What California's Wet Winter Means for Fire Season
When It Comes to Wildfire Solutions, Relocating Communities Is a Tough Sell
Changing Winds Could Shift Southern California Fire Season
Breathing Fire: California's Central Valley Bears the Brunt of Harmful Wildfire Smoke
Deader Than Ever: California Forests Head Into Fire Season
How El Niño Might Have Fed the Valley Fire's Strange Ferocity
Why the Worst of Fire Season May Lie Ahead
California Wildfires: Training for a Tough Season
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Given the wet, cool winter and spring months, this year’s fire season is off to a slow start. The ground is still wet and grasses, shrubs and trees are holding onto that moisture, making them less likely to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the same thing as when you try to start a campfire: You don’t use wet wood. It’s very hard to get wet wood to ignite,” said Craig Clements, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sjsu.edu/wildfire/team/faculty.php\">director\u003c/a> of the Wildfire Interdisciplinary Research Center at San José State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"California Statewide Rainfall/Acres Burned (2000-2022) \" aria-label=\"Scatter Plot\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-61l7B\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/61l7B/4/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" data-external=\"1\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But what about all that extra vegetation?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Maybe you’ve heard that all that rain means more vegetation, and that more vegetation means more fuel for wildfires. That’s true — but only in certain ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, you might’ve noticed grasses are extra tall this year due to all the rain. Grassland ecosystems are certainly more dense this year and once those grasses cure, they’ll be primed for burning. Thus, if conditions are ripe for fires in August, September and October, grassy environments could be at increased risk. That risk could spill over into next year, too, depending on the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year is going to be more a function of the soil moisture content being so high,” said Clements. In other words, because grasses, shrubs and trees are holding onto their moisture longer than usual, the window for them to cure — and for severe wildfire risk — is narrower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Clements added, grass fires are among the least concerning to firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re dangerous, they spread rapidly, but aircraft suppression works really well on grass fires,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire ramped up its flight suppression last year, which the agency said helped prevent wildfires from blazing out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So where will fires be worst this year?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In short: likely in the coastal grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do get significant heat waves or wind events in August, September and October, there could be a high level of fire activity in [the grasslands],” UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said in a recent live YouTube \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E45I9YeO0ek\">video\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the Bay Area is considered coastal grassland and, depending on the late summer weather — particularly heat waves followed by gusty, dry offshore winds — the region could see increased fire activity later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, forest and mountain ecosystems like the Sierra Nevada are still blanketed in snow, which could mean they’ll be spared this fire season. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/03/30/california-snowpack-record-sierra/\">record-breaking snowpack in the mountains is lingering into the summer months\u003c/a>, thereby decreasing fire danger. Even when it all melts later this summer, the fuel moisture will likely stay high enough to ward off any severe burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How will this summer’s weather factor in?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Of course all of these predictions are contingent upon the weather, which in California is notoriously fickle. June has already been cooler and wetter than usual, and with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982822/6-common-misconceptions-about-el-nino-and-its-impact-on-california-weather\">El\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982822/6-common-misconceptions-about-el-nino-and-its-impact-on-california-weather\">Niño\u003c/a> conditions here, that trend is likely to continue later on this year. That narrows the window for high fire danger conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that window will still exist. Although fuel moisture is higher than normal right now, the tall grasses and shrubs will cure at some point this summer, likely in August, and will be ready to burn. August, September and October are notoriously hot, dry and windy across California, and even the dozens of atmospheric rivers from the previous winter won’t be enough to quell the fire season entirely. That’s thanks in part to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting more fire weather days and worse high fire risk days because of climate change,” said Clements. “It’s day-to-day weather that really drives fire behavior on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One heatwave can drastically change the fire danger outlook. “It can happen just in a matter of days,” said Clements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too soon to know how those late summer months will play out weather-wise, but one thing is for sure: There will be fires in California this year. Because fire is a natural part of the state’s landscape, and many ecosystems are adapted to it and even need it to survive and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A group of fire directors say the potential for big fires this year is much less than in recent years. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845974,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/61l7B/4/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":823},"headData":{"title":"What California's Wet Winter Means for Fire Season | KQED","description":"A group of fire directors say the potential for big fires this year is much less than in recent years. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfire ","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/ead9443b-000b-47bb-a085-b02801224935/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983097/what-californias-wet-winter-means-for-fire-season","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The series of 31 atmospheric rivers that drenched California this past winter has wildfire officials and scientists breathing sighs of relief — for the most part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a coalition of state and federal fire directors, which puts out regular \u003ca href=\"https://gacc.nifc.gov/oncc/predictive/outlooks/Outlook_NOps.pdf\">predictions about wildfire season in Northern California (PDF)\u003c/a>, the potential for significant fires this year is normal to below normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That Northern California Geographic Area Coordination Center’s prediction comes from a compilation of factors, chief among them weather (past, present and future) and fuel moisture (how much water trees and plants are holding onto). Given the wet, cool winter and spring months, this year’s fire season is off to a slow start. The ground is still wet and grasses, shrubs and trees are holding onto that moisture, making them less likely to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the same thing as when you try to start a campfire: You don’t use wet wood. It’s very hard to get wet wood to ignite,” said Craig Clements, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sjsu.edu/wildfire/team/faculty.php\">director\u003c/a> of the Wildfire Interdisciplinary Research Center at San José State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"California Statewide Rainfall/Acres Burned (2000-2022) \" aria-label=\"Scatter Plot\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-61l7B\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/61l7B/4/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" data-external=\"1\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But what about all that extra vegetation?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Maybe you’ve heard that all that rain means more vegetation, and that more vegetation means more fuel for wildfires. That’s true — but only in certain ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, you might’ve noticed grasses are extra tall this year due to all the rain. Grassland ecosystems are certainly more dense this year and once those grasses cure, they’ll be primed for burning. Thus, if conditions are ripe for fires in August, September and October, grassy environments could be at increased risk. That risk could spill over into next year, too, depending on the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year is going to be more a function of the soil moisture content being so high,” said Clements. In other words, because grasses, shrubs and trees are holding onto their moisture longer than usual, the window for them to cure — and for severe wildfire risk — is narrower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Clements added, grass fires are among the least concerning to firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re dangerous, they spread rapidly, but aircraft suppression works really well on grass fires,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire ramped up its flight suppression last year, which the agency said helped prevent wildfires from blazing out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So where will fires be worst this year?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In short: likely in the coastal grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do get significant heat waves or wind events in August, September and October, there could be a high level of fire activity in [the grasslands],” UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said in a recent live YouTube \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E45I9YeO0ek\">video\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the Bay Area is considered coastal grassland and, depending on the late summer weather — particularly heat waves followed by gusty, dry offshore winds — the region could see increased fire activity later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, forest and mountain ecosystems like the Sierra Nevada are still blanketed in snow, which could mean they’ll be spared this fire season. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/03/30/california-snowpack-record-sierra/\">record-breaking snowpack in the mountains is lingering into the summer months\u003c/a>, thereby decreasing fire danger. Even when it all melts later this summer, the fuel moisture will likely stay high enough to ward off any severe burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How will this summer’s weather factor in?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Of course all of these predictions are contingent upon the weather, which in California is notoriously fickle. June has already been cooler and wetter than usual, and with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982822/6-common-misconceptions-about-el-nino-and-its-impact-on-california-weather\">El\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982822/6-common-misconceptions-about-el-nino-and-its-impact-on-california-weather\">Niño\u003c/a> conditions here, that trend is likely to continue later on this year. That narrows the window for high fire danger conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that window will still exist. Although fuel moisture is higher than normal right now, the tall grasses and shrubs will cure at some point this summer, likely in August, and will be ready to burn. August, September and October are notoriously hot, dry and windy across California, and even the dozens of atmospheric rivers from the previous winter won’t be enough to quell the fire season entirely. That’s thanks in part to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting more fire weather days and worse high fire risk days because of climate change,” said Clements. “It’s day-to-day weather that really drives fire behavior on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One heatwave can drastically change the fire danger outlook. “It can happen just in a matter of days,” said Clements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too soon to know how those late summer months will play out weather-wise, but one thing is for sure: There will be fires in California this year. Because fire is a natural part of the state’s landscape, and many ecosystems are adapted to it and even need it to survive and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983097/what-californias-wet-winter-means-for-fire-season","authors":["11362"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5194","science_4877","science_194","science_1596","science_3464","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1983108","label":"source_science_1983097"},"science_1945874":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1945874","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1945874","score":null,"sort":[1564988542000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-it-comes-to-wildfire-solutions-relocating-communities-is-a-tough-sell","title":"When It Comes to Wildfire Solutions, Relocating Communities Is a Tough Sell","publishDate":1564988542,"format":"standard","headTitle":"When It Comes to Wildfire Solutions, Relocating Communities Is a Tough Sell | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>They call it “managed retreat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Lisa Dale, Columbia University']‘It’s hard to imagine asking 50% of western residents to move to the city.’[/pullquote]More than a buzzphrase, the term has become something of a movement among officials looking for ways to cope with rising sea levels and increased river flooding. In short, it means getting out of harm’s way, literally moving people and possibly whole communities to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds radical, but it’s now a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/04/672285546/retreat-is-not-an-option-as-a-california-beach-town-plans-for-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">serious topic among planners\u003c/a> and scientists who are scheduling whole conferences around the benefits as well as the challenges of managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about in fire country, where California has seen so much devastation in recent years? I recently asked \u003cstrong>Lisa Dale\u003c/strong>, a social scientist at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2323\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Development Program\u003c/a>, if we should also be discussing managed retreat as a defense against the increasingly catastrophic wildfires we’ve seen in California. Here are excerpts from that interview, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nearly all the emphasis whenever anyone talks about managed retreat is on coastal and river flooding. Even out west, we don’t talk about it much in terms of fire. Should we\u003c/strong>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lisa Dale\u003c/strong>: I’m hard-pressed to say we should. I worked in the wildfire community for decades. I’ve never heard it discussed. To look back and say, “Really those people should be moving,” I don’t think it’s realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1943266']Remember, half the residents of the American West live in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlandfirersg.org/About/Wildland-Urban-Interface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildland-urban interface\u003c/a>. It’s hard to imagine asking 50% of western residents to move to the city. We’re asking for complete and total urbanization of the West if we want to retreat from wildfire zones. And that’s not what the West is about, and that’s not why people live there. So I don’t think it’s realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nearly all of the coastal U.S. is developed, whereas a relatively small proportion of the wildland-urban interface is developed. So it does seem like there’s at least an opportunity there\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. I think the opportunity is on the front end. So, while I’m reluctant to argue that we should be pushing people to move who already live in the risk area, I think there’s a lot we can do to create disincentives for new people to move there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 85% or so of the wildland-urban interface area is not yet developed. We have a huge opportunity there to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943266/one-potential-solution-to-fires-in-the-wilderness-dont-build-there\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minimize our future risk\u003c/a> by planning carefully and zoning and creating movement patterns for people to relocate, so that we’re not setting ourselves up for an inevitable situation where we do have to start considering relocating communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In California, they tried to attach a kind of a risk premium to people’s insurance policies, saying essentially, “Okay, if you’re going to live in these designated zones, you’re going to pay for some of the public costs of wildfires when they happen.” It didn’t fly.