NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet
TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home
Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won't Believe How Many or How Far
NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets
Despite Hiccup, Kepler Discoveries Continue to Dazzle
NASA Co-Discovers the Most Distant Extrasolar Planet Yet
NASA's Kepler Mission Reincarnated
Kepler 10c: An Unexpected Heavyweight Earth
From 63 Light Years Away, An Exoplanet is Ready for Its Closeup
Sponsored
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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1955504":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1955504","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1955504","score":null,"sort":[1578953332000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","title":"NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet","publishDate":1578953332,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847911,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1198},"headData":{"title":"NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED","description":"NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1955504/space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1955504/space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1510520","label":"source_science_1955504"},"science_1922294":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922294","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922294","score":null,"sort":[1523628084000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","title":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home","publishDate":1523628084,"format":"audio","headTitle":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered which stars might have planets, what those worlds may be like, or if there could be some form of life on any of them? When I was a child, I did a lot of that sort of imagining — decades before the first scientific detection of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/the-search-for-life/exoplanets-101/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”zPtcY42nMEbLmJsJhCQj2y06wlfTs2CH”]We now live in an era of \u003cem>knowing\u003c/em> that the galaxy teems with planets, and that probably most, if not all stars possess multiple worlds. Anyone born after 1992 has lived their entire life without needing to imagine if there are planets around other stars — we know they are there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 16th we enter another era of exoplanet discovery, with the launch of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \u003c/a>spacecraft. TESS will be propelled by a \u003cem>SpaceX\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/falcon9\">Falcon-9 rocket\u003c/a> into a \u003ca href=\"https://www.technobyte.org/satellite-communication/low-medium-high-earth-orbits-types-of-orbits/\">high-Earth orbit\u003c/a>, a lofty vantage point that will offer sweeping views of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star's habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star’s habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From that high orbit, TESS will engage in a two-year survey of 500,000 stars across the entire sky, searching for planets by the “transit” method: measuring the temporary dimming of a star’s light when one of its planets passes in front of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Exoplanets\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The search for extrasolar planets is not a new thing. We’ve been finding them \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today/\">since 1992\u003c/a>, 26 years ago! As of April 2018, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total\u003c/a> of 3,711 exoplanets of all sizes have been confirmed to exist. Their abundance tells us that most, if not all, stars in the galaxy likely possess at least one, and probably multiple, planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a>, launched in 2009, set out to find the more elusive “Earth-like” exoplanets: world’s close to Earth’s size that could support liquid water on their surfaces, within their star’s “Habitable Zone.” Among the 2,600 exoplanets that Kepler has discovered, at least a couple dozen fall into this category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922344\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922344 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"The "transit method" of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star's light. \" width=\"800\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-768x521.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1020x692.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1180x800.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-960x651.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-375x254.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-520x353.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa.jpg 1722w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “transit method” of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s sampling suggests that there may be \u003cem>billions\u003c/em> of these Earth-like worlds in the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, scientists want to know more about these potential other-Earths. (So do I!) What are they made of? Do they have atmospheres? Do they have oceans? Most tantalizing of all, do they support life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, most of the potentially Earth-like worlds we have discovered are too far away for us to learn much more than their sizes and how close they are to their stars. Their great distances from us make more detailed investigations extremely challenging, to say the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922345 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-768x572.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-1020x760.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-960x715.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-240x179.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-375x279.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-520x387.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \u003ccite>(Zack Berta-Thompson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New About TESS?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler mission, which focused on very distant stars in one small patch of the sky, TESS will survey the nearest stars in our neighborhood of the galaxy, and across the entire sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS will detect exoplanets of all types, but its main goal is to look for small, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/resources/15/earth-and-super-earth/\">Earth- and super-Earth sized planets, \u003c/a>orbiting stars much closer to us and \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/whytess.html\">much brighter\u003c/a> than those Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these factors will make detailed investigation by other observatories and spacecraft possible — including the upcoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be tasked with measuring the temperature and atmospheric composition of these nearby worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may tell us if a planet has the necessary ingredients for life–liquid water and organic compounds. We might even detect the chemical telltales of life itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1020x727.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1180x841.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-960x684.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-375x267.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-520x371.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \u003ccite>(MIT)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Strange Might Strange New Worlds Be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>As that child gazing up at the starry skies, I imagined some pretty wild possibilities for those yet-undiscovered worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a planet-wide desert, stretching pole to pole, that is so cold that carbon dioxide lies frozen on the ground. Or a searing hot landscape with a corrosive atmosphere that is so thick it would crush you like an aluminum can. Or a cloud-darkened milieu where the rain, rivers and seas are cryogenic liquid methane and you would weigh only 20 pounds. Or a world covered entirely by a hundred-mile-deep ocean hiding under a crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 587px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922348\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \" width=\"587\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg 587w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-160x67.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-520x219.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And these are only descriptions of some of the planets and moons in our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS is projected to find at least 1,500 exoplanets orbiting nearby stars, and of these at least 300 are expected to be near-Earth sized. Once we begin to probe the environmental conditions on those planets, imagine what we might find.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On April 16 NASA will launch the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite spacecraft, marking the next phase in our search for world's beyond our own.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928016,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":902},"headData":{"title":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home | KQED","description":"On April 16 NASA will launch the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite spacecraft, marking the next phase in our search for world's beyond our own.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2018/04/VentonTESSSatellite.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1922294/tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered which stars might have planets, what those worlds may be like, or if there could be some form of life on any of them? When I was a child, I did a lot of that sort of imagining — decades before the first scientific detection of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/the-search-for-life/exoplanets-101/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>We now live in an era of \u003cem>knowing\u003c/em> that the galaxy teems with planets, and that probably most, if not all stars possess multiple worlds. Anyone born after 1992 has lived their entire life without needing to imagine if there are planets around other stars — we know they are there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 16th we enter another era of exoplanet discovery, with the launch of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \u003c/a>spacecraft. TESS will be propelled by a \u003cem>SpaceX\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/falcon9\">Falcon-9 rocket\u003c/a> into a \u003ca href=\"https://www.technobyte.org/satellite-communication/low-medium-high-earth-orbits-types-of-orbits/\">high-Earth orbit\u003c/a>, a lofty vantage point that will offer sweeping views of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star's habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star’s habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From that high orbit, TESS will engage in a two-year survey of 500,000 stars across the entire sky, searching for planets by the “transit” method: measuring the temporary dimming of a star’s light when one of its planets passes in front of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Exoplanets\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The search for extrasolar planets is not a new thing. We’ve been finding them \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today/\">since 1992\u003c/a>, 26 years ago! As of April 2018, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total\u003c/a> of 3,711 exoplanets of all sizes have been confirmed to exist. Their abundance tells us that most, if not all, stars in the galaxy likely possess at least one, and probably multiple, planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a>, launched in 2009, set out to find the more elusive “Earth-like” exoplanets: world’s close to Earth’s size that could support liquid water on their surfaces, within their star’s “Habitable Zone.” Among the 2,600 exoplanets that Kepler has discovered, at least a couple dozen fall into this category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922344\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922344 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"The "transit method" of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star's light. \" width=\"800\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-768x521.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1020x692.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1180x800.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-960x651.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-375x254.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-520x353.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa.jpg 1722w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “transit method” of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s sampling suggests that there may be \u003cem>billions\u003c/em> of these Earth-like worlds in the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, scientists want to know more about these potential other-Earths. (So do I!) What are they made of? Do they have atmospheres? Do they have oceans? Most tantalizing of all, do they support life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, most of the potentially Earth-like worlds we have discovered are too far away for us to learn much more than their sizes and how close they are to their stars. Their great distances from us make more detailed investigations extremely challenging, to say the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922345 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-768x572.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-1020x760.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-960x715.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-240x179.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-375x279.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-520x387.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \u003ccite>(Zack Berta-Thompson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New About TESS?