These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change
Fuel Matters: Why Wildfire Behavior Depends on What's Burning
'Dangerously Overgrown' Forests May Revive Logging Industry
Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should
Redwood Grove on California Coast to Become Public Park
Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California
Let It Burn: The Forest Service Wants to Stop Putting Out Some Fires
Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California
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She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"aweill":{"type":"authors","id":"11518","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11518","found":true},"name":"Allie Weill","firstName":"Allie","lastName":"Weill","slug":"aweill","email":"aweill@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Allie Weill is the 2018 AAAS Mass Media Fellow at KQED Science. Allie comes to KQED from the University of California, Davis, where her dissertation research focuses on wildfire in California shrublands. She has a background in youth science education and citizen science and has taught about environmental topics in a wide range of places, from boats on the Hudson River to the forests of the Sierra Nevada. She has a BA in Biological Sciences and a BS in Geophysical Sciences from the University of Chicago. Her interests include plants, fire, lichens, fossils, diversity in science, crossword puzzles, and pie making. Find her on Twitter @Al_R_Wallace","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f08760c1295c7adfc339c9eb765a3230?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Allie Weill | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f08760c1295c7adfc339c9eb765a3230?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f08760c1295c7adfc339c9eb765a3230?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aweill"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1981958":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1981958","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1981958","score":null,"sort":[1681829103000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"this-mushroom-can-fly","title":"This Mushroom Can Fly","publishDate":1681829103,"format":"video","headTitle":"This Mushroom Can Fly | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bird’s nest fungi look just like a tiny bird’s nest. But those little eggs have no yolks. Each one is a spore sac waiting for a single raindrop to catapult it on a journey with a layover inside the bowels of an herbivore.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>What can a single raindrop do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Send these mysterious eggs on a journey, for one thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these eggs have no yolk inside. Instead, they hold millions of spores that will spread this curious little mushroom called a bird’s nest fungus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of them would barely cover your thumbnail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They grow up on logs or twigs on the forest floor or mulch in your backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spore sacs, known as peridioles, sit patiently in their splash cup, biding their time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a raindrop hits the cup, the peridiole hurtles off in milliseconds and lands on the ground or a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bam! Pow! Zap!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it flies, this peridiole unfurls a cord and with some luck gloms onto a blade of grass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the back, you can see how the cord wrapped around. A sticky bit at the end, called the hapteron, anchors it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peridiole doesn’t end up that far from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It waits dangling from this thin but surprisingly strong cord. It’s made of thousands of entwined threads called hyphae – that same webby material a fungus grows underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yoo-hoo! Over here! A hungry deer nibbles the grass and takes the peridiole with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it wanders, it scatters the spores in its droppings and spreads the fungus to new frontiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a slightly undignified journey, propelled by a plop … and a drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, Deep Peeps! We’ve got another “fun guy” story for you. Get it? Giant water bugs can give your toe a painful bite if you wade into their stream. But they may be the best insect dads ever, hauling eggs around until they hatch right off their backs. Thanks, pops!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Bird’s nest fungi look just like a tiny bird's nest. But those little eggs have no yolks. Each one is a spore sac waiting for a single raindrop to catapult it on a journey with a layover inside the bowels of an herbivore.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846048,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":339},"headData":{"title":"This Mushroom Can Fly | KQED","description":"Bird’s nest fungi look just like a tiny bird's nest. But those little eggs have no yolks. Each one is a spore sac waiting for a single raindrop to catapult it on a journey with a layover inside the bowels of an herbivore.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"This Mushroom Can Fly","datePublished":"2023-04-18T14:45:03.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:20:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EBipTLgPUw","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1981958/this-mushroom-can-fly","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bird’s nest fungi look just like a tiny bird’s nest. But those little eggs have no yolks. Each one is a spore sac waiting for a single raindrop to catapult it on a journey with a layover inside the bowels of an herbivore.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>What can a single raindrop do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Send these mysterious eggs on a journey, for one thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these eggs have no yolk inside. Instead, they hold millions of spores that will spread this curious little mushroom called a bird’s nest fungus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of them would barely cover your thumbnail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They grow up on logs or twigs on the forest floor or mulch in your backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spore sacs, known as peridioles, sit patiently in their splash cup, biding their time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a raindrop hits the cup, the peridiole hurtles off in milliseconds and lands on the ground or a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bam! Pow! Zap!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it flies, this peridiole unfurls a cord and with some luck gloms onto a blade of grass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the back, you can see how the cord wrapped around. A sticky bit at the end, called the hapteron, anchors it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peridiole doesn’t end up that far from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It waits dangling from this thin but surprisingly strong cord. It’s made of thousands of entwined threads called hyphae – that same webby material a fungus grows underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yoo-hoo! Over here! A hungry deer nibbles the grass and takes the peridiole with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it wanders, it scatters the spores in its droppings and spreads the fungus to new frontiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a slightly undignified journey, propelled by a plop … and a drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, Deep Peeps! We’ve got another “fun guy” story for you. Get it? Giant water bugs can give your toe a painful bite if you wade into their stream. But they may be the best insect dads ever, hauling eggs around until they hatch right off their backs. Thanks, pops!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1981958/this-mushroom-can-fly","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_4414","science_762"],"featImg":"science_1982303","label":"science_1935"},"science_1947795":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1947795","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1947795","score":null,"sort":[1569222079000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"these-trees-survived-californias-drought-and-thats-giving-scientists-hope-for-climate-change","title":"These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change","publishDate":1569222079,"format":"audio","headTitle":"These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When California’s historic five-year drought finally relented a few years ago, the tally of dead trees in the Sierra Nevada was higher than almost anyone expected: 129 million. Most are still standing, the dry patches dotting the mountainsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 209px) 100vw, 209px\">\u003c/a>But some trees did survive the test of heat and drought. Now, scientists are racing to collect them and other species around the globe in the hope that these “climate survivors” may have a natural advantage, allowing them to cope with a warming world a bit better than others in their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the north shore of Lake Tahoe, Patricia Maloney, a UC Davis forest and conservation biologist, hunts for these survivors. Most people focus on the dead trees, their brown pine needles standing out against the glittering blue of the lake. But Maloney tends not to notice them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look for the good,” she said. “Like in people, you look for the good, not the bad. I do the same in forest systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney studies sugar pines, a tree John Muir once called the “king” of conifers. “They have these huge, beautiful cones,” Maloney said. “They’re stunning trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sugar pines on these slopes endured some of the worst water stress in the region. Winter snowpack melts earliest on south-facing slopes, leaving the trees with little soil moisture over the summer. That opens the door for the trees’ tiny nemesis, which would deal the fatal blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"left\" citation=\"Steve Palumbi, Stanford\"]‘Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future.’[/pullquote]“Here you have some really good mountain pine beetle galleries,” Maloney said, as she peeled the bark off a dead sugar pine to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wR5O48zsbnc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show winding channels eaten into the wood\u003c/a>. “Like little beetle highways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine beetle outbreaks are a normal occurrence in the Sierra. As the beetles try to bore into the bark, pine trees can usually fight them off by spewing a sticky, gummy resin, entrapping the insects. But trees need water to make resin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tank ran dry, and they weren’t able to mobilize any sort of resin,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But next to this dead tree, Maloney points to one towering above, with healthy green pine needles. Somehow, it was able to fight the beetles off and survive the drought. As she’s found more and more of these survivors, Maloney has studied them, trying to figure out what their secret is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we found is that the ones that were green, like this one, were more water-use efficient than their dead counterparts,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 515px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1947800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"515\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-768x639.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain pine beetle larvae leave holes in sugar pine bark after emerging. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, the survivors had an innate ability to do more with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual members of any species can vary dramatically, something tied to genetic differences. That diversity comes in handy when environmental conditions change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought, heat and beetle outbreaks in recent years put extreme pressure on sugar pines, creating a natural experiment that weeded out all but the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re seeing is contemporary natural selection,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she’s trying to ensure their descendents survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside a greenhouse at her Tahoe City field station, Maloney showed off a sea of young green trees in their own containers. These 10,000 sugar pine seedlings grew from seeds Maloney and her team collected from 100 of the surviving sugar pines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year, these young trees will be replanted around Lake Tahoe, both on national forest and private land. The hope is the trees, due to their genetics, will be better able to handle a warming climate, more extreme droughts and more frequent beetle outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These survivors matter,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plans to study the genetics of these trees as they grow, research that could help in other climate-threatened forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947799\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg\" alt=\"Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-768x462.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1020x613.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1200x721.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney.jpg 1900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coral Survivors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney’s not alone in searching for species that can handle the warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Palumbi, a biology professor at Stanford University, has been \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/259609055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking for coral that can handle heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral reefs are bleaching and dying as oceans warm, so Palumbi is growing surviving corals in the hope they can build new reefs, full of “super corals.” Reefs aren’t just tourist attractions, he says. They’re also biodiversity hotspots that protect coastlines from flooding by absorbing wave energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gives us another decade, if it gives us another two generations, that’ll be good, we’ll take it,” he said. “I see these next 80 years as the time where we have to save as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond that, it gets trickier, given the rate the climate is changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question in the future is: When the environment changes and it changes really fast, can these populations keep up? How fast can they adapt? How much help will they give us in keeping those ecosystems going?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palumbi says, ultimately, the best solution for these species is for humans to curb emissions of heat-trapping gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists are trying to buy them a little more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are racing to find species that have a slight edge in surviving a warming world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848312,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":936},"headData":{"title":"These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change | KQED","description":"Scientists are racing to find species that have a slight edge in surviving a warming world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"These Trees Survived California’s Drought and That’s Giving Scientists Hope for Climate Change","datePublished":"2019-09-23T07:01:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:58:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/09/SommerSuperAdapters.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1947795/these-trees-survived-californias-drought-and-thats-giving-scientists-hope-for-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When California’s historic five-year drought finally relented a few years ago, the tally of dead trees in the Sierra Nevada was higher than almost anyone expected: 129 million. Most are still standing, the dry patches dotting the mountainsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 209px) 100vw, 209px\">\u003c/a>But some trees did survive the test of heat and drought. Now, scientists are racing to collect them and other species around the globe in the hope that these “climate survivors” may have a natural advantage, allowing them to cope with a warming world a bit better than others in their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the north shore of Lake Tahoe, Patricia Maloney, a UC Davis forest and conservation biologist, hunts for these survivors. Most people focus on the dead trees, their brown pine needles standing out against the glittering blue of the lake. But Maloney tends not to notice them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look for the good,” she said. “Like in people, you look for the good, not the bad. I do the same in forest systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney studies sugar pines, a tree John Muir once called the “king” of conifers. “They have these huge, beautiful cones,” Maloney said. “They’re stunning trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sugar pines on these slopes endured some of the worst water stress in the region. Winter snowpack melts earliest on south-facing slopes, leaving the trees with little soil moisture over the summer. That opens the door for the trees’ tiny nemesis, which would deal the fatal blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"left","citation":"Steve Palumbi, Stanford","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Here you have some really good mountain pine beetle galleries,” Maloney said, as she peeled the bark off a dead sugar pine to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wR5O48zsbnc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show winding channels eaten into the wood\u003c/a>. “Like little beetle highways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine beetle outbreaks are a normal occurrence in the Sierra. As the beetles try to bore into the bark, pine trees can usually fight them off by spewing a sticky, gummy resin, entrapping the insects. But trees need water to make resin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tank ran dry, and they weren’t able to mobilize any sort of resin,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But next to this dead tree, Maloney points to one towering above, with healthy green pine needles. Somehow, it was able to fight the beetles off and survive the drought. As she’s found more and more of these survivors, Maloney has studied them, trying to figure out what their secret is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we found is that the ones that were green, like this one, were more water-use efficient than their dead counterparts,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 515px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1947800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"515\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-800x666.