NASA's Webb Telescope Has Discovered Its First Exoplanet
Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri?
Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet
NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet
Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water
TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home
Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won't Believe How Many or How Far
The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence
NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets
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However, it is several hundred degrees hotter than Earth and completes its orbit around its star in two days. LHS 475 b is in the constellation Octans and is 41 light-years away, which is relatively nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still trying to determine if the planet has an atmosphere. It’s possible LHS 475 b has no atmosphere or one made completely out of carbon dioxide, but one option can be totally eliminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some terrestrial-type atmospheres that we can rule out,” said Jacob Lustig-Yaeger, a researcher at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Marylan. “It can’t have a thick methane-dominated atmosphere, similar to that of Saturn’s moon Titan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers were scanning the skies using NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) when they came across the exoplanet, and used the Webb’s spectrograph technology to further investigate. Spectrographs transmit light from an object to a spectrum, which can give information about the object’s temperature, mass and chemical composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These first observational results from an Earth-size, rocky planet open the door to many future possibilities for studying rocky planet atmospheres with Webb,” said Mark Clampin, astrophysics division director at NASA headquarters in D.C. “Webb is bringing us closer and closer to a new understanding of Earth-like worlds outside our solar system, and the mission is only just getting started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Webb+telescope+has+discovered+its+first+exoplanet&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The exoplanet was found using a satellite and spectrography. It has a similar size as Earth, but is much hotter and completes its orbit around its star in two days.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846115,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":309},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Webb Telescope Has Discovered Its First Exoplanet | KQED","description":"The exoplanet was found using a satellite and spectrography. It has a similar size as Earth, but is much hotter and completes its orbit around its star in two days.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Laura Betz","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/1086018718/ayana-archie\">Ayana Archie\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"1148626359","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1148626359&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/12/1148626359/nasa-webb-telescope-exoplanet?ft=nprml&f=1148626359","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 12 Jan 2023 03:15:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 12 Jan 2023 03:14:13 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 12 Jan 2023 03:15:25 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1981261/nasas-webb-telescope-has-discovered-its-first-exoplanet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s Webb telescope has discovered an exoplanet, which is any planet that is outside of our solar system, for the first time, the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/nasa-s-webb-confirms-its-first-exoplanet\">announced Wednesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, called LHS 475 b, is nearly the same size as Earth, having 99% of our planet’s diameter, scientists said. However, it is several hundred degrees hotter than Earth and completes its orbit around its star in two days. LHS 475 b is in the constellation Octans and is 41 light-years away, which is relatively nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still trying to determine if the planet has an atmosphere. It’s possible LHS 475 b has no atmosphere or one made completely out of carbon dioxide, but one option can be totally eliminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some terrestrial-type atmospheres that we can rule out,” said Jacob Lustig-Yaeger, a researcher at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Marylan. “It can’t have a thick methane-dominated atmosphere, similar to that of Saturn’s moon Titan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers were scanning the skies using NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) when they came across the exoplanet, and used the Webb’s spectrograph technology to further investigate. Spectrographs transmit light from an object to a spectrum, which can give information about the object’s temperature, mass and chemical composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These first observational results from an Earth-size, rocky planet open the door to many future possibilities for studying rocky planet atmospheres with Webb,” said Mark Clampin, astrophysics division director at NASA headquarters in D.C. “Webb is bringing us closer and closer to a new understanding of Earth-like worlds outside our solar system, and the mission is only just getting started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Webb+telescope+has+discovered+its+first+exoplanet&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1981261/nasas-webb-telescope-has-discovered-its-first-exoplanet","authors":["byline_science_1981261"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_19","science_5186","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1981262","label":"source_science_1981261"},"science_1972249":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972249","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972249","score":null,"sort":[1611174465000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"did-earth-receive-a-radio-transmission-from-proxima-centauri","title":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? ","publishDate":1611174465,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A team of astronomers is hard at work analyzing an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://public.nrao.edu/blogs/whats-that-radio-signal-from-proxima-centauri/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">unusual radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> detected early in 2019 by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Facilities/ATNF/Parkes-radio-telescope/About-Parkes\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parkes telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a 64-meter radio dish in eastern Australia. The signal appears to have come from the direction of Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to our solar system, and its characteristics are more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural radio source. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is this the long-awaited sign of intelligent life out there among the stars, proof that we are not alone in the universe? More exciting — or concerning, depending on how you feel about space aliens — are there ETs living in the next star system over, our closest neighbor in the galaxy? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s tantalizing to imagine this. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972091\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972091\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest and faintest member of the triple Alpha Centauri star system, and the closest star to our solar system. \u003ccite>(ESA/NASA/Hubble)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, even the signal’s discoverers, researchers with a group called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/breakthrough-listen\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, caution that although the signal had very particular qualities that set it apart from typical natural radio emissions, it will most likely turn out to be noise or interference caused by our own communication technology here on Earth, or even a natural phenomenon that has simply not been observed before. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, at this moment, the possibility has not been ruled out for an intercepted alien transmission, so there’s still some space to let our imaginations play with the idea a bit. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Signal\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.com/news/2020/12/heres-what-we-know-about-the-signal-from-proxima-centauri\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that has stirred up so much excitement was detected during observations of flares erupting from the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest member of the triple Alpha Centauri system. At a distance of only 4.25 light years, Proxima Centauri is a stone’s throw away, astronomically speaking.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The signal was concentrated in a very narrow slice of the radio frequency spectrum, at 982 megahertz, which is typical of an artificial transmission. Signals from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/ems/05_radiowaves\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">natural sources\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> contain a wider mix of frequencies. Researchers listen for exactly this kind of narrow signal as they monitor star systems for any of non-natural, non-human origin. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE.-160x70.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the surface of the super-Earth-sized exoplanet Proxima Centauri b, which orbits the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri within its habitable zone where it is warm enough for the existence of liquid surface water. We have no close-up pictures of this world, and whether water exists on its surface is yet unknown. \u003ccite>(ESO/M.-Kornmesser/UNIGE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s exciting to imagine that we have heard the radio whispers from extraterrestrial technology, whether it was a deliberate transmission aimed at us or merely ET’s television broadcasts drifting through space. Adding to the excitement, Proxima Centauri is known to possess at least two planets. One of them, a “super-Earth” called \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7167/proxima-centauri-b/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proxima Centauri b\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, orbits within its star’s habitable zone, at the right distance for the star’s warmth to support liquid surface water and a potentially life-friendly environment. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/did-proxima-centauri-just-call-say-hello-not-really\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">researchers at Breakthrough Listen Initiative caution\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that with further analysis, the unusual signal will most likely turn out to be only radio interference from human technology — which has happened before — a final conclusion hasn’t been made. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Breakthrough Listen Initiative is a $100 million international effort to discover radio transmissions from extraterrestrial civilizations. Kicked off by Israeli-Russian billionaire Yuri Milner and Stephen Hawking in 2015, the Initiative is the most advanced and comprehensive ET-finding program humans have ever embarked on. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 10-year project will survey a million nearby stars, the entire plane of the Milky Way galaxy, and 100 nearby galaxies. The ambitious scale of these goals speaks loudly. There is still huge enthusiasm for answering the question: Is humanity alone in the cosmos, or do we share the galaxy with other intelligent, technological civilizations?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa-160x119.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which is currently surveying the closest stars to our solar system for extrasolar planets. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To help guide its search, the Breakthrough Listen Initiative is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/press-release/breakthrough-listen-collaborate-scientists-nasas-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite-tess-team\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">partnering with a NASA \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission searching the nearest stars for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft is expected to find thousands of exoplanets, including worlds the size of Earth, orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones. Targeting stars where TESS has discovered potentially life-friendly worlds improves the initiative’s chances of finding one with an intelligent, technological civilization. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists have been using radio telescopes for decades to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-search-for-extraterre/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">search for transmissions of intelligent origin\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, going back practically to the genesis of radio technology in the early 20th century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://seti.org/?gclid=CjwKCAiA_9r_BRBZEiwAHZ_v1yV8BAR7KdwOg4GbNz_xsD63nCOyj0b8bIe3lsPgNWnwjHKwL6wAJxoCqn0QAvD_BwE\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">SETI\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, brought scientists together in the 1980s in a coordinated effort to detect ET radio signals, and was popularized in the 1997 movie “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118884/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contact\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Piecing together the facts around Proxima Centauri and the unusual signal detected by the Parkes radio telescope, it’s tempting to envision some far-out possibilities. A seemingly artificial signal coming from the closest star system? An Earth-sized planet with an environment possibly friendly to life? The discovery excites the imagination. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if the signal ultimately turns out to be a trick of our own technology, while there’s still a fleeting chance of a world-changing event like discovering extraterrestrial intelligence, we can enjoy a moment reveling in the possibility. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A team of astronomers is working to analyze an unusual radio signal detected early in 2019 with characteristics more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural source. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846823,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":938},"headData":{"title":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? | KQED","description":"A team of astronomers is working to analyze an unusual radio signal detected early in 2019 with characteristics more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural source. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1972249/did-earth-receive-a-radio-transmission-from-proxima-centauri","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A team of astronomers is hard at work analyzing an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://public.nrao.edu/blogs/whats-that-radio-signal-from-proxima-centauri/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">unusual radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> detected early in 2019 by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Facilities/ATNF/Parkes-radio-telescope/About-Parkes\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parkes telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a 64-meter radio dish in eastern Australia. The signal appears to have come from the direction of Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to our solar system, and its characteristics are more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural radio source. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is this the long-awaited sign of intelligent life out there among the stars, proof that we are not alone in the universe? More exciting — or concerning, depending on how you feel about space aliens — are there ETs living in the next star system over, our closest neighbor in the galaxy? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s tantalizing to imagine this. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972091\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972091\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest and faintest member of the triple Alpha Centauri star system, and the closest star to our solar system. \u003ccite>(ESA/NASA/Hubble)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, even the signal’s discoverers, researchers with a group called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/breakthrough-listen\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, caution that although the signal had very particular qualities that set it apart from typical natural radio emissions, it will most likely turn out to be noise or interference caused by our own communication technology here on Earth, or even a natural phenomenon that has simply not been observed before. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, at this moment, the possibility has not been ruled out for an intercepted alien transmission, so there’s still some space to let our imaginations play with the idea a bit. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Signal\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.com/news/2020/12/heres-what-we-know-about-the-signal-from-proxima-centauri\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that has stirred up so much excitement was detected during observations of flares erupting from the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest member of the triple Alpha Centauri system. At a distance of only 4.25 light years, Proxima Centauri is a stone’s throw away, astronomically speaking.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The signal was concentrated in a very narrow slice of the radio frequency spectrum, at 982 megahertz, which is typical of an artificial transmission. Signals from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/ems/05_radiowaves\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">natural sources\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> contain a wider mix of frequencies. Researchers listen for exactly this kind of narrow signal as they monitor star systems for any of non-natural, non-human origin. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE.-160x70.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the surface of the super-Earth-sized exoplanet Proxima Centauri b, which orbits the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri within its habitable zone where it is warm enough for the existence of liquid surface water. We have no close-up pictures of this world, and whether water exists on its surface is yet unknown. \u003ccite>(ESO/M.-Kornmesser/UNIGE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s exciting to imagine that we have heard the radio whispers from extraterrestrial technology, whether it was a deliberate transmission aimed at us or merely ET’s television broadcasts drifting through space. Adding to the excitement, Proxima Centauri is known to possess at least two planets. One of them, a “super-Earth” called \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7167/proxima-centauri-b/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proxima Centauri b\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, orbits within its star’s habitable zone, at the right distance for the star’s warmth to support liquid surface water and a potentially life-friendly environment. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/did-proxima-centauri-just-call-say-hello-not-really\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">researchers at Breakthrough Listen Initiative caution\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that with further analysis, the unusual signal will most likely turn out to be only radio interference from human technology — which has happened before — a final conclusion hasn’t been made. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Breakthrough Listen Initiative is a $100 million international effort to discover radio transmissions from extraterrestrial civilizations. Kicked off by Israeli-Russian billionaire Yuri Milner and Stephen Hawking in 2015, the Initiative is the most advanced and comprehensive ET-finding program humans have ever embarked on. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 10-year project will survey a million nearby stars, the entire plane of the Milky Way galaxy, and 100 nearby galaxies. The ambitious scale of these goals speaks loudly. There is still huge enthusiasm for answering the question: Is humanity alone in the cosmos, or do we share the galaxy with other intelligent, technological civilizations?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa-160x119.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which is currently surveying the closest stars to our solar system for extrasolar planets. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To help guide its search, the Breakthrough Listen Initiative is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/press-release/breakthrough-listen-collaborate-scientists-nasas-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite-tess-team\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">partnering with a NASA \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission searching the nearest stars for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft is expected to find thousands of exoplanets, including worlds the size of Earth, orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones. Targeting stars where TESS has discovered potentially life-friendly worlds improves the initiative’s chances of finding one with an intelligent, technological civilization. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists have been using radio telescopes for decades to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-search-for-extraterre/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">search for transmissions of intelligent origin\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, going back practically to the genesis of radio technology in the early 20th century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://seti.org/?gclid=CjwKCAiA_9r_BRBZEiwAHZ_v1yV8BAR7KdwOg4GbNz_xsD63nCOyj0b8bIe3lsPgNWnwjHKwL6wAJxoCqn0QAvD_BwE\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">SETI\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, brought scientists together in the 1980s in a coordinated effort to detect ET radio signals, and was popularized in the 1997 movie “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118884/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contact\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Piecing together the facts around Proxima Centauri and the unusual signal detected by the Parkes radio telescope, it’s tempting to envision some far-out possibilities. A seemingly artificial signal coming from the closest star system? An Earth-sized planet with an environment possibly friendly to life? The discovery excites the imagination. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if the signal ultimately turns out to be a trick of our own technology, while there’s still a fleeting chance of a world-changing event like discovering extraterrestrial intelligence, we can enjoy a moment reveling in the possibility. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972249/did-earth-receive-a-radio-transmission-from-proxima-centauri","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_922"],"featImg":"science_1972251","label":"source_science_1972249"},"science_1967018":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1967018","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1967018","score":null,"sort":[1594651537000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kepler-gem-scientists-find-a-tantalizing-and-overlooked-exoplanet","title":"Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet","publishDate":1594651537,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists have made an exciting discovery in deep space — but not with an existing telescope or space probe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combing through a backlog of data collected several years ago by NASA’s now defunct \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler space telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, they ran across a previously overlooked gem in the cosmos: an extrasolar planet, or “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/exoplanets/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exoplanet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,” estimated to be almost exactly the size of Earth, in what’s called the “habitable zone,” at the right distance from its star to potentially harbor liquid water and a life-friendly environment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kepler-1649c\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The exoplanet, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/kepler-1649c-earth-size-habitable-zone-planet-hides-in-plain-sight\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler-1649c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, orbits a small red dwarf star about 300 light years away in the constellation \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cygnus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — which means we won’t be visiting it anytime soon. But with an estimated size of only 1.06 times that of Earth, and getting about 75% of the sunlight from its star that Earth receives from the sun, this exoplanet is the closest to Earth in size and solar heating of any discovered to date.