study, researchers looked at over 400 pairs of brothers who were both gay and found two regions in the genome that may play a role in male sexual orientation. These regions were found on chromosome 8 and on one of the sex chromosomes, the X.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected for something as complex as sexual attraction, neither region is the whole story. There are undoubtedly many, many genes in many different parts of the genome involved in this part of brain development. There will be heterosexual men who have the genetic variations identified in this study and homosexual men who do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course genes aren’t the whole story. The environment plays an important role as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/103/28/10771.full\">men with lots of older brothers are more likely to be gay than first born sons\u003c/a>. This is true even for brothers reared apart which means it isn’t the older brothers themselves influencing the younger brother directly. Rather it is the effect on the mom of having multiple sons which triggers some effect in the next male fetus as he develops in her womb. This is just one of many environmental influences like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, this obviously does not mean all younger brothers are gay and all first born men are straight. It just means that men with lots of older brothers are more likely to be gay and that first born sons are less likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24261\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/LargeFamily.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/LargeFamily.jpg\" alt=\"The younger sons are more likely to be gay. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The younger sons are more likely to be gay. (\u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Large_family_group,_Chwilog_NLW3363021.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This all points to sexual orientation in men being a complex mix of genetics and the environment. Some men will have a genetic predisposition towards being gay but will not have encountered any of the environmental triggers while others will have no genetic predisposition but will be gay because of multiple environmental triggers. And everything in between.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing this means is that even if scientists find every DNA region that plays a role in a man’s sexual orientation, they still probably won’t be able to predict if a boy will grow up to be attracted to men or women. A boy might have all the variations that point to being gay and still be attracted to women because of how the environment has influenced his genes, his development, his cells and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important to note that this study only looked at homosexual men, not women. This is because a growing amount of research points to sexual orientation being determined differently in each sex. When researchers look at both men and women in the same studies, there is a big chance that subtle effects like the ones seen in this study will be missed. Scientists need to do a separate study in women to understand the genetics behind their sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regions Not Genes\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe researchers in this study did not find any specific gene involved in male sexual preference. As is common in these studies, they are at the first step where they have narrowed down parts of the genome that may be involved. Now they can focus on these regions and find the specific differences responsible for these brothers’ sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24269\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/XYbathroom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24269\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/XYbathroom.jpg\" alt=\"A region on the X chromosome may cause women to have more babies and increase the chances that a man will be gay. (Peter Eimon)\" width=\"300\" height=\"316\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A region on the X chromosome may cause women to have more babies and increase the chances that a man will be gay. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/pmeimon/8483407989/in/photostream/\">Peter Eimon\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The next step will be to figure out whether these regions translate to more gay men or whether these researchers have stumbled onto something that happens to be specific for this set of brothers. This will not necessarily be a slam dunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data in this study is definitely suggestive that these regions on chromosome 8 and the X chromosome are important but they are nowhere near overwhelming. More work will need to be done to confirm that these regions play a role. And then the real work of identifying which genetic differences affect which genes can begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>X Marks the Spot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region on the X chromosome is particularly intriguing. It matches up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8332896\">a study done back in 1993\u003c/a> that found the same region, Xq28, that was involved in male sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The X chromosome has been a favorite of scientists because it may help to explain how being gay has survived in the population as a sizeable minority. After all, most genetic differences that lead to having fewer kids should fade away over time. Unless, that is, there is some way that it can also lead to more children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea scientists have had is that women who have the genetic differences on their X that increase a man’s chances of being gay have more babies. Her increase offsets his decrease and so the genetic variants stay in the population. There is even data to support this hypothesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a good theory but definitely needs more testing. And keep in mind that this region on the X is one of at least two and probably more regions involved in male sexual preference. It is unlikely that every region that might lead to homosexuality in men has some sort of compensatory effect in women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead it may just be that because there is such a complex relationship between these genes and the environment, that these genes don’t have a big impact on the number of kids over time. In each generation, only a few of the men with these differences go on to be homosexual. This might mean that the genetic differences do not have a significant effect on the number of kids in each generation. Obviously more research needs to be done.