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle-768x639.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/pine-beetle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain pine beetle larvae leave holes in sugar pine bark after emerging. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, the survivors had an innate ability to do more with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual members of any species can vary dramatically, something tied to genetic differences. That diversity comes in handy when environmental conditions change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought, heat and beetle outbreaks in recent years put extreme pressure on sugar pines, creating a natural experiment that weeded out all but the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re seeing is contemporary natural selection,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she’s trying to ensure their descendents survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside a greenhouse at her Tahoe City field station, Maloney showed off a sea of young green trees in their own containers. These 10,000 sugar pine seedlings grew from seeds Maloney and her team collected from 100 of the surviving sugar pines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year, these young trees will be replanted around Lake Tahoe, both on national forest and private land. The hope is the trees, due to their genetics, will be better able to handle a warming climate, more extreme droughts and more frequent beetle outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These survivors matter,” Maloney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plans to study the genetics of these trees as they grow, research that could help in other climate-threatened forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947799\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg\" alt=\"Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-800x481.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-768x462.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1020x613.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney-1200x721.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/patricia-maloney.jpg 1900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patricia Maloney next to a dead sugar pine on Lake Tahoe. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coral Survivors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney’s not alone in searching for species that can handle the warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Palumbi, a biology professor at Stanford University, has been \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/259609055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking for coral that can handle heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution is a tool that we can bring to bear in helping us get through this future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral reefs are bleaching and dying as oceans warm, so Palumbi is growing surviving corals in the hope they can build new reefs, full of “super corals.” Reefs aren’t just tourist attractions, he says. They’re also biodiversity hotspots that protect coastlines from flooding by absorbing wave energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gives us another decade, if it gives us another two generations, that’ll be good, we’ll take it,” he said. “I see these next 80 years as the time where we have to save as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond that, it gets trickier, given the rate the climate is changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question in the future is: When the environment changes and it changes really fast, can these populations keep up? How fast can they adapt? How much help will they give us in keeping those ecosystems going?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palumbi says, ultimately, the best solution for these species is for humans to curb emissions of heat-trapping gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists are trying to buy them a little more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1947795/these-trees-survived-californias-drought-and-thats-giving-scientists-hope-for-climate-change","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_194","science_4193","science_572","science_3370","science_3833","science_762","science_109","science_787"],"featImg":"science_1947801","label":"source_science_1947795"},"science_1928625":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1928625","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1928625","score":null,"sort":[1540333252000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"__trashed-35","title":"Fuel Matters: Why Wildfire Behavior Depends on What's Burning","publishDate":1540333252,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Fuel Matters: Why Wildfire Behavior Depends on What’s Burning | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In his latest attack on California’s forest management policies, President Donald Trump claimed on Tuesday that the solution to the state’s punishing wildfire season should be a no-brainer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re tired of giving California hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars, all the time for their forest fires,” Trump told the White House State Leadership Day Conference, “when you wouldn’t have them if they managed their forests properly. They don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaving aside the fact that nearly 60 percent of California’s forestland is managed by the federal government, most scientists agree that the buildup of fuels is a factor in fire severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not nearly that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters on the ground know that fire behaves very differently depending on whether the flames are spreading in grass, chaparral, forest, or a mix. And according to fire scientists, property owners and policymakers should be paying more attention to these differences, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building the Campfire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever built a campfire, you know that you need different kinds of fuel to get a fire going: paper, small twigs, or pine needles to ignite the fire, then small sticks to keep it going, and finally big logs that keep the fire going and produce the big flames that keep you warm all night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires work the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters categorize plants based on their size and how quickly they dry out — and consequently, how easily they will ignite and burn. Grasses are 1-hour fuels, sometimes called light fuels, or flashy fuels. If the weather becomes hot and dry, they become just as dry as the surrounding atmosphere in about an hour. Trees and dead logs and are usually 100 or 1000-hour fuels; it takes much longer before they’re ready to burn, but when they get going they can give off bigger flames, more intense heat, and can burn for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930109\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-768x543.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1020x721.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1200x849.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1920x1358.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1180x834.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-960x679.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-240x170.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-520x368.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Mendocino Complex had burned over 370,000 acres. The larger Ranch Fire has burned in a mix of forest and shubland, while the smaller River Fire has burned mostly in shrubland. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Multiplying Threat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this range of fuel types, you get different kinds of fires at different times of year, according to Jonathan Cox, a battalion chief with Cal Fire. Earlier in the season, blazes tend to be grass fires that are easier to get under control, though extreme weather can make it harder. The County Fire, which started at the end of June in Yolo County, burned mostly in grasses and shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the summer wears on, the big stuff dries out, too. The Carr Fire, which began in late July and has driven the destruction around Redding, has burned through a lot of heavily forested land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930036\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930036\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Carr Fire had burned over 200,000 acres. A lot of that land was forest, unlike in many earlier season fires, or fires in other parts of the state.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In mid-July, Cox noted that heavier fuels were already starting to be receptive to fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a problem,” he told KQED, “because it takes more resources, and it takes more time to suppress those types of fuels. That’s why, as the fire season progresses, it’s kind of a continuing threat that kind of multiplies as those heavier fuels dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Trouble with Grasses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem like light fuels — like grasses — are preferable to heavy forest fuels or dense shrublands. In general, they are easier to manage because the flames are smaller and it’s easier for firefighters to maneuver. But grass fires have their own challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easier it is for fuels to dry out, the faster the rate of spread. According to Cox, fire spreads twice as fast in grass as it does in brush, and twice as fast in brush as it does in timber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930037\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ferguson Fire, burning near Yosemite National Park, burned first in areas of grass and shrubs but has expanded into forested areas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because of their faster spread, grass fires are often the deadliest. Cox says a common denominator among some of the most destructive fires is that they started in light, flashy fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned.”\u003ccite>Jonathan Cox, Cal Fire Battalion Chief\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Size Fits All\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s not just firefighters who need to be aware of fuel types. There are implications for land managers and homeowners, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, it offers clues to future fire patterns in any given area, points out \u003ca href=\"https://consbio.org/people/staff/alexandra-syphard\">Alexandra Syphard\u003c/a>, a fire specialist at the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area and coastal Southern California, shrublands, grasslands, and forests come together in a patchwork of fuel types. Managing these lands for wildfire hazard, ecology, and resource value can be a challenge. When it comes to managing fire in the coast ranges, “there’s no one-size-fits-all,” said UC Berkeley fire scientist Scott Stephens at a symposium in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930035\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2017 Tubbs Fire burned in an area with a patchwork of land types, including forest, shrubland, grassland, agriculture, and urban Santa Rosa.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because fire behaves differently in different types of fuels, if you change the fuel type, you change the fire you get there. The reverse is also true: if you change the amount of fire, you can change the type of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, native grasslands and woodlands \u003ca href=\"http://www.publish.csiro.au/wf/WF05003\">once flourished in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, maintained by regular cultural burns by Native Americans and by grazing. A reduction in grazing, as well as the end of these traditional burns, led to the conversion of grassland to shrubland and an increase in heavy fuels in some areas. Indigenous groups and conservation organizations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.hcn.org/issues/49.21/wildfire-what-fire-researchers-learned-from-northern-california-blazes\">working to return fire\u003c/a> to the land in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grass Versus Shrub In Southern California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, coastal Southern California and some chaparral areas in other parts of the state actually have as much or more frequent fire today than they did historically, explains Syphard. The result is \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-68303-4_12\">a widespread conversion of chaparral\u003c/a> to non-native grassland. This process may be accelerated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard and other researchers who focus on chaparral \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Halsey_and_Syphard_High_Severity_Fire_in_Chaparral_20151.pdf\">caution against\u003c/a> the indiscriminate application of fire management practices that work for forests or other regions — like prescribed fire or cutting fuel breaks — to Southern California shrublands. \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005/pdf\">Research shows\u003c/a> that these tools aren’t that effective during big chaparral fires driven by Santa Ana winds, like the Thomas Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those light flashy fuels might make it easier to fight the fire, but they also increase the risk of ignition in the first place. Syphard’s \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Comparingtheroleoffuelbreaks.pdf\">research\u003c/a> has shown that fuel breaks are mostly effective as an access point for firefighters and not so much as a hazard reduction, because exotic grasses fill in the gaps. The same conclusion might apply to management around homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re removing shrubland or woody vegetation that has pretty high fuel moisture and replacing it with grasslands that you’re not going to irrigate, you could unknowingly be putting yourself in an even worse position than you were before, ” Syphard cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last winter’s Thomas Fire, the second-largest fire on record in California, burned mostly in shrubland. Some areas within the perimeter have burned so many times in recent years that shrubland has converted to grassland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not an easy story, says Syphard, and managing fuels means balancing safety, cultural, and ecological concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things to understand is that it’s very geographically variable and the relationships that might be true in one region are likely to be really different than others,” says Syphard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jared Dahl Aldern, an environmental historian, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know the whole southern California region is a distinct place with its own characteristics as compared to, for instance, the Sierra Nevada, ” he says. “So the key is to collaborate with local experts, including tribes who have some experience and some idea with how to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fire behaves differently depending on whether it burns in grasses, shrubs or forest. Firefighters know this well -- but scientists say that land managers and homeowners should think about it, too.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927359,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1422},"headData":{"title":"Fuel Matters: Why Wildfire Behavior Depends on What's Burning | KQED","description":"Fire behaves differently depending on whether it burns in grasses, shrubs or forest. Firefighters know this well -- but scientists say that land managers and homeowners should think about it, too.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fuel Matters: Why Wildfire Behavior Depends on What's Burning","datePublished":"2018-10-23T22:20:52.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:55:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Wildfire","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1928625/__trashed-35","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In his latest attack on California’s forest management policies, President Donald Trump claimed on Tuesday that the solution to the state’s punishing wildfire season should be a no-brainer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re tired of giving California hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars, all the time for their forest fires,” Trump told the White House State Leadership Day Conference, “when you wouldn’t have them if they managed their forests properly. They don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaving aside the fact that nearly 60 percent of California’s forestland is managed by the federal government, most scientists agree that the buildup of fuels is a factor in fire severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not nearly that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters on the ground know that fire behaves very differently depending on whether the flames are spreading in grass, chaparral, forest, or a mix. And according to fire scientists, property owners and policymakers should be paying more attention to these differences, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building the Campfire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever built a campfire, you know that you need different kinds of fuel to get a fire going: paper, small twigs, or pine needles to ignite the fire, then small sticks to keep it going, and finally big logs that keep the fire going and produce the big flames that keep you warm all night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires work the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters categorize plants based on their size and how quickly they dry out — and consequently, how easily they will ignite and burn. Grasses are 1-hour fuels, sometimes called light fuels, or flashy fuels. If the weather becomes hot and dry, they become just as dry as the surrounding atmosphere in about an hour. Trees and dead logs and are usually 100 or 1000-hour fuels; it takes much longer before they’re ready to burn, but when they get going they can give off bigger flames, more intense heat, and can burn for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930109\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-768x543.