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We tried a number of similar measures in Colorado when I lived there, and those didn’t fly, either. And part of the problem comes down to the shortcomings of risk mapping. Because that is a binary choice. Some people will have to pay that fee and some people won’t have to pay that fee, and who gets put in the pay bucket becomes a really contentious question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what is the answer? I see you kind of rolling your eyes.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I really think local governments are the key. States can do a lot to force local governments to act, but states themselves can only take limited steps. Since the local governments are also the ones often saddled with the costs of wildfire, that’s an easy match. This is a layer of government that is facing the costs now and is therefore incentivized to create solutions. They run up against problems like, “If we close the wildland-urban interface from building, we’ve just reduced our tax base. We’ve just reduced the availability of private property in our town.” And no local government wants to do that. So it’s not easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance companies are also key to this story, and we’re starting to see some real action on that in the West. We’re starting to see home insurance companies require their policy holders in risk areas to complete defensible space work around their homes. We’re starting to see policies with disclosure requirements across the West, so that if you are moving there and don’t know you’re moving into a risk zone, there’s mandatory disclosure. Those will help. I think the combination of home insurance action and local government steps are likely the location of solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003cem>Note: Insurance companies have have also been canceling an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943180/increasingly-unavailable-and-unaffordable-home-insurance-threatened-amid-wildfire-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasing number\u003c/a> of homeowner policies in California’s wildfire-prone areas, with more expensive, less comprehensive policies as the alternative.\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>After the devastating\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tubbs-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> wine country fires\u003c/a> a couple of years ago, that swept through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11622421/video-santa-rosa-reeling-from-devastating-tubbs-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dense urban areas\u003c/a> in Santa Rosa, we saw residents go right back in and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11741498/a-third-of-homes-lost-in-2017-tubbs-fire-now-under-construction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">build in the same place\u003c/a>. And the local politicians were very reluctant to say they couldn’t.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I think that’s tricky. You’ve seen this for a long time across the West, which is part of why I’m a little distrustful of these risk maps. I think they lead to a false sense of safety for people whose homes are marked safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in fact, we know the fires are behaving in unprecedented ways so we can’t adequately predict the future. And we’re also seeing some really unexpected bottlenecks for progress. For example, one thing we kept coming up against in Colorado was homeowner associations that required certain building materials be used on their properties. Fire-resistant materials, for example, were forbidden in some of these homeowner associations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For aesthetic reasons?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly. So, they’re trying to create a style for all the homes in a community. And when those decisions were made decades ago, nobody was thinking about fire risk. We can do a lot with building materials, with requiring flame-resistant roof tiles for example, removing barriers to the adoption of those types of materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments can do a lot to think about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1942547/in-the-age-of-the-crazy-fast-fire-a-good-evacuation-plan-may-not-be-enough\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ways to get in and out\u003c/a> of high-risk neighborhoods for emergency vehicles so that fires don’t become as catastrophic as we’ve seen and can be more easily tackled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That was a huge factor in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camp Fire\u003c/a>, which leveled the entire city of Paradise in Butte County in 2018.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>I\u003c/b>t’s a huge factor in many communities. Part of living up in the woods is that you live on these long, windy roads, and there’s only one road to get to you. So it’s also a transportation and road-network issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a lot of opportunities, I think, especially in the West since so much of it is not yet developed, to redefine the way we develop those areas, redefine the way we build in those areas, all within the framework of reducing risk from wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Asking people to move their homes out of the so-called wildland-urban interface isn't realistic, Columbia University social scientist Lisa Dale says. But there are plenty of other ways to minimize the destruction.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848440,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1274},"headData":{"title":"When It Comes to Wildfire Solutions, Relocating Communities Is a Tough Sell | KQED","description":"Asking people to move their homes out of the so-called wildland-urban interface isn't realistic, Columbia University social scientist Lisa Dale says. But there are plenty of other ways to minimize the destruction.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfires","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/08/MillerManagedRetreat.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":312,"path":"/science/1945874/when-it-comes-to-wildfire-solutions-relocating-communities-is-a-tough-sell","audioDuration":312000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They call it “managed retreat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘It’s hard to imagine asking 50% of western residents to move to the city.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","align":"right","citation":"Lisa Dale, Columbia University","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>More than a buzzphrase, the term has become something of a movement among officials looking for ways to cope with rising sea levels and increased river flooding. In short, it means getting out of harm’s way, literally moving people and possibly whole communities to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds radical, but it’s now a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/04/672285546/retreat-is-not-an-option-as-a-california-beach-town-plans-for-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">serious topic among planners\u003c/a> and scientists who are scheduling whole conferences around the benefits as well as the challenges of managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about in fire country, where California has seen so much devastation in recent years? I recently asked \u003cstrong>Lisa Dale\u003c/strong>, a social scientist at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2323\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Development Program\u003c/a>, if we should also be discussing managed retreat as a defense against the increasingly catastrophic wildfires we’ve seen in California. Here are excerpts from that interview, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nearly all the emphasis whenever anyone talks about managed retreat is on coastal and river flooding. Even out west, we don’t talk about it much in terms of fire. Should we\u003c/strong>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lisa Dale\u003c/strong>: I’m hard-pressed to say we should. I worked in the wildfire community for decades. I’ve never heard it discussed. To look back and say, “Really those people should be moving,” I don’t think it’s realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1943266","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Remember, half the residents of the American West live in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlandfirersg.org/About/Wildland-Urban-Interface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildland-urban interface\u003c/a>. It’s hard to imagine asking 50% of western residents to move to the city. We’re asking for complete and total urbanization of the West if we want to retreat from wildfire zones. And that’s not what the West is about, and that’s not why people live there. So I don’t think it’s realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nearly all of the coastal U.S. is developed, whereas a relatively small proportion of the wildland-urban interface is developed. So it does seem like there’s at least an opportunity there\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. I think the opportunity is on the front end. So, while I’m reluctant to argue that we should be pushing people to move who already live in the risk area, I think there’s a lot we can do to create disincentives for new people to move there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 85% or so of the wildland-urban interface area is not yet developed. We have a huge opportunity there to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943266/one-potential-solution-to-fires-in-the-wilderness-dont-build-there\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minimize our future risk\u003c/a> by planning carefully and zoning and creating movement patterns for people to relocate, so that we’re not setting ourselves up for an inevitable situation where we do have to start considering relocating communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In California, they tried to attach a kind of a risk premium to people’s insurance policies, saying essentially, “Okay, if you’re going to live in these designated zones, you’re going to pay for some of the public costs of wildfires when they happen.” It didn’t fly.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We tried a number of similar measures in Colorado when I lived there, and those didn’t fly, either. And part of the problem comes down to the shortcomings of risk mapping. Because that is a binary choice. Some people will have to pay that fee and some people won’t have to pay that fee, and who gets put in the pay bucket becomes a really contentious question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what is the answer? I see you kind of rolling your eyes.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I really think local governments are the key. States can do a lot to force local governments to act, but states themselves can only take limited steps. Since the local governments are also the ones often saddled with the costs of wildfire, that’s an easy match. This is a layer of government that is facing the costs now and is therefore incentivized to create solutions. They run up against problems like, “If we close the wildland-urban interface from building, we’ve just reduced our tax base. We’ve just reduced the availability of private property in our town.” And no local government wants to do that. So it’s not easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance companies are also key to this story, and we’re starting to see some real action on that in the West. We’re starting to see home insurance companies require their policy holders in risk areas to complete defensible space work around their homes. We’re starting to see policies with disclosure requirements across the West, so that if you are moving there and don’t know you’re moving into a risk zone, there’s mandatory disclosure. Those will help. I think the combination of home insurance action and local government steps are likely the location of solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003cem>Note: Insurance companies have have also been canceling an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943180/increasingly-unavailable-and-unaffordable-home-insurance-threatened-amid-wildfire-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasing number\u003c/a> of homeowner policies in California’s wildfire-prone areas, with more expensive, less comprehensive policies as the alternative.\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>After the devastating\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tubbs-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> wine country fires\u003c/a> a couple of years ago, that swept through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11622421/video-santa-rosa-reeling-from-devastating-tubbs-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dense urban areas\u003c/a> in Santa Rosa, we saw residents go right back in and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11741498/a-third-of-homes-lost-in-2017-tubbs-fire-now-under-construction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">build in the same place\u003c/a>. And the local politicians were very reluctant to say they couldn’t.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I think that’s tricky. You’ve seen this for a long time across the West, which is part of why I’m a little distrustful of these risk maps. I think they lead to a false sense of safety for people whose homes are marked safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in fact, we know the fires are behaving in unprecedented ways so we can’t adequately predict the future. And we’re also seeing some really unexpected bottlenecks for progress. For example, one thing we kept coming up against in Colorado was homeowner associations that required certain building materials be used on their properties. Fire-resistant materials, for example, were forbidden in some of these homeowner associations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For aesthetic reasons?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly. So, they’re trying to create a style for all the homes in a community. And when those decisions were made decades ago, nobody was thinking about fire risk. We can do a lot with building materials, with requiring flame-resistant roof tiles for example, removing barriers to the adoption of those types of materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments can do a lot to think about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1942547/in-the-age-of-the-crazy-fast-fire-a-good-evacuation-plan-may-not-be-enough\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ways to get in and out\u003c/a> of high-risk neighborhoods for emergency vehicles so that fires don’t become as catastrophic as we’ve seen and can be more easily tackled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That was a huge factor in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camp Fire\u003c/a>, which leveled the entire city of Paradise in Butte County in 2018.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>I\u003c/b>t’s a huge factor in many communities. Part of living up in the woods is that you live on these long, windy roads, and there’s only one road to get to you. So it’s also a transportation and road-network issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a lot of opportunities, I think, especially in the West since so much of it is not yet developed, to redefine the way we develop those areas, redefine the way we build in those areas, all within the framework of reducing risk from wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1945874/when-it-comes-to-wildfire-solutions-relocating-communities-is-a-tough-sell","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_3730"],"tags":["science_3841","science_3370","science_1596","science_206"],"featImg":"science_1946080","label":"source_science_1945874"},"science_1937477":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1937477","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1937477","score":null,"sort":[1549056603000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"changing-winds-could-shift-southern-california-fire-season","title":"Changing Winds Could Shift Southern California Fire Season","publishDate":1549056603,"format":"image","headTitle":"Changing Winds Could Shift Southern California Fire Season | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In popular culture, Southern California’s Santa Ana winds have been portrayed as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_winds_in_popular_culture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">harbingers\u003c/a> of chaos, strange behavior and most notably, fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re changing, with potential big implications for the SoCal fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future.’