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/24256/new-study-sheds-light-on-two-regions-of-dna-linked-to-male-homosexuality","authors":["6177"],"categories":["science_30"],"tags":["science_327"],"featImg":"science_24258","label":"science"},"science_20111":{"type":"posts","id":"science_20111","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"20111","score":null,"sort":[1407772831000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"some-of-us-may-have-a-genetic-predisposition-to-disliking-exercise","title":"Some of Us May Have a Genetic Predisposition to Disliking Exercise","publishDate":1407772831,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Some of Us May Have a Genetic Predisposition to Disliking Exercise | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20113\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Joggers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Joggers.jpg\" alt=\"Liking to exercise may be in their genes. Maybe one day everyone will like to exercise as much. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liking to exercise may be in their genes. Maybe one day everyone will like to exercise as much. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Female_joggers_on_foggy_Morro_Strand_State_Beach.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the U.S., we are bombarded with an almost constant barrage of information about the benefits of exercise. And those benefits are real. For example, exercise may help \u003ca href=\"http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=21836048\">prevent at least 35 chronic unhealthy conditions and premature death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite all of this, something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18091006\">90% of us over the age of 12 fail to get as much exercise as we should\u003c/a>. This is almost certainly not because we don’t believe in those benefits. Instead, it looks like at least part of the reason may be that some of us are genetically programmed to hate exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence that genes play a big role in people’s interest in exercise comes mostly from twin and family studies. For example, a \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24047914\">recent report\u003c/a> found that genetics explained 47% of the behavior of people who like to exercise and 31% of the behavior of those who avoid exercise whenever they can. The rest of the reluctance to or enthusiasm for exercise can be chalked up to environmental factors like already being overweight or coming from a family that doesn’t exercise or about a thousand other possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes the obviousness of exercise motivation genes interesting is that if there is a biological link to lack of enthusiasm for exercise, then there is a chance that we might one day be able to tweak things to make exercise enjoyable for everyone. With a gentle prod from these new meds, people who get no thrill from exercise might now be able to love it. The health benefits of such a treatment would be staggering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best chance in the short term for finding the biological reason behind why some people like exercise more than others is probably in rats. Studies on rats have shown that not wanting to exercise is a trait that can be passed down generation after generation. And scientists have even started to figure out the differences between the brains of rats that love to exercise and those with better things to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breeding Rats That Hate to Exercise\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20118\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RatWithMelon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20118\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RatWithMelon.jpg\" alt=\"With a few more mature neurons, this rat might choose exercising over eating. (Wikimedia Commons) \" width=\"300\" height=\"238\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With a few more mature neurons, this rat might choose exercising over eating. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rat_melon.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rat story starts a few years ago when scientists noticed that some rats loved to run around on their wheel all night while others liked doing that a whole lot less. These scientists then took the most enthusiastic exercisers and put them together so they would breed. They did the same thing with the least enthusiastic rats. They repeated this for each group for ten generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the researchers found that \u003ca href=\"http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/304/11/R1024\">a huge gap had developed\u003c/a> between these two groups in terms of their desire to exercise. These scientists had selectively bred two groups of rats that could now be compared so as to identify the biological reasons for their differences in behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous work had pointed to a part of the brain called the \u003ca href=\"http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_par/i_03_cr_par.html\">nucleus accumbens\u003c/a> (NAc) as being important in exercise motivation in rats. This make sense as this is the part of the brain that acts as a reward center for voluntary sorts of actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a variety of techniques, researchers in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24665095\">recent study\u003c/a> not only confirmed that a key difference between the two rat groups was in the NAc part of the brain, but they were also able to make an educated guess about what that difference might be. It turns out that rats that don’t like to exercise have more immature neurons in this part of the brain. And conversely, those that really liked to exercise had more mature neurons. Liking exercise has to do with maturity!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding in no way explains everything about exercise motivation in rats. But it is a great start that points scientists in the right direction to learn even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If these sorts of findings translate to people, then we may one day find a way to help more people get motivated to get some exercise. Then we can finally shut all those people up who keep badgering us about exercising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gd44cDtMzug\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We can learn a lot from rats that like to exercise.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"About 90% of us over the age of 12 fail to get as much exercise as we should. This is almost certainly not because we don’t believe in those benefits. Instead, it looks like at least part of the reason may be that some of us are genetically programmed to hate exercise.