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler mission, which focused on very distant stars in one small patch of the sky, TESS will survey the nearest stars in our neighborhood of the galaxy, and across the entire sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS will detect exoplanets of all types, but its main goal is to look for small, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/resources/15/earth-and-super-earth/\">Earth- and super-Earth sized planets, \u003c/a>orbiting stars much closer to us and \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/whytess.html\">much brighter\u003c/a> than those Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these factors will make detailed investigation by other observatories and spacecraft possible — including the upcoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be tasked with measuring the temperature and atmospheric composition of these nearby worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may tell us if a planet has the necessary ingredients for life–liquid water and organic compounds. We might even detect the chemical telltales of life itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1020x727.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1180x841.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-960x684.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-375x267.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-520x371.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \u003ccite>(MIT)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Strange Might Strange New Worlds Be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>As that child gazing up at the starry skies, I imagined some pretty wild possibilities for those yet-undiscovered worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a planet-wide desert, stretching pole to pole, that is so cold that carbon dioxide lies frozen on the ground. Or a searing hot landscape with a corrosive atmosphere that is so thick it would crush you like an aluminum can. Or a cloud-darkened milieu where the rain, rivers and seas are cryogenic liquid methane and you would weigh only 20 pounds. Or a world covered entirely by a hundred-mile-deep ocean hiding under a crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 587px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922348\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \" width=\"587\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg 587w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-160x67.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-520x219.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And these are only descriptions of some of the planets and moons in our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS is projected to find at least 1,500 exoplanets orbiting nearby stars, and of these at least 300 are expected to be near-Earth sized. Once we begin to probe the environmental conditions on those planets, imagine what we might find.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922294/tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_3370","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1922342","label":"source_science_1922294"},"science_1919843":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1919843","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1919843","score":null,"sort":[1518795024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far","title":"Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won't Believe How Many or How Far","publishDate":1518795024,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won’t Believe How Many or How Far | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Researchers using NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/learn_cxc.html\">Chandra X-ray Observatory\u003c/a> have announced the discovery of a huge assortment of extrasolar planets ranging in size from Earth’s moon to the planet Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>, or exoplanet, is any planet found outside of our own solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was made by Xinyu Dai and Eduardo Guerras of the University of Oklahoma’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, and published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa5fb/meta\">The Astrophysical Journal Letters\u003c/a>\u003c/em> on February 2nd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919852 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\" alt=\"Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. The host of exoplanets within the central elliptical galaxy were detected by their microlensing of the background quasar's X-ray emissions. \" width=\"720\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-160x150.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-240x225.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-375x351.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-520x487.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. \u003ccite>(University of Oklahoma)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On its face, this news may not seem extraordinary; these days, announcements of new exoplanet discoveries come out monthly, if not weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jaw-dropper here is \u003cem>where\u003c/em> they were found: in a very distant galaxy, 3.8 billion light years away, wandering free as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wandering-in-the-void-billions-of-rogue-planets-without-a-home/\">“rogue” planets\u003c/a> in the darkness between the galaxy’s stars. Even more mind-blowing, the observational data indicates that there may be as many as 2,000 of them for \u003cem>every\u003c/em> star in that galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning, \u003cem>trillions\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do We Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a galaxy that is 3.8 billion light years away, even individual stars cannot be seen — only the combined luminous “smudge” of multitudes of stars. So how is it possible to detect much smaller, non-luminous objects like planets at that distance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is that this wouldn’t be possible, were it not for a phenomenon called\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfhtlens.org/public/what-gravitational-lensing\">gravitational lensing\u003c/a>\u003c/em>: the bending and focusing of light from a distant object by the gravitational field of another, intervening object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon can be likened to how a glass hand lens bends and focuses light, magnifying a light source — but in this case the “lens” is the gravitational field of a massive object in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919854 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg\" alt='A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted \"ring\" image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. ' width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-768x507.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-960x634.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-520x344.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg 1014w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted “ring” image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gravitational lensing was predicted by Einstein’s theory of Relativity, and has been observed and tested for decades. On a grand scale, gravitational lensing by enormous clusters of galaxies has been observed to magnify much more distant, background galaxies, yielding not only images of the background objects, but a measure of the lensing cluster’s mass based on the degree of light bending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a smaller scale, within our own galaxy, astronomers have detected almost a dozen exoplanets through gravitational lensing — or \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\">\u003cem>microlensing\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, in the case where the lensing object is a single star or planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first detection came in 2003, when an object named OGLE 2003-BLG-235 passed between Earth and a more distant star. As it passed, the object’s gravity bent and focused the star’s light toward us, temporarily magnifying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of amplification of the star’s light allowed astronomers to calculate the interposing object’s mass as 1.5 times that of Jupiter, which in turn identified it as a planet (as opposed to something more massive, like another star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the detection of a single exoplanet by the gravitational microlensing of a single star’s light is a game that can only be played within our own galaxy, at distances where a singular star can be observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting exoplanets across 3.8 billion light years is a whole different ballgame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919855\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919855 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"How Quasar Microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How quasar microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \u003ccite>(Alastair Bruce/University of Edinburgh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Window Into Another Galaxy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dai and Guerras took advantage of the microlensing phenomenon on a grand scale, using the Chandra X-ray Observatory to measure the emissions of a \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/Q/Quasar\">quasar\u003c/a> positioned behind their target galaxy. A quasar is the extremely luminous core of a galaxy with an active, \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole\">supermassive black hole\u003c/a> at its center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the X-ray data from the background quasar, they searched for microlensing effects caused by any objects within the intervening galaxy, and a pattern emerged — one that could only be explained by the presence of large numbers of planet-sized objects, drifting independently between the galaxy’s stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though no individual exoplanets were spotted — the distance is too great for that — the patterns produced by multitudes of planetary bodies revealed the exoplanet population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To push an analogy, if you’ve ever seen a halo around the sun then you might get a sense for how these exoplanets were detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sun halo is formed by the combined bending (or refraction) of sunlight caused by multitudes of water droplets or ice crystals in the atmosphere between you and the sun. Though the droplets are too small and too far away for you to see, their combined effect on the sunlight makes their presence known, and the size and colors of the halo can indicate the properties of the refracting particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sense, the X-rays shining from the background quasar passed through a “mist” of exoplanets, and the pattern of their combined microlensing effects revealed them to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conventional Exoplanet Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, all the \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">confirmed detections of exoplanets\u003c/a>, numbering more than 3,600, are located inside our Milky Way galaxy, and almost all of these orbit stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it is because these exoplanets orbit stars that we can detect them at all. The two main ways for finding exoplanets, the “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/1\">radial velocity\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/2\">transit\u003c/a>” methods, depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These methods have turned up thousands of exoplanets in the Milky Way — especially the transit method, which NASA’s ace exoplanet hunter, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> spacecraft, has used to confirm 2,341 of all known exoplanets (as of February 8).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The estimate of 2,000 rogue exoplanets for every star in that distant galaxy is an astounding figure. It means that there may be trillions of planets floating around that one galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does this mean that other galaxies possess similar populations of rogue planets? Is our own Milky Way galaxy filled with unseen, dark worlds lurking in the space between the stars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been estimated that there are more stars in the universe than grains of sand on all of Earth’s beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Move over stars; you may be far outnumbered by planets!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers detect multitudes of exoplanets in a galaxy 3.8 billion light years away.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928197,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1119},"headData":{"title":"Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won't Believe How Many or How Far | KQED","description":"Researchers detect multitudes of exoplanets in a galaxy 3.8 billion light years away.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1919843/first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers using NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/learn_cxc.html\">Chandra X-ray Observatory\u003c/a> have announced the discovery of a huge assortment of extrasolar planets ranging in size from Earth’s moon to the planet Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>, or exoplanet, is any planet found outside of our own solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was made by Xinyu Dai and Eduardo Guerras of the University of Oklahoma’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, and published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa5fb/meta\">The Astrophysical Journal Letters\u003c/a>\u003c/em> on February 2nd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919852 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\" alt=\"Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. The host of exoplanets within the central elliptical galaxy were detected by their microlensing of the background quasar's X-ray emissions. \" width=\"720\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-160x150.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-240x225.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-375x351.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-520x487.