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1020x721.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1200x849.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1920x1358.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1180x834.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-960x679.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-240x170.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-520x368.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Mendocino Complex had burned over 370,000 acres. The larger Ranch Fire has burned in a mix of forest and shubland, while the smaller River Fire has burned mostly in shrubland. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Multiplying Threat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this range of fuel types, you get different kinds of fires at different times of year, according to Jonathan Cox, a battalion chief with Cal Fire. Earlier in the season, blazes tend to be grass fires that are easier to get under control, though extreme weather can make it harder. The County Fire, which started at the end of June in Yolo County, burned mostly in grasses and shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the summer wears on, the big stuff dries out, too. The Carr Fire, which began in late July and has driven the destruction around Redding, has burned through a lot of heavily forested land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930036\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930036\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Carr Fire had burned over 200,000 acres. A lot of that land was forest, unlike in many earlier season fires, or fires in other parts of the state.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In mid-July, Cox noted that heavier fuels were already starting to be receptive to fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a problem,” he told KQED, “because it takes more resources, and it takes more time to suppress those types of fuels. That’s why, as the fire season progresses, it’s kind of a continuing threat that kind of multiplies as those heavier fuels dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Trouble with Grasses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem like light fuels — like grasses — are preferable to heavy forest fuels or dense shrublands. In general, they are easier to manage because the flames are smaller and it’s easier for firefighters to maneuver. But grass fires have their own challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easier it is for fuels to dry out, the faster the rate of spread. According to Cox, fire spreads twice as fast in grass as it does in brush, and twice as fast in brush as it does in timber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930037\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ferguson Fire, burning near Yosemite National Park, burned first in areas of grass and shrubs but has expanded into forested areas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because of their faster spread, grass fires are often the deadliest. Cox says a common denominator among some of the most destructive fires is that they started in light, flashy fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned.”\u003ccite>Jonathan Cox, Cal Fire Battalion Chief\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Size Fits All\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s not just firefighters who need to be aware of fuel types. There are implications for land managers and homeowners, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, it offers clues to future fire patterns in any given area, points out \u003ca href=\"https://consbio.org/people/staff/alexandra-syphard\">Alexandra Syphard\u003c/a>, a fire specialist at the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area and coastal Southern California, shrublands, grasslands, and forests come together in a patchwork of fuel types. Managing these lands for wildfire hazard, ecology, and resource value can be a challenge. When it comes to managing fire in the coast ranges, “there’s no one-size-fits-all,” said UC Berkeley fire scientist Scott Stephens at a symposium in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930035\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2017 Tubbs Fire burned in an area with a patchwork of land types, including forest, shrubland, grassland, agriculture, and urban Santa Rosa.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because fire behaves differently in different types of fuels, if you change the fuel type, you change the fire you get there. The reverse is also true: if you change the amount of fire, you can change the type of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, native grasslands and woodlands \u003ca href=\"http://www.publish.csiro.au/wf/WF05003\">once flourished in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, maintained by regular cultural burns by Native Americans and by grazing. A reduction in grazing, as well as the end of these traditional burns, led to the conversion of grassland to shrubland and an increase in heavy fuels in some areas. Indigenous groups and conservation organizations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.hcn.org/issues/49.21/wildfire-what-fire-researchers-learned-from-northern-california-blazes\">working to return fire\u003c/a> to the land in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grass Versus Shrub In Southern California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, coastal Southern California and some chaparral areas in other parts of the state actually have as much or more frequent fire today than they did historically, explains Syphard. The result is \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-68303-4_12\">a widespread conversion of chaparral\u003c/a> to non-native grassland. This process may be accelerated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard and other researchers who focus on chaparral \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Halsey_and_Syphard_High_Severity_Fire_in_Chaparral_20151.pdf\">caution against\u003c/a> the indiscriminate application of fire management practices that work for forests or other regions — like prescribed fire or cutting fuel breaks — to Southern California shrublands. \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005/pdf\">Research shows\u003c/a> that these tools aren’t that effective during big chaparral fires driven by Santa Ana winds, like the Thomas Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those light flashy fuels might make it easier to fight the fire, but they also increase the risk of ignition in the first place. Syphard’s \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Comparingtheroleoffuelbreaks.pdf\">research\u003c/a> has shown that fuel breaks are mostly effective as an access point for firefighters and not so much as a hazard reduction, because exotic grasses fill in the gaps. The same conclusion might apply to management around homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re removing shrubland or woody vegetation that has pretty high fuel moisture and replacing it with grasslands that you’re not going to irrigate, you could unknowingly be putting yourself in an even worse position than you were before, ” Syphard cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last winter’s Thomas Fire, the second-largest fire on record in California, burned mostly in shrubland. Some areas within the perimeter have burned so many times in recent years that shrubland has converted to grassland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not an easy story, says Syphard, and managing fuels means balancing safety, cultural, and ecological concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things to understand is that it’s very geographically variable and the relationships that might be true in one region are likely to be really different than others,” says Syphard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jared Dahl Aldern, an environmental historian, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know the whole southern California region is a distinct place with its own characteristics as compared to, for instance, the Sierra Nevada, ” he says. “So the key is to collaborate with local experts, including tribes who have some experience and some idea with how to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1928625/__trashed-35","authors":["11518"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_42","science_3730"],"tags":["science_5194","science_762","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1926804","label":"source_science_1928625"},"science_1930512":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930512","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930512","score":null,"sort":[1535656316000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dangerously-overgrown-forests-may-revive-logging-industry","title":"'Dangerously Overgrown' Forests May Revive Logging Industry","publishDate":1535656316,"format":"audio","headTitle":"‘Dangerously Overgrown’ Forests May Revive Logging Industry | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In Redding, where the Carr Fire burned more than 200,000 acres and destroyed more than a thousand homes, there’s a feeling of desperation. Something has to be done to clear the dense stands of trees and thick brush in the mountains around town, or the next fire will be even worse.[contextly_sidebar id=”6J6TyQdeTAPOMUSCY8UwzixxvC7j0q2S”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just global warming,” said Ryan Adcock, who grew up here. She was forced to evacuate her home for five days due to the Carr Fire and was taking advantage of a rare smoke free morning walking with her kids along a river front bike path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just one thing, there’s logging, there are several factors that play into why it’s worse now than it’s ever been,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a time when logging and timber companies ruled Redding. When Bill Oliver moved here in the 1960s to take a job with the U.S. Forest Service, he remembers the valley was lined with timber mill after timber mill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the major industry between Shasta Lake City, 8 miles north, all the way down to Anderson, 8 miles south of here,” Oliver says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to California’s deadly wildfires, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-california-fires-blog-as-trump-tweets-about-california-fires-1533693230-htmlstory.html#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump administration is calling for more ‘active’ logging \u003c/a>in western forests. They want to open up more public lands to the timber industry, to reduce the fire risk but also revive rural, natural-resource dependent economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a decades-old debate in the West and by no means a new GOP talking point. But out on the ground, foresters and even some timder industry leaders say what’s really needed to mitigate the wildfire threat is a lot more involved — and expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The picture has changed,” says Rich Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairbanks managed and fought fires for the U.S. Forest Service for 30 years, largely in southern Oregon and northern California, where many of the West’s worst fires have burned so far this year. Fairbanks is now a fire and forest management consultant from his home near Ashland, Ore.[contextly_sidebar id=”hidfqgQP7teUgioPyRefKojw4JVRgmyQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of senators and congressmen are still thinking we’re back in the 1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, much has changed since the 1970s and 1980s, which marked the height of the timber wars over clear cutting and the spotted owl. Since then, the amount of federal land open to logging has dropped precipitously and a lot of the logging moved to private land. Timber and logging companies themselves have consolidated and mechanized, leaving fewer people necessary to do the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A ‘Sustainable’ Industry \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even if more public land was opened back up to logging, retired Forest Service officials like Bill Oliver wonder whether there is enough industry left in the West to process the timber. Oliver, a wildfire scientist, says the forests are dangerously overgrown today due to prior forest management decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests are much too dense because we’ve tried to keep fire out for about a hundred years,” Oliver says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver says the actual stuff that needs to be cleared out of the woods are the brush and small diameter trees that provide kindling for today’s mega fires. Those don’t tend to be worth that much to the timber industry. It’s the big trees that make the money. This has long been an impediment to joint public-private forest restoration and wildfire mitigation efforts. But there are signs this is changing.[contextly_sidebar id=”c07wsvBxrVL7AM7hSFZ8MwOEGLtffZNy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the few big players left in northern California’s wood products industry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.spi-ind.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Pacific Industries\u003c/a>. Each of their six mills in the region are being systematically upgraded to handle that smaller diameter wood so it can be turned into commercially viable products like particle board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry sees opportunity, says Dan Tomascheski, vice president of forest resources at the company. But they need reassurances that there will be a lumber supply on public lands for more than just one or two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This can’t be a bubble,” he says. “This has to be a ramp up and then a sustained program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service says there is a sustainable market — and opportunity — when you consider that upwards of \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 million acres of forest lands\u003c/a> nationwide are considered at risk of major fires and in need of treatment. So far only about two million acres of public land have been treated through logging and other thinning projects or prescribed burns, according to the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not talking about just cutting trees to cut trees,” says Tomascheski. “We’re talking about harvesting timber in a way that produces the fuel breaks and the thinning that we all need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmental Appeals \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration says the biggest thing standing in the way of the fuel load is environmental lawsuits. \u003ca href=\"https://www.daines.senate.gov/news/press-releases/daines-introduces-legislation-to-accelerate-forest-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A bill introduced this month\u003c/a> by Sen. Steve Daines, R-Mont., aims to reduce legal appeals and fast track forest management projects on some national forests in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent committee hearing, Daines said there were more than two dozen forest management projects under litigation in Montana alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t even see the mountains out of my backdoor in my home which are just a few miles away because of the smoke,” Daines said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s secretary of the interior, Ryan Zinke, has even \u003ca href=\"https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/13/exclusive-zinke-environmental-terrorist-groups-western-us-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">referred to some of the groups opposing logging as environmental terrorist organizations\u003c/a>, causing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/zinke-says-environmental-terrorist-groups-enabled-wildfires-n901481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an outcry\u003c/a> in many corners of the region. Still, in a lot of the West, tensions between environmentalists and logging companies have actually cooled over the past decade.[contextly_sidebar id=”TF3m95iiRBDJOC5n3HcMPDv13WnVMO4P”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now partnerships and compromises being made on forest health projects from \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/site/panhandleforestcollaborative/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Idaho\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevada.ca.gov/our-work/snfci-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California\u003c/a> that don’t always make the headlines. Dan Tomascheski at Sierra Pacific says his company now regularly talks with some environmental groups that he couldn’t imagined working with 20 years ago. “The level of hostility and the fiery dialogue has really diminished,” Tomascheski says. He says this is largely due to an understanding among all sides that the status quo in forest management isn’t working and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/07/636458618/why-todays-wildfires-are-hotter-and-more-destructive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfires are only worsening\u003c/a> in severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People outside of Washington D.C. tend to point their finger at a much less high profile culprit they say is holding up fire mitigation projects: funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest enemy of good forest management, especially fire management, is budget cuts,” says forest management consultant Rich Armstrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong says it takes money to plan and implement the kinds of landscape level forest restoration projects that are needed. But the government has cut the budget for wildfire mitigation and other forest programs, while diverting much of the remaining funding to pay to fight wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Sierra Pacific, Dan Tomascheski sees the effects of this on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Forest Service has lost quite a bit of expertise in all of the disciplines of hydrology, road engineering, wildlife biology etcetera,” he says. “They’ve lost a lot of the funding for those positions and they need to regain some of that expertise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress recently passed a bi-partisan fix creating a separate fund to pay for wildfire suppression, though that won’t take effect until next year at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Will+More+Logging+Save+Western+Forests+From+Wildfires%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Trump administration has called for more logging of western forests to reduce wildfire risks. But people on the ground in the west say the solution is thinning and forest restoration, not logging.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927537,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1287},"headData":{"title":"'Dangerously Overgrown' Forests May Revive Logging Industry | KQED","description":"The Trump administration has called for more logging of western forests to reduce wildfire risks. But people on the ground in the west say the solution is thinning and forest restoration, not logging.