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933153,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":733},"headData":{"title":"Some of Us May Have a Genetic Predisposition to Disliking Exercise | KQED","description":"About 90% of us over the age of 12 fail to get as much exercise as we should. This is almost certainly not because we don’t believe in those benefits. Instead, it looks like at least part of the reason may be that some of us are genetically programmed to hate exercise.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/20111/some-of-us-may-have-a-genetic-predisposition-to-disliking-exercise","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20113\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Joggers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Joggers.jpg\" alt=\"Liking to exercise may be in their genes. Maybe one day everyone will like to exercise as much. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liking to exercise may be in their genes. Maybe one day everyone will like to exercise as much. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Female_joggers_on_foggy_Morro_Strand_State_Beach.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the U.S., we are bombarded with an almost constant barrage of information about the benefits of exercise. And those benefits are real. For example, exercise may help \u003ca href=\"http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=21836048\">prevent at least 35 chronic unhealthy conditions and premature death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite all of this, something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18091006\">90% of us over the age of 12 fail to get as much exercise as we should\u003c/a>. This is almost certainly not because we don’t believe in those benefits. Instead, it looks like at least part of the reason may be that some of us are genetically programmed to hate exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence that genes play a big role in people’s interest in exercise comes mostly from twin and family studies. For example, a \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24047914\">recent report\u003c/a> found that genetics explained 47% of the behavior of people who like to exercise and 31% of the behavior of those who avoid exercise whenever they can. The rest of the reluctance to or enthusiasm for exercise can be chalked up to environmental factors like already being overweight or coming from a family that doesn’t exercise or about a thousand other possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes the obviousness of exercise motivation genes interesting is that if there is a biological link to lack of enthusiasm for exercise, then there is a chance that we might one day be able to tweak things to make exercise enjoyable for everyone. With a gentle prod from these new meds, people who get no thrill from exercise might now be able to love it. The health benefits of such a treatment would be staggering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best chance in the short term for finding the biological reason behind why some people like exercise more than others is probably in rats. Studies on rats have shown that not wanting to exercise is a trait that can be passed down generation after generation. And scientists have even started to figure out the differences between the brains of rats that love to exercise and those with better things to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breeding Rats That Hate to Exercise\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20118\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RatWithMelon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20118\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/RatWithMelon.jpg\" alt=\"With a few more mature neurons, this rat might choose exercising over eating. (Wikimedia Commons) \" width=\"300\" height=\"238\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With a few more mature neurons, this rat might choose exercising over eating. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rat_melon.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rat story starts a few years ago when scientists noticed that some rats loved to run around on their wheel all night while others liked doing that a whole lot less. These scientists then took the most enthusiastic exercisers and put them together so they would breed. They did the same thing with the least enthusiastic rats. They repeated this for each group for ten generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the researchers found that \u003ca href=\"http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/304/11/R1024\">a huge gap had developed\u003c/a> between these two groups in terms of their desire to exercise. These scientists had selectively bred two groups of rats that could now be compared so as to identify the biological reasons for their differences in behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous work had pointed to a part of the brain called the \u003ca href=\"http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_par/i_03_cr_par.html\">nucleus accumbens\u003c/a> (NAc) as being important in exercise motivation in rats. This make sense as this is the part of the brain that acts as a reward center for voluntary sorts of actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a variety of techniques, researchers in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24665095\">recent study\u003c/a> not only confirmed that a key difference between the two rat groups was in the NAc part of the brain, but they were also able to make an educated guess about what that difference might be. It turns out that rats that don’t like to exercise have more immature neurons in this part of the brain. And conversely, those that really liked to exercise had more mature neurons. Liking exercise has to do with maturity!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding in no way explains everything about exercise motivation in rats. But it is a great start that points scientists in the right direction to learn even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If these sorts of findings translate to people, then we may one day find a way to help more people get motivated to get some exercise. Then we can finally shut all those people up who keep badgering us about exercising.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gd44cDtMzug'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gd44cDtMzug'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We can learn a lot from rats that like to exercise.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/20111/some-of-us-may-have-a-genetic-predisposition-to-disliking-exercise","authors":["6177"],"categories":["science_30","science_39"],"tags":["science_327"],"featImg":"science_20113","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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