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. \u003ccite>(University of Oklahoma)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On its face, this news may not seem extraordinary; these days, announcements of new exoplanet discoveries come out monthly, if not weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jaw-dropper here is \u003cem>where\u003c/em> they were found: in a very distant galaxy, 3.8 billion light years away, wandering free as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wandering-in-the-void-billions-of-rogue-planets-without-a-home/\">“rogue” planets\u003c/a> in the darkness between the galaxy’s stars. Even more mind-blowing, the observational data indicates that there may be as many as 2,000 of them for \u003cem>every\u003c/em> star in that galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning, \u003cem>trillions\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do We Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a galaxy that is 3.8 billion light years away, even individual stars cannot be seen — only the combined luminous “smudge” of multitudes of stars. So how is it possible to detect much smaller, non-luminous objects like planets at that distance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is that this wouldn’t be possible, were it not for a phenomenon called\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfhtlens.org/public/what-gravitational-lensing\">gravitational lensing\u003c/a>\u003c/em>: the bending and focusing of light from a distant object by the gravitational field of another, intervening object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon can be likened to how a glass hand lens bends and focuses light, magnifying a light source — but in this case the “lens” is the gravitational field of a massive object in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919854 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg\" alt='A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted \"ring\" image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. ' width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-768x507.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-960x634.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-520x344.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg 1014w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted “ring” image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gravitational lensing was predicted by Einstein’s theory of Relativity, and has been observed and tested for decades. On a grand scale, gravitational lensing by enormous clusters of galaxies has been observed to magnify much more distant, background galaxies, yielding not only images of the background objects, but a measure of the lensing cluster’s mass based on the degree of light bending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a smaller scale, within our own galaxy, astronomers have detected almost a dozen exoplanets through gravitational lensing — or \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\">\u003cem>microlensing\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, in the case where the lensing object is a single star or planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first detection came in 2003, when an object named OGLE 2003-BLG-235 passed between Earth and a more distant star. As it passed, the object’s gravity bent and focused the star’s light toward us, temporarily magnifying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of amplification of the star’s light allowed astronomers to calculate the interposing object’s mass as 1.5 times that of Jupiter, which in turn identified it as a planet (as opposed to something more massive, like another star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the detection of a single exoplanet by the gravitational microlensing of a single star’s light is a game that can only be played within our own galaxy, at distances where a singular star can be observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting exoplanets across 3.8 billion light years is a whole different ballgame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919855\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919855 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"How Quasar Microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How quasar microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \u003ccite>(Alastair Bruce/University of Edinburgh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Window Into Another Galaxy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dai and Guerras took advantage of the microlensing phenomenon on a grand scale, using the Chandra X-ray Observatory to measure the emissions of a \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/Q/Quasar\">quasar\u003c/a> positioned behind their target galaxy. A quasar is the extremely luminous core of a galaxy with an active, \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole\">supermassive black hole\u003c/a> at its center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the X-ray data from the background quasar, they searched for microlensing effects caused by any objects within the intervening galaxy, and a pattern emerged — one that could only be explained by the presence of large numbers of planet-sized objects, drifting independently between the galaxy’s stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though no individual exoplanets were spotted — the distance is too great for that — the patterns produced by multitudes of planetary bodies revealed the exoplanet population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To push an analogy, if you’ve ever seen a halo around the sun then you might get a sense for how these exoplanets were detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sun halo is formed by the combined bending (or refraction) of sunlight caused by multitudes of water droplets or ice crystals in the atmosphere between you and the sun. Though the droplets are too small and too far away for you to see, their combined effect on the sunlight makes their presence known, and the size and colors of the halo can indicate the properties of the refracting particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sense, the X-rays shining from the background quasar passed through a “mist” of exoplanets, and the pattern of their combined microlensing effects revealed them to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conventional Exoplanet Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, all the \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">confirmed detections of exoplanets\u003c/a>, numbering more than 3,600, are located inside our Milky Way galaxy, and almost all of these orbit stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it is because these exoplanets orbit stars that we can detect them at all. The two main ways for finding exoplanets, the “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/1\">radial velocity\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/2\">transit\u003c/a>” methods, depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These methods have turned up thousands of exoplanets in the Milky Way — especially the transit method, which NASA’s ace exoplanet hunter, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> spacecraft, has used to confirm 2,341 of all known exoplanets (as of February 8).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The estimate of 2,000 rogue exoplanets for every star in that distant galaxy is an astounding figure. It means that there may be trillions of planets floating around that one galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does this mean that other galaxies possess similar populations of rogue planets? Is our own Milky Way galaxy filled with unseen, dark worlds lurking in the space between the stars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been estimated that there are more stars in the universe than grains of sand on all of Earth’s beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Move over stars; you may be far outnumbered by planets!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1919843/first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_3370","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1919851","label":"science"},"science_1443551":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1443551","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1443551","score":null,"sort":[1488563853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","title":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets","publishDate":1488563853,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Last week \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/earth-size-planets-the-newest-weirdest-generation\">NASA announced the existence of seven Earth-sized planets \u003c/a>orbiting the same star, TRAPPIST-1, only 40 light years from Earth. Adding to the excitement of this glittering milestone discovery, three of these planets orbit the star within its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l12_p4.html\">habitable zone\u003c/a>,” where the strength of the star’s light is suitable to support liquid water on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was last week’s news. This week the question is, what do we do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we can’t launch a mission to see these seven worlds up close—or any of the now \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\">almost 3,000 confirmed extra-solar planets\u003c/a> (exoplanets) for that matter, most of which are much more distant anyway—we can continue devising more advanced tools and techniques for exploring them from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443665\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-520x364.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \u003ccite>(ESO/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer \u003c/a>telescopes search for and analyze exoplanets from orbit, while a number of Earth-based observatories, such as the Belgian \u003ca href=\"http://www.trappist.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_3300885/en/trappist-portail\">TRAPPIST robotic telescope\u003c/a> in Chile, work the problem from the ground up—so to speak. TRAPPIST made the first two exoplanet detections in the TRAPPIST-1 system in mid-2016, and the Spitzer telescope added the other five to the list in the following months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the next generation of exoplanet hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year will see the launches of two new space-based observatories that will advance our exploration of worlds beyond our solar system. They promise to shed more light on Earth-sized exoplanets with the potential to harbor liquid water, and possibly even life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 2018, NASA will launch \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasas-tess-the-next-exoplanet-explorer\">TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) \u003c/a>on a Falcon 9 rocket, a launch vehicle produced by the SpaceX Corporation. TESS’s primary mission will be to look for extrasolar planets as they transit in front of their stars—the same method employed by Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg\" alt='Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the \"transit method,\" by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. ' width=\"1000\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-800x341.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-768x327.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-960x409.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-240x102.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-375x160.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-520x222.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the “transit method,” by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. \u003ccite>(Ames Research Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The size and orbital period of a planet, as well as its distance from its star, can be calculated by measuring the amount of light blocked by the planet passing in front of its star, and also how frequently the planet transits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler telescope, which has sampled a tight patch of stars tens of thousands of light years away, TESS will probe the stars closest to Earth—those within a few hundred light years—and in all directions in the sky. Some of TESS’s intended targets are even visible to the human eye. TESS is expected to survey about 200,000 stars during its two-year mission, and haul in thousands of new exoplanet discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular interest to the TESS mission are smaller stars known as dwarf stars. They range from the size of our own sun down to the smaller red dwarfs like TRAPPIST-1. It is easier to detect smaller planets transiting fainter stars, since the proportion of light that they block is greater than for brighter stars. This is sort of like how it’s easier to hear a cricket in a concert hall when the orchestra is playing a soft piece of music than when it is blasting the 1812 Overture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the discovery of TRAPPIST-1’s seven Earth-sized planets, there is renewed interest in planetary systems like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6560-life-thrive-red-dwarf-star.html\">debate whether red dwarf stars are suitable to foster life-friendly environments\u003c/a> on any planets they may possess. Dwarf stars often engage in temperamental behavior, exhibiting wild swings in their light output and producing violent flare explosions. Any planets close enough to them to possess liquid water could be adversely impacted by this behavior. Also, planets orbiting close to their star eventually become “tidally locked” to it, keeping the same side always turned toward it. One side would experience perpetual daylight, the other side unending night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg\" alt='Illustration of the \"habitable zones\" of stars of different brightness--habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. ' width=\"512\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-375x211.