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"'Dangerously Overgrown' Forests May Revive Logging Industry","datePublished":"2018-08-30T19:11:56.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Wildfires","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Kirk Siegler","nprByline":"Kirk Siegler, NPR","nprImageAgency":"NPR","nprStoryId":"642955787","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=642955787&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/29/642955787/will-more-logging-save-western-forests-from-wildfires?ft=nprml&f=642955787","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 30 Aug 2018 11:09:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 29 Aug 2018 16:16:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 30 Aug 2018 12:07:46 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/08/20180829_atc_will_more_logging_save_western_forests_from_wildfires.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1003&d=261&p=2&story=642955787&ft=nprml&f=642955787","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1643062174-73ff16.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1003&d=261&p=2&story=642955787&ft=nprml&f=642955787","audioTrackLength":262,"path":"/science/1930512/dangerously-overgrown-forests-may-revive-logging-industry","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/08/20180829_atc_will_more_logging_save_western_forests_from_wildfires.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1003&d=261&p=2&story=642955787&ft=nprml&f=642955787","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Redding, where the Carr Fire burned more than 200,000 acres and destroyed more than a thousand homes, there’s a feeling of desperation. Something has to be done to clear the dense stands of trees and thick brush in the mountains around town, or the next fire will be even worse.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just global warming,” said Ryan Adcock, who grew up here. She was forced to evacuate her home for five days due to the Carr Fire and was taking advantage of a rare smoke free morning walking with her kids along a river front bike path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just one thing, there’s logging, there are several factors that play into why it’s worse now than it’s ever been,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a time when logging and timber companies ruled Redding. When Bill Oliver moved here in the 1960s to take a job with the U.S. Forest Service, he remembers the valley was lined with timber mill after timber mill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the major industry between Shasta Lake City, 8 miles north, all the way down to Anderson, 8 miles south of here,” Oliver says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to California’s deadly wildfires, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-california-fires-blog-as-trump-tweets-about-california-fires-1533693230-htmlstory.html#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump administration is calling for more ‘active’ logging \u003c/a>in western forests. They want to open up more public lands to the timber industry, to reduce the fire risk but also revive rural, natural-resource dependent economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a decades-old debate in the West and by no means a new GOP talking point. But out on the ground, foresters and even some timder industry leaders say what’s really needed to mitigate the wildfire threat is a lot more involved — and expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The picture has changed,” says Rich Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairbanks managed and fought fires for the U.S. Forest Service for 30 years, largely in southern Oregon and northern California, where many of the West’s worst fires have burned so far this year. Fairbanks is now a fire and forest management consultant from his home near Ashland, Ore.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of senators and congressmen are still thinking we’re back in the 1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, much has changed since the 1970s and 1980s, which marked the height of the timber wars over clear cutting and the spotted owl. Since then, the amount of federal land open to logging has dropped precipitously and a lot of the logging moved to private land. Timber and logging companies themselves have consolidated and mechanized, leaving fewer people necessary to do the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A ‘Sustainable’ Industry \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even if more public land was opened back up to logging, retired Forest Service officials like Bill Oliver wonder whether there is enough industry left in the West to process the timber. Oliver, a wildfire scientist, says the forests are dangerously overgrown today due to prior forest management decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests are much too dense because we’ve tried to keep fire out for about a hundred years,” Oliver says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver says the actual stuff that needs to be cleared out of the woods are the brush and small diameter trees that provide kindling for today’s mega fires. Those don’t tend to be worth that much to the timber industry. It’s the big trees that make the money. This has long been an impediment to joint public-private forest restoration and wildfire mitigation efforts. But there are signs this is changing.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the few big players left in northern California’s wood products industry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.spi-ind.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Pacific Industries\u003c/a>. Each of their six mills in the region are being systematically upgraded to handle that smaller diameter wood so it can be turned into commercially viable products like particle board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry sees opportunity, says Dan Tomascheski, vice president of forest resources at the company. But they need reassurances that there will be a lumber supply on public lands for more than just one or two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This can’t be a bubble,” he says. “This has to be a ramp up and then a sustained program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service says there is a sustainable market — and opportunity — when you consider that upwards of \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 million acres of forest lands\u003c/a> nationwide are considered at risk of major fires and in need of treatment. So far only about two million acres of public land have been treated through logging and other thinning projects or prescribed burns, according to the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not talking about just cutting trees to cut trees,” says Tomascheski. “We’re talking about harvesting timber in a way that produces the fuel breaks and the thinning that we all need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmental Appeals \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration says the biggest thing standing in the way of the fuel load is environmental lawsuits. \u003ca href=\"https://www.daines.senate.gov/news/press-releases/daines-introduces-legislation-to-accelerate-forest-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A bill introduced this month\u003c/a> by Sen. Steve Daines, R-Mont., aims to reduce legal appeals and fast track forest management projects on some national forests in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent committee hearing, Daines said there were more than two dozen forest management projects under litigation in Montana alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t even see the mountains out of my backdoor in my home which are just a few miles away because of the smoke,” Daines said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s secretary of the interior, Ryan Zinke, has even \u003ca href=\"https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/13/exclusive-zinke-environmental-terrorist-groups-western-us-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">referred to some of the groups opposing logging as environmental terrorist organizations\u003c/a>, causing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/zinke-says-environmental-terrorist-groups-enabled-wildfires-n901481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an outcry\u003c/a> in many corners of the region. Still, in a lot of the West, tensions between environmentalists and logging companies have actually cooled over the past decade.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now partnerships and compromises being made on forest health projects from \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/site/panhandleforestcollaborative/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Idaho\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevada.ca.gov/our-work/snfci-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California\u003c/a> that don’t always make the headlines. Dan Tomascheski at Sierra Pacific says his company now regularly talks with some environmental groups that he couldn’t imagined working with 20 years ago. “The level of hostility and the fiery dialogue has really diminished,” Tomascheski says. He says this is largely due to an understanding among all sides that the status quo in forest management isn’t working and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/07/636458618/why-todays-wildfires-are-hotter-and-more-destructive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfires are only worsening\u003c/a> in severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People outside of Washington D.C. tend to point their finger at a much less high profile culprit they say is holding up fire mitigation projects: funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest enemy of good forest management, especially fire management, is budget cuts,” says forest management consultant Rich Armstrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong says it takes money to plan and implement the kinds of landscape level forest restoration projects that are needed. But the government has cut the budget for wildfire mitigation and other forest programs, while diverting much of the remaining funding to pay to fight wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Sierra Pacific, Dan Tomascheski sees the effects of this on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Forest Service has lost quite a bit of expertise in all of the disciplines of hydrology, road engineering, wildlife biology etcetera,” he says. “They’ve lost a lot of the funding for those positions and they need to regain some of that expertise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress recently passed a bi-partisan fix creating a separate fund to pay for wildfire suppression, though that won’t take effect until next year at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Will+More+Logging+Save+Western+Forests+From+Wildfires%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930512/dangerously-overgrown-forests-may-revive-logging-industry","authors":["byline_science_1930512"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_3730"],"tags":["science_192","science_762","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1930514","label":"source_science_1930512"},"science_1927097":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1927097","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1927097","score":null,"sort":[1531246124000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"to-fight-climate-change-grasslands-may-be-a-safer-bet-than-forests","title":"Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should","publishDate":1531246124,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Over the past week, multiple large wildfires have broken out across California from San Diego County to the Oregon border, releasing tons of carbon dioxide into the air. As the vegetation grows back, the system should reabsorb carbon from the atmosphere, serving as carbon sinks — but that depends on how well those grasses and trees respond to a changing climate in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study from researchers at UC Davis finds that grasslands are likely to be more resilient carbon sinks than forests as the climate changes. Grasses store more of their carbon underground, leading to fewer carbon losses from fire or drought. Currently, forests store much greater amounts of carbon than grasslands. California redwoods, for example, absorb more carbon per acre than any other system in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a whole, California’s forests are faring poorly in the face of increasingly severe drought, fire, and beetle kill. The Forest Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/tree_mortality/california/index.shtml\">has estimated \u003c/a>that 129 million trees have died in California since 2010. Most of the carbon that these trees stored is above ground and will be released when the trees burn or decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Pawlok Dass, a postdoctoral researcher at Davis, who focuses on the global carbon cycle and climate change impacts on ecosystems, wondered whether the focus on forests in climate mitigation plans might be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized that a lot of money is being invested in the forests which are being impacted quite a bit by these wildfires,” he says, “which are literally burning the forests and causing all the money invested to go up in smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dass notes, grasslands were getting very little attention, even though grasslands are an important native ecosystem in California — especially in the southern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forests and Grasses Under Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used a forest simulation model to test how well forests and grasslands in California would fare in four different climate scenarios: 1) an optimistic scenario where emissions stop, 2) a “business-as-usual,” where emissions continue at the present rate, 3) cyclical drought, and 4) “megadrought” that persists for the next century. In all four scenarios, grasslands generally did better than forests. Grasslands expanded in the Sierra Nevada and southern parts of the state and contracted in the north. On the other hand, forest area shrank under most of the climate scenarios, only expanding in the most optimistic scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model does not account for any kind of direct human activity, such as logging or fire suppression. It also lumps plants into broad categories: a coast redwood tree counts the same as a lodgepole pine tree, even though a redwood can easily re-sprout after a fire, whereas a pine cannot. Similarly, non-native grasses are treated the same as native grasses, though non-native grasslands are pervasive in California and \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044001/meta\">research suggests\u003c/a> non-native grasses store less carbon than native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Dass concedes that the simulation is an oversimplification, he says it’s a way to do experiments that would be impossible or unethical to do on a large scale in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model predicts that in the absence of human intervention, California’s vegetation will lose more carbon than it can absorb under all but the most optimistic climate mitigation scenario. In order to compare the relative effects on grasses and trees, the researchers ran two experiments. First, how would carbon storage change if there were only grasses in California? They found that California remained a carbon sink in the long term. But when they asked the opposite question—what if there were only forests?—carbon storage quickly declined, because the forests couldn’t cope with fire and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most ambitious climate mitigation scenario, forests remain the largest carbon sinks in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dass is not optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not see any sign of any mitigation,” he notes. “The current US administration has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement and a lot of other nations don’t seem to be giving much importance to climate change mitigation, so the probability of humanity doing something to prevent climate change seems to be less and less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A National Treasure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors are quick to emphasize that we should still protect forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests of California are a national treasure,” says Dass. “It would absolutely make no sense to remove forests or not to conserve forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the researchers acknowledge that their study does not account for forest management activities, such as forest thinning and prescribed burning, which can increase the resilience of forests in the face of climate change. Governor Jerry Brown’s final \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">budget plan\u003c/a> includes $210 million for forest improvement and wildfire prevention projects, supporting the California Forest Carbon Plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/10/governor-brown-issues-executive-order-to-protect-communities-from-wildfire-climate-impacts/\">announced in May\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix,”\u003c/a> passed by Congress as part of a federal spending package in March, which changes the way fire suppression is funded, is also designed to support forest resilience projects in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927106\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927106\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2013 Rim Fire burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, much of it at high severity. The forests may store less carbon in a warmer future. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, forest treatments need to be applied strategically and consistently; \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/110057\">some researchers argue \u003c/a>that forest treatments are unlikely to increase carbon stocks on a large scale. If you do a controlled burn on an area that never sees a wildfire come through, the net effect is carbon loss. Depending on forests and forest management activities for carbon storage can be risky. Based on the new study, grasslands are more reliable carbon sinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you invest Y amount of dollars in a grassland, the initial return will be definitely less than the investment of the forest, but the probability of that amount of dollars being lost in a wildfire is much less, compared to the amount invested in the forest,” says Dass. “It’s a low gain, long term investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rethinking the Strategy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors argue that grassland conservation should be more seriously considered as carbon sinks for the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">Cap-and-Trade offset program\u003c/a>, which is regulated by the California Air Resources Board. Under the program, businesses can offset up to 8 percent of their carbon emissions by supporting approved carbon mitigation projects. Approved projects cover a wide range of activities but their carbon storage capacity must be verifiable over the long term. Many of the approved projects focus on forest conservation and management. And forest offset projects must already account for their own riskiness, says Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board. There’s a buffer built in for wildfire or other unintended disturbances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, grasslands are not on the list of acceptable project types. Dass and the authors of the new study thinks that it’s time to add grasslands to the portfolio. Dass notes that “grasslands are more stable than forests, but they are by no means immune to the effects of climate change.” The authors cite the \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a> as an example, which promotes carbon sequestration in rangeland, agricultural, and forest soils by encouraging practices like adding compost to grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clegern says the Air Resources Board is aware of these projects, but that they have not proven their case as a viable alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to see some more research,” says Clegern.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New research suggests that policymakers have been missing a major opportunity to soak up carbon and slow down climate change.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927713,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1276},"headData":{"title":"Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should | KQED","description":"New research suggests that policymakers have been missing a major opportunity to soak up carbon and slow down climate change.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should","datePublished":"2018-07-10T18:08:44.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:01:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1927097/to-fight-climate-change-grasslands-may-be-a-safer-bet-than-forests","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the past week, multiple large wildfires have broken out across California from San Diego County to the Oregon border, releasing tons of carbon dioxide into the air. As the vegetation grows back, the system should reabsorb carbon from the atmosphere, serving as carbon sinks — but that depends on how well those grasses and trees respond to a changing climate in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study from researchers at UC Davis finds that grasslands are likely to be more resilient carbon sinks than forests as the climate changes. Grasses store more of their carbon underground, leading to fewer carbon losses from fire or drought. Currently, forests store much greater amounts of carbon than grasslands. California redwoods, for example, absorb more carbon per acre than any other system in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a whole, California’s forests are faring poorly in the face of increasingly severe drought, fire, and beetle kill. The Forest Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/tree_mortality/california/index.shtml\">has estimated \u003c/a>that 129 million trees have died in California since 2010. Most of the carbon that these trees stored is above ground and will be released when the trees burn or decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Pawlok Dass, a postdoctoral researcher at Davis, who focuses on the global carbon cycle and climate change impacts on ecosystems, wondered whether the focus on forests in climate mitigation plans might be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized that a lot of money is being invested in the forests which are being impacted quite a bit by these wildfires,” he says, “which are literally burning the forests and causing all the money invested to go up in smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dass notes, grasslands were getting very little attention, even though grasslands are an important native ecosystem in California — especially in the southern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forests and Grasses Under Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used a forest simulation model to test how well forests and grasslands in California would fare in four different climate scenarios: 1) an optimistic scenario where emissions stop, 2) a “business-as-usual,” where emissions continue at the present rate, 3) cyclical drought, and 4) “megadrought” that persists for the next century. In all four scenarios, grasslands generally did better than forests. Grasslands expanded in the Sierra Nevada and southern parts of the state and contracted in the north. On the other hand, forest area shrank under most of the climate scenarios, only expanding in the most optimistic scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model does not account for any kind of direct human activity, such as logging or fire suppression. It also lumps plants into broad categories: a coast redwood tree counts the same as a lodgepole pine tree, even though a redwood can easily re-sprout after a fire, whereas a pine cannot. Similarly, non-native grasses are treated the same as native grasses, though non-native grasslands are pervasive in California and \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044001/meta\">research suggests\u003c/a> non-native grasses store less carbon than native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Dass concedes that the simulation is an oversimplification, he says it’s a way to do experiments that would be impossible or unethical to do on a large scale in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model predicts that in the absence of human intervention, California’s vegetation will lose more carbon than it can absorb under all but the most optimistic climate mitigation scenario. In order to compare the relative effects on grasses and trees, the researchers ran two experiments. First, how would carbon storage change if there were only grasses in California? They found that California remained a carbon sink in the long term. But when they asked the opposite question—what if there were only forests?—carbon storage quickly declined, because the forests couldn’t cope with fire and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most ambitious climate mitigation scenario, forests remain the largest carbon sinks in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dass is not optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not see any sign of any mitigation,” he notes. “The current US administration has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement and a lot of other nations don’t seem to be giving much importance to climate change mitigation, so the probability of humanity doing something to prevent climate change seems to be less and less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A National Treasure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors are quick to emphasize that we should still protect forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests of California are a national treasure,” says Dass. “It would absolutely make no sense to remove forests or not to conserve forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the researchers acknowledge that their study does not account for forest management activities, such as forest thinning and prescribed burning, which can increase the resilience of forests in the face of climate change. Governor Jerry Brown’s final \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">budget plan\u003c/a> includes $210 million for forest improvement and wildfire prevention projects, supporting the California Forest Carbon Plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/10/governor-brown-issues-executive-order-to-protect-communities-from-wildfire-climate-impacts/\">announced in May\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix,”\u003c/a> passed by Congress as part of a federal spending package in March, which changes the way fire suppression is funded, is also designed to support forest resilience projects in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927106\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927106\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2013 Rim Fire burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, much of it at high severity. The forests may store less carbon in a warmer future. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, forest treatments need to be applied strategically and consistently; \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/110057\">some researchers argue \u003c/a>that forest treatments are unlikely to increase carbon stocks on a large scale. If you do a controlled burn on an area that never sees a wildfire come through, the net effect is carbon loss. Depending on forests and forest management activities for carbon storage can be risky. Based on the new study, grasslands are more reliable carbon sinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you invest Y amount of dollars in a grassland, the initial return will be definitely less than the investment of the forest, but the probability of that amount of dollars being lost in a wildfire is much less, compared to the amount invested in the forest,” says Dass. “It’s a low gain, long term investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rethinking the Strategy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors argue that grassland conservation should be more seriously considered as carbon sinks for the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">Cap-and-Trade offset program\u003c/a>, which is regulated by the California Air Resources Board. Under the program, businesses can offset up to 8 percent of their carbon emissions by supporting approved carbon mitigation projects. Approved projects cover a wide range of activities but their carbon storage capacity must be verifiable over the long term. Many of the approved projects focus on forest conservation and management. And forest offset projects must already account for their own riskiness, says Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board. There’s a buffer built in for wildfire or other unintended disturbances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, grasslands are not on the list of acceptable project types. Dass and the authors of the new study thinks that it’s time to add grasslands to the portfolio. Dass notes that “grasslands are more stable than forests, but they are by no means immune to the effects of climate change.” The authors cite the \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a> as an example, which promotes carbon sequestration in rangeland, agricultural, and forest soils by encouraging practices like adding compost to grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clegern says the Air Resources Board is aware of these projects, but that they have not proven their case as a viable alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to see some more research,” says Clegern.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1927097/to-fight-climate-change-grasslands-may-be-a-safer-bet-than-forests","authors":["11518"],"categories":["science_31","science_35"],"tags":["science_765","science_1627","science_194","science_762","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1927105","label":"source_science_1927097"},"science_1926556":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926556","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926556","score":null,"sort":[1530119003000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"redwood-grove-on-california-coast-to-become-public-park","title":"Redwood Grove on California Coast to Become Public Park","publishDate":1530119003,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Redwood Grove on California Coast to Become Public Park | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>An environmental group said Tuesday that it is acquiring a grove in Northern California with hundreds of ancient redwood trees, some taller than the Statue of Liberty, and is planning to preserve it and open a public park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save the Redwoods League said it is purchasing the 738-acre grove, which is a third larger than Muir Woods National Monument and has 47 percent more old-growth trees, the San Francisco Chronicle reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as Harold Richardson Redwoods Reserve, the sprawling forest in Sonoma County matches Muir Woods’ majesty. One of its oldest trees in the grove has a diameter of 19 feet (6 meters) — wider than a two-lane road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unique element of this property is that it’s an undisturbed ancient forest ecosystem,” said Sam Hodder, president of the Redwoods League. “This is a special place. We want people to see it. … There’s a lot we can’t save, but we can save this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tallest of the 1,450 trees in the grove is 313 feet (95 meters), taller than the Statue of Liberty, Hodder said. The tallest at Muir Woods is 258 feet (79 meters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land has been owned for a century by the Richardson family, whose patriarch, Herbert Archer Richardson, first bought the forest in 1918.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He handed it down to his grandson, Harold Richardson, who valued the old-growth trees more than he valued the money they would fetch and protected them for generations, his family said. Harold Richardson died in 2016 at age 96.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a conservationist himself his whole life,” said Dan Falk, 38, Harold’s great-nephew and the president of Richardson Ranch LLC. “He’s harvested timber, but he knew he had to protect and preserve his land. It’s his legacy. That’s why we named the property after him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the deal, Save the Redwoods League is paying $9.6 million to the Richardson family and transferring to them a nearby 870-acre parcel the league owned known as Stewarts Point Ranch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group hopes to open the park to the public within three years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The grove in Northern California has more old-growth redwood trees than Muir Woods National Monument; some of the trees are taller than the Statue of Liberty.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927758,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":371},"headData":{"title":"Redwood Grove on California Coast to Become Public Park | KQED","description":"The grove in Northern California has more old-growth redwood trees than Muir Woods National Monument; some of the trees are taller than the Statue of Liberty.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Redwood Grove on California Coast to Become Public Park","datePublished":"2018-06-27T17:03:23.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:02:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/science/1926556/redwood-grove-on-california-coast-to-become-public-park","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An environmental group said Tuesday that it is acquiring a grove in Northern California with hundreds of ancient redwood trees, some taller than the Statue of Liberty, and is planning to preserve it and open a public park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save the Redwoods League said it is purchasing the 738-acre grove, which is a third larger than Muir Woods National Monument and has 47 percent more old-growth trees, the San Francisco Chronicle reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as Harold Richardson Redwoods Reserve, the sprawling forest in Sonoma County matches Muir Woods’ majesty. One of its oldest trees in the grove has a diameter of 19 feet (6 meters) — wider than a two-lane road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unique element of this property is that it’s an undisturbed ancient forest ecosystem,” said Sam Hodder, president of the Redwoods League. “This is a special place. We want people to see it. … There’s a lot we can’t save, but we can save this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tallest of the 1,450 trees in the grove is 313 feet (95 meters), taller than the Statue of Liberty, Hodder said. The tallest at Muir Woods is 258 feet (79 meters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land has been owned for a century by the Richardson family, whose patriarch, Herbert Archer Richardson, first bought the forest in 1918.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He handed it down to his grandson, Harold Richardson, who valued the old-growth trees more than he valued the money they would fetch and protected them for generations, his family said. Harold Richardson died in 2016 at age 96.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a conservationist himself his whole life,” said Dan Falk, 38, Harold’s great-nephew and the president of Richardson Ranch LLC. “He’s harvested timber, but he knew he had to protect and preserve his land. It’s his legacy. That’s why we named the property after him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the deal, Save the Redwoods League is paying $9.6 million to the Richardson family and transferring to them a nearby 870-acre parcel the league owned known as Stewarts Point Ranch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group hopes to open the park to the public within three years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926556/redwood-grove-on-california-coast-to-become-public-park","authors":["byline_science_1926556"],"categories":["science_35","science_3424","science_40"],"tags":["science_205","science_192","science_762"],"featImg":"science_1923959","label":"source_science_1926556"},"science_1921878":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921878","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921878","score":null,"sort":[1522441834000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wildfire-prevention-takes-a-back-seat-in-california","title":"Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California","publishDate":1522441834,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Dave Kinateder has a keen eye for trees. But when Kinateder, a fire ecologist in the Plumas National Forest, surveys a hillside lush with pines, he doesn’t see abundance or the glory of nature’s bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees a disaster-in-waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”XvW8tq5rEZdq0j2MMxoysQoqzkOPsjwk”]“It’s a ticking time bomb,” he said, gazing across the dense, green carpet of trees near Quincy, a small community high in the northern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfires, the worst in modern California history, have put a microscope on the forests that cover a third of the state–in particular, on managing these wooded lands in ways that would reduce the frequency and intensity of such blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is grappling with the counterintuitive dilemma of too many trees, packed too closely together, robbed of the space they need to thrive—and with how to clear out more than 100 million dead trees, felled by drought or insects, that provide tinder for the next infernos.