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extrasolar planet Kepler-1649c is a terrestrial planet almost the same size as the Earth–1.06 times Earth’s diameter. Its size, along with the fact that it is located within its star’s habitable zone, makes it a candidate for being hospitable to some form of life. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Daniel Rutter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether Kepler-1649c possesses an atmosphere capable of supporting liquid water on its surface is not yet known, but follow-up investigations may give us a more complete picture of this tantalizing world.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Catching What a Computer Algorithm Overlooked\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive exoplanet-finding spacecraft yet launched, was \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-retires-kepler-space-telescope-passes-planet-hunting-torch\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">retired in 2018\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, after running out of the fuel needed to continue scientific observations. But over its nine years of service, Kepler amassed a huge amount of data — so much so, that scientists are still making new discoveries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here’s how scientists look for evidence of exoplanets in the data\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kepler searches for the minor dimming of a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it, or “transiting.” This “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/137480/what-is-the-transit-method/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transit method\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” is responsible for most exoplanet detections made since the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/technology/2015/10/51-pegasi-b-the-first-exoplanet-discovered-orbiting-a-sun-like-star.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first discoveries\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nearly three decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967016\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967016 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For the majority of its nine-year mission of searching for extrasolar planets, NASA’s Kepler space telescope stared continually at 150,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellation Cygnus. This image shows the detector fields of Kepler’s giant space camera, with which it discovered over 2,000 exoplanets. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/J. Jenkins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each measured dip in a star’s brightness must be carefully analyzed to determine if it was caused by a transiting exoplanet or some other factor, like a fluctuation in a star’s luminosity, or a random celestial object passing momentarily between us and the star.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With so much data to analyze, a first pass through it is done by computer programs, with algorithms designed to weed out all the non-transit events. Only about 12% of detections turn out to be transiting exoplanets, with the rest classified as “false positives.” However, sometimes the algorithm gets it wrong, which is what happened with Kepler-1649c. Scientists in the Kepler False Positive Working Group discovered the mistake as they \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://aasnova.org/2020/04/22/rescuing-an-overlooked-planet/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">double-checked\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the computer’s results.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Potentially Habitable?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exoplanets that interest astronomers and astrobiologists most are the potentially Earth-like ones: planets close to Earth’s size, and within their star’s “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/nvap-sci-goldilocks/the-goldilocks-zone/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">habitable zone\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” — the right distance for liquid surface water to potentially exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other exoplanets have been found that are closer to Earth’s size than Kepler-1649c, like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/3454/trappist-1-f/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRAPPIST-1f \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7424/teegardens-star-c/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teegarden-c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Still others are known that receive more sunlight, that are closer to the warmth of the Earth. But none come as close as Kepler-1649c in both factors, making this once-overlooked exoplanet the nearest we’ve come to spotting another planet with Earth-like characteristics\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the cosmos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, as Earth-like as Kepler-1649c might appear, there are some significant differences between it and planet Earth. The exoplanet orbits close to a small, dim, red dwarf star — so close that it zips around it once in only 19.5 days, instead of 365. It also shares its system with at least one other planet, also close to Earth in size, but about half the distance from its star, and because of that, probably very hot. There is also some evidence for a possible third planet in the system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Buried in the Data\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries made from Kepler’s hoard of backlogged data are not unique. Other completed space missions have piled up their own mountains of observations that scientists review and revisit to gain new understandings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive detector of extrasolar planets ever launched into space. Kepler used the “transit method” of detecting exoplanets, looking for the small drop in a star’s brightness caused by one of its planets crossing in front of it. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Galileo \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cassini \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft, whose missions were terminated in fiery burnups in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. But they gathered enough data on the gas giant planets and their systems of rings and moons that scientists are still studying it today. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-record-setting-opportunity-rover-mission-on-mars-comes-to-end\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opportunity rover\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which went silent two years ago following a major dust storm, collected enough images and other data along its 28 mile, 14-year trek across Mars that scientists are still analyzing it all. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of June 30, 2020, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">total of 4,183 exoplanets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have been confirmed to exist in 3,092 planetary systems. The Kepler space telescope found 2,751 exoplanets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the grand total, 160 are classified as “terrestrial” — rocky planets around Earth’s size, with iron-rich cores, like Venus and Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As more exoplanets are discovered by ground-based observatories and active spacecraft like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), more examples of Earth-sized planets within their stars’ habitable zones are being found. An understanding is emerging that planets with potentially Earth-like conditions may be more commonplace in our galaxy than we previously thought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists discover a potentially Earth-like exoplanet previously overlooked in data from the defunct Kepler space telescope. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847193,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1089},"headData":{"title":"Kepler Gem: Scientists Find a Tantalizing, and Overlooked Exoplanet | KQED","description":"Scientists discover a potentially Earth-like exoplanet previously overlooked in data from the defunct Kepler space telescope. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1967018/kepler-gem-scientists-find-a-tantalizing-and-overlooked-exoplanet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists have made an exciting discovery in deep space — but not with an existing telescope or space probe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combing through a backlog of data collected several years ago by NASA’s now defunct \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler space telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, they ran across a previously overlooked gem in the cosmos: an extrasolar planet, or “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/exoplanets/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exoplanet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,” estimated to be almost exactly the size of Earth, in what’s called the “habitable zone,” at the right distance from its star to potentially harbor liquid water and a life-friendly environment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kepler-1649c\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The exoplanet, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/kepler-1649c-earth-size-habitable-zone-planet-hides-in-plain-sight\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler-1649c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, orbits a small red dwarf star about 300 light years away in the constellation \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cygnus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — which means we won’t be visiting it anytime soon. But with an estimated size of only 1.06 times that of Earth, and getting about 75% of the sunlight from its star that Earth receives from the sun, this exoplanet is the closest to Earth in size and solar heating of any discovered to date.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PIA23774-Comparison-Earth-Keper1649c-20200415-NASA-Ames-Research-Center-Daniel-Rutter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extrasolar planet Kepler-1649c is a terrestrial planet almost the same size as the Earth–1.06 times Earth’s diameter. Its size, along with the fact that it is located within its star’s habitable zone, makes it a candidate for being hospitable to some form of life. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Daniel Rutter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether Kepler-1649c possesses an atmosphere capable of supporting liquid water on its surface is not yet known, but follow-up investigations may give us a more complete picture of this tantalizing world.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Catching What a Computer Algorithm Overlooked\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive exoplanet-finding spacecraft yet launched, was \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-retires-kepler-space-telescope-passes-planet-hunting-torch\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">retired in 2018\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, after running out of the fuel needed to continue scientific observations. But over its nine years of service, Kepler amassed a huge amount of data — so much so, that scientists are still making new discoveries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here’s how scientists look for evidence of exoplanets in the data\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kepler searches for the minor dimming of a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it, or “transiting.” This “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/137480/what-is-the-transit-method/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transit method\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” is responsible for most exoplanet detections made since the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/technology/2015/10/51-pegasi-b-the-first-exoplanet-discovered-orbiting-a-sun-like-star.