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the “habitable zones” of stars of different brightness–habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. \u003ccite>(Kepler/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, we have learned by studying life on Earth that it can be highly resilient and adaptable to changes in environment, so there is some hope of detecting life even in these types of systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/origins.html\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will succeed the now-aged Hubble telescope. It will be launched from Guiana on a European Ariane rocket. Among its numerous applications, the James Webb Space Telescope will offer follow-up observations of confirmed exoplanets, such as any detected by TESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope will make spectroscopic measurements to detect and analyze the chemical compositions of exoplanet atmospheres—which is where things could really get interesting. If life exists on any given exoplanet, it has likely altered the composition of its atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, animal life produces methane, and plant life adds free oxygen to the atmosphere. If we can detect chemicals in an exoplanet atmosphere that might not be present without the work of life forms, how exciting would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After announcing the existence of seven Earth-sized planets only 40 light years from Earth, NASA says it will launch two new telescopes that promise to take the search to a whole new level.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929025,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":901},"headData":{"title":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets | KQED","description":"After announcing the existence of seven Earth-sized planets only 40 light years from Earth, NASA says it will launch two new telescopes that promise to take the search to a whole new level.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1443551/nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/earth-size-planets-the-newest-weirdest-generation\">NASA announced the existence of seven Earth-sized planets \u003c/a>orbiting the same star, TRAPPIST-1, only 40 light years from Earth. Adding to the excitement of this glittering milestone discovery, three of these planets orbit the star within its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l12_p4.html\">habitable zone\u003c/a>,” where the strength of the star’s light is suitable to support liquid water on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was last week’s news. This week the question is, what do we do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we can’t launch a mission to see these seven worlds up close—or any of the now \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\">almost 3,000 confirmed extra-solar planets\u003c/a> (exoplanets) for that matter, most of which are much more distant anyway—we can continue devising more advanced tools and techniques for exploring them from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443665\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-520x364.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \u003ccite>(ESO/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer \u003c/a>telescopes search for and analyze exoplanets from orbit, while a number of Earth-based observatories, such as the Belgian \u003ca href=\"http://www.trappist.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_3300885/en/trappist-portail\">TRAPPIST robotic telescope\u003c/a> in Chile, work the problem from the ground up—so to speak. TRAPPIST made the first two exoplanet detections in the TRAPPIST-1 system in mid-2016, and the Spitzer telescope added the other five to the list in the following months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the next generation of exoplanet hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year will see the launches of two new space-based observatories that will advance our exploration of worlds beyond our solar system. They promise to shed more light on Earth-sized exoplanets with the potential to harbor liquid water, and possibly even life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 2018, NASA will launch \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasas-tess-the-next-exoplanet-explorer\">TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) \u003c/a>on a Falcon 9 rocket, a launch vehicle produced by the SpaceX Corporation. TESS’s primary mission will be to look for extrasolar planets as they transit in front of their stars—the same method employed by Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg\" alt='Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the \"transit method,\" by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. ' width=\"1000\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-800x341.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-768x327.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-960x409.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-240x102.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-375x160.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-520x222.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the “transit method,” by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. \u003ccite>(Ames Research Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The size and orbital period of a planet, as well as its distance from its star, can be calculated by measuring the amount of light blocked by the planet passing in front of its star, and also how frequently the planet transits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler telescope, which has sampled a tight patch of stars tens of thousands of light years away, TESS will probe the stars closest to Earth—those within a few hundred light years—and in all directions in the sky. Some of TESS’s intended targets are even visible to the human eye. TESS is expected to survey about 200,000 stars during its two-year mission, and haul in thousands of new exoplanet discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular interest to the TESS mission are smaller stars known as dwarf stars. They range from the size of our own sun down to the smaller red dwarfs like TRAPPIST-1. It is easier to detect smaller planets transiting fainter stars, since the proportion of light that they block is greater than for brighter stars. This is sort of like how it’s easier to hear a cricket in a concert hall when the orchestra is playing a soft piece of music than when it is blasting the 1812 Overture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the discovery of TRAPPIST-1’s seven Earth-sized planets, there is renewed interest in planetary systems like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6560-life-thrive-red-dwarf-star.html\">debate whether red dwarf stars are suitable to foster life-friendly environments\u003c/a> on any planets they may possess. Dwarf stars often engage in temperamental behavior, exhibiting wild swings in their light output and producing violent flare explosions. Any planets close enough to them to possess liquid water could be adversely impacted by this behavior. Also, planets orbiting close to their star eventually become “tidally locked” to it, keeping the same side always turned toward it. One side would experience perpetual daylight, the other side unending night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg\" alt='Illustration of the \"habitable zones\" of stars of different brightness--habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. ' width=\"512\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-375x211.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the “habitable zones” of stars of different brightness–habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. \u003ccite>(Kepler/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, we have learned by studying life on Earth that it can be highly resilient and adaptable to changes in environment, so there is some hope of detecting life even in these types of systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/origins.html\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will succeed the now-aged Hubble telescope. It will be launched from Guiana on a European Ariane rocket. Among its numerous applications, the James Webb Space Telescope will offer follow-up observations of confirmed exoplanets, such as any detected by TESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope will make spectroscopic measurements to detect and analyze the chemical compositions of exoplanet atmospheres—which is where things could really get interesting. If life exists on any given exoplanet, it has likely altered the composition of its atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, animal life produces methane, and plant life adds free oxygen to the atmosphere. If we can detect chemicals in an exoplanet atmosphere that might not be present without the work of life forms, how exciting would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1443551/nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_5186","science_23","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1443663","label":"science"},"science_637185":{"type":"posts","id":"science_637185","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"637185","score":null,"sort":[1460725201000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"despite-hiccup-kepler-discoveries-continue-to-dazzle","title":"Despite Hiccup, Kepler Discoveries Continue to Dazzle","publishDate":1460725201,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Despite Hiccup, Kepler Discoveries Continue to Dazzle | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Seventy-five million miles out in space is not where you want to be when an emergency crops up, but that’s exactly where \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a> was earlier this week when the red lights and sirens went off back at mission control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler suddenly placed itself in “emergency mode,” for reasons under investigation. Mission operators at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California were given immediate priority to use NASA’s Deep Space Network of radio dishes to communicate with Kepler and download data to help them diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a 13-minute round-trip communication delay, project engineers managed to get Kepler out of emergency mode and placed the spacecraft into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/mission-manager-update-kepler-recovered-from-emergency-and-stable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stable waiting state\u003c/a>, as they analyze the diagnostic data and figure out what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission managers hope to return Kepler to science operations soon, once the spacecraft is given a clean bill of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seven-Year Hunting Trip\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler is a sun-orbiting space telescope designed to discover small, Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at the right distance so that liquid water could exist on their surfaces—planets within their stars’ so-called “Goldilocks Zone,” or \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/projects/astrobiology/astroventure/challenge/Articles/habitablezone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/NewKeplerPlanetCandidates-20150723.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/W. Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its launch in 2009, the \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/animations/orrery3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler spacecraft has detected\u003c/a> and confirmed about 1,080 extrasolar planets, and 4,966 candidate exoplanets awaiting confirmation, adding greatly to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">totals of all exoplanet discoveries\u003c/a>. Of these detections, about a dozen are smaller than twice Earth’s size, and orbit within their stars’ Habitable Zones, making them \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prime prospects for possessing life-friendly environments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gravitational Microlensing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was preparing to begin a search for distant exoplanets through measurements of their effect on the light of more distant stars, a science campaign that was to begin on April 10th. As an exoplanet passes between Earth and the more distant star, its gravity can bend the star’s light and focus it toward Earth, causing a distortion in the starlight that Kepler can detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637199\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/gif_diagram.gif\" alt=\"Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This effect is called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHh0Qx7LPJY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>,” and is similar in concept to how a glass lens bends and focuses light, but on a much larger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational microlensing, then, lets us detect the presence–as well as estimate the masses–of planets so far away that they are normally undetectable. The most distant exoplanets yet discovered were detected by this method, some as far as the central core of the Milky Way Galaxy, tens of thousands of light years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Change in Kepler’s Game Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detection of exoplanets by gravitational microlensing was not Kepler’s original method of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s initial exoplanet-finding tactic was to measure the dimming of a star’s light as one of its own planets crossed in front of it, an event called a \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/Interactives/keplerFlashAdvDiscovery/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler spent three years staring at about 145,000 stars near the constellation Cygnus, waiting for any of them to “blink” as a planet transited. By “staring” at the same patch of stars for multiple years, Kepler was also able to confirm planets at Earth-like distances from their stars—planets that we can only observe to transit once in many months, or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2012, one of Kepler’s four stabilizing gyroscopes stopped working, followed in 2013 by a second gyroscope failure. The loss of these gyroscopes meant that Kepler could no longer remain pointing steadily at its target patch of space, and continued observations of planetary transits could no longer take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in May of 2013, a new operating mode was approved that would allow Kepler to continue conducting scientific investigations using only its two remaining gyroscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">K2\u003c/a>” was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its K2 incarnation, Kepler can conduct a number of observations, including detecting exoplanets through gravitational microlensing, searching for supernovas in distant galaxies, and studying young stars in clusters to expand our understanding of how planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any luck, K2 will resume science operations in a week or so, bringing to knowledge yet more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler20130717.