[contextly_sidebar id=”W78j62BzZQgCQHG4Uhnb5gMw3bHmzNrJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curing these unhealthy forests is both difficult and expensive, and as with human health, prevention is far less costly than treatment. But these days the state firefighting agency, Cal Fire, spends the bulk of its resources battling fires rather than practicing preventive measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is nothing less than life, property, air quality and the lands that hold most of California’s water. A state commission recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed\u003c/a> radical changes to address what it terms the “neglect” of California’s largest forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th-century California forest would have held fewer than 50 trees an acre. Today the state’s forests have grown to an unnatural 300 to 500 trees an acre, or more. That doesn’t count the 2 million drought-stressed trees a month lost to bark beetles that have killed entire stands.[contextly_sidebar id=”7ztdqfj3wRFHxO5rfPD2guBOX7lJUHQJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who in 2014 declared tree mortality a state of emergency, said in his January State of the State address that California needs to manage its forests more intelligently. He vowed to convene a task force “to review thoroughly the way our forests are managed and suggest ways to reduce the threat of devastating fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has dozens of agencies attacking problem but still cannot keep up with the work. Crews around the state have been busy clearing trees as fast as funding allows. This wielding of chainsaws they call “whacking and stacking” leaves massive wood piles along highways in some areas. But it amounts to no more than triage: Cal Fire removes trees on fewer than 40,000 acres a year, far short of its goal of clearing a half-million acres annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1921881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1244\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-160x249.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-768x1194.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1020x1586.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1180x1835.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-960x1493.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-240x373.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-375x583.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-520x809.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1.png 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Kinateder estimates that removing trees in this way costs as much as $1,400 an acre. By comparison, controlled burns—those set by fire managers to remove vegetation from forests—is a bargain at less than $150 an acre. Fighting a wildfire comes in at just over $800 an acre, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from the forest floor, California officials are wrestling with the financial and environmental cost of the state’s forest practices. At a hearing in March in Sacramento, legislators listened to lurid descriptions of raging fire and wrenching stories of human misery recounted by a stream of state and local officials: flames rearing up like an enormous beast, residents running for their lives, neighborhoods leveled, fire burning so hot and for so long that soils were rendered sterile.[contextly_sidebar id=”0ul4kP3DzeWs0FzlnhMdgFepk98LDj0R”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A portion of the proceedings focused on a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> about wildfires and forest health from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency that gave its findings to the governor and Legislature in February. The document pulled no punches, calling the state of the Sierra Nevada’s forests “an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It cited a century of “mismanaging” the 10 million wooded acres in the Sierra, calling out state and federal firefighting agencies for their longstanding policy of aggressively putting out all fires rather than letting those that can safely burn do so, thereby thinning the choked woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”I4v79I4vD7MYIXswWhic9rNtNP98HPtb”]Helge Eng, deputy director of Cal Fire, acknowledged the report was “spot on” in its assessment of the state of the Sierra, adding that the analysis “did an especially good job of recognizing that there are no easy, black-and-white answers to the problems we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire boasts that it stops 95 percent of fires at 10 acres or less, saving lives, property and entire forests from conflagration. Fire experts argue that a negative could be turned into a positive if fire bosses let them burn while still steering them away from people and structures and toward overgrown wildlands in need of clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an approach sometimes used by the National Park Service, but it’s difficult to defend when forests are ablaze, frightening the public and many elected officials alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the report said, “it is not enough for agency leaders, scientists and advocates to recognize the benefits of fire as a tool; the bureaucracy of the state government and public sentiment as a whole must undergo a culture shift to embrace fire as a tool for forest health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service employees in the Plumas National Forest near Quincy, in California’s northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eng said Cal Fire is considering adopting the managed-burn approach, when appropriate, but noted that federal firefighters are often working in wild settings, away from development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire’s mission is different; we protect life and property” in areas that may be densely populated, Eng said in a written response to questions. “There is most often not an opportunity to let a fire burn. The risk to human life is just too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also detailed a public safety threat from 129 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/drought-pests-and-disease-are-killing-californias-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead trees\u003c/a>, the crushing cost—up to $1,000 a tree—to private property owners to have trees removed from their land and the enormous burden on rural governments to both recover from fire and prepare their forests to mitigate the intensity of the next one. In no uncertain terms, the commission prescribed dramatically ramping up tree-thinning projects and, as awful as the optics are, creating and controlling some fires to achieve the same result.[contextly_sidebar id=”o9bU6RxRQfRBAmu2y51bCPOsDeuxvWSO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eng agreed that the state firefighting agency was far from achieving its “aspirational” goal of clearing a half-million acres of land each year, citing such impediments as “the logistics of capacity of staff and equipment and environmental compliance,” among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment notable for its rarity in Sacramento, there was bipartisan agreement in the hearing room this month about the problem, its scope and the appropriate measures to deal with it. Focus more intensely on the problem, they agreed, and throw money at it. The state spent $900 million fighting fires last year. Just one of those late-season blazes caused more than $9 billion in reported property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made mistakes, and we’ve created systems that are unwieldy….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all of our fault,” Jim Branham, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency, told CALmatters. “Money alone won’t solve it, but we won’t solve it without money, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosaic of land ownership in California means the state owns only 2 percent of the forests but has legal responsibility over much more: 31 million acres, including land in rural counties.[contextly_sidebar id=”qdmMEBfcIp3vwOTTVG40OwwA7aE0POSd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire received more than $200 million for forest health projects last year and has proposed an additional $160 million for the next fiscal year. Those sums are on top of the agency’s current $2.7 billion budget. Cal Fire, in turn, doles out millions of those dollars in grants to local governments and community groups to do some thinning themselves, and it teams with the federal Forest Service to tackle clearing projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The work to improve forest health dovetails with other state priorities—protecting water sources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada range is the headwaters for 60 percent of California’s developed water supply. Burned, denuded hillsides don’t store water efficiently when it rains. Sediment cascades downhill, filling streams, affecting water quality and loading up reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The carbon equation is equally direct: When trees burn or decay, they release \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. The 2013 Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/our-region/rim-fire/rimairqualityfacts.pdf/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emissions \u003c/a>equal to those of 2.3 million cars in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burns emit less carbon than higher-intensity fires, because managed fire is aimed at smaller trees and shrubs. Cleared forest land may still ignite, but it will burn with less intensity and fewer emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, when trees die, they stop absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. The state depends on that critical service to help reduce greenhouse gases. \u003ca href=\"https://nau.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recovery-of-ponderosa-pine-ecosystem-carbon-and-water-fluxes-from\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research \u003c/a>suggests that severely burned areas regrow with shrubs or grasses, plants that store about 10 percent less carbon than trees do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Moorlach, a Republican state senator from Costa Mesa, suggests the Democratic governor, a champion of the fight against climate change, has a “gigantic blind spot” when it comes to reducing carbon emissions. Moorlach said in an interview that Brown’s emphasis on electric cars, for example, ignores the role of fire in California’s greenhouse gas inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We’re being absolute phonies about climate change if we are not dealing with the real driver of greenhouse gas; that’s these wildfires,” said Moorlach. He has \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed\u003c/a> that the state dedicate 25 percent of the revenue from its cap and trade grreenhouse-gas-reduction system to help counties’ fire mitigation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties would welcome the help. Randy Hanvelt, a supervisor in Tuolumne County, said that where forest management is concerned, there’s a “leadership problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talk is cheap,” he said. “We have got ourselves a giant colossal mess. This is a war of sorts. Time is against us. Every available tool has to be applied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such tool is carefully designed burns. But the meticulous planning necessary can take two to three years, and the burns require favorable weather, a permit from the local air district and, crucially, buy-in from local communities that must first be educated about the benefits. And controlled doesn’t mean risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically, you have to have the ability to make mistakes and move on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[vimeo 262300538 w=640 h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Bunch, who plans thinning projects for the Plumas National Forest, pointed to a partly cleared hillside outside of Quincy where one of his extensively planned prescribed burns went awry, undone by a shift in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were about an hour into the burn and the smoke started going into town,” Bunch said, shaking his head at the memory. Even though the burn was going as planned, the smoke was not acceptable to nearby residents, who protested to fire officials. “Phones started ringing. Calls were made, and we shut it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method is used in Florida, which trains and certifies private property owners to burn their overgrown land and provides limited liability coverage in some cases. Florida cleared 2.1 million acres this way last year. Scott Stephens, who heads a wildland fire research lab at the University of California, Berkeley, said the widespread adoption of the policy has educated residents on both its benefits and risks.[contextly_sidebar id=”HXxaZrdRAqKYzcHGFu2bpkZlQEEg5Y6t”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Plumas County, a hulking building in a parking lot outside a community health complex may offer the final piece of the forest-health puzzle: creating a market for trees removed from California’s forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a project managed by the Sierra Institute for Community and Environment, the unremarkable square structure shows a potential use for California trees. The building is the state’s first to be fully constructed from cross-laminated timber—layers of wood pressed together to make thick sheets and posts—equal to or greater than the strength of steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the $2.3 million facility will house a large boiler to provide heat for the health center by consuming 500 tons of local wood chips a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the brainchild of the institute, which envisions it as a way to boost the economies of forest communities. It’s the kind of innovation the governor and Legislature hoped to promote by establishing a \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Wood-Products-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wood Products Working Group\u003c/a> to develop commercial uses for the piles of trees beside the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little left in California today of the early 20th century’s timber cutters, sawmills and biomass industry. If the state follows the Little Hoover Commission’s recommendations and accelerates forest thinning, an entire segment of state industry would need to be rejuvenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, officials emphasize the need to educate Californians about the role of forests in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want people to care about something, they have to understand why it matters,” said Pedro Nava, chairman of the Little Hoover Commission. “They need to understand the deep connection between the health of our state and the state of our forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branham, of the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, said that won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our messages are counterintuitive: We must cut down healthy living trees to save the forest,” he noted. “It’s a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A state commission recently prescribed radical changes to address the “neglect” of California’s forests.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928055,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":51,"wordCount":2350},"headData":{"title":"Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California | KQED","description":"A state commission recently prescribed radical changes to address the “neglect” of California’s forests.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California","datePublished":"2018-03-30T20:30:34.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:07:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>,\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a>","path":"/science/1921878/wildfire-prevention-takes-a-back-seat-in-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dave Kinateder has a keen eye for trees. But when Kinateder, a fire ecologist in the Plumas National Forest, surveys a hillside lush with pines, he doesn’t see abundance or the glory of nature’s bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees a disaster-in-waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It’s a ticking time bomb,” he said, gazing across the dense, green carpet of trees near Quincy, a small community high in the northern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfires, the worst in modern California history, have put a microscope on the forests that cover a third of the state–in particular, on managing these wooded lands in ways that would reduce the frequency and intensity of such blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is grappling with the counterintuitive dilemma of too many trees, packed too closely together, robbed of the space they need to thrive—and with how to clear out more than 100 million dead trees, felled by drought or insects, that provide tinder for the next infernos.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curing these unhealthy forests is both difficult and expensive, and as with human health, prevention is far less costly than treatment. But these days the state firefighting agency, Cal Fire, spends the bulk of its resources battling fires rather than practicing preventive measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is nothing less than life, property, air quality and the lands that hold most of California’s water. A state commission recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed\u003c/a> radical changes to address what it terms the “neglect” of California’s largest forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th-century California forest would have held fewer than 50 trees an acre. Today the state’s forests have grown to an unnatural 300 to 500 trees an acre, or more. That doesn’t count the 2 million drought-stressed trees a month lost to bark beetles that have killed entire stands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who in 2014 declared tree mortality a state of emergency, said in his January State of the State address that California needs to manage its forests more intelligently. He vowed to convene a task force “to review thoroughly the way our forests are managed and suggest ways to reduce the threat of devastating fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has dozens of agencies attacking problem but still cannot keep up with the work. Crews around the state have been busy clearing trees as fast as funding allows. This wielding of chainsaws they call “whacking and stacking” leaves massive wood piles along highways in some areas. But it amounts to no more than triage: Cal Fire removes trees on fewer than 40,000 acres a year, far short of its goal of clearing a half-million acres annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1921881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1244\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-160x249.