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first discoveries\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nearly three decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967016\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967016 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/KeplerField-NASA-Ames-J.Jenkins.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For the majority of its nine-year mission of searching for extrasolar planets, NASA’s Kepler space telescope stared continually at 150,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellation Cygnus. This image shows the detector fields of Kepler’s giant space camera, with which it discovered over 2,000 exoplanets. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/J. Jenkins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each measured dip in a star’s brightness must be carefully analyzed to determine if it was caused by a transiting exoplanet or some other factor, like a fluctuation in a star’s luminosity, or a random celestial object passing momentarily between us and the star.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With so much data to analyze, a first pass through it is done by computer programs, with algorithms designed to weed out all the non-transit events. Only about 12% of detections turn out to be transiting exoplanets, with the rest classified as “false positives.” However, sometimes the algorithm gets it wrong, which is what happened with Kepler-1649c. Scientists in the Kepler False Positive Working Group discovered the mistake as they \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://aasnova.org/2020/04/22/rescuing-an-overlooked-planet/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">double-checked\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the computer’s results.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Potentially Habitable?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exoplanets that interest astronomers and astrobiologists most are the potentially Earth-like ones: planets close to Earth’s size, and within their star’s “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/nvap-sci-goldilocks/the-goldilocks-zone/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">habitable zone\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” — the right distance for liquid surface water to potentially exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other exoplanets have been found that are closer to Earth’s size than Kepler-1649c, like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/3454/trappist-1-f/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRAPPIST-1f \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7424/teegardens-star-c/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teegarden-c\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Still others are known that receive more sunlight, that are closer to the warmth of the Earth. But none come as close as Kepler-1649c in both factors, making this once-overlooked exoplanet the nearest we’ve come to spotting another planet with Earth-like characteristics\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the cosmos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, as Earth-like as Kepler-1649c might appear, there are some significant differences between it and planet Earth. The exoplanet orbits close to a small, dim, red dwarf star — so close that it zips around it once in only 19.5 days, instead of 365. It also shares its system with at least one other planet, also close to Earth in size, but about half the distance from its star, and because of that, probably very hot. There is also some evidence for a possible third planet in the system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Buried in the Data\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries made from Kepler’s hoard of backlogged data are not unique. Other completed space missions have piled up their own mountains of observations that scientists review and revisit to gain new understandings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/kepler-k2_artistconcept-NASA-Ames-JPL-Caltech-T-Pyle.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the most productive detector of extrasolar planets ever launched into space. Kepler used the “transit method” of detecting exoplanets, looking for the small drop in a star’s brightness caused by one of its planets crossing in front of it. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Galileo \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cassini \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spacecraft, whose missions were terminated in fiery burnups in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. But they gathered enough data on the gas giant planets and their systems of rings and moons that scientists are still studying it today. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-record-setting-opportunity-rover-mission-on-mars-comes-to-end\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Opportunity rover\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which went silent two years ago following a major dust storm, collected enough images and other data along its 28 mile, 14-year trek across Mars that scientists are still analyzing it all. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of June 30, 2020, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">total of 4,183 exoplanets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have been confirmed to exist in 3,092 planetary systems. The Kepler space telescope found 2,751 exoplanets. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the grand total, 160 are classified as “terrestrial” — rocky planets around Earth’s size, with iron-rich cores, like Venus and Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As more exoplanets are discovered by ground-based observatories and active spacecraft like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), more examples of Earth-sized planets within their stars’ habitable zones are being found. An understanding is emerging that planets with potentially Earth-like conditions may be more commonplace in our galaxy than we previously thought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1967018/kepler-gem-scientists-find-a-tantalizing-and-overlooked-exoplanet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_23"],"featImg":"science_1967017","label":"source_science_1967018"},"science_1955504":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1955504","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1955504","score":null,"sort":[1578953332000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","title":"NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet","publishDate":1578953332,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847911,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1198},"headData":{"title":"NASA's New Space Observatory Discovers Its First Earth-like Exoplanet | KQED","description":"NASA's Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an extrasolar planet of Earth's size that is also located within its star's habitable zone.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1955504/space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/\">Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite\u003c/a>, or TESS, made its first-ever discovery of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a> of Earth’s size that is also located within its star’s \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/15/what-is-the-habitable-zone-or-goldilocks-zone/\">habitable zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanet hunters and \u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">astrobiologists \u003c/a>have searched for so-called “other-Earths” like knights of old pursuing the holy grail. They’ve identified only a small number among the thousands of exoplanets discovered since 1992, but those heavenly bodies have the potential to harbor \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/how-do-we-find-life/\">environments friendly to life\u003c/a> as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/TESS-NASAs-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-Chris-Meaney.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA’s exoplanet hunting spacecraft TESS. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Meaney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA’s infrared \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> confirmed TESS’s discovery, refining estimates of the exoplanet’s size and distance from its star and placing it squarely in the class of potentially Earth-like interstellar destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet TOI 700-d\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet, named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world\">TOI 700-d\u003c/a>, orbits a red dwarf star about 40 percent the size and half the brightness of our sun. TESS also discovered two other planets, TOI 700-b and -c, orbiting closer to the star but not within its habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-800x247.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-160x49.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-768x237.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1020x315.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc-1038x321.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/habzone-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exoplanet TOI 700-d orbits its M-class dwarf star just inside its habitable zone, where the strength of the star’s light is moderate enough to support liquid water on the planet’s surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located in the southern constellation Dorado, the star TOI 700 and its potential planetary riches are 100 light years away, well beyond human civilization’s ability to reach in the foreseeable future. (Even \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>, the fastest and now most-distant interstellar spacecraft we have sent out, would take another 2 million years to get there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOI 700-d is just 20 percent larger than Earth, and it receives close to the same amount of energy from its star that Earth gets from the sun. Such similarities between the two planets may encourage visions of blue skies, salty seas, and earth-like landscapes on TOI 700-d.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of earthly properties don’t tell the entire story. The resemblance between our planet and TESS’s other-Earth may not extend beyond its size and how much sunlight it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, the nature of its atmosphere — if it possesses one— could make TOI 700-d a very alien world. Is its atmosphere thin and cold like Mars’, or super-thick and hot like Venus’? Is it made of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a blend of air very unlike our own? Is there oxygen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without enough atmospheric pressure, water cannot persist in a liquid state, so the presence of rivers, lakes and oceans is not guaranteed, even on a planet in a habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another likely aspect of TOI 700-d is that it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/tidal-locking-could-render-habitable-planets-inhospitable/\">tidally locked\u003c/a> to its star. That means the same side perpetually faces sunlight, and the other is stuck in eternal night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955509\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955509\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA's TESS spacecraft.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/toi700d-nasa-gsfc.