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strange and distant worlds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Despite this week's mishap, the spacecraft has detected and confirmed an impressive 1,080 extrasolar planets since its launch in 2009.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930329,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":750},"headData":{"title":"Despite Hiccup, Kepler Discoveries Continue to Dazzle | KQED","description":"Despite this week's mishap, the spacecraft has detected and confirmed an impressive 1,080 extrasolar planets since its launch in 2009.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/637185/despite-hiccup-kepler-discoveries-continue-to-dazzle","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seventy-five million miles out in space is not where you want to be when an emergency crops up, but that’s exactly where \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a> was earlier this week when the red lights and sirens went off back at mission control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler suddenly placed itself in “emergency mode,” for reasons under investigation. Mission operators at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California were given immediate priority to use NASA’s Deep Space Network of radio dishes to communicate with Kepler and download data to help them diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a 13-minute round-trip communication delay, project engineers managed to get Kepler out of emergency mode and placed the spacecraft into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/mission-manager-update-kepler-recovered-from-emergency-and-stable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stable waiting state\u003c/a>, as they analyze the diagnostic data and figure out what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission managers hope to return Kepler to science operations soon, once the spacecraft is given a clean bill of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seven-Year Hunting Trip\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler is a sun-orbiting space telescope designed to discover small, Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at the right distance so that liquid water could exist on their surfaces—planets within their stars’ so-called “Goldilocks Zone,” or \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/projects/astrobiology/astroventure/challenge/Articles/habitablezone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Habitable Zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/NewKeplerPlanetCandidates-20150723.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing new Kepler exoplanet candidates as of January 2015 (blue) and July 2015 (yellow). \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/W. Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its launch in 2009, the \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/animations/orrery3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler spacecraft has detected\u003c/a> and confirmed about 1,080 extrasolar planets, and 4,966 candidate exoplanets awaiting confirmation, adding greatly to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">totals of all exoplanet discoveries\u003c/a>. Of these detections, about a dozen are smaller than twice Earth’s size, and orbit within their stars’ Habitable Zones, making them \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prime prospects for possessing life-friendly environments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gravitational Microlensing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was preparing to begin a search for distant exoplanets through measurements of their effect on the light of more distant stars, a science campaign that was to begin on April 10th. As an exoplanet passes between Earth and the more distant star, its gravity can bend the star’s light and focus it toward Earth, causing a distortion in the starlight that Kepler can detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_637199\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-637199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/gif_diagram.gif\" alt=\"Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how the Kepler spacecraft detects the presence of distant exoplanets by measuring its gravitational effect on the light of a more distant star. \u003ccite>(NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This effect is called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHh0Qx7LPJY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>,” and is similar in concept to how a glass lens bends and focuses light, but on a much larger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational microlensing, then, lets us detect the presence–as well as estimate the masses–of planets so far away that they are normally undetectable. The most distant exoplanets yet discovered were detected by this method, some as far as the central core of the Milky Way Galaxy, tens of thousands of light years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Change in Kepler’s Game Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detection of exoplanets by gravitational microlensing was not Kepler’s original method of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s initial exoplanet-finding tactic was to measure the dimming of a star’s light as one of its own planets crossed in front of it, an event called a \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/Interactives/keplerFlashAdvDiscovery/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler spent three years staring at about 145,000 stars near the constellation Cygnus, waiting for any of them to “blink” as a planet transited. By “staring” at the same patch of stars for multiple years, Kepler was also able to confirm planets at Earth-like distances from their stars—planets that we can only observe to transit once in many months, or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2012, one of Kepler’s four stabilizing gyroscopes stopped working, followed in 2013 by a second gyroscope failure. The loss of these gyroscopes meant that Kepler could no longer remain pointing steadily at its target patch of space, and continued observations of planetary transits could no longer take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in May of 2013, a new operating mode was approved that would allow Kepler to continue conducting scientific investigations using only its two remaining gyroscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">K2\u003c/a>” was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its K2 incarnation, Kepler can conduct a number of observations, including detecting exoplanets through gravitational microlensing, searching for supernovas in distant galaxies, and studying young stars in clusters to expand our understanding of how planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any luck, K2 will resume science operations in a week or so, bringing to knowledge yet more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler20130717.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strange and distant worlds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/637185/despite-hiccup-kepler-discoveries-continue-to-dazzle","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_637197","label":"science"},"science_30177":{"type":"posts","id":"science_30177","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"30177","score":null,"sort":[1431704090000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-co-discovers-the-most-distant-extrasolar-planet-yet","title":"NASA Co-Discovers the Most Distant Extrasolar Planet Yet","publishDate":1431704090,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA Co-Discovers the Most Distant Extrasolar Planet Yet | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. Or rather, \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/6053-sig15-006-Map-of-Exoplanets-Found-in-Our-Galaxy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> and Poland’s \u003ca href=\"http://ogle.astrouw.edu.pl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment\u003c/a> (OGLE) have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extrasolar planets (exoplanets) are planets that orbit stars other than our sun, and in the past two decades we have detected over 1,800 of them. Most of these alien worlds belong to stars in our galaxy that are relatively close to our solar system, but scientists have used different techniques for detecting and studying exoplanets at greater distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered exoplanet, called OGLE-2014-BLG-0124L, has about half the mass of Jupiter and orbits a star 13,000 light years from Earth, close to the crowded, star-rich central core of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The observing campaign to find and study far-flung exoplanets like this one is aimed at giving us a clearer understanding of the distribution of exoplanets across the galaxy, and insight into the conditions under which planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Computing the Exoplanet’s Distance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OGLE and Spitzer made the detection through “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>” observations, which take advantage of the situation when a star passes between us and another star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\" width=\"400\" height=\"189\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just as a telescope’s glass lens bends and focuses light to produce a brighter image of a distant object, a star’s gravity can do the same trick, but on a much grander scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a star passes between us and a more distant star, its gravity can bend and focus the farther star’s light, causing a temporary increase in its brightness. If there happens to be a planet orbiting the intermediate star, its light also may be magnified and detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measuring the distance to this far-off exoplanet was accomplished by comparing observations made by an Earth-based OGLE telescope and NASA’s Spitzer, which orbits the sun far from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By noting the difference in the times of the lensing event as observed by OGLE and Spitzer, scientists were able to triangulate the distance of 13,000 light years—or 78 quadrillion miles! And by pinpointing the distance, the estimate of the exoplanet’s half-Jupiter mass was also possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polling the Galactic Core\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polling the population of exoplanets in the star-dense region of the galactic core adds to our knowledge of exoplanets both near and far, providing data to help answer questions like: are exoplanets more or less common in the galactic core, versus the spiral arms where our solar system resides? Scientists seek to explore how planetary formation may be influenced by a star system’s location in the galaxy, so the more we know about the nature of exoplanetary systems in different regions, the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30181 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\" alt=\"A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\" width=\"193\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Microlensing detections made by a single observatory cannot always yield much more than an exoplanet’s presence. A very distant star detected with this technique isn’t normally visible, making the determination of its exact distance (and that of any planets it may possess) difficult to impossible. Of the 30 exoplanets detected through gravitational microlensing, the farthest being 25,000 light years away, we know the distance to only about half of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor in this type of observation is the chance nature of the star crossings, which we can only observe once for any given pair of stars. So, we may have only one chance to make a planet detection, with no possible follow-up observations. Still, the far greater concentration of stars in and near the galactic core provides many more star crossings and opportunities to make exoplanet detections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanets Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, the more common techniques for finding exoplanets—either by measuring the wobble of a star caused by an orbiting planet or the dimming of its light when a planet transits in front of it—has yielded \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 1800 confirmed worlds\u003c/a>, mostly orbiting stars much closer to our solar system’s neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Kepler space telescope, which pursues exoplanets using the transit method, is responsible for the bulk of those finds, as well as most of the detections of \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth-sized planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 65 exoplanets have been confirmed within 50 light years of Earth—close enough for the television and radio transmissions that we began broadcasting in the middle of the 20th century to have reached. As of next year, in fact, the first broadcasts of Star Trek (the original series) will have reached all 65 of these closest exoplanets!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the prospects of visiting any of these exoplanets in person—well, that may take a while. The \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closest known exoplanet\u003c/a>, which orbits the nearest star to our solar system, Alpha Centauri, is 4.36 light years away, or 26.16 trillion miles, a distance that would take the fastest spacecraft we’ve ever flown almost 60,000 years to reach.