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-768x1194.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1020x1586.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1180x1835.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-960x1493.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-240x373.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-375x583.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-520x809.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1.png 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Kinateder estimates that removing trees in this way costs as much as $1,400 an acre. By comparison, controlled burns—those set by fire managers to remove vegetation from forests—is a bargain at less than $150 an acre. Fighting a wildfire comes in at just over $800 an acre, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from the forest floor, California officials are wrestling with the financial and environmental cost of the state’s forest practices. At a hearing in March in Sacramento, legislators listened to lurid descriptions of raging fire and wrenching stories of human misery recounted by a stream of state and local officials: flames rearing up like an enormous beast, residents running for their lives, neighborhoods leveled, fire burning so hot and for so long that soils were rendered sterile.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A portion of the proceedings focused on a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> about wildfires and forest health from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency that gave its findings to the governor and Legislature in February. The document pulled no punches, calling the state of the Sierra Nevada’s forests “an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It cited a century of “mismanaging” the 10 million wooded acres in the Sierra, calling out state and federal firefighting agencies for their longstanding policy of aggressively putting out all fires rather than letting those that can safely burn do so, thereby thinning the choked woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Helge Eng, deputy director of Cal Fire, acknowledged the report was “spot on” in its assessment of the state of the Sierra, adding that the analysis “did an especially good job of recognizing that there are no easy, black-and-white answers to the problems we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire boasts that it stops 95 percent of fires at 10 acres or less, saving lives, property and entire forests from conflagration. Fire experts argue that a negative could be turned into a positive if fire bosses let them burn while still steering them away from people and structures and toward overgrown wildlands in need of clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an approach sometimes used by the National Park Service, but it’s difficult to defend when forests are ablaze, frightening the public and many elected officials alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the report said, “it is not enough for agency leaders, scientists and advocates to recognize the benefits of fire as a tool; the bureaucracy of the state government and public sentiment as a whole must undergo a culture shift to embrace fire as a tool for forest health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service employees in the Plumas National Forest near Quincy, in California’s northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eng said Cal Fire is considering adopting the managed-burn approach, when appropriate, but noted that federal firefighters are often working in wild settings, away from development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire’s mission is different; we protect life and property” in areas that may be densely populated, Eng said in a written response to questions. “There is most often not an opportunity to let a fire burn. The risk to human life is just too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also detailed a public safety threat from 129 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/drought-pests-and-disease-are-killing-californias-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead trees\u003c/a>, the crushing cost—up to $1,000 a tree—to private property owners to have trees removed from their land and the enormous burden on rural governments to both recover from fire and prepare their forests to mitigate the intensity of the next one. In no uncertain terms, the commission prescribed dramatically ramping up tree-thinning projects and, as awful as the optics are, creating and controlling some fires to achieve the same result.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eng agreed that the state firefighting agency was far from achieving its “aspirational” goal of clearing a half-million acres of land each year, citing such impediments as “the logistics of capacity of staff and equipment and environmental compliance,” among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment notable for its rarity in Sacramento, there was bipartisan agreement in the hearing room this month about the problem, its scope and the appropriate measures to deal with it. Focus more intensely on the problem, they agreed, and throw money at it. The state spent $900 million fighting fires last year. Just one of those late-season blazes caused more than $9 billion in reported property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made mistakes, and we’ve created systems that are unwieldy….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all of our fault,” Jim Branham, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency, told CALmatters. “Money alone won’t solve it, but we won’t solve it without money, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosaic of land ownership in California means the state owns only 2 percent of the forests but has legal responsibility over much more: 31 million acres, including land in rural counties.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire received more than $200 million for forest health projects last year and has proposed an additional $160 million for the next fiscal year. Those sums are on top of the agency’s current $2.7 billion budget. Cal Fire, in turn, doles out millions of those dollars in grants to local governments and community groups to do some thinning themselves, and it teams with the federal Forest Service to tackle clearing projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The work to improve forest health dovetails with other state priorities—protecting water sources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada range is the headwaters for 60 percent of California’s developed water supply. Burned, denuded hillsides don’t store water efficiently when it rains. Sediment cascades downhill, filling streams, affecting water quality and loading up reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The carbon equation is equally direct: When trees burn or decay, they release \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. The 2013 Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/our-region/rim-fire/rimairqualityfacts.pdf/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emissions \u003c/a>equal to those of 2.3 million cars in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burns emit less carbon than higher-intensity fires, because managed fire is aimed at smaller trees and shrubs. Cleared forest land may still ignite, but it will burn with less intensity and fewer emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, when trees die, they stop absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. The state depends on that critical service to help reduce greenhouse gases. \u003ca href=\"https://nau.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recovery-of-ponderosa-pine-ecosystem-carbon-and-water-fluxes-from\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research \u003c/a>suggests that severely burned areas regrow with shrubs or grasses, plants that store about 10 percent less carbon than trees do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Moorlach, a Republican state senator from Costa Mesa, suggests the Democratic governor, a champion of the fight against climate change, has a “gigantic blind spot” when it comes to reducing carbon emissions. Moorlach said in an interview that Brown’s emphasis on electric cars, for example, ignores the role of fire in California’s greenhouse gas inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We’re being absolute phonies about climate change if we are not dealing with the real driver of greenhouse gas; that’s these wildfires,” said Moorlach. He has \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed\u003c/a> that the state dedicate 25 percent of the revenue from its cap and trade grreenhouse-gas-reduction system to help counties’ fire mitigation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties would welcome the help. Randy Hanvelt, a supervisor in Tuolumne County, said that where forest management is concerned, there’s a “leadership problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talk is cheap,” he said. “We have got ourselves a giant colossal mess. This is a war of sorts. Time is against us. Every available tool has to be applied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such tool is carefully designed burns. But the meticulous planning necessary can take two to three years, and the burns require favorable weather, a permit from the local air district and, crucially, buy-in from local communities that must first be educated about the benefits. And controlled doesn’t mean risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically, you have to have the ability to make mistakes and move on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"vimeo","attributes":{"named":{"w":"640","h":"360","label":"262300538"},"numeric":["262300538"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Bunch, who plans thinning projects for the Plumas National Forest, pointed to a partly cleared hillside outside of Quincy where one of his extensively planned prescribed burns went awry, undone by a shift in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were about an hour into the burn and the smoke started going into town,” Bunch said, shaking his head at the memory. Even though the burn was going as planned, the smoke was not acceptable to nearby residents, who protested to fire officials. “Phones started ringing. Calls were made, and we shut it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method is used in Florida, which trains and certifies private property owners to burn their overgrown land and provides limited liability coverage in some cases. Florida cleared 2.1 million acres this way last year. Scott Stephens, who heads a wildland fire research lab at the University of California, Berkeley, said the widespread adoption of the policy has educated residents on both its benefits and risks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Plumas County, a hulking building in a parking lot outside a community health complex may offer the final piece of the forest-health puzzle: creating a market for trees removed from California’s forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a project managed by the Sierra Institute for Community and Environment, the unremarkable square structure shows a potential use for California trees. The building is the state’s first to be fully constructed from cross-laminated timber—layers of wood pressed together to make thick sheets and posts—equal to or greater than the strength of steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the $2.3 million facility will house a large boiler to provide heat for the health center by consuming 500 tons of local wood chips a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the brainchild of the institute, which envisions it as a way to boost the economies of forest communities. It’s the kind of innovation the governor and Legislature hoped to promote by establishing a \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Wood-Products-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wood Products Working Group\u003c/a> to develop commercial uses for the piles of trees beside the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little left in California today of the early 20th century’s timber cutters, sawmills and biomass industry. If the state follows the Little Hoover Commission’s recommendations and accelerates forest thinning, an entire segment of state industry would need to be rejuvenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, officials emphasize the need to educate Californians about the role of forests in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want people to care about something, they have to understand why it matters,” said Pedro Nava, chairman of the Little Hoover Commission. “They need to understand the deep connection between the health of our state and the state of our forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branham, of the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, said that won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our messages are counterintuitive: We must cut down healthy living trees to save the forest,” he noted. “It’s a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921878/wildfire-prevention-takes-a-back-seat-in-california","authors":["byline_science_1921878"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_5178","science_192","science_762","science_113","science_1498"],"featImg":"science_1921882","label":"source_science_1921878"},"science_1134217":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1134217","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1134217","score":null,"sort":[1478530841000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"let-it-burn-the-forest-service-wants-to-stop-putting-out-some-fires","title":"Let It Burn: The Forest Service Wants to Stop Putting Out Some Fires","publishDate":1478530841,"format":"image","headTitle":"Let It Burn: The Forest Service Wants to Stop Putting Out Some Fires | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>California’s fire season hasn’t turned out to be as bad as some feared this year. In fact, forest managers say that certain kinds of fires — the “good” fires — were sorely lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada forests are adapted to low-intensity fires that clear the underbrush and prevent trees from getting too dense. After a century of fire suppression, many forests are overgrown, which can make catastrophic fires worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So forest managers are piloting a new policy designed to shift a century-old mentality about fire in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to let naturally-caused fires burn when they aren’t a threat to homes or people. But actually making those decisions on the ground isn’t easy in a crowded state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/11/WebFireSommer161104.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decisions on the Front Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the U.S. Forest Service allows some fires to burn on a case-by-case basis, as in early September, when forest managers got reports of smoke in the Sierra National Forest, south of Yosemite, after a dry lightning storm rolled through.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fires are coming one way or another. How do we want them to be?’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Alan Taylor, U.S. Forest Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The fire was really small at that point,” says Sarah LaPlante, the forest ranger on duty at the time. “It was probably about a quarter of an acre.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was dubbed the Crown Fire and LaPlante had to make the call about how to handle it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t put firefighters right on the line trying to stop the fire right where the fire is,” she says. “We can actually let the fire burn in a controlled way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134221\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134221\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg\" alt=\"The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn't torch the treetops.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1142\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-160x95.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-800x476.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-768x457.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1020x607.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1180x702.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-960x571.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-240x143.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-375x223.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-520x309.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn’t torch the treetops. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fire was extremely remote and the weather was cooling off, so she gave the order to let it spread, keeping a close watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t torching trees,” she says. “It was just cleaning the forest floor. Getting rid of all of that over-accumulation of dead, woody debris.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was exactly the low-intensity fire that LaPlante wanted to see. Around 800 acres have burned so far. Winter rains are expected to put the fire out in a couple weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But being on the front lines of those decisions is never easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that you take really seriously and there is some level of nerves,” LaPlante says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very rarely, these decisions go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Control\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, rangers let a fire burn in Lassen Volcanic National Park. But the winds picked up and the fire spread thousands of acres toward the community of Old Station, an hour from Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Smoke was so heavy here ’cause it was blowing our direction,” says John Wallace, a restaurant-owner in Old Station who got ready to evacuate. “It was a scary situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qSiCfPblZjWfYCn8ELcWmi7sbsm6nUhK”]Luckily, the town was spared, but residents were angry and congressional hearings were held to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the fact that they let it burn and get away from them,” Wallace says. “I mean, anytime something affects you that way people get upset.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near-disasters like that make forest managers hesitant to let any fire burn. And scientists say that only makes things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Fire Deficit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So these are collections of fire scars from all over,” says fire scientist Scott Stephens, pointing to cross-sections of old trees inside his lab on the UC Berkeley campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see each of these small black marks that are recorded in the wood, in the tree rings, are actually a past fire that the tree survived.