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of TOI 700-d, the first potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet discovered by NASA’s TESS spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tidal locking is the eventual fate of most objects that orbit close to a larger parent object, and TOI 700-d is only 15 million miles from its star, zipping around it once every 37 days. This synchronization of an object’s rotation and revolution, caused by gravitational interaction, is what keeps the same face of the moon always aimed at Earth, and what will eventually lock the planet Mercury into a state of permanently light and dark hemispheres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a world in which you could experience the sun never leaving the sky, or the sunrise never interrupting perpetual night, depending on which part of the planet you live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scenario for TOI 700-d, which scientists have generated with computer models, a planetwide ocean lies under a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with a thick cataract of cloud layers shading the day side from its star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scenario digitally imagines a cloudless world of dry land with global wind patterns circulating from the night side across the twilight zone to converge at the center of the day side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even just throwing in the possibility that TOI 700-d is tidally locked to its star practically guarantees that this “Earth-like” exoplanet might be very unlike the world we call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TESS; Searching for Planets Much Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS launched on April 18, 2018, picking up the baton from NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which retired the same year in November. Kepler, the most productive exoplanet-hunting spacecraft to date, spent much of its nine-year career searching for exoplanets orbiting a patch of relatively distant stars in the constellation Cygnus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/tess-nasa.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite being prepared for launch. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By contrast, TESS is designed to look for exoplanets much closer to home and across most of the sky. From the high vantage point of its elliptical orbit, which loops between 67,000 and 233,000 miles from Earth, TESS scans huge swaths of the sky’s brightest, nearest stars searching for planetary “transits” — the slight dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing between its star and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because most of the exoplanets that TESS discovers are nearby, they are easier to explore with follow-up observations by other space- and ground-based observatories — and possibly with visits in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soon-to-retire Spitzer Space Telescope, and the up-and-coming James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble) will analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by spacecraft like Kepler and TESS. This will allow us to explore more deeply their similarities to Earth, or to better envision their captivating alien natures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanet Discoveries to Date\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first extrasolar planet was detected in 1992, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html\">total of 4,104 have been confirmed\u003c/a> to exist in 3,047 planetary systems. The Kepler mission was responsible for more than 2,700 of these discoveries. TESS, in operation for less than two years, has confirmed 37 exoplanets. Both missions have also amassed lists of thousands of potential candidates, many of which will ultimately be confirmed as extant exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the total population of confirmed exoplanets, 161 are classified as “terrestrial,” or roughly Earth-sized, and of these only a dozen or so are considered potentially habitable: exoplanets of Earth’s stature orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/milkyway-exoplanets-nasajpl-t.pyle_.jpg 802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration representing our Milky Way galaxy, which contains at least 200 billion stars. The white circle shows the region within which most of the 4000+ known extrasolar planets have been discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on the abundance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/how-to-search-for-exoplanets.html\">exoplanets we have observed\u003c/a> in a relatively small sample of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars, some scientists estimate that our galaxy may contain as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the possibilities. The reality of other-Earths may far exceed even the wildest imaginings of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1955504/space-telescope-discovers-its-first-earth-like-exoplanet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1510520","label":"source_science_1955504"},"science_1930419":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930419","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930419","score":null,"sort":[1536001309000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","title":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water","publishDate":1536001309,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 20 NASA announced the confirmation of water ice on the Moon, reinforcing our understanding that it is not merely a dry lump of volcanic rock, dust, and meteorite debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on July 25 came an announcement of the discovery of a possible sub-surface lake on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discoveries add to an already impressive list of water-bearing locales in our solar system, and have whetted the appetites of scientists on a quest to find life-friendly environments beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">The confirmation\u003c/a> of lunar ice came from analysis of data collected by NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/moon-mineralogy-mapper-m3/\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper\u003c/a> (M3) instrument aboard the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1\u003c/a> spacecraft, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon's north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon’s north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>M3 was able to distinguish patches of water ice on the Moon by the way that it reflects visible light and absorbs infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice exists at both of the Moon’s poles, where there are places never exposed to direct sunlight. At the poles, the sun never gets more than a few degrees above the horizon, so the floors of some deep impact craters and other polar nooks and crannies are in permanent shade and the temperatures never rise above about -250 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by a ground-penetrating radar instrument, \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/34826-design/?fbodylongid=1601\">MARSIS\u003c/a>, aboard ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft has convinced mission scientists that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-lake-found-mars-water-polar-cap-life-space/\">body of liquid water\u003c/a>, 12 miles across, exists a mile deep beneath a crater near Mars’ southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years of data collection and over 29 south pole flyovers for the picture to develop, but the characteristics of the radar waves bouncing back to the spacecraft strongly indicate a patch of salty liquid: either a mass of brine-saturated mud, or an actual lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars' southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-520x325.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars’ southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \u003ccite>(NASA/Viking/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/ESA/ASI/U. of Rome/R. Orosei et al 2018)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whichever the case, the discovery has scientists eager for a follow-up investigation. Not only would reservoirs of water offer a vital resource to future human missions on Mars, a liquid water environment protected from the frigid, radiation-exposed surface above could provide a suitable habitat for microbial Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mission scientists point out that there is no reason there could not be more subsurface lakes on Mars awaiting discovery, either by future missions or further analysis of data already collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming liquid water beneath Mars’ surface may also help us to understand what happened to the vast seas of surface water believed to exist on Mars long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Follow the Water,” Says \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>NASA \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not exceedingly rare in the Universe. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/comets\">Comets\u003c/a> are full of water ice, and many moons in the outer solar system are well known for their surface ice or frozen water crusts. We’ve long known of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-radar-finds-ice-age-record-in-mars-polar-cap\">Mars’ polar ice caps\u003c/a>. Water, in its frozen form, is commonplace out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mix water ice with a source of heat (sunlight or \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/52/europa-tide-movie/\">gravitational tidal energy\u003c/a>, for examples) and adequate pressure and you get a liquid water cocktail that makes scientists’ mouths water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is liquid water essential for life as we know it, we also know that life on Earth can adapt to and thrive in extremely harsh conditions. “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophiles\u003c/a>” are terrestrial life forms, mostly microbial, that we find in environments of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1200x782.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-375x244.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \u003ccite>(OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) NOAA-Bild)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extremophiles have taught us that looking for extraterrestrial life in harsh conditions on other worlds is not a futile effort, especially where liquid water is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else Do We Find Liquid Water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two recent revelations of found water (even though the Moon’s crater-shaded oases consist of ice) add to a tantalizing list of wet places found across our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer solar system—the realm of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—was once thought to be too cold for hopes of finding liquid water. But decades of robotic exploration have revealed that there is probably far more water out there than in the inner solar system, Earth included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970’s and 1980’s the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft detected what may be a vast ocean hidden beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/europas-ocean-may-have-an-earthlike-chemical-balance\">Europa\u003c/a>. Patterns in the cracks of its frozen crust suggest the outer icy shell is floating on an ocean of liquid, much like sheets of sea ice surrounding parts of Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice-topped ocean is probably global in extent and, remarkably, may be a hundred miles deep. Europa alone may possess twice as much water as in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also evidence that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon\">subcrustal liquid water ocean\u003c/a> exists in another of Jupiter’s moons, the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede. In fact, Ganymede’s ocean may contain more water than Europa’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg\" alt=\"Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it's flights through the water plumes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-768x324.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1200x506.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-960x405.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-520x219.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it’s flights through the water plumes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the Cassini spacecraft began exploring the Saturn system in 2004, scientists have observed clear signs of water within the moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/cassini-finds-global-ocean-in-saturns-moon-enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, and possibly the large moon \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/28jun_titanocean\">Titan\u003c/a>. In the case of Enceladus, Cassini detected plumes of water vapor and ammonia spewing out of large cracks in the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements by the Dawn spacecraft have turned up evidence of possible liquid water on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6982\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>. White-looking mineral deposits — which appear to have been left behind by fluid eruptions in craters and cinder-cone-like structures — support speculation that at some time in the past, Ceres had a subcrustal ocean. It may still have one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Beyond the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprinkling of so many watery places across our solar system gives us hope not only for finding life-friendly environments close to home, but across our galaxy as well. We now know of several thousand \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> orbiting hundreds of other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oceans are as common as our solar system indicates (Earth, young Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, and Ceres, to name the known or suspected wet spots), then extrasolar oceans probably are as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life is as eager to arise in those exo-oceans as it was on the primordial Earth, we may have a lot of company in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water: ice on the Moon and a subsurface lake on Mars. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927532,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1192},"headData":{"title":"Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water | KQED","description":"The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water: ice on the Moon and a subsurface lake on Mars. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1930419/lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 20 NASA announced the confirmation of water ice on the Moon, reinforcing our understanding that it is not merely a dry lump of volcanic rock, dust, and meteorite debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on July 25 came an announcement of the discovery of a possible sub-surface lake on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discoveries add to an already impressive list of water-bearing locales in our solar system, and have whetted the appetites of scientists on a quest to find life-friendly environments beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">The confirmation\u003c/a> of lunar ice came from analysis of data collected by NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/moon-mineralogy-mapper-m3/\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper\u003c/a> (M3) instrument aboard the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1\u003c/a> spacecraft, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon's north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon’s north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>M3 was able to distinguish patches of water ice on the Moon by the way that it reflects visible light and absorbs infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice exists at both of the Moon’s poles, where there are places never exposed to direct sunlight. At the poles, the sun never gets more than a few degrees above the horizon, so the floors of some deep impact craters and other polar nooks and crannies are in permanent shade and the temperatures never rise above about -250 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by a ground-penetrating radar instrument, \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/34826-design/?fbodylongid=1601\">MARSIS\u003c/a>, aboard ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft has convinced mission scientists that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-lake-found-mars-water-polar-cap-life-space/\">body of liquid water\u003c/a>, 12 miles across, exists a mile deep beneath a crater near Mars’ southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years of data collection and over 29 south pole flyovers for the picture to develop, but the characteristics of the radar waves bouncing back to the spacecraft strongly indicate a patch of salty liquid: either a mass of brine-saturated mud, or an actual lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars' southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-520x325.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars’ southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \u003ccite>(NASA/Viking/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/ESA/ASI/U. of Rome/R. Orosei et al 2018)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whichever the case, the discovery has scientists eager for a follow-up investigation. Not only would reservoirs of water offer a vital resource to future human missions on Mars, a liquid water environment protected from the frigid, radiation-exposed surface above could provide a suitable habitat for microbial Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mission scientists point out that there is no reason there could not be more subsurface lakes on Mars awaiting discovery, either by future missions or further analysis of data already collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming liquid water beneath Mars’ surface may also help us to understand what happened to the vast seas of surface water believed to exist on Mars long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Follow the Water,” Says \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>NASA \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not exceedingly rare in the Universe. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/comets\">Comets\u003c/a> are full of water ice, and many moons in the outer solar system are well known for their surface ice or frozen water crusts. We’ve long known of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-radar-finds-ice-age-record-in-mars-polar-cap\">Mars’ polar ice caps\u003c/a>. Water, in its frozen form, is commonplace out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mix water ice with a source of heat (sunlight or \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/52/europa-tide-movie/\">gravitational tidal energy\u003c/a>, for examples) and adequate pressure and you get a liquid water cocktail that makes scientists’ mouths water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is liquid water essential for life as we know it, we also know that life on Earth can adapt to and thrive in extremely harsh conditions. “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophiles\u003c/a>” are terrestrial life forms, mostly microbial, that we find in environments of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1200x782.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-375x244.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \u003ccite>(OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) NOAA-Bild)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extremophiles have taught us that looking for extraterrestrial life in harsh conditions on other worlds is not a futile effort, especially where liquid water is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else Do We Find Liquid Water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two recent revelations of found water (even though the Moon’s crater-shaded oases consist of ice) add to a tantalizing list of wet places found across our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer solar system—the realm of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—was once thought to be too cold for hopes of finding liquid water. But decades of robotic exploration have revealed that there is probably far more water out there than in the inner solar system, Earth included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970’s and 1980’s the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft detected what may be a vast ocean hidden beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/europas-ocean-may-have-an-earthlike-chemical-balance\">Europa\u003c/a>. Patterns in the cracks of its frozen crust suggest the outer icy shell is floating on an ocean of liquid, much like sheets of sea ice surrounding parts of Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice-topped ocean is probably global in extent and, remarkably, may be a hundred miles deep. Europa alone may possess twice as much water as in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also evidence that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon\">subcrustal liquid water ocean\u003c/a> exists in another of Jupiter’s moons, the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede. In fact, Ganymede’s ocean may contain more water than Europa’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg\" alt=\"Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it's flights through the water plumes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-768x324.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1200x506.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-960x405.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-520x219.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it’s flights through the water plumes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the Cassini spacecraft began exploring the Saturn system in 2004, scientists have observed clear signs of water within the moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/cassini-finds-global-ocean-in-saturns-moon-enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, and possibly the large moon \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/28jun_titanocean\">Titan\u003c/a>. In the case of Enceladus, Cassini detected plumes of water vapor and ammonia spewing out of large cracks in the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements by the Dawn spacecraft have turned up evidence of possible liquid water on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6982\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>. White-looking mineral deposits — which appear to have been left behind by fluid eruptions in craters and cinder-cone-like structures — support speculation that at some time in the past, Ceres had a subcrustal ocean. It may still have one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Beyond the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprinkling of so many watery places across our solar system gives us hope not only for finding life-friendly environments close to home, but across our galaxy as well. We now know of several thousand \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> orbiting hundreds of other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oceans are as common as our solar system indicates (Earth, young Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, and Ceres, to name the known or suspected wet spots), then extrasolar oceans probably are as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life is as eager to arise in those exo-oceans as it was on the primordial Earth, we may have a lot of company in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930419/lunar-ice-and-martian-mud-whetting-our-appetite-for-extraterrestrial-water","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1216","science_19","science_584","science_2088","science_5179","science_351","science_5175","science_843","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1930437","label":"source_science_1930419"},"science_1922294":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922294","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922294","score":null,"sort":[1523628084000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","title":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home","publishDate":1523628084,"format":"audio","headTitle":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered which stars might have planets, what those worlds may be like, or if there could be some form of life on any of them? When I was a child, I did a lot of that sort of imagining — decades before the first scientific detection of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/the-search-for-life/exoplanets-101/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”zPtcY42nMEbLmJsJhCQj2y06wlfTs2CH”]We now live in an era of \u003cem>knowing\u003c/em> that the galaxy teems with planets, and that probably most, if not all stars possess multiple worlds. Anyone born after 1992 has lived their entire life without needing to imagine if there are planets around other stars — we know they are there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 16th we enter another era of exoplanet discovery, with the launch of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \u003c/a>spacecraft. TESS will be propelled by a \u003cem>SpaceX\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/falcon9\">Falcon-9 rocket\u003c/a> into a \u003ca href=\"https://www.technobyte.org/satellite-communication/low-medium-high-earth-orbits-types-of-orbits/\">high-Earth orbit\u003c/a>, a lofty vantage point that will offer sweeping views of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star's habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star’s habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From that high orbit, TESS will engage in a two-year survey of 500,000 stars across the entire sky, searching for planets by the “transit” method: measuring the temporary dimming of a star’s light when one of its planets passes in front of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Exoplanets\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The search for extrasolar planets is not a new thing. We’ve been finding them \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today/\">since 1992\u003c/a>, 26 years ago! As of April 2018, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total\u003c/a> of 3,711 exoplanets of all sizes have been confirmed to exist. Their abundance tells us that most, if not all, stars in the galaxy likely possess at least one, and probably multiple, planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a>, launched in 2009, set out to find the more elusive “Earth-like” exoplanets: world’s close to Earth’s size that could support liquid water on their surfaces, within their star’s “Habitable Zone.” Among the 2,600 exoplanets that Kepler has discovered, at least a couple dozen fall into this category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922344\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922344 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"The "transit method" of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star's light. \" width=\"800\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-768x521.