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A collaboration between NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and Poland's Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) project has recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931791,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":890},"headData":{"title":"NASA Co-Discovers the Most Distant Extrasolar Planet Yet | KQED","description":"A collaboration between NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and Poland's Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) project has recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/30177/nasa-co-discovers-the-most-distant-extrasolar-planet-yet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. Or rather, \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/6053-sig15-006-Map-of-Exoplanets-Found-in-Our-Galaxy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> and Poland’s \u003ca href=\"http://ogle.astrouw.edu.pl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment\u003c/a> (OGLE) have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extrasolar planets (exoplanets) are planets that orbit stars other than our sun, and in the past two decades we have detected over 1,800 of them. Most of these alien worlds belong to stars in our galaxy that are relatively close to our solar system, but scientists have used different techniques for detecting and studying exoplanets at greater distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered exoplanet, called OGLE-2014-BLG-0124L, has about half the mass of Jupiter and orbits a star 13,000 light years from Earth, close to the crowded, star-rich central core of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The observing campaign to find and study far-flung exoplanets like this one is aimed at giving us a clearer understanding of the distribution of exoplanets across the galaxy, and insight into the conditions under which planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Computing the Exoplanet’s Distance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OGLE and Spitzer made the detection through “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>” observations, which take advantage of the situation when a star passes between us and another star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\" width=\"400\" height=\"189\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just as a telescope’s glass lens bends and focuses light to produce a brighter image of a distant object, a star’s gravity can do the same trick, but on a much grander scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a star passes between us and a more distant star, its gravity can bend and focus the farther star’s light, causing a temporary increase in its brightness. If there happens to be a planet orbiting the intermediate star, its light also may be magnified and detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measuring the distance to this far-off exoplanet was accomplished by comparing observations made by an Earth-based OGLE telescope and NASA’s Spitzer, which orbits the sun far from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By noting the difference in the times of the lensing event as observed by OGLE and Spitzer, scientists were able to triangulate the distance of 13,000 light years—or 78 quadrillion miles! And by pinpointing the distance, the estimate of the exoplanet’s half-Jupiter mass was also possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polling the Galactic Core\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polling the population of exoplanets in the star-dense region of the galactic core adds to our knowledge of exoplanets both near and far, providing data to help answer questions like: are exoplanets more or less common in the galactic core, versus the spiral arms where our solar system resides? Scientists seek to explore how planetary formation may be influenced by a star system’s location in the galaxy, so the more we know about the nature of exoplanetary systems in different regions, the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30181 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\" alt=\"A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\" width=\"193\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Microlensing detections made by a single observatory cannot always yield much more than an exoplanet’s presence. A very distant star detected with this technique isn’t normally visible, making the determination of its exact distance (and that of any planets it may possess) difficult to impossible. Of the 30 exoplanets detected through gravitational microlensing, the farthest being 25,000 light years away, we know the distance to only about half of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor in this type of observation is the chance nature of the star crossings, which we can only observe once for any given pair of stars. So, we may have only one chance to make a planet detection, with no possible follow-up observations. Still, the far greater concentration of stars in and near the galactic core provides many more star crossings and opportunities to make exoplanet detections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanets Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, the more common techniques for finding exoplanets—either by measuring the wobble of a star caused by an orbiting planet or the dimming of its light when a planet transits in front of it—has yielded \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 1800 confirmed worlds\u003c/a>, mostly orbiting stars much closer to our solar system’s neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Kepler space telescope, which pursues exoplanets using the transit method, is responsible for the bulk of those finds, as well as most of the detections of \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth-sized planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 65 exoplanets have been confirmed within 50 light years of Earth—close enough for the television and radio transmissions that we began broadcasting in the middle of the 20th century to have reached. As of next year, in fact, the first broadcasts of Star Trek (the original series) will have reached all 65 of these closest exoplanets!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the prospects of visiting any of these exoplanets in person—well, that may take a while. The \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closest known exoplanet\u003c/a>, which orbits the nearest star to our solar system, Alpha Centauri, is 4.36 light years away, or 26.16 trillion miles, a distance that would take the fastest spacecraft we’ve ever flown almost 60,000 years to reach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/30177/nasa-co-discovers-the-most-distant-extrasolar-planet-yet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_30179","label":"science"},"science_27322":{"type":"posts","id":"science_27322","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"27322","score":null,"sort":[1424444418000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-kepler-mission-reincarnated","title":"NASA's Kepler Mission Reincarnated","publishDate":1424444418,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA’s Kepler Mission Reincarnated | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27323\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/kepler2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/kepler2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the Kepler spacecraft. (Ames Research Center, JPL-Caltech, T. Pyle/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the Kepler spacecraft. (Ames Research Center, JPL-Caltech, T. Pyle/NASA) \u003ccite>(Ames Research Center, JPL-Caltech, T. Pyle/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Space exploration has suffered its share of setbacks and disappointments over the decades, but few of them stung as much as the 2013 mechanical failure of the Kepler spacecraft, a space telescope designed to accomplish one of the most exciting explorations of space ever: the search for potentially Earth-like planets orbiting other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler spacecraft is basically a giant, very sensitive telescopic camera designed to compete in an ultimate cosmic staring contest: to gaze continuously at a patch of about 150,000 stars near the constellation Cygnus, and wait for them to blink—that is, dim slightly—when planets they might possess pass briefly in front of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find Earth-like extrasolar planets, Kepler had to do more than detect the very slight dimming of starlight caused by the transit of relatively small, Earth-sized worlds. It had to find the ones orbiting within their star’s “habitable zone,” or “Goldilocks zone:” the distance at which conditions on the planet are neither too hot nor too cold to support that commodity essential to all life on Earth, liquid water–the “porridge of life,” one might say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that distance from its star, a planet only orbits every few months, or even years, so for Kepler to confirm their existence requires it to make continuous observations for several years, so as not to miss any transits. To win the contest, Kepler could not blink.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Kepler was truly the first mission of science to actually search for such worlds, an example of technology and scientific inquiry catching up to centuries of unrequited human desire\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For so long people have dreamed of the existence of other planets in the cosmos, and naturally human fancy has drawn our imaginations to envision worlds whose environments would be habitable for human life. Kepler was truly the first mission of science to actually search for such worlds, an example of technology and scientific inquiry catching up to centuries of unrequited human desire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2013, Kepler lost one of the stabilizing reaction wheels that allowed it to point at its target star field in the constellation Cygnus. This malfunction ended its mission to look for Earth-sized planets among those stars. And though Kepler \u003ca title=\"Kepler's big milestone\" href=\"http://www.space.com/28105-nasa-kepler-spacecraft-1000-exoplanets.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed the existence of hundreds of exoplanets\u003c/a>—some of them of Earth-stature and orbiting within their habitable zones–during its nearly four-year primary mission, the curtailing of this exploration of extraterrestrial Earths was a soul-crushing event for scientists, if not all of us. How much more might we have learned about the worlds Kepler discovered? How many more might have been found?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just when it seemed that the Kepler storybook had been slammed shut after only the first chapter or two, human imagination stepped in to envision \u003ca title=\"How Kepler 2 works\" href=\"http://astrobites.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/K2reduced.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how the crippled spacecraft could be repurposed\u003c/a> for a new mission: \u003ca title=\"Kepler 2\" href=\"http://keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov/K2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 2\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its two remaining functional reaction wheels and a strategic positioning of the spacecraft so that the tiny amount pressure exerted by sunlight itself is balanced, Kepler can stabilize and point to the ring of sky around the ecliptic—the plane that the planets of our solar system occupy—and last June began a new career of observation in this mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent the gradual intrusion of the sun into Kepler’s field of view, Kepler 2 will be able to observe a target patch of sky along the ecliptic for about 83 days before needing to point to another spot away from the sun. But during these 83 day “observing campaigns,” Kepler will bring the full force of its powerful instrumentation to bear on the objects it observes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the staring game is back on, even if the rules have changed a bit and Kepler has to blink occasionally. But the \u003ca title=\"NASA/Kepler\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/#.VOPae-bF98E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exoplanetary adventure\u003c/a> is far from over…\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Space exploration has suffered its share of setbacks and disappointments over the decades, but few of them stung as much as the 2013 mechanical failure of the Kepler spacecraft, a space telescope designed to accomplish one of the most exciting explorations of space ever: the search for potentially Earth-like planets orbiting other stars.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932240,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":675},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Kepler Mission Reincarnated | KQED","description":"Space exploration has suffered its share of setbacks and disappointments over the decades, but few of them stung as much as the 2013 mechanical failure of the Kepler spacecraft, a space telescope designed to accomplish one of the most exciting explorations of space ever: the search for potentially Earth-like planets orbiting other stars.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/27322/nasas-kepler-mission-reincarnated","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27323\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/kepler2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/kepler2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the Kepler spacecraft. (Ames Research Center, JPL-Caltech, T. Pyle/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the Kepler spacecraft. (Ames Research Center, JPL-Caltech, T. Pyle/NASA) \u003ccite>(Ames Research Center, JPL-Caltech, T. Pyle/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Space exploration has suffered its share of setbacks and disappointments over the decades, but few of them stung as much as the 2013 mechanical failure of the Kepler spacecraft, a space telescope designed to accomplish one of the most exciting explorations of space ever: the search for potentially Earth-like planets orbiting other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler spacecraft is basically a giant, very sensitive telescopic camera designed to compete in an ultimate cosmic staring contest: to gaze continuously at a patch of about 150,000 stars near the constellation Cygnus, and wait for them to blink—that is, dim slightly—when planets they might possess pass briefly in front of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find Earth-like extrasolar planets, Kepler had to do more than detect the very slight dimming of starlight caused by the transit of relatively small, Earth-sized worlds. It had to find the ones orbiting within their star’s “habitable zone,” or “Goldilocks zone:” the distance at which conditions on the planet are neither too hot nor too cold to support that commodity essential to all life on Earth, liquid water–the “porridge of life,” one might say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that distance from its star, a planet only orbits every few months, or even years, so for Kepler to confirm their existence requires it to make continuous observations for several years, so as not to miss any transits. To win the contest, Kepler could not blink.