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134223\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg\" alt=\"UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1136\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1180x821.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-960x668.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-375x261.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rings show that this centuries-old Pondarosa Pine used to survive low-intensity fires every six to twelve years. Those fires kept young trees from growing up to crowd the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, forests in the Sierra Nevada are typically much denser than they once were, which can fuel catastrophic fires like the Rim Fire in Yosemite three years ago. Stephens says today there’s actually a fire deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds crazy, but if you think about how fire used to work the land, millions of acres burned every year,” he says. “But you didn’t have things like the Rim Fire that actually causes a 20,000-acre patch of forest to completely die. No living trees for miles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens clarified that in those patches, 95 percent or more of the trees died, making it difficult for the forest to regenerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the legacy of Smokey Bear, and it hasn’t been easy for the Forest Service to change that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Default\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a better understanding of the role of fire now as an agency and probably as a society,” says Alan Taylor, a fire planner with the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in decades, the Forest Service is changing its fire suppression policy in three national forests in the Sierra Nevada. The Sierra, Inyo and Sequoia National Forests are piloting this new approach, as part of an update to their forest management plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is creating fire risk zones by using computer models to analyze the terrain, type of forest and possible weather scenarios.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some zones, near towns and roads, are protected, and fires there would be put out. But in another zone, covering 40 percent of the land, rangers would have to answer a question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s a lightning-caused fire, why are we putting it out?” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg\" alt='Firefighters lit a \"back-burn\" to control the Reading Fire in 2012.' width=\"1920\" height=\"967\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-160x81.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-800x403.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-768x387.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1020x514.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1180x594.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-960x484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-240x121.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-375x189.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-520x262.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters lit a “back-burn” to control the Reading Fire in 2012. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This changes the default. Before, rangers had to make the case for letting a fire burn, but now, they’d have to justify putting it out if there’s no danger to people or homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take time, but we’re trying to put the tools in the deciders’ hands to start working toward having fire back in its natural role in these ecosystems,” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a downside: more fire means more smoke and the Central Valley already has some of the worst air quality in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It probably will be smokier at times than what we’re used to,” Taylor acknowledges. But he says the smoke from low-intensity fires is easier to manage than smoke from catastrophic fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fires are coming one way or another,” Taylor says. “How do we want them to be? If we keep putting them out and the fuels keep growing, eventually it gets to the point that you can’t put it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be simple and it’s not going to be completely predictable,” says Stephens. “But I know one thing for certain. If we continue to have that backlog of forests that are in terrible shape, I call that a freight train having a wreck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Forest Service’s new approach encourages fire in California forests, it could be adopted by other forests across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: A line was added to clarify the extent of tree mortality in the Rim Fire.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fires aren't all bad. Some fires help forests become healthier, but scientists say they're sorely lacking in California.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929443,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":1306},"headData":{"title":"Let It Burn: The Forest Service Wants to Stop Putting Out Some Fires | KQED","description":"Fires aren't all bad. Some fires help forests become healthier, but scientists say they're sorely lacking in California.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Let It Burn: The Forest Service Wants to Stop Putting Out Some Fires","datePublished":"2016-11-07T15:00:41.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:30:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/11/WebFireSommer161104.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1134217/let-it-burn-the-forest-service-wants-to-stop-putting-out-some-fires","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s fire season hasn’t turned out to be as bad as some feared this year. In fact, forest managers say that certain kinds of fires — the “good” fires — were sorely lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada forests are adapted to low-intensity fires that clear the underbrush and prevent trees from getting too dense. After a century of fire suppression, many forests are overgrown, which can make catastrophic fires worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So forest managers are piloting a new policy designed to shift a century-old mentality about fire in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to let naturally-caused fires burn when they aren’t a threat to homes or people. But actually making those decisions on the ground isn’t easy in a crowded state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/11/WebFireSommer161104.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decisions on the Front Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the U.S. Forest Service allows some fires to burn on a case-by-case basis, as in early September, when forest managers got reports of smoke in the Sierra National Forest, south of Yosemite, after a dry lightning storm rolled through.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fires are coming one way or another. How do we want them to be?’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Alan Taylor, U.S. Forest Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The fire was really small at that point,” says Sarah LaPlante, the forest ranger on duty at the time. “It was probably about a quarter of an acre.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was dubbed the Crown Fire and LaPlante had to make the call about how to handle it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t put firefighters right on the line trying to stop the fire right where the fire is,” she says. “We can actually let the fire burn in a controlled way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134221\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134221\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg\" alt=\"The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn't torch the treetops.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1142\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-160x95.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-800x476.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-768x457.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1020x607.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1180x702.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-960x571.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-240x143.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-375x223.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-520x309.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn’t torch the treetops. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fire was extremely remote and the weather was cooling off, so she gave the order to let it spread, keeping a close watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t torching trees,” she says. “It was just cleaning the forest floor. Getting rid of all of that over-accumulation of dead, woody debris.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was exactly the low-intensity fire that LaPlante wanted to see. Around 800 acres have burned so far. Winter rains are expected to put the fire out in a couple weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But being on the front lines of those decisions is never easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that you take really seriously and there is some level of nerves,” LaPlante says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very rarely, these decisions go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Control\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, rangers let a fire burn in Lassen Volcanic National Park. But the winds picked up and the fire spread thousands of acres toward the community of Old Station, an hour from Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Smoke was so heavy here ’cause it was blowing our direction,” says John Wallace, a restaurant-owner in Old Station who got ready to evacuate. “It was a scary situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Luckily, the town was spared, but residents were angry and congressional hearings were held to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the fact that they let it burn and get away from them,” Wallace says. “I mean, anytime something affects you that way people get upset.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near-disasters like that make forest managers hesitant to let any fire burn. And scientists say that only makes things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Fire Deficit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So these are collections of fire scars from all over,” says fire scientist Scott Stephens, pointing to cross-sections of old trees inside his lab on the UC Berkeley campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see each of these small black marks that are recorded in the wood, in the tree rings, are actually a past fire that the tree survived.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134223\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg\" alt=\"UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1136\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1180x821.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-960x668.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-375x261.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rings show that this centuries-old Pondarosa Pine used to survive low-intensity fires every six to twelve years. Those fires kept young trees from growing up to crowd the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, forests in the Sierra Nevada are typically much denser than they once were, which can fuel catastrophic fires like the Rim Fire in Yosemite three years ago. Stephens says today there’s actually a fire deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds crazy, but if you think about how fire used to work the land, millions of acres burned every year,” he says. “But you didn’t have things like the Rim Fire that actually causes a 20,000-acre patch of forest to completely die. No living trees for miles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens clarified that in those patches, 95 percent or more of the trees died, making it difficult for the forest to regenerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the legacy of Smokey Bear, and it hasn’t been easy for the Forest Service to change that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Default\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a better understanding of the role of fire now as an agency and probably as a society,” says Alan Taylor, a fire planner with the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in decades, the Forest Service is changing its fire suppression policy in three national forests in the Sierra Nevada. The Sierra, Inyo and Sequoia National Forests are piloting this new approach, as part of an update to their forest management plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is creating fire risk zones by using computer models to analyze the terrain, type of forest and possible weather scenarios.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some zones, near towns and roads, are protected, and fires there would be put out. But in another zone, covering 40 percent of the land, rangers would have to answer a question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s a lightning-caused fire, why are we putting it out?” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg\" alt='Firefighters lit a \"back-burn\" to control the Reading Fire in 2012.' width=\"1920\" height=\"967\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-160x81.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-800x403.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-768x387.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1020x514.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1180x594.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-960x484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-240x121.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-375x189.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-520x262.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters lit a “back-burn” to control the Reading Fire in 2012. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This changes the default. Before, rangers had to make the case for letting a fire burn, but now, they’d have to justify putting it out if there’s no danger to people or homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take time, but we’re trying to put the tools in the deciders’ hands to start working toward having fire back in its natural role in these ecosystems,” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a downside: more fire means more smoke and the Central Valley already has some of the worst air quality in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It probably will be smokier at times than what we’re used to,” Taylor acknowledges. But he says the smoke from low-intensity fires is easier to manage than smoke from catastrophic fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fires are coming one way or another,” Taylor says. “How do we want them to be? If we keep putting them out and the fuels keep growing, eventually it gets to the point that you can’t put it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be simple and it’s not going to be completely predictable,” says Stephens. “But I know one thing for certain. If we continue to have that backlog of forests that are in terrible shape, I call that a freight train having a wreck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Forest Service’s new approach encourages fire in California forests, it could be adopted by other forests across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: A line was added to clarify the extent of tree mortality in the Rim Fire.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1134217/let-it-burn-the-forest-service-wants-to-stop-putting-out-some-fires","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_46","science_35","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_112","science_762","science_763","science_109"],"featImg":"science_1134219","label":"science"},"science_21581":{"type":"posts","id":"science_21581","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"21581","score":null,"sort":[1410764481000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-more-trees-in-the-sierra-mean-less-water-for-california","title":"Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California","publishDate":1410764481,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140915science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ebfC6eGZE6wvva0IQjLqdbheiT23eRrP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California water districts are eyeing a potential new source of water: trees. After a century of fire suppression, Sierra Nevada forests are more dense than ever before. And those pine trees are taking up a lot of water that might otherwise run off into California rivers. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932947,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":962},"headData":{"title":"Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California | KQED","description":"California water districts are eyeing a potential new source of water: trees. After a century of fire suppression, Sierra Nevada forests are more dense than ever before. And those pine trees are taking up a lot of water that might otherwise run off into California rivers. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California","datePublished":"2014-09-15T07:01:21.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:29:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140915science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/21581/why-more-trees-in-the-sierra-mean-less-water-for-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140915science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/21581/why-more-trees-in-the-sierra-mean-less-water-for-california","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_194","science_572","science_112","science_762","science_64","science_109","science_1127","science_787","science_201","science_113"],"featImg":"science_21584","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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right now (From KQED's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n[iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"]\r\n\r\n\u003cem>We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the \u003ca href=\"#background\">background\u003c/a> and rounding up \u003ca href=\"#river\">all the stories\u003c/a> we’ve produced.\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Relief at Last\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago.\r\n\r\n[http_redir]","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Drought Watch Archives | KQED Science","description":"What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's The Lowdown) [iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"] We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the background and rounding up all the stories we’ve produced. Relief at Last In early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago. 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