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1020x692.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1180x800.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-960x651.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-375x254.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-520x353.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa.jpg 1722w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “transit method” of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s sampling suggests that there may be \u003cem>billions\u003c/em> of these Earth-like worlds in the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, scientists want to know more about these potential other-Earths. (So do I!) What are they made of? Do they have atmospheres? Do they have oceans? Most tantalizing of all, do they support life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, most of the potentially Earth-like worlds we have discovered are too far away for us to learn much more than their sizes and how close they are to their stars. Their great distances from us make more detailed investigations extremely challenging, to say the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922345 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-768x572.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-1020x760.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-960x715.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-240x179.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-375x279.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-520x387.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \u003ccite>(Zack Berta-Thompson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New About TESS?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler mission, which focused on very distant stars in one small patch of the sky, TESS will survey the nearest stars in our neighborhood of the galaxy, and across the entire sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS will detect exoplanets of all types, but its main goal is to look for small, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/resources/15/earth-and-super-earth/\">Earth- and super-Earth sized planets, \u003c/a>orbiting stars much closer to us and \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/whytess.html\">much brighter\u003c/a> than those Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these factors will make detailed investigation by other observatories and spacecraft possible — including the upcoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be tasked with measuring the temperature and atmospheric composition of these nearby worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may tell us if a planet has the necessary ingredients for life–liquid water and organic compounds. We might even detect the chemical telltales of life itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1020x727.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1180x841.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-960x684.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-375x267.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-520x371.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \u003ccite>(MIT)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Strange Might Strange New Worlds Be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>As that child gazing up at the starry skies, I imagined some pretty wild possibilities for those yet-undiscovered worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a planet-wide desert, stretching pole to pole, that is so cold that carbon dioxide lies frozen on the ground. Or a searing hot landscape with a corrosive atmosphere that is so thick it would crush you like an aluminum can. Or a cloud-darkened milieu where the rain, rivers and seas are cryogenic liquid methane and you would weigh only 20 pounds. Or a world covered entirely by a hundred-mile-deep ocean hiding under a crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 587px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922348\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \" width=\"587\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg 587w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-160x67.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-520x219.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And these are only descriptions of some of the planets and moons in our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS is projected to find at least 1,500 exoplanets orbiting nearby stars, and of these at least 300 are expected to be near-Earth sized. Once we begin to probe the environmental conditions on those planets, imagine what we might find.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On April 16 NASA will launch the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite spacecraft, marking the next phase in our search for world's beyond our own.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928016,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":902},"headData":{"title":"TESS Will Find Strange New Worlds Close to Home | KQED","description":"On April 16 NASA will launch the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite spacecraft, marking the next phase in our search for world's beyond our own.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Astronomy","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2018/04/VentonTESSSatellite.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1922294/tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered which stars might have planets, what those worlds may be like, or if there could be some form of life on any of them? When I was a child, I did a lot of that sort of imagining — decades before the first scientific detection of an \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/the-search-for-life/exoplanets-101/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>We now live in an era of \u003cem>knowing\u003c/em> that the galaxy teems with planets, and that probably most, if not all stars possess multiple worlds. Anyone born after 1992 has lived their entire life without needing to imagine if there are planets around other stars — we know they are there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 16th we enter another era of exoplanet discovery, with the launch of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \u003c/a>spacecraft. TESS will be propelled by a \u003cem>SpaceX\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/falcon9\">Falcon-9 rocket\u003c/a> into a \u003ca href=\"https://www.technobyte.org/satellite-communication/low-medium-high-earth-orbits-types-of-orbits/\">high-Earth orbit\u003c/a>, a lofty vantage point that will offer sweeping views of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star's habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/trappistplanets-nasa-goddard-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system. Three of these are located within their star’s habitable zone, and could have liquid water on their surfaces. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From that high orbit, TESS will engage in a two-year survey of 500,000 stars across the entire sky, searching for planets by the “transit” method: measuring the temporary dimming of a star’s light when one of its planets passes in front of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Exoplanets\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The search for extrasolar planets is not a new thing. We’ve been finding them \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today/\">since 1992\u003c/a>, 26 years ago! As of April 2018, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total\u003c/a> of 3,711 exoplanets of all sizes have been confirmed to exist. Their abundance tells us that most, if not all, stars in the galaxy likely possess at least one, and probably multiple, planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler spacecraft\u003c/a>, launched in 2009, set out to find the more elusive “Earth-like” exoplanets: world’s close to Earth’s size that could support liquid water on their surfaces, within their star’s “Habitable Zone.” Among the 2,600 exoplanets that Kepler has discovered, at least a couple dozen fall into this category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922344\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922344 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"The "transit method" of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star's light. \" width=\"800\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-800x543.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-768x521.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1020x692.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-1180x800.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-960x651.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-375x254.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa-520x353.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/transitmethod-nasa.jpg 1722w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “transit method” of detecting exoplanets relies on a planet passing in front of (transiting) its star and causing a detectable dimming in the star’s light. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s sampling suggests that there may be \u003cem>billions\u003c/em> of these Earth-like worlds in the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, scientists want to know more about these potential other-Earths. (So do I!) What are they made of? Do they have atmospheres? Do they have oceans? Most tantalizing of all, do they support life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, most of the potentially Earth-like worlds we have discovered are too far away for us to learn much more than their sizes and how close they are to their stars. Their great distances from us make more detailed investigations extremely challenging, to say the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922345 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-800x596.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-768x572.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-1020x760.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-960x715.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-240x179.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-375x279.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson-520x387.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-vs-kepler-zack-berta-thompson.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration comparing the regions of stars observed by Kepler and those to be surveyed by TESS. \u003ccite>(Zack Berta-Thompson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s New About TESS?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler mission, which focused on very distant stars in one small patch of the sky, TESS will survey the nearest stars in our neighborhood of the galaxy, and across the entire sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS will detect exoplanets of all types, but its main goal is to look for small, \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/resources/15/earth-and-super-earth/\">Earth- and super-Earth sized planets, \u003c/a>orbiting stars much closer to us and \u003ca href=\"https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/whytess.html\">much brighter\u003c/a> than those Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these factors will make detailed investigation by other observatories and spacecraft possible — including the upcoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be tasked with measuring the temperature and atmospheric composition of these nearby worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may tell us if a planet has the necessary ingredients for life–liquid water and organic compounds. We might even detect the chemical telltales of life itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922346\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1020x727.