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Kepler was truly the first mission of science to actually search for such worlds, an example of technology and scientific inquiry catching up to centuries of unrequited human desire\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For so long people have dreamed of the existence of other planets in the cosmos, and naturally human fancy has drawn our imaginations to envision worlds whose environments would be habitable for human life. Kepler was truly the first mission of science to actually search for such worlds, an example of technology and scientific inquiry catching up to centuries of unrequited human desire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2013, Kepler lost one of the stabilizing reaction wheels that allowed it to point at its target star field in the constellation Cygnus. This malfunction ended its mission to look for Earth-sized planets among those stars. And though Kepler \u003ca title=\"Kepler's big milestone\" href=\"http://www.space.com/28105-nasa-kepler-spacecraft-1000-exoplanets.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed the existence of hundreds of exoplanets\u003c/a>—some of them of Earth-stature and orbiting within their habitable zones–during its nearly four-year primary mission, the curtailing of this exploration of extraterrestrial Earths was a soul-crushing event for scientists, if not all of us. How much more might we have learned about the worlds Kepler discovered? How many more might have been found?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just when it seemed that the Kepler storybook had been slammed shut after only the first chapter or two, human imagination stepped in to envision \u003ca title=\"How Kepler 2 works\" href=\"http://astrobites.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/K2reduced.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how the crippled spacecraft could be repurposed\u003c/a> for a new mission: \u003ca title=\"Kepler 2\" href=\"http://keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov/K2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 2\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its two remaining functional reaction wheels and a strategic positioning of the spacecraft so that the tiny amount pressure exerted by sunlight itself is balanced, Kepler can stabilize and point to the ring of sky around the ecliptic—the plane that the planets of our solar system occupy—and last June began a new career of observation in this mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent the gradual intrusion of the sun into Kepler’s field of view, Kepler 2 will be able to observe a target patch of sky along the ecliptic for about 83 days before needing to point to another spot away from the sun. But during these 83 day “observing campaigns,” Kepler will bring the full force of its powerful instrumentation to bear on the objects it observes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the staring game is back on, even if the rules have changed a bit and Kepler has to blink occasionally. But the \u003ca title=\"NASA/Kepler\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/#.VOPae-bF98E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exoplanetary adventure\u003c/a> is far from over…\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/27322/nasas-kepler-mission-reincarnated","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_42"],"tags":["science_20","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_27323","label":"science"},"science_18112":{"type":"posts","id":"science_18112","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"18112","score":null,"sort":[1402671645000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kepler-10c-an-unexpected-heavyweight-earth","title":"Kepler 10c: An Unexpected Heavyweight Earth","publishDate":1402671645,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Kepler 10c: An Unexpected Heavyweight Earth | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18114\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/kepler10c.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18114\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/kepler10c.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of exoplanet Kepler 10c (David Aguilar/Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of exoplanet Kepler 10c (David Aguilar/Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How big can an Earth-like planet be? Astronomers thought they had a pretty good handle on this question but have just been given a fresh example for how nature never ceases to outpace our imaginations and show us something unexpected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That example is \u003ca title=\"NASA/JPL Kepler 10c\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-171&1&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20140602\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 10c\u003c/a>, an \u003ca title=\"NASA Exoplanets\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/exoplanet-exploration/%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> astronomers didn’t think could exist: a heavyweight “Earth” two-and-a-half times larger and 17 times more massive than our own welterweight home world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 10c was originally spotted in the data from NASA’s Kepler spacecraft, the most productive extrasolar planet hunter to date. Its diameter was measured to be 2.3 times that of Earth’s, but at the time its mass was unknown. Common wisdom in the planetary formation community was confounded when later observations with the HARPS-North instrument at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo on the Canary Islands’ La Palma discovered that Kepler 10c weighs in at \u003cem>17 times\u003c/em> the Earth’s mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before this discovery, planets with diameters between 1.7 and 3.9 that of Earth were classified as “\u003ca title=\"Gas Dwarf\" href=\"http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/science-gas-dwarfs-new-type-extrasolar-planets-01963.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gas dwarfs\u003c/a>“: planets expected to have a heavy rocky core surrounded by an accumulated thick atmospheric envelope, more like a mini-Neptune than a maxi-Earth. But Kepler 10c’s calculated density pegs it as a rocky world like Earth: mostly solid, perhaps with a thin coating of atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was believed that such a massive solid planetary body would have developed a very thick sheath of gases during its formation, gravitationally snowballing to become a Neptune or even Jupiter-sized gas giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the commotion of the upset of conventional planetary formation theory, this heavyweight Earth opens up a lot of possibilities to the imagination. Science fiction stories have mused about the idea of high-gravity planets where its characters strain under their own weight just to move around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick high school physics calculation shows that the surface gravity of Kepler 10c would be about 3.2 times what we’re used to. Imagine the exercise you would get just walking around: myself, I would be lugging around almost 700 pounds!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 10c also has over five times the real estate of Earth, even when counting Earth’s solid surface and oceans–a lot more room for people to spread out in. Land might be a lot cheaper. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a hitch to anyone thinking of opening a gym or flipping real estate: Kepler 10c is very close to its star, making a complete orbit in only 45 days. This means it is a hot, giant heavyweight world: almost 1400 degrees Farenheit! (Might be a good place to open a health spa.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Kepler 10c is definitely a horse of a different color. To date, \u003ca title=\"Confirmed and candidate exoplanets\" href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,794 exoplanets have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist, most of which fall into the larger “ice giant” (like Uranus and Neptune) or “gas giant” (Jupiter, Saturn) categories. With more recent discoveries of smaller planets that fall into categories like gas dwarf, super-Earth, Earth and sub-Earth sized, we may find that the possible characteristics of planets is even more diverse than what Kepler 10c has pushed us to imagine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the scientific puzzle astronomers have to solve is how Kepler 10c developed into what it is today: new heavyweight record-breaking rocky planet champion of all time — for now….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How big can an Earth-like planet be? Astronomers thought they had a pretty good handle on this question but have just been given a fresh example of how nature never ceases to outpace our imaginations and show us something unexpected.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933498,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":591},"headData":{"title":"Kepler 10c: An Unexpected Heavyweight Earth | KQED","description":"How big can an Earth-like planet be? Astronomers thought they had a pretty good handle on this question but have just been given a fresh example of how nature never ceases to outpace our imaginations and show us something unexpected.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/18112/kepler-10c-an-unexpected-heavyweight-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18114\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/kepler10c.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18114\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/kepler10c.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of exoplanet Kepler 10c (David Aguilar/Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of exoplanet Kepler 10c (David Aguilar/Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How big can an Earth-like planet be? Astronomers thought they had a pretty good handle on this question but have just been given a fresh example for how nature never ceases to outpace our imaginations and show us something unexpected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That example is \u003ca title=\"NASA/JPL Kepler 10c\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-171&1&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20140602\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 10c\u003c/a>, an \u003ca title=\"NASA Exoplanets\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/exoplanet-exploration/%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> astronomers didn’t think could exist: a heavyweight “Earth” two-and-a-half times larger and 17 times more massive than our own welterweight home world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 10c was originally spotted in the data from NASA’s Kepler spacecraft, the most productive extrasolar planet hunter to date. Its diameter was measured to be 2.3 times that of Earth’s, but at the time its mass was unknown. Common wisdom in the planetary formation community was confounded when later observations with the HARPS-North instrument at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo on the Canary Islands’ La Palma discovered that Kepler 10c weighs in at \u003cem>17 times\u003c/em> the Earth’s mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before this discovery, planets with diameters between 1.7 and 3.9 that of Earth were classified as “\u003ca title=\"Gas Dwarf\" href=\"http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/science-gas-dwarfs-new-type-extrasolar-planets-01963.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gas dwarfs\u003c/a>“: planets expected to have a heavy rocky core surrounded by an accumulated thick atmospheric envelope, more like a mini-Neptune than a maxi-Earth. But Kepler 10c’s calculated density pegs it as a rocky world like Earth: mostly solid, perhaps with a thin coating of atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was believed that such a massive solid planetary body would have developed a very thick sheath of gases during its formation, gravitationally snowballing to become a Neptune or even Jupiter-sized gas giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the commotion of the upset of conventional planetary formation theory, this heavyweight Earth opens up a lot of possibilities to the imagination. Science fiction stories have mused about the idea of high-gravity planets where its characters strain under their own weight just to move around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick high school physics calculation shows that the surface gravity of Kepler 10c would be about 3.2 times what we’re used to. Imagine the exercise you would get just walking around: myself, I would be lugging around almost 700 pounds!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 10c also has over five times the real estate of Earth, even when counting Earth’s solid surface and oceans–a lot more room for people to spread out in. Land might be a lot cheaper. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a hitch to anyone thinking of opening a gym or flipping real estate: Kepler 10c is very close to its star, making a complete orbit in only 45 days. This means it is a hot, giant heavyweight world: almost 1400 degrees Farenheit! (Might be a good place to open a health spa.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Kepler 10c is definitely a horse of a different color. To date, \u003ca title=\"Confirmed and candidate exoplanets\" href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,794 exoplanets have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist, most of which fall into the larger “ice giant” (like Uranus and Neptune) or “gas giant” (Jupiter, Saturn) categories. With more recent discoveries of smaller planets that fall into categories like gas dwarf, super-Earth, Earth and sub-Earth sized, we may find that the possible characteristics of planets is even more diverse than what Kepler 10c has pushed us to imagine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the scientific puzzle astronomers have to solve is how Kepler 10c developed into what it is today: new heavyweight record-breaking rocky planet champion of all time — for now….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/18112/kepler-10c-an-unexpected-heavyweight-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_23","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_18114","label":"science"},"science_17822":{"type":"posts","id":"science_17822","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"17822","score":null,"sort":[1401458411000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-63-light-years-away-an-exoplanet-is-ready-for-its-closeup","title":"From 63 Light Years Away, An Exoplanet is Ready for Its Closeup","publishDate":1401458411,"format":"aside","headTitle":"From 63 Light Years Away, An Exoplanet is Ready for Its Closeup | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17823\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/betapictorisb.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17823\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/betapictorisb.jpg\" alt=\"GPI image of exoplanet Beta Pictoris b. (Processing by Christian Marois/NRC Canada)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GPI image of exoplanet Beta Pictoris b. (Processing by Christian Marois/NRC Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently, a major milestone in space exploration was reached: a planet was captured in a picture! That may not sound like a big deal; after all we’ve been enjoying beautiful, highly detailed color photography of planets—Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the rest—for a long time. The big deal is that the planet captured in this shot, a gas giant planet named \u003ca title=\"Beta Pictoris b\" href=\"http://www.solstation.com/stars2/beta-pic.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beta Pictoris b\u003c/a>, is 63 light years away–over 100,000 times farther away than even Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Picture a planet 100,000 times farther away than Pluto\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The bigger deal, maybe, is that the instrument that captured Beta Pictoris b, the new \u003ca title=\"Gemini Planet Imager\" href=\"http://www.planetimager.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gemini Planet Imager\u003c/a> (GPI), did so without working up a sweat. Not only was it the first picture that GPI ever took, as a practice shot, it snapped it in only a minute—a feat that would have taken previous instruments over an hour to accomplish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPI took this \u003ca title=\"GPI First Light\" href=\"http://www.gemini.edu/node/12113\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maiden-voyage picture\u003c/a> (coined “first light” in the world of observational astronomy, when a new instrument is first exposed to photons from an object in space) last November. And though the planet Beta Pictoris b appears as a dot only a few pixels across, this is the best direct image of an exoplanet to date—and GPI’s capabilities go well beyond the production of images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPI is designed to reveal characteristics of its target planets like mass, composition, and even the material environment surrounding it. It is capable of detecting planets around Jupiter’s size orbiting their stars at distances between 5 and 40 Astronomical Units—a range that in our solar system spans the orbits of Jupiter to beyond Neptune. And of the over 1000 \u003ca title=\"Exoplanet Catalog\" href=\"http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exoplanets currently known to exist\u003c/a>, most of these are gas giants—exactly the type of planet GPI is designed to observe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPI is a currently operating at the Gemini South Observatory in Chile. It uses the technology of adaptive optics to remove the distortions created by Earth’s turbulent atmosphere, the age-old impediment to conventional ground-based telescopic observation. The heart of an \u003ca title=\"Adaptive Optics\" href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">adaptive optics\u003c/a> system is a deformable, computer controlled mirror that adapts the shape of its surface to match waves of atmospheric turbulence, thus canceling them out—somewhat analogous to how noise-canceling headphones use samples of audio noise to cancel them out of what we are listening to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPI also employs a “coronographic” mask to block off the intense brightness of a star in favor of seeing a planet as much as 10 million times fainter—just as you would use the sunshade in your car to block the sun’s disk in order to see the road and driving obstacles without being blinded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adaptive optics allow astronomers to make observations with the clarity of a space-based telescope, like the Hubble, but with the comparatively much larger telescopes that can be built on the ground. In comparison, the Hubble’s primary mirror used to collect and focus light is only 2.4 meters in diameter, while the telescope the GPI instrument is currently using has a mirror 8 meters across and with over 10 times the light-collecting surface area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve come a long way in our ability to perceive planets orbiting other stars. From the first exoplanet detection in the early 1990s and for years after we could only infer the existence of other worlds in the universe indirectly, by a couple of techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one method, as a planet orbits its star its gravity causes the star to wobble off center ever so slightly—but enough for us to measure minute shifts in the wavelengths of light emitted by the star. Using a spectroscope, which measures the different wavelengths of light in the star’s spectrum, we can detect the variation in the star’s motion toward and away from us as it wobbles. This is made possible by the Doppler Effect, the same phenomenon that the highway patrol uses to measure the speed of cars with a radar gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another technique, the “transit” method, takes advantage of the fact that when a planet passes in front of its star it blocks out a small portion of the star’s light, which we can measure as a slight dimming of the star’s brightness. Though only a small fraction of extrasolar planetary systems can be detected by the transit method—those whose orbital planes are aligned with our line of sight to the star—a survey of the stars observed for transits by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft suggest that planetary systems are quite common in our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We won’t be seeing pictures of exoplanets that show details like cloud patterns, atmospheric storms, and polar vortexes anytime soon, but the richness of details that we can know about these distant worlds is improving all the time—and has taken a long stride forward with GPI. As we assess and refine our understanding of planets’ mass, atmospheric composition, temperature and other characteristics, our imaginative visions of alien worlds can only become better informed.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recently, a major milestone in space exploration was reached: a planet was captured in a picture! The big deal is that the planet captured in this shot, a gas giant planet named Beta Pictoris b, is 63 light years away--over 100,000 times farther away than even Pluto.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933564,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":892},"headData":{"title":"From 63 Light Years Away, An Exoplanet is Ready for Its Closeup | KQED","description":"Recently, a major milestone in space exploration was reached: a planet was captured in a picture! The big deal is that the planet captured in this shot, a gas giant planet named Beta Pictoris b, is 63 light years away--over 100,000 times farther away than even Pluto.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/17822/from-63-light-years-away-an-exoplanet-is-ready-for-its-closeup","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17823\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/betapictorisb.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17823\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/betapictorisb.jpg\" alt=\"GPI image of exoplanet Beta Pictoris b. (Processing by Christian Marois/NRC Canada)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GPI image of exoplanet Beta Pictoris b. (Processing by Christian Marois/NRC Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently, a major milestone in space exploration was reached: a planet was captured in a picture! That may not sound like a big deal; after all we’ve been enjoying beautiful, highly detailed color photography of planets—Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the rest—for a long time. The big deal is that the planet captured in this shot, a gas giant planet named \u003ca title=\"Beta Pictoris b\" href=\"http://www.solstation.com/stars2/beta-pic.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beta Pictoris b\u003c/a>, is 63 light years away–over 100,000 times farther away than even Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Picture a planet 100,000 times farther away than Pluto\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The bigger deal, maybe, is that the instrument that captured Beta Pictoris b, the new \u003ca title=\"Gemini Planet Imager\" href=\"http://www.planetimager.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gemini Planet Imager\u003c/a> (GPI), did so without working up a sweat. Not only was it the first picture that GPI ever took, as a practice shot, it snapped it in only a minute—a feat that would have taken previous instruments over an hour to accomplish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPI took this \u003ca title=\"GPI First Light\" href=\"http://www.gemini.edu/node/12113\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maiden-voyage picture\u003c/a> (coined “first light” in the world of observational astronomy, when a new instrument is first exposed to photons from an object in space) last November. And though the planet Beta Pictoris b appears as a dot only a few pixels across, this is the best direct image of an exoplanet to date—and GPI’s capabilities go well beyond the production of images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPI is designed to reveal characteristics of its target planets like mass, composition, and even the material environment surrounding it. It is capable of detecting planets around Jupiter’s size orbiting their stars at distances between 5 and 40 Astronomical Units—a range that in our solar system spans the orbits of Jupiter to beyond Neptune. And of the over 1000 \u003ca title=\"Exoplanet Catalog\" href=\"http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exoplanets currently known to exist\u003c/a>, most of these are gas giants—exactly the type of planet GPI is designed to observe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPI is a currently operating at the Gemini South Observatory in Chile. It uses the technology of adaptive optics to remove the distortions created by Earth’s turbulent atmosphere, the age-old impediment to conventional ground-based telescopic observation. The heart of an \u003ca title=\"Adaptive Optics\" href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">adaptive optics\u003c/a> system is a deformable, computer controlled mirror that adapts the shape of its surface to match waves of atmospheric turbulence, thus canceling them out—somewhat analogous to how noise-canceling headphones use samples of audio noise to cancel them out of what we are listening to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPI also employs a “coronographic” mask to block off the intense brightness of a star in favor of seeing a planet as much as 10 million times fainter—just as you would use the sunshade in your car to block the sun’s disk in order to see the road and driving obstacles without being blinded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adaptive optics allow astronomers to make observations with the clarity of a space-based telescope, like the Hubble, but with the comparatively much larger telescopes that can be built on the ground. In comparison, the Hubble’s primary mirror used to collect and focus light is only 2.4 meters in diameter, while the telescope the GPI instrument is currently using has a mirror 8 meters across and with over 10 times the light-collecting surface area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve come a long way in our ability to perceive planets orbiting other stars. From the first exoplanet detection in the early 1990s and for years after we could only infer the existence of other worlds in the universe indirectly, by a couple of techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one method, as a planet orbits its star its gravity causes the star to wobble off center ever so slightly—but enough for us to measure minute shifts in the wavelengths of light emitted by the star. Using a spectroscope, which measures the different wavelengths of light in the star’s spectrum, we can detect the variation in the star’s motion toward and away from us as it wobbles. This is made possible by the Doppler Effect, the same phenomenon that the highway patrol uses to measure the speed of cars with a radar gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another technique, the “transit” method, takes advantage of the fact that when a planet passes in front of its star it blocks out a small portion of the star’s light, which we can measure as a slight dimming of the star’s brightness. Though only a small fraction of extrasolar planetary systems can be detected by the transit method—those whose orbital planes are aligned with our line of sight to the star—a survey of the stars observed for transits by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft suggest that planetary systems are quite common in our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We won’t be seeing pictures of exoplanets that show details like cloud patterns, atmospheric storms, and polar vortexes anytime soon, but the richness of details that we can know about these distant worlds is improving all the time—and has taken a long stride forward with GPI. As we assess and refine our understanding of planets’ mass, atmospheric composition, temperature and other characteristics, our imaginative visions of alien worlds can only become better informed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/17822/from-63-light-years-away-an-exoplanet-is-ready-for-its-closeup","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1216","science_19","science_20","science_64"],"featImg":"science_17823","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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