\u003ccite>Alexander Gershunov, Scripps Institution\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These intense, dry gusts, sometimes referred to as “devil winds,” can lead to coastal heat waves, downed trees and the spread of the region’s most destructive wildfires. Santa Ana wind conditions played a role in the massive \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/05/us/ventura-county-fire-california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> that broke out in December 2017, scorching more than 280,000 acres across Ventura and Santa Barbara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Anas also contribute to Southern California’s characteristic sunshine and year-round warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080261\">new study\u003c/a> out this week suggests that rising temperatures as a result of climate change could have a big impact on the timing of Santa Ana wind season, compressing more of it into December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diminishing Winds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study, published this week in Geophysical Research Letters, project that Santa Ana wind frequency could drop \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/climate-change-may-suppress-santa-ana-winds-particularly-fall?hash=GKVME8bwLdEz_8vul3N4bH3gz7MROXNUxH6VRrk2Tm8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that, in general, Santa Ana winds are likely to diminish with warming,” says Alexander Gershunov, a researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego and the study’s co-author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s forecast was drawn from eight global climate models adjusted to detect more localized weather characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The predicted decrease in Santa Ana wind activity is expected to be most pronounced in the “shoulder” seasons, with big declines in October and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really it’s that Santa Ana winds are expected to diminish in the fall and spring,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peak wind activity will likely occur in December, which is typical historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the paper, Gershunov and co-author Janin Guzman‐Morales suggest that changes in the timing of Santa Ana winds could alter Southern California’s wildfire outlook. But just how this will affect fire season is “much more nuanced,” according to Gershunov.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Santa Ana winds do drive the most catastrophic wildfires in Southern California,” Gershunov says. “But they’re not the only ingredient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, don’t expect the shorter windy season to mean less wildfire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dry fuel” from vegetation is another key factor in the spread of wildfires. According to Gershunov, trends for rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns mean that the prevalence of fire’s natural fuel could persist into winter, when the winds are at their most frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of California’s fire season typically peaks in the fall months. But the Thomas Fire was exacerbated by a warm, dry fall combined with a series of Santa Ana wind events starting in December 2017. Gershunov says the likelihood of similar fire conditions could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t say anything with any confidence at this point, whether the fire season will intensify or decrease on average in the future,” he says. “But this later fire season does suggest that future fires may burn longer, because as the wildfire season shifts to December, which is the peak of Santa Ana wind activity, we’re more likely to get back-to-back Santa Ana winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So events like the Thomas Fire, which burned for three weeks fanned by a couple of back-to-back Santa Ana wind events, will be more likely in the future than they were in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mimi Hughes largely agrees. She researches climate at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Hughes has modeled how climate affects the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0300-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Ana winds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cold Air and Hot Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winds are powered by the sharp pressure difference or “gradient” between the Great Basin — a vast interior region spanning parts of Nevada, Utah and Oregon — and the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the Santa Ana winds feel hot, that pressure gradient depends on the presence of high-density cold air masses over the Great Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These [winds] actually happen when it’s cold in the desert interior, which is kind of counterintuitive,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less cold air in the desert, then that actually means that you get fewer of these pressure gradients that can set up the conditions that are ripe for Santa Ana winds,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hughes, the Scripps study implies “an increased likelihood of fire later in the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And like Gershunov, she says that to understand the bigger picture of what this spells for Southern California wildfires, other factors must be taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, she says the dry and wet extremes in the region are projected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you had a very, very dry winter, and then compound that with the fact that the Santa Ana season is a bit later,” Hughes explains, “Then you could really see this being potential for devastatingly large fires.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study suggests that rising temperatures could have a big impact on the Santa Ana wind season, which in turn could shift the worst of fire season to later in the year. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848861,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":901},"headData":{"title":"Changing Winds Could Shift Southern California Fire Season | KQED","description":"A new study suggests that rising temperatures could have a big impact on the Santa Ana wind season, which in turn could shift the worst of fire season to later in the year. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfires","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2019/02/VentonSantaAnaWinds.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":86,"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/science/1937477/changing-winds-could-shift-southern-california-fire-season","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In popular culture, Southern California’s Santa Ana winds have been portrayed as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_winds_in_popular_culture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">harbingers\u003c/a> of chaos, strange behavior and most notably, fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re changing, with potential big implications for the SoCal fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future.’\u003ccite>Alexander Gershunov, Scripps Institution\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These intense, dry gusts, sometimes referred to as “devil winds,” can lead to coastal heat waves, downed trees and the spread of the region’s most destructive wildfires. Santa Ana wind conditions played a role in the massive \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/05/us/ventura-county-fire-california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> that broke out in December 2017, scorching more than 280,000 acres across Ventura and Santa Barbara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Anas also contribute to Southern California’s characteristic sunshine and year-round warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080261\">new study\u003c/a> out this week suggests that rising temperatures as a result of climate change could have a big impact on the timing of Santa Ana wind season, compressing more of it into December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diminishing Winds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study, published this week in Geophysical Research Letters, project that Santa Ana wind frequency could drop \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/climate-change-may-suppress-santa-ana-winds-particularly-fall?hash=GKVME8bwLdEz_8vul3N4bH3gz7MROXNUxH6VRrk2Tm8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that, in general, Santa Ana winds are likely to diminish with warming,” says Alexander Gershunov, a researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego and the study’s co-author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s forecast was drawn from eight global climate models adjusted to detect more localized weather characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The predicted decrease in Santa Ana wind activity is expected to be most pronounced in the “shoulder” seasons, with big declines in October and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really it’s that Santa Ana winds are expected to diminish in the fall and spring,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peak wind activity will likely occur in December, which is typical historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the paper, Gershunov and co-author Janin Guzman‐Morales suggest that changes in the timing of Santa Ana winds could alter Southern California’s wildfire outlook. But just how this will affect fire season is “much more nuanced,” according to Gershunov.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Santa Ana winds do drive the most catastrophic wildfires in Southern California,” Gershunov says. “But they’re not the only ingredient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, don’t expect the shorter windy season to mean less wildfire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dry fuel” from vegetation is another key factor in the spread of wildfires. According to Gershunov, trends for rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns mean that the prevalence of fire’s natural fuel could persist into winter, when the winds are at their most frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of California’s fire season typically peaks in the fall months. But the Thomas Fire was exacerbated by a warm, dry fall combined with a series of Santa Ana wind events starting in December 2017. Gershunov says the likelihood of similar fire conditions could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t say anything with any confidence at this point, whether the fire season will intensify or decrease on average in the future,” he says. “But this later fire season does suggest that future fires may burn longer, because as the wildfire season shifts to December, which is the peak of Santa Ana wind activity, we’re more likely to get back-to-back Santa Ana winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So events like the Thomas Fire, which burned for three weeks fanned by a couple of back-to-back Santa Ana wind events, will be more likely in the future than they were in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mimi Hughes largely agrees. She researches climate at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Hughes has modeled how climate affects the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0300-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Ana winds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cold Air and Hot Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winds are powered by the sharp pressure difference or “gradient” between the Great Basin — a vast interior region spanning parts of Nevada, Utah and Oregon — and the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the Santa Ana winds feel hot, that pressure gradient depends on the presence of high-density cold air masses over the Great Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These [winds] actually happen when it’s cold in the desert interior, which is kind of counterintuitive,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less cold air in the desert, then that actually means that you get fewer of these pressure gradients that can set up the conditions that are ripe for Santa Ana winds,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hughes, the Scripps study implies “an increased likelihood of fire later in the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And like Gershunov, she says that to understand the bigger picture of what this spells for Southern California wildfires, other factors must be taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, she says the dry and wet extremes in the region are projected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you had a very, very dry winter, and then compound that with the fact that the Santa Ana season is a bit later,” Hughes explains, “Then you could really see this being potential for devastatingly large fires.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1937477/changing-winds-could-shift-southern-california-fire-season","authors":["11368","11088"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_3730"],"tags":["science_194","science_1596","science_556","science_3428","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1937564","label":"source_science_1937477"},"science_1929784":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1929784","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1929784","score":null,"sort":[1534352405000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke","title":"Breathing Fire: California's Central Valley Bears the Brunt of Harmful Wildfire Smoke","publishDate":1534352405,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Breathing Fire: California’s Central Valley Bears the Brunt of Harmful Wildfire Smoke | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ci>Worsening wildfires linked to the weather, climate change and forest management policies are causing unprecedented smoke pollution across the West and beyond, creating public health risks and undermining decades of air quality gains. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>fter 30 minutes of gardening, Donna Fisher’s eyes are burning. One is swollen shut. Since retiring to the forested foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range 20 years ago, the 74-year-old has cultivated a garden large enough to feed her and her husband well into the winter. For the past two years, smoke from wildfires has reduced the time she can spend tending to her vegetables before her asthma and bronchitis are triggered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like somebody choking you, or putting a band around your chest and pulling it tight,” she said. Wildfire seasons in the Western U.S. are \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/westernwildfires2016v2.pdf\">105 days longer\u003c/a> than they were five decades ago, billowing smoke that contains tiny chemical particles that threaten public health. “It used to be a few days, maybe a week at worse. Now it’s longer than it’s ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929787 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired nurse Donna Fisher wears a hat and sunglasses to protect from the sun while she picks squash from her garden. Fisher says smoke that has settled in near her home in the Sierra Nevada foothills has affected her health. \u003ccite>(Alex Hall/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smoke from wildfires is undermining decades of gains made in reducing air pollution from exhaust pipes and power plants. The number of days each year that wildfires foul the air is increasing in parts of the West, with worse expected as temperatures continue to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You might not automatically have a heart attack or get asthma, but health effects can last for a year or more.’\u003ccite>Loretta Mickley, Harvard chemist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770\">Wildfires are projected to continue increasing in size and frequency,\u003c/a> leading to more ‘smoke waves’ — days-long bouts of dangerous pollution. For asthmatics like Fisher, that means more days of lung-pinching pain and confinement indoors. For those who aren’t retired, it can mean missed work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone exposed to smoke for a few weeks can feel health impacts long afterward, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~mickley/\">Loretta Mickley\u003c/a>, an atmospheric chemist at Harvard University who studies the relationship between smoke particles and health. In the longer term, exposure to the pollution is associated with earlier deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You might not automatically have a heart attack or get asthma,” Mickley said. “But health effects can last for a year or more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HWK9Tdsapvxh9XUBThIRFS0pCQet5a2x”]Fisher’s home is surrounded by forests that are naturally prone to burn, putting her at the front lines of smoke waves. Forty miles downhill, smoke from fires burning around California funnels into the Central Valley — a farming region where \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/jtf/JTF_CentralValleyJTF.pdf\">6.5 million residents\u003c/a>, many of them poor and working outdoors, endure some of the country’s most polluted air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2010, residents of the San Joaquin Valley, one of the two valleys that comprise the Central Valley, experienced at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-air-pollution-progress-still-undermined-by-western-wildfires-21911\">40 days each year\u003c/a> when air quality was dangerous according to EPA standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1929810\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg\" alt=\"Graph: AQ exceedances in the San Joaquin Valley\" width=\"1200\" height=\"847\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-1180x833.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-520x367.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>“We have the biggest challenge that any air district has in the nation,” said Jon Klassen, a program manager at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2014/08/20/air-quality-in-san-joaquin-valley/\">advances in reducing pollution\u003c/a> from farms and the trucks that haul away their produce, longer and larger wildfires burning throughout California are ushering more smoke waves into this hard-hit region. Rising temperatures, a build-up of fuel on forest floors and the growth of neighborhoods in fire-prone areas are amplifying hazards. With these wildfires, comes more smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of the Central Valley endure \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CDCB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/BurdenReport04-04-13_ADA.pdf\">greater risks\u003c/a> than others in the U.S. of developing asthma, suffering heart attacks and strokes, and experiencing related mental health problems. Health care costs follow. The smoke affects day-to-day activities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/10/21/558754511/california-wildfires-have-disrupted-school-for-a-quarter-of-a-million-students\">putting classes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/sports/high-school/joe-davidson/article216243435.html\">sports practices on hold\u003c/a> and keeping the sick and elderly indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929819\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: detailer Danny Espinoza at work in Fresno\" width=\"1200\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detailer Danny Espinoza wipes the windows of a client’s car in Fresno. Espinoza, who works outside, says the smoke and sun bother him, but his job requires it and he’s gotten used to it. \u003ccite>(Alex Hall/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://faculty.washington.edu/djaffe/\">Dan Jaffe\u003c/a>, a chemistry professor at the University of Washington, Bothell who studies air quality, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/10/1804353115.short?rss=1\">analyzed data\u003c/a> from air monitors. He found that since 1970, air quality on the most polluted days each year improved on average across much of the continental U.S. But it worsened across swaths of the West, including the northern half of California and other areas affected by smoke waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really has been a statistically robust increase in wildfires in the Western U.S., and that’s directly impacting air pollution,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breathing Fire \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regina Sorondo was born and raised in Fresno, a San Joaquin Valley city home to \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/fresnocitycalifornia,fresnocountycalifornia,sanluisobispocountycalifornia,US/PST045217\">500,000 \u003c/a>people. Now, she’s raising her daughter and son here. Like one in four children living in Fresno County, both have been diagnosed with asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last season to this season has been really bad,” said Sorondo, a call center employee, of the smoke from record-breaking fire seasons. “It’s really dangerous — it’s really scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny particles in the smoke, released when fire burns through fuel, is what Sorondo worries about most. Small enough to sneak through defense systems in the eyes, nose and mouth, the particulate matter, called PM2.5, can pierce through the lungs and travel through the bloodstream to organs including the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Particulate matter does affect how our central nervous system works,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/meet-epa-lab-director-wayne-cascio-md\">Wayne Cascio\u003c/a>, a cardiologist and lab director at the federal EPA who studies the topic. “It also has an effect on inflammation, which we now know is an important role in driving cardiovascular outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying indoors for prolonged periods, which is one of the few ways of guarding against particulate matter, can affect mental health. The Oregon Health Authority is working to help people in the southern half of the state, where wildfire smoke from California has led to sustained exposure, find psychologists and therapists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veil of pollution clouding much of the West this summer comes with fatal consequences. A \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2018GH000144\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003ci>GeoHealth\u003c/i> this summer concluded that early deaths related to wildfire smoke could double this century, even as deaths from breathing fossil fuel pollution decline amid a transition to cleaner energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see more patients coming in with typical symptoms of shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic cough,“ said \u003ca href=\"http://www.familyallergyasthmaclinic.com/dr-buddiga/\">Praveen Buddiga\u003c/a>, an asthma doctor who has been treating patients in Fresno for 13 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These particles don’t just affect people living close to burning wildfires. In the weeks after the Carr Fire broke out nearly 350 miles north of Fresno, Buddiga said there was an uptick in patients visiting his clinic — particularly children. Smoke from Western wildfires in early August reached far as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonomatech.com/projects/2421\">Louisiana\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSanDiego/status/1027192594294628352\">New York\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s been dramatic is how the smoke is traveling eastward,” said the EPA’s Cascio. “It’s not just a local phenomena, it’s a national one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1929815\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg\" alt=\"Map: national progress toward clean air goals\" width=\"1200\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-1020x612.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-1180x708.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-960x576.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>Reversing Decades of Air Quality Gains\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1990s, when monitors began \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\">tracking PM2.5\u003c/a> and the EPA began fining states for breaching its standards, air quality nationwide has been improving. The number of people exposed to particulate matter has halved, and related deaths have fallen by about a third, according to \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/EHP507.alt_.pdf\">a study\u003c/a> by the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With wildfires increasing in size and intensity, those gains are being undermined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-air-pollution-progress-still-undermined-by-western-wildfires-21911\">researchers examined the number of days each year\u003c/a> when PM2.5 levels exceeded federal standards. In both of the valleys that comprise California’s Central Valley, the number of these days decreased overall since 2000, but the proportion of those days occurring during the wildfire season increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Fire responds exponentially to warming. For every degree of warming there is in the Western U.S., the impact is a lot more.’\u003ccite>Park Williams, Columbia Univ.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Health risks depend on age, health conditions and wealth. Poorer residents may not be able to miss work, and may live in drafty homes that allow smoke to permeate indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu/academics/erhs/Pages/sheryl-magzamen.aspx\">Sheryl Magzamen\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at Colorado State University, has been tracking asthma-related hospital admissions in Western counties. At the beginning of August, as the Mendocino Complex Fire burned in northern California, she said she found that the likelihood of being hospitalized with asthma-related issues more than doubled along counties on the Oregon-California border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We breathe every minute of every day multiple times and it’s not something that we can stop doing,” said Magzamen. “That’s why this is concerning — this impacts everyone, it’s widespread and we’re seeing real impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Role of Humans\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, the whims of the weather and a century of firefighting practices have all been contributing to the destructiveness of the West’s recent wildfire seasons. Even as scientists and California firefighters point to the role of warming temperatures in fueling blazes, the Trump administration has been downplaying or falsely denying the links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/7596/california-temperatures-on-the-rise\">Rising temperatures in California\u003c/a> caused in part by the heat-trapping effects of fossil fuel pollution are sucking moisture from Western landscapes and hastening the annual melting of snowpacks, drying fuel for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fire responds exponentially to warming,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams,\u003c/a> a bioclimatologist at Columbia University. “For every degree of warming there is in the Western U.S., the impact is a lot more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/03/06/1718850115.short\">new residents continue to move into areas\u003c/a> that are prone to burn, increasing risks to themselves, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/humans-blamed-for-most-wildfires-us-21197\">accidentally or deliberately starting fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://foresthistory.org/research-explore/us-forest-service-history/policy-and-law/fire-u-s-forest-service/u-s-forest-service-fire-suppression/\">A century of aggressive firefighting\u003c/a> to protect residents and property has also contributed to the devastation, leaving fuel on forest floors that would once have burned naturally during low-level fires kindled by lightning strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since a series of forest fires burned three million acres of Montana, Idaho and Washington in 1910, strategies for managing fires have generally favored extinguishing them as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shouldn’t suppress all fires, they are part of our ecosystem and are necessary,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado-Boulder who is investigating how controlled burns and wildfires affect public health. “The challenge is having that perspective but also caring about the health of populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the federal government has been working with local and state agencies to boost prescribed burns, where officials set and manage low-level fires that consume shrubs, small trees and leaf litter. The efforts have been be limited by funding shortfalls. And nearby residents and local agencies sometimes oppose prescribed burns, worried about smoke pollution and risks that the fires will get out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Trump administration eliminates climate protections and falsely denies climate change’s role in wildfires, it has proposed reduced spending to agencies researching and managing wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re spending $2.5 billion fighting forest fires, there’s not a lot left in the budget to do forest management,” Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929627/interior-secretary-ryan-zinke-says-california-fires-have-nothing-to-do-with-climate-change-hes-wrong\">said in a radio interview Sunday\u003c/a> with KCRA 3 in Sacramento. (During the interview, he incorrectly said this year’s wildfires have “nothing to do with climate change.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As federal government leaders reject basic science and \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/as-wildfires-rage-trump-administration-plans-to-slash-fire-science-funding/\">move to shrink programs\u003c/a> that could reduce risks, the air district that regulates air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley is becoming more flexible in allowing for prescribed burns — even when the air is already dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image of smoke from the Ranch Fire, August 11, 2018. Smoke from fires across Northern California tends to get drawn into the Central Valley. \u003ccite>(Planet Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had to go further than any region has before,” said Klassen, of the San Joaquin Valley’s air district. It has implemented hundreds of rules in an effort to reduce pollution, including allowing more prescribed burns in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, AJ Rassamni, who manages a car wash in Fresno, wants to see more comprehensive forest management. With fewer people leaving their homes amid recent smoke waves, fewer customers have been coming through his car wash. He provides masks to protect staff, but they can make breathing difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried about effects from climate change, Rassamni bought an electric car and had solar panels installed at home to reduce his climate pollution. Without aggressive steps from governments to systematically reduce pollution and boost prescribed burns, though, his efforts alone will do little to protect Central Valley residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it good for us?” he said. “No. But you have a life, and you’re going to live with the weather you have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story was produced and published in partnership with \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003ci>Climate Central\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, a non-advocacy group that researches and reports on the changing climate.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Worsening wildfires linked to climate change and forest management policies are causing unprecedented smoke pollution across the West and beyond, creating public health risks and undermining decades of air quality gains. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927561,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":50,"wordCount":2195},"headData":{"title":"Breathing Fire: California's Central Valley Bears the Brunt of Harmful Wildfire Smoke | KQED","description":"Worsening wildfires linked to climate change and forest management policies are causing unprecedented smoke pollution across the West and beyond, creating public health risks and undermining decades of air quality gains. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfires","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/08/HallAirQuality.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Maya Miller, Climate Central \u003cbr /> and Alex Hall, KQED","audioTrackLength":290,"path":"/science/1929784/breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke","audioDuration":292000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ci>Worsening wildfires linked to the weather, climate change and forest management policies are causing unprecedented smoke pollution across the West and beyond, creating public health risks and undermining decades of air quality gains. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>fter 30 minutes of gardening, Donna Fisher’s eyes are burning. One is swollen shut. Since retiring to the forested foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range 20 years ago, the 74-year-old has cultivated a garden large enough to feed her and her husband well into the winter. For the past two years, smoke from wildfires has reduced the time she can spend tending to her vegetables before her asthma and bronchitis are triggered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like somebody choking you, or putting a band around your chest and pulling it tight,” she said. Wildfire seasons in the Western U.S. are \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/westernwildfires2016v2.pdf\">105 days longer\u003c/a> than they were five decades ago, billowing smoke that contains tiny chemical particles that threaten public health. “It used to be a few days, maybe a week at worse. Now it’s longer than it’s ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929787 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_DonnaFisher-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired nurse Donna Fisher wears a hat and sunglasses to protect from the sun while she picks squash from her garden. Fisher says smoke that has settled in near her home in the Sierra Nevada foothills has affected her health. \u003ccite>(Alex Hall/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smoke from wildfires is undermining decades of gains made in reducing air pollution from exhaust pipes and power plants. The number of days each year that wildfires foul the air is increasing in parts of the West, with worse expected as temperatures continue to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You might not automatically have a heart attack or get asthma, but health effects can last for a year or more.’\u003ccite>Loretta Mickley, Harvard chemist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770\">Wildfires are projected to continue increasing in size and frequency,\u003c/a> leading to more ‘smoke waves’ — days-long bouts of dangerous pollution. For asthmatics like Fisher, that means more days of lung-pinching pain and confinement indoors. For those who aren’t retired, it can mean missed work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone exposed to smoke for a few weeks can feel health impacts long afterward, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~mickley/\">Loretta Mickley\u003c/a>, an atmospheric chemist at Harvard University who studies the relationship between smoke particles and health. In the longer term, exposure to the pollution is associated with earlier deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You might not automatically have a heart attack or get asthma,” Mickley said. “But health effects can last for a year or more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Fisher’s home is surrounded by forests that are naturally prone to burn, putting her at the front lines of smoke waves. Forty miles downhill, smoke from fires burning around California funnels into the Central Valley — a farming region where \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/jtf/JTF_CentralValleyJTF.pdf\">6.5 million residents\u003c/a>, many of them poor and working outdoors, endure some of the country’s most polluted air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2010, residents of the San Joaquin Valley, one of the two valleys that comprise the Central Valley, experienced at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-air-pollution-progress-still-undermined-by-western-wildfires-21911\">40 days each year\u003c/a> when air quality was dangerous according to EPA standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1929810\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg\" alt=\"Graph: AQ exceedances in the San Joaquin Valley\" width=\"1200\" height=\"847\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-1180x833.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/SanJoaquinExceedences-520x367.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>“We have the biggest challenge that any air district has in the nation,” said Jon Klassen, a program manager at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2014/08/20/air-quality-in-san-joaquin-valley/\">advances in reducing pollution\u003c/a> from farms and the trucks that haul away their produce, longer and larger wildfires burning throughout California are ushering more smoke waves into this hard-hit region. Rising temperatures, a build-up of fuel on forest floors and the growth of neighborhoods in fire-prone areas are amplifying hazards. With these wildfires, comes more smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of the Central Valley endure \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CDCB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/BurdenReport04-04-13_ADA.pdf\">greater risks\u003c/a> than others in the U.S. of developing asthma, suffering heart attacks and strokes, and experiencing related mental health problems. Health care costs follow. The smoke affects day-to-day activities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/10/21/558754511/california-wildfires-have-disrupted-school-for-a-quarter-of-a-million-students\">putting classes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/sports/high-school/joe-davidson/article216243435.html\">sports practices on hold\u003c/a> and keeping the sick and elderly indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929819\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: detailer Danny Espinoza at work in Fresno\" width=\"1200\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/8_15_18_Upton_KQED_AJRamnisien1-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detailer Danny Espinoza wipes the windows of a client’s car in Fresno. Espinoza, who works outside, says the smoke and sun bother him, but his job requires it and he’s gotten used to it. \u003ccite>(Alex Hall/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://faculty.washington.edu/djaffe/\">Dan Jaffe\u003c/a>, a chemistry professor at the University of Washington, Bothell who studies air quality, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/10/1804353115.short?rss=1\">analyzed data\u003c/a> from air monitors. He found that since 1970, air quality on the most polluted days each year improved on average across much of the continental U.S. But it worsened across swaths of the West, including the northern half of California and other areas affected by smoke waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really has been a statistically robust increase in wildfires in the Western U.S., and that’s directly impacting air pollution,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breathing Fire \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regina Sorondo was born and raised in Fresno, a San Joaquin Valley city home to \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/fresnocitycalifornia,fresnocountycalifornia,sanluisobispocountycalifornia,US/PST045217\">500,000 \u003c/a>people. Now, she’s raising her daughter and son here. Like one in four children living in Fresno County, both have been diagnosed with asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last season to this season has been really bad,” said Sorondo, a call center employee, of the smoke from record-breaking fire seasons. “It’s really dangerous — it’s really scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny particles in the smoke, released when fire burns through fuel, is what Sorondo worries about most. Small enough to sneak through defense systems in the eyes, nose and mouth, the particulate matter, called PM2.5, can pierce through the lungs and travel through the bloodstream to organs including the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Particulate matter does affect how our central nervous system works,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/meet-epa-lab-director-wayne-cascio-md\">Wayne Cascio\u003c/a>, a cardiologist and lab director at the federal EPA who studies the topic. “It also has an effect on inflammation, which we now know is an important role in driving cardiovascular outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying indoors for prolonged periods, which is one of the few ways of guarding against particulate matter, can affect mental health. The Oregon Health Authority is working to help people in the southern half of the state, where wildfire smoke from California has led to sustained exposure, find psychologists and therapists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veil of pollution clouding much of the West this summer comes with fatal consequences. A \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2018GH000144\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003ci>GeoHealth\u003c/i> this summer concluded that early deaths related to wildfire smoke could double this century, even as deaths from breathing fossil fuel pollution decline amid a transition to cleaner energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see more patients coming in with typical symptoms of shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic cough,“ said \u003ca href=\"http://www.familyallergyasthmaclinic.com/dr-buddiga/\">Praveen Buddiga\u003c/a>, an asthma doctor who has been treating patients in Fresno for 13 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These particles don’t just affect people living close to burning wildfires. In the weeks after the Carr Fire broke out nearly 350 miles north of Fresno, Buddiga said there was an uptick in patients visiting his clinic — particularly children. Smoke from Western wildfires in early August reached far as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonomatech.com/projects/2421\">Louisiana\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSanDiego/status/1027192594294628352\">New York\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s been dramatic is how the smoke is traveling eastward,” said the EPA’s Cascio. “It’s not just a local phenomena, it’s a national one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1929815\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg\" alt=\"Map: national progress toward clean air goals\" width=\"1200\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-1020x612.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-1180x708.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-960x576.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/PM25map-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>Reversing Decades of Air Quality Gains\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1990s, when monitors began \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\">tracking PM2.5\u003c/a> and the EPA began fining states for breaching its standards, air quality nationwide has been improving. The number of people exposed to particulate matter has halved, and related deaths have fallen by about a third, according to \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/EHP507.alt_.pdf\">a study\u003c/a> by the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With wildfires increasing in size and intensity, those gains are being undermined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-air-pollution-progress-still-undermined-by-western-wildfires-21911\">researchers examined the number of days each year\u003c/a> when PM2.5 levels exceeded federal standards. In both of the valleys that comprise California’s Central Valley, the number of these days decreased overall since 2000, but the proportion of those days occurring during the wildfire season increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Fire responds exponentially to warming. For every degree of warming there is in the Western U.S., the impact is a lot more.’\u003ccite>Park Williams, Columbia Univ.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Health risks depend on age, health conditions and wealth. Poorer residents may not be able to miss work, and may live in drafty homes that allow smoke to permeate indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu/academics/erhs/Pages/sheryl-magzamen.aspx\">Sheryl Magzamen\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at Colorado State University, has been tracking asthma-related hospital admissions in Western counties. At the beginning of August, as the Mendocino Complex Fire burned in northern California, she said she found that the likelihood of being hospitalized with asthma-related issues more than doubled along counties on the Oregon-California border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We breathe every minute of every day multiple times and it’s not something that we can stop doing,” said Magzamen. “That’s why this is concerning — this impacts everyone, it’s widespread and we’re seeing real impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Role of Humans\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, the whims of the weather and a century of firefighting practices have all been contributing to the destructiveness of the West’s recent wildfire seasons. Even as scientists and California firefighters point to the role of warming temperatures in fueling blazes, the Trump administration has been downplaying or falsely denying the links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/7596/california-temperatures-on-the-rise\">Rising temperatures in California\u003c/a> caused in part by the heat-trapping effects of fossil fuel pollution are sucking moisture from Western landscapes and hastening the annual melting of snowpacks, drying fuel for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fire responds exponentially to warming,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams,\u003c/a> a bioclimatologist at Columbia University. “For every degree of warming there is in the Western U.S., the impact is a lot more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/03/06/1718850115.short\">new residents continue to move into areas\u003c/a> that are prone to burn, increasing risks to themselves, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/humans-blamed-for-most-wildfires-us-21197\">accidentally or deliberately starting fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://foresthistory.org/research-explore/us-forest-service-history/policy-and-law/fire-u-s-forest-service/u-s-forest-service-fire-suppression/\">A century of aggressive firefighting\u003c/a> to protect residents and property has also contributed to the devastation, leaving fuel on forest floors that would once have burned naturally during low-level fires kindled by lightning strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since a series of forest fires burned three million acres of Montana, Idaho and Washington in 1910, strategies for managing fires have generally favored extinguishing them as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shouldn’t suppress all fires, they are part of our ecosystem and are necessary,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado-Boulder who is investigating how controlled burns and wildfires affect public health. “The challenge is having that perspective but also caring about the health of populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the federal government has been working with local and state agencies to boost prescribed burns, where officials set and manage low-level fires that consume shrubs, small trees and leaf litter. The efforts have been be limited by funding shortfalls. And nearby residents and local agencies sometimes oppose prescribed burns, worried about smoke pollution and risks that the fires will get out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Trump administration eliminates climate protections and falsely denies climate change’s role in wildfires, it has proposed reduced spending to agencies researching and managing wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re spending $2.5 billion fighting forest fires, there’s not a lot left in the budget to do forest management,” Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929627/interior-secretary-ryan-zinke-says-california-fires-have-nothing-to-do-with-climate-change-hes-wrong\">said in a radio interview Sunday\u003c/a> with KCRA 3 in Sacramento. (During the interview, he incorrectly said this year’s wildfires have “nothing to do with climate change.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As federal government leaders reject basic science and \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/as-wildfires-rage-trump-administration-plans-to-slash-fire-science-funding/\">move to shrink programs\u003c/a> that could reduce risks, the air district that regulates air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley is becoming more flexible in allowing for prescribed burns — even when the air is already dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image of smoke from the Ranch Fire, August 11, 2018. Smoke from fires across Northern California tends to get drawn into the Central Valley. \u003ccite>(Planet Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had to go further than any region has before,” said Klassen, of the San Joaquin Valley’s air district. It has implemented hundreds of rules in an effort to reduce pollution, including allowing more prescribed burns in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, AJ Rassamni, who manages a car wash in Fresno, wants to see more comprehensive forest management. With fewer people leaving their homes amid recent smoke waves, fewer customers have been coming through his car wash. He provides masks to protect staff, but they can make breathing difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried about effects from climate change, Rassamni bought an electric car and had solar panels installed at home to reduce his climate pollution. Without aggressive steps from governments to systematically reduce pollution and boost prescribed burns, though, his efforts alone will do little to protect Central Valley residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it good for us?” he said. “No. But you have a life, and you’re going to live with the weather you have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story was produced and published in partnership with \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003ci>Climate Central\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, a non-advocacy group that researches and reports on the changing climate.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1929784/breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke","authors":["byline_science_1929784"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_3423","science_3730"],"tags":["science_505","science_3203","science_1596","science_1487","science_3693"],"featImg":"science_1929799","label":"source_science_1929784"},"science_781210":{"type":"posts","id":"science_781210","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"781210","score":null,"sort":[1466262025000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dead-trees-pose-serious-fire-threat-despite-wet-winter","title":"Deader Than Ever: California Forests Head Into Fire Season","publishDate":1466262025,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Deader Than Ever: California Forests Head Into Fire Season | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Roger Coigny has lived in the mountain community of Pinehurst for most of his 75 years. He’s seen a lot of changes, but nothing like the millions of Ponderosa pine trees here in the Southern Sierra Nevada that have died over the past two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And the ones that die the quickest are the biggest, most beautiful, tallest and strongest,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees are stressed and dying after more than four years of unprecedented levels of drought, plus an infestation of bark beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s these dead trees; they’re just like napalm sticks. One spark and they explode.’\u003ccite>Roger Coigny, Pinehurst\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the massive Rough Fire tore through stands of dead trees in nearby national forests, burning more than 230 square miles, including part of Kings Canyon National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire burned close enough to Pinehurst that people were forced to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coigny put his six dogs, 1,200 pounds of tools and his clothes into his Volkswagen bus and headed down to the town of Selma near Fresno. When he returned a couple of days later, his house and property were covered in ashes, but they survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer the forests are at risk of burning again. Coigny looks up from his burger and fries inside the Pinehurst Lodge and Restaurant and points out the window to a nearby mountain. He sees mostly dead Ponderosa pines in the distance, heavy with brown needles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s these dead trees,” he says, “they’re just like napalm sticks. One spark and they explode.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After lunch, Coigny leaves the pub and walks over to his white Volkswagen bus. He opens the front door and three dogs leap out. He calls one of them over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2448px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-781215\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg\" alt=\"Pinehurst resident Roger Coigny monitors a scanner to keep track of wildfires near the home where he lives with his six dogs.\" width=\"2448\" height=\"1950\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-800x637.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-768x612.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1440x1147.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1920x1529.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1180x940.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-960x765.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2448px) 100vw, 2448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinehurst resident Roger Coigny monitors a scanner to keep track of wildfires near the home where he lives with his six dogs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Chief, come here!” Coigny calls. “Come here, sing me a song.” Coigny offers up a “Wooo Wooo” to lure the dog into joining him. But he’s out of luck. Apparently Chief doesn’t sing on cue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coigny and his six rescue dogs live on a good-sized piece of land, and he wants to stay on top of any news about fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I listen to scanners all the time, for my paranoia,” Coigny says, “so I can listen to the fire guys. So that’s running all day long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Crews Prepare\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOn a steep trail in the Sierra foothills, not far from Pinehurst, a crew from Cal Fire practices cutting a fire line between tall, golden grasses. Steady rain this winter brought a lot of new growth to the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing grasses 4 and 6 feet tall here,” says Captain Roger Raines. “So combine that with the oak mortality, combine that with the fuels that transition from here into those dead pine trees, it’s a time bomb.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Dead Trees per Acre in California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trees dead because of drought, beetles, wildfire, Sudden Oak Death and other causes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-781754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-800x1262.jpg\" alt=\"FireDesktopFinalB\" width=\"800\" height=\"1262\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-800x1262.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-400x631.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-768x1212.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-960x1515.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB.jpg 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-781755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-800x1528.jpg\" alt=\"FireMobileFinalB\" width=\"800\" height=\"1528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-800x1528.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-400x764.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-768x1467.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-960x1833.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB.jpg 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The grasses spread fire quickly, he says. Normally cattle would be up here grazing it down, but ranchers sold off a lot of their herds during the drought. Raines says Cal Fire is prepping early for a tough season, with new equipment that can shred dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s state budget includes about $30 million for Cal Fire to take out dead trees near buildings and roads and to provide grants for mountain communities like Pinehurst. A statewide task force is helping to coordinate projects to remove dead trees near power lines, home, and roads — the places where they could cause the most damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local Fire Safe Council that serves Pinehurst and surrounding communities just got a grant from this fund to get rid of dead trees along county roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-781214\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Crews clear a fire break in the Sierra foothills, in preparation for this summer's fire season.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1632\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-400x340.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-800x680.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-1440x1224.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-1180x1003.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-960x816.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crews clear a fire break in the Sierra foothills, in preparation for this summer’s fire season. \u003ccite>(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rains: A Small Reprieve\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe wet winter dropped a lot of moisture into the forests, says Scott Stephens, a fire scientist at UC Berkeley. That’s delaying the fire season by a couple of weeks, he says, but mostly in the northern part of the state. The chaparral down south didn’t get much rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California, San Diego, LA counties,” Stephens says, “I think they’re in difficult shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the number of wildfires and acreage already burned this year is about on par with last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, drought, stressed and dying trees, forests that are too dense — these are all things that may add up to the new normal, Stephens says. Unless the forests are thinned and repaired, massive fires are inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forest we know today won’t be the forest our grand-kids know in 30 years unless we start to change trajectory and do higher amounts of restoration,” Stephens says.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Rains may delay fire season a bit, but after years of unprecedented drought, California forests are dense with dead trees. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930053,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":865},"headData":{"title":"Deader Than Ever: California Forests Head Into Fire Season | KQED","description":"Rains may delay fire season a bit, but after years of unprecedented drought, California forests are dense with dead trees. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"KQED Science","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/06/WEBFireSeasonDaniel160620.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Alice Daniel","path":"/science/781210/dead-trees-pose-serious-fire-threat-despite-wet-winter","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Roger Coigny has lived in the mountain community of Pinehurst for most of his 75 years. He’s seen a lot of changes, but nothing like the millions of Ponderosa pine trees here in the Southern Sierra Nevada that have died over the past two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And the ones that die the quickest are the biggest, most beautiful, tallest and strongest,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees are stressed and dying after more than four years of unprecedented levels of drought, plus an infestation of bark beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s these dead trees; they’re just like napalm sticks. One spark and they explode.’\u003ccite>Roger Coigny, Pinehurst\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the massive Rough Fire tore through stands of dead trees in nearby national forests, burning more than 230 square miles, including part of Kings Canyon National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire burned close enough to Pinehurst that people were forced to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coigny put his six dogs, 1,200 pounds of tools and his clothes into his Volkswagen bus and headed down to the town of Selma near Fresno. When he returned a couple of days later, his house and property were covered in ashes, but they survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer the forests are at risk of burning again. Coigny looks up from his burger and fries inside the Pinehurst Lodge and Restaurant and points out the window to a nearby mountain. He sees mostly dead Ponderosa pines in the distance, heavy with brown needles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s these dead trees,” he says, “they’re just like napalm sticks. One spark and they explode.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After lunch, Coigny leaves the pub and walks over to his white Volkswagen bus. He opens the front door and three dogs leap out. He calls one of them over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2448px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-781215\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg\" alt=\"Pinehurst resident Roger Coigny monitors a scanner to keep track of wildfires near the home where he lives with his six dogs.\" width=\"2448\" height=\"1950\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-800x637.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-768x612.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1440x1147.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1920x1529.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-1180x940.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19871_alt_439-e1466193635327-960x765.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2448px) 100vw, 2448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinehurst resident Roger Coigny monitors a scanner to keep track of wildfires near the home where he lives with his six dogs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Chief, come here!” Coigny calls. “Come here, sing me a song.” Coigny offers up a “Wooo Wooo” to lure the dog into joining him. But he’s out of luck. Apparently Chief doesn’t sing on cue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coigny and his six rescue dogs live on a good-sized piece of land, and he wants to stay on top of any news about fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I listen to scanners all the time, for my paranoia,” Coigny says, “so I can listen to the fire guys. So that’s running all day long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Crews Prepare\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOn a steep trail in the Sierra foothills, not far from Pinehurst, a crew from Cal Fire practices cutting a fire line between tall, golden grasses. Steady rain this winter brought a lot of new growth to the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing grasses 4 and 6 feet tall here,” says Captain Roger Raines. “So combine that with the oak mortality, combine that with the fuels that transition from here into those dead pine trees, it’s a time bomb.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Dead Trees per Acre in California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trees dead because of drought, beetles, wildfire, Sudden Oak Death and other causes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-781754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-800x1262.jpg\" alt=\"FireDesktopFinalB\" width=\"800\" height=\"1262\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-800x1262.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-400x631.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-768x1212.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB-960x1515.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireDesktopFinalB.jpg 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-781755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-800x1528.jpg\" alt=\"FireMobileFinalB\" width=\"800\" height=\"1528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-800x1528.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-400x764.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-768x1467.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB-960x1833.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/FireMobileFinalB.jpg 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The grasses spread fire quickly, he says. Normally cattle would be up here grazing it down, but ranchers sold off a lot of their herds during the drought. Raines says Cal Fire is prepping early for a tough season, with new equipment that can shred dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s state budget includes about $30 million for Cal Fire to take out dead trees near buildings and roads and to provide grants for mountain communities like Pinehurst. A statewide task force is helping to coordinate projects to remove dead trees near power lines, home, and roads — the places where they could cause the most damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local Fire Safe Council that serves Pinehurst and surrounding communities just got a grant from this fund to get rid of dead trees along county roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-781214\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Crews clear a fire break in the Sierra foothills, in preparation for this summer's fire season.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1632\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-400x340.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-800x680.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-1440x1224.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-1180x1003.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/RS19869_photo-qut-960x816.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crews clear a fire break in the Sierra foothills, in preparation for this summer’s fire season. \u003ccite>(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rains: A Small Reprieve\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe wet winter dropped a lot of moisture into the forests, says Scott Stephens, a fire scientist at UC Berkeley. That’s delaying the fire season by a couple of weeks, he says, but mostly in the northern part of the state. The chaparral down south didn’t get much rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California, San Diego, LA counties,” Stephens says, “I think they’re in difficult shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the number of wildfires and acreage already burned this year is about on par with last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, drought, stressed and dying trees, forests that are too dense — these are all things that may add up to the new normal, Stephens says. Unless the forests are thinned and repaired, massive fires are inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forest we know today won’t be the forest our grand-kids know in 30 years unless we start to change trajectory and do higher amounts of restoration,” Stephens says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/781210/dead-trees-pose-serious-fire-threat-despite-wet-winter","authors":["byline_science_781210"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_112","science_1596"],"featImg":"science_781216","label":"source_science_781210"},"science_270178":{"type":"posts","id":"science_270178","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"270178","score":null,"sort":[1442968580000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-el-nino-might-have-fed-the-valley-fires-strange-ferocity","title":"How El Niño Might Have Fed the Valley Fire's Strange Ferocity","publishDate":1442968580,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How El Niño Might Have Fed the Valley Fire’s Strange Ferocity | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Researchers at San Jose State have a theory that could explain the wind-driven explosive growth of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">Valley Fire\u003c/a>, and as strange as it sounds it’s … a hurricane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strengthening El Niño conditions have spawned an active Pacific hurricane season. Just as the Valley Fire was getting started, a dying hurricane named Linda was still pumping moist air into the upper atmosphere, well north along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’s really the mixture of those two air masses — the moist air aloft and the really dry air near the surface — that led to the development of these winds,” says Neil Lareau, a researcher at the university’s Fire Weather Research Lab and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">co-author of the article\u003c/a> appearing on the lab’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooler air is actually denser than warmer air,” he explains. “So when you cool the air, it tends to sink towards the surface, and it also tends to develop higher pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That high pressure building just off the coast created a “burst of northwest winds” that bedeviled firefighters with 35 mph gusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Wetter Isn’t Better\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rain that never made it to the ground (known as virga) in the fire zone actually made matters worse, in Lareau’s analysis. Evaporating raindrops rapidly cooled the upper-level air, which created a downdraft that increased winds locally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Lareau’s article is not based on any formal peer-reviewed study, he writes that there is “clear evidence that tropical moisture contributed to enhanced northwest winds that propelled the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fire was in its most explosive growth phase, fire officials marveled at how the blaze seemed to leapfrog attempts to subdue it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working,” said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/17/why-the-worst-of-fire-season-may-lie-ahead/\">would see with Santa Ana winds\u003c/a> but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau has an explanation for that, too. He says the same bizarre set of meteorological conditions caused the usual upward column of hot air to tilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then all of those embers that would’ve been going straight up in the plume get ejected out in front of the initial fire,” explains Lareau, “causing new fires to form in this kind of hopscotch fire growth across the landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau says it’s hard to tell what implications this has for the remaining fire season. The likelihood of similar events might depend on what other storms are spun out of the tropical Pacific by El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Strengthening El Niño conditions have spawned an active Pacific hurricane season, one long tendril of which could have stoked flames in Lake County.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931289,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":459},"headData":{"title":"How El Niño Might Have Fed the Valley Fire's Strange Ferocity | KQED","description":"Strengthening El Niño conditions have spawned an active Pacific hurricane season, one long tendril of which could have stoked flames in Lake County.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/270178/how-el-nino-might-have-fed-the-valley-fires-strange-ferocity","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers at San Jose State have a theory that could explain the wind-driven explosive growth of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">Valley Fire\u003c/a>, and as strange as it sounds it’s … a hurricane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strengthening El Niño conditions have spawned an active Pacific hurricane season. Just as the Valley Fire was getting started, a dying hurricane named Linda was still pumping moist air into the upper atmosphere, well north along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’s really the mixture of those two air masses — the moist air aloft and the really dry air near the surface — that led to the development of these winds,” says Neil Lareau, a researcher at the university’s Fire Weather Research Lab and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">co-author of the article\u003c/a> appearing on the lab’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooler air is actually denser than warmer air,” he explains. “So when you cool the air, it tends to sink towards the surface, and it also tends to develop higher pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That high pressure building just off the coast created a “burst of northwest winds” that bedeviled firefighters with 35 mph gusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Wetter Isn’t Better\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rain that never made it to the ground (known as virga) in the fire zone actually made matters worse, in Lareau’s analysis. Evaporating raindrops rapidly cooled the upper-level air, which created a downdraft that increased winds locally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Lareau’s article is not based on any formal peer-reviewed study, he writes that there is “clear evidence that tropical moisture contributed to enhanced northwest winds that propelled the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fire was in its most explosive growth phase, fire officials marveled at how the blaze seemed to leapfrog attempts to subdue it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working,” said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/17/why-the-worst-of-fire-season-may-lie-ahead/\">would see with Santa Ana winds\u003c/a> but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau has an explanation for that, too. He says the same bizarre set of meteorological conditions caused the usual upward column of hot air to tilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then all of those embers that would’ve been going straight up in the plume get ejected out in front of the initial fire,” explains Lareau, “causing new fires to form in this kind of hopscotch fire growth across the landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau says it’s hard to tell what implications this has for the remaining fire season. The likelihood of similar events might depend on what other storms are spun out of the tropical Pacific by El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/270178/how-el-nino-might-have-fed-the-valley-fires-strange-ferocity","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_42"],"tags":["science_371","science_1596","science_113"],"featImg":"science_270240","label":"science"},"science_255463":{"type":"posts","id":"science_255463","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"255463","score":null,"sort":[1442519078000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-the-worst-of-fire-season-may-lie-ahead","title":"Why the Worst of Fire Season May Lie Ahead","publishDate":1442519078,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Why the Worst of Fire Season May Lie Ahead | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>As bad as things are already, the system in place to manage California’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">wildfire season\u003c/a> is already “stretched very, very thinly,” according to Mark Ghilarducci, who directs the state’s Office of Emergency Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire season itself has probably been the most extreme that I’ve seen in my 30 years,” said Ghilarducci in a state-produced \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/139405750\">video interview\u003c/a> on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not over. In fact, it could get worse, for three main reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re still in a drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “rainy season” is still a good six weeks away though don’t tell L.A. residents who got a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rain-moves-into-southern-california-thanks-to-former-hurricane-linda-20150915-story.html\">surprise drenching\u003c/a> of nearly two inches of rain in one morning this week. The Southland has seen other freak rains this summer, which washed out a freeway overpass and forced the first Major League Baseball rain-outs in two decades. Those were shards from an active Pacific hurricane season, probably linked to El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the light rain that fell near the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/14/photos-scenes-from-the-lake-county-valley-fire\">Valley Fire\u003c/a> on Monday, never even made it to the ground, according to officials on the scene. In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">preliminary research\u003c/a> at San Jose State University’s Fire Weather Research Lab suggests that the \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/earth/virga-is-rain-that-doesnt-reach-the-ground\">virga\u003c/a> actually made matters worse on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain that we saw in Southern California notwithstanding, it certainly hasn’t rained like that up north and even in the south it will dry out quickly,” warns Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is still experiencing really severe drought conditions and we definitely have a few more months before we see substantial relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain says that even if the current El Niño conditions in the Pacific turn out to be a major rainmaker, California is not likely to see the peak effects until December or January. Meanwhile, each passing week without substantial precipitation increases evaporation, baking out what little moisture remains in soils and setting the stage for more severe wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of California’s most aggressive fires are driven by what scientists call katabatic winds, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">better known as Santa Anas\u003c/a> in Southern California, Diablos in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, the usual onshore breezes start backing around and dry easterly winds roar through mountain passes, speeding up and heating up along the way. This season, some fires have behaved like classic Santa Ana-driven fires — without the winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devastating Valley Fire north of the Bay Area stunned firefighters, blowing up to 40,000 acres in one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working, said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we would see with Santa Ana winds but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Temperatures Will Up the Ante\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to the mix the abnormally high temperatures that have persisted this summer, often at the most inopportune times, such as the early days of the Valley Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This late-season heat really sort of sets the stage for any big offshore wind events—these Santa Ana or Diablo winds that often occur later in the fall,” warns Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014 went down as California’s warmest year on record and 2015 is on track to beat it. According to NOAA, the statewide average temperature was slightly above normal in July, then spiked to nearly 3 degrees Fahrenheit above the 20th Century average in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the state’s most catastrophic fires have broken out in October, including the historic \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandnorth.net/oakland-hills-fire/\">Oakland Hills firestorm, \u003c/a>which destroyed more than 3,000 homes in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the vegetation is drought-stressed and especially dry given the heat wave, and so if and when we get these big wind events over the next couple of months, that’s probably going to lead to some big problems,” says Swain.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The fire season has been \"a marathon, not a sprint,\" according to one top official -- and there are miles left to go.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931312,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":669},"headData":{"title":"Why the Worst of Fire Season May Lie Ahead | KQED","description":"The fire season has been "a marathon, not a sprint," according to one top official -- and there are miles left to go.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/255463/why-the-worst-of-fire-season-may-lie-ahead","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As bad as things are already, the system in place to manage California’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">wildfire season\u003c/a> is already “stretched very, very thinly,” according to Mark Ghilarducci, who directs the state’s Office of Emergency Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire season itself has probably been the most extreme that I’ve seen in my 30 years,” said Ghilarducci in a state-produced \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/139405750\">video interview\u003c/a> on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not over. In fact, it could get worse, for three main reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re still in a drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “rainy season” is still a good six weeks away though don’t tell L.A. residents who got a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rain-moves-into-southern-california-thanks-to-former-hurricane-linda-20150915-story.html\">surprise drenching\u003c/a> of nearly two inches of rain in one morning this week. The Southland has seen other freak rains this summer, which washed out a freeway overpass and forced the first Major League Baseball rain-outs in two decades. Those were shards from an active Pacific hurricane season, probably linked to El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the light rain that fell near the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/14/photos-scenes-from-the-lake-county-valley-fire\">Valley Fire\u003c/a> on Monday, never even made it to the ground, according to officials on the scene. In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">preliminary research\u003c/a> at San Jose State University’s Fire Weather Research Lab suggests that the \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/earth/virga-is-rain-that-doesnt-reach-the-ground\">virga\u003c/a> actually made matters worse on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain that we saw in Southern California notwithstanding, it certainly hasn’t rained like that up north and even in the south it will dry out quickly,” warns Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is still experiencing really severe drought conditions and we definitely have a few more months before we see substantial relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain says that even if the current El Niño conditions in the Pacific turn out to be a major rainmaker, California is not likely to see the peak effects until December or January. Meanwhile, each passing week without substantial precipitation increases evaporation, baking out what little moisture remains in soils and setting the stage for more severe wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of California’s most aggressive fires are driven by what scientists call katabatic winds, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">better known as Santa Anas\u003c/a> in Southern California, Diablos in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, the usual onshore breezes start backing around and dry easterly winds roar through mountain passes, speeding up and heating up along the way. This season, some fires have behaved like classic Santa Ana-driven fires — without the winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devastating Valley Fire north of the Bay Area stunned firefighters, blowing up to 40,000 acres in one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working, said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we would see with Santa Ana winds but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Temperatures Will Up the Ante\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to the mix the abnormally high temperatures that have persisted this summer, often at the most inopportune times, such as the early days of the Valley Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This late-season heat really sort of sets the stage for any big offshore wind events—these Santa Ana or Diablo winds that often occur later in the fall,” warns Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014 went down as California’s warmest year on record and 2015 is on track to beat it. According to NOAA, the statewide average temperature was slightly above normal in July, then spiked to nearly 3 degrees Fahrenheit above the 20th Century average in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the state’s most catastrophic fires have broken out in October, including the historic \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandnorth.net/oakland-hills-fire/\">Oakland Hills firestorm, \u003c/a>which destroyed more than 3,000 homes in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the vegetation is drought-stressed and especially dry given the heat wave, and so if and when we get these big wind events over the next couple of months, that’s probably going to lead to some big problems,” says Swain.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/255463/why-the-worst-of-fire-season-may-lie-ahead","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40"],"tags":["science_1596","science_113"],"featImg":"science_258300","label":"science_1151"},"science_17553":{"type":"posts","id":"science_17553","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"17553","score":null,"sort":[1400505667000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-wildfires-training-for-a-tough-season","title":"California Wildfires: Training for a Tough Season","publishDate":1400505667,"format":"aside","headTitle":"California Wildfires: Training for a Tough Season | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/05/20140519science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Firefighters in Southern California are still mopping up fires that raged last week, stoked by record-breaking heat and strong winds on top of the three-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials warn that Northern California is dry and ready to burn, too, and seasonal firefighters were brought on earlier than usual. In mid-May, newly hired CalFire firefighters were running through drills, climbing ladders and unfurling hoses at a training facility in rural Napa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17575\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17575\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/ladders-web.jpg\" alt=\"CalFire firefighters running through drills at a training facility in Napa County. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CalFire firefighters running through drills at a training facility in Napa County. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We do this every year,” said Jason Hill, who is starting his third season with CalFire. “Every fire season they say is going to be the worst, but this season I think will definitely be a good one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve already seen a significant increase in wildfire activity due to the drought.’\u003ccite>— Amy Head, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By “good” he means what most people might consider “bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve already seen a significant increase in wildfire activity due to the drought,” said Amy Head, a fire captain with CalFire. More fires have started in California this year than had started by this time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did start hiring our seasonals as early as January, which is something I’ve never heard of,” Head said. “And Southern California never even saw an end to fire season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the same for the Forest Service. “We never really had an off season,” said Shawna Legarza, the regional fire and aviation director with the Forest Service in California. “Usually we get some time off during the holidays. We had fires right before Christmas. We had fires in Northern California in January. We had fires in Central and Southern California in February. We’ve been busy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, more than 570,000 acres burned in wildfires in California. The Rim Fire, near Yosemite, was huge, but overall, total acres burned in the state was near average. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘A lot of the preparedness efforts we make cost money. We have to justify that with evidence.’\u003ccite>— Tom Knecht, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> This year, CalFire is preparing for a busy season by hiring extra staff — firefighters and also inspectors to check whether homeowners have cleared vegetation to create extra space around their houses, called “defensible space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-Fire Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the preparedness efforts we make cost money. We have to justify that with evidence,” said Tom Knecht, a fire captain and pre-fire engineer with CalFire. His job includes collecting some of that evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because, though it may seem like common sense that it’s dry out there, there is a science to knowing how dry, and to knowing when the threat of fire is at its worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht took me up a trail in the Las Posadas State Forest, about 20 miles northeast of Santa Rosa. The trail was lined on either side by a plant called chemise that grew higher than our heads. “It looks a lot like rosemary,” Knecht said, as he snipped twigs off the plant with a pair of garden shears and stuffed them into a plastic container shaped like a water bottle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He weighs the chemise he collects, then dehydrates it and weighs it again. The difference between those two numbers tells him how much water is in the plant; this is called the live fuel moisture. (As opposed to dead fuel moisture, another measurement tracking the water content in dead trees and branches.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/fuels-web-e1400278725917.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Knecht of CalFire collects chemise to find its fuel moisture. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"298\" height=\"298\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Knecht of CalFire collects chemise to find its fuel moisture. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At this point in the year, there’s still a good amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re still seeing the plants taking on water,” Knecht said. “So they’re still getting moisture out of the ground. They’re still growing. You can see the new growth, they’re getting ready to flower. That whole time the plant is full of moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the plants will begin to go dormant. That’s the moment Knecht is on the look out for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to know when it turns the corner, when it stops taking on water and then starts to dry out,” he said. When the chemise is growing, it could burn, but the fire would be slower and less intense. Once the plant is dormant and dried out, its presence marks the places that could burn hot and fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht said the plants look like they’ll be turning that corner sooner this year. “The plants, although they’re taking on moisture and have new growth, they’re behind where they were last year this time,” he said. “I expect to see them dry out earlier, turn the corner earlier, be dormant earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht does these studies monthly, and sometimes more often than that. Fire officials look at the live fuel moisture measured in various plant species all around the state. And they feed that into a model along with the dead fuel moisture. Then they combine that with weather conditions to figure out the energy release component. That tells them, if a fire does catch, how intense it will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look at weather every day, and the topography — we know where there’s steep ridges and hills and so forth. But the fuel moistures change, and that’s one of the things we need situational awareness of, to be able to base our actions on current and expected fire behavior,” Knecht said. “That’s why I’m out here doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting the Data to Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re only in May and we’re seeing conditions that we would normally see in August.’\u003ccite>— Chief Ken Pimlott, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Armed with that information, fire officials can work to ensure that firefighters and equipment like air tankers are moved to the right part of the state, and — in a year like this one — that they’re in place early as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re only in May and we’re seeing conditions that we would normally see in August,” said Chief Ken Pimlott, the director of CalFire. He said Governor Jerry Brown’s drought declaration in January put extra money toward firefighting. “He has made a very firm commitment that CalFire and our partners will have the resources and the funding it needs to combat this risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CalFire has the budget for an extra 300 firefighters this season. Like CalFire, the U.S. Forest Service brought staff on earlier, too, and is prepared to bring firefighters in from other parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the firefighting agencies say they’re ready. What they can’t predict is when or how a fire will start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t control the lightning, that’s out of control,” said Legarza. But the majority of wildfires, she points out, are human-caused. “So we can help give information to the public to help us prevent wildland fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like making sure brush and branches are cut back around your property, following rules about campfires and being careful with tools that might spark a flame. And as Smokey Bear’s been reminding us for decades, whatever you do, don’t throw that cigarette butt out the window.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Seasonal firefighters started training months earlier than usual this year. It may seem like common sense that it's dry out there, but there is a science to knowing how dry, and to knowing when the threat of wildfire is at its worst.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933640,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1295},"headData":{"title":"California Wildfires: Training for a Tough Season | KQED","description":"Seasonal firefighters started training months earlier than usual this year. It may seem like common sense that it's dry out there, but there is a science to knowing how dry, and to knowing when the threat of wildfire is at its worst.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/05/20140519science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/17553/california-wildfires-training-for-a-tough-season","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/05/20140519science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Firefighters in Southern California are still mopping up fires that raged last week, stoked by record-breaking heat and strong winds on top of the three-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials warn that Northern California is dry and ready to burn, too, and seasonal firefighters were brought on earlier than usual. In mid-May, newly hired CalFire firefighters were running through drills, climbing ladders and unfurling hoses at a training facility in rural Napa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17575\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17575\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/ladders-web.jpg\" alt=\"CalFire firefighters running through drills at a training facility in Napa County. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CalFire firefighters running through drills at a training facility in Napa County. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We do this every year,” said Jason Hill, who is starting his third season with CalFire. “Every fire season they say is going to be the worst, but this season I think will definitely be a good one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve already seen a significant increase in wildfire activity due to the drought.’\u003ccite>— Amy Head, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By “good” he means what most people might consider “bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve already seen a significant increase in wildfire activity due to the drought,” said Amy Head, a fire captain with CalFire. More fires have started in California this year than had started by this time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did start hiring our seasonals as early as January, which is something I’ve never heard of,” Head said. “And Southern California never even saw an end to fire season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the same for the Forest Service. “We never really had an off season,” said Shawna Legarza, the regional fire and aviation director with the Forest Service in California. “Usually we get some time off during the holidays. We had fires right before Christmas. We had fires in Northern California in January. We had fires in Central and Southern California in February. We’ve been busy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, more than 570,000 acres burned in wildfires in California. The Rim Fire, near Yosemite, was huge, but overall, total acres burned in the state was near average. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘A lot of the preparedness efforts we make cost money. We have to justify that with evidence.’\u003ccite>— Tom Knecht, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> This year, CalFire is preparing for a busy season by hiring extra staff — firefighters and also inspectors to check whether homeowners have cleared vegetation to create extra space around their houses, called “defensible space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-Fire Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the preparedness efforts we make cost money. We have to justify that with evidence,” said Tom Knecht, a fire captain and pre-fire engineer with CalFire. His job includes collecting some of that evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because, though it may seem like common sense that it’s dry out there, there is a science to knowing how dry, and to knowing when the threat of fire is at its worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht took me up a trail in the Las Posadas State Forest, about 20 miles northeast of Santa Rosa. The trail was lined on either side by a plant called chemise that grew higher than our heads. “It looks a lot like rosemary,” Knecht said, as he snipped twigs off the plant with a pair of garden shears and stuffed them into a plastic container shaped like a water bottle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He weighs the chemise he collects, then dehydrates it and weighs it again. The difference between those two numbers tells him how much water is in the plant; this is called the live fuel moisture. (As opposed to dead fuel moisture, another measurement tracking the water content in dead trees and branches.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/fuels-web-e1400278725917.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Knecht of CalFire collects chemise to find its fuel moisture. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"298\" height=\"298\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Knecht of CalFire collects chemise to find its fuel moisture. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At this point in the year, there’s still a good amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re still seeing the plants taking on water,” Knecht said. “So they’re still getting moisture out of the ground. They’re still growing. You can see the new growth, they’re getting ready to flower. That whole time the plant is full of moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the plants will begin to go dormant. That’s the moment Knecht is on the look out for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to know when it turns the corner, when it stops taking on water and then starts to dry out,” he said. When the chemise is growing, it could burn, but the fire would be slower and less intense. Once the plant is dormant and dried out, its presence marks the places that could burn hot and fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht said the plants look like they’ll be turning that corner sooner this year. “The plants, although they’re taking on moisture and have new growth, they’re behind where they were last year this time,” he said. “I expect to see them dry out earlier, turn the corner earlier, be dormant earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht does these studies monthly, and sometimes more often than that. Fire officials look at the live fuel moisture measured in various plant species all around the state. And they feed that into a model along with the dead fuel moisture. Then they combine that with weather conditions to figure out the energy release component. That tells them, if a fire does catch, how intense it will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look at weather every day, and the topography — we know where there’s steep ridges and hills and so forth. But the fuel moistures change, and that’s one of the things we need situational awareness of, to be able to base our actions on current and expected fire behavior,” Knecht said. “That’s why I’m out here doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting the Data to Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re only in May and we’re seeing conditions that we would normally see in August.’\u003ccite>— Chief Ken Pimlott, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Armed with that information, fire officials can work to ensure that firefighters and equipment like air tankers are moved to the right part of the state, and — in a year like this one — that they’re in place early as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re only in May and we’re seeing conditions that we would normally see in August,” said Chief Ken Pimlott, the director of CalFire. He said Governor Jerry Brown’s drought declaration in January put extra money toward firefighting. “He has made a very firm commitment that CalFire and our partners will have the resources and the funding it needs to combat this risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CalFire has the budget for an extra 300 firefighters this season. Like CalFire, the U.S. Forest Service brought staff on earlier, too, and is prepared to bring firefighters in from other parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the firefighting agencies say they’re ready. What they can’t predict is when or how a fire will start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t control the lightning, that’s out of control,” said Legarza. But the majority of wildfires, she points out, are human-caused. “So we can help give information to the public to help us prevent wildland fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like making sure brush and branches are cut back around your property, following rules about campfires and being careful with tools that might spark a flame. And as Smokey Bear’s been reminding us for decades, whatever you do, don’t throw that cigarette butt out the window.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/17553/california-wildfires-training-for-a-tough-season","authors":["200"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_35","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_5194","science_1596","science_763","science_113"],"featImg":"science_17568","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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