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-1180x841.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-960x684.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-375x267.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit-520x371.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/tess-startypes-mit.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph showing the size and brightness of stars observed by Kepler and those to be observed by TESS. TESS will focus on brighter, nearby stars that are much easier to investigate with follow-up observations. \u003ccite>(MIT)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Strange Might Strange New Worlds Be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>As that child gazing up at the starry skies, I imagined some pretty wild possibilities for those yet-undiscovered worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a planet-wide desert, stretching pole to pole, that is so cold that carbon dioxide lies frozen on the ground. Or a searing hot landscape with a corrosive atmosphere that is so thick it would crush you like an aluminum can. Or a cloud-darkened milieu where the rain, rivers and seas are cryogenic liquid methane and you would weigh only 20 pounds. Or a world covered entirely by a hundred-mile-deep ocean hiding under a crust of ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 587px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922348\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \" width=\"587\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa.jpg 587w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-160x67.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/exoworlds-nasa-520x219.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imaginative poster art produced by NASA illustrating future human explorers enjoying the strange environments of some exoplanets we have discovered. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And these are only descriptions of some of the planets and moons in our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TESS is projected to find at least 1,500 exoplanets orbiting nearby stars, and of these at least 300 are expected to be near-Earth sized. Once we begin to probe the environmental conditions on those planets, imagine what we might find.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922294/tess-will-find-strange-new-worlds-close-to-home","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_3370","science_23","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1922342","label":"source_science_1922294"},"science_1919843":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1919843","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1919843","score":null,"sort":[1518795024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far","title":"Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won't Believe How Many or How Far","publishDate":1518795024,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won’t Believe How Many or How Far | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Researchers using NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/learn_cxc.html\">Chandra X-ray Observatory\u003c/a> have announced the discovery of a huge assortment of extrasolar planets ranging in size from Earth’s moon to the planet Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>, or exoplanet, is any planet found outside of our own solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was made by Xinyu Dai and Eduardo Guerras of the University of Oklahoma’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, and published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa5fb/meta\">The Astrophysical Journal Letters\u003c/a>\u003c/em> on February 2nd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919852 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\" alt=\"Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. The host of exoplanets within the central elliptical galaxy were detected by their microlensing of the background quasar's X-ray emissions. \" width=\"720\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-160x150.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-240x225.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-375x351.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-520x487.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. \u003ccite>(University of Oklahoma)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On its face, this news may not seem extraordinary; these days, announcements of new exoplanet discoveries come out monthly, if not weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jaw-dropper here is \u003cem>where\u003c/em> they were found: in a very distant galaxy, 3.8 billion light years away, wandering free as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wandering-in-the-void-billions-of-rogue-planets-without-a-home/\">“rogue” planets\u003c/a> in the darkness between the galaxy’s stars. Even more mind-blowing, the observational data indicates that there may be as many as 2,000 of them for \u003cem>every\u003c/em> star in that galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning, \u003cem>trillions\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do We Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a galaxy that is 3.8 billion light years away, even individual stars cannot be seen — only the combined luminous “smudge” of multitudes of stars. So how is it possible to detect much smaller, non-luminous objects like planets at that distance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is that this wouldn’t be possible, were it not for a phenomenon called\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfhtlens.org/public/what-gravitational-lensing\">gravitational lensing\u003c/a>\u003c/em>: the bending and focusing of light from a distant object by the gravitational field of another, intervening object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon can be likened to how a glass hand lens bends and focuses light, magnifying a light source — but in this case the “lens” is the gravitational field of a massive object in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919854 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg\" alt='A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted \"ring\" image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. ' width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-768x507.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-960x634.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-520x344.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg 1014w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted “ring” image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gravitational lensing was predicted by Einstein’s theory of Relativity, and has been observed and tested for decades. On a grand scale, gravitational lensing by enormous clusters of galaxies has been observed to magnify much more distant, background galaxies, yielding not only images of the background objects, but a measure of the lensing cluster’s mass based on the degree of light bending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a smaller scale, within our own galaxy, astronomers have detected almost a dozen exoplanets through gravitational lensing — or \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\">\u003cem>microlensing\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, in the case where the lensing object is a single star or planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first detection came in 2003, when an object named OGLE 2003-BLG-235 passed between Earth and a more distant star. As it passed, the object’s gravity bent and focused the star’s light toward us, temporarily magnifying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of amplification of the star’s light allowed astronomers to calculate the interposing object’s mass as 1.5 times that of Jupiter, which in turn identified it as a planet (as opposed to something more massive, like another star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the detection of a single exoplanet by the gravitational microlensing of a single star’s light is a game that can only be played within our own galaxy, at distances where a singular star can be observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting exoplanets across 3.8 billion light years is a whole different ballgame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919855\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919855 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"How Quasar Microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How quasar microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \u003ccite>(Alastair Bruce/University of Edinburgh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Window Into Another Galaxy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dai and Guerras took advantage of the microlensing phenomenon on a grand scale, using the Chandra X-ray Observatory to measure the emissions of a \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/Q/Quasar\">quasar\u003c/a> positioned behind their target galaxy. A quasar is the extremely luminous core of a galaxy with an active, \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole\">supermassive black hole\u003c/a> at its center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the X-ray data from the background quasar, they searched for microlensing effects caused by any objects within the intervening galaxy, and a pattern emerged — one that could only be explained by the presence of large numbers of planet-sized objects, drifting independently between the galaxy’s stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though no individual exoplanets were spotted — the distance is too great for that — the patterns produced by multitudes of planetary bodies revealed the exoplanet population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To push an analogy, if you’ve ever seen a halo around the sun then you might get a sense for how these exoplanets were detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sun halo is formed by the combined bending (or refraction) of sunlight caused by multitudes of water droplets or ice crystals in the atmosphere between you and the sun. Though the droplets are too small and too far away for you to see, their combined effect on the sunlight makes their presence known, and the size and colors of the halo can indicate the properties of the refracting particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sense, the X-rays shining from the background quasar passed through a “mist” of exoplanets, and the pattern of their combined microlensing effects revealed them to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conventional Exoplanet Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, all the \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">confirmed detections of exoplanets\u003c/a>, numbering more than 3,600, are located inside our Milky Way galaxy, and almost all of these orbit stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it is because these exoplanets orbit stars that we can detect them at all. The two main ways for finding exoplanets, the “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/1\">radial velocity\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/2\">transit\u003c/a>” methods, depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These methods have turned up thousands of exoplanets in the Milky Way — especially the transit method, which NASA’s ace exoplanet hunter, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> spacecraft, has used to confirm 2,341 of all known exoplanets (as of February 8).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The estimate of 2,000 rogue exoplanets for every star in that distant galaxy is an astounding figure. It means that there may be trillions of planets floating around that one galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does this mean that other galaxies possess similar populations of rogue planets? Is our own Milky Way galaxy filled with unseen, dark worlds lurking in the space between the stars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been estimated that there are more stars in the universe than grains of sand on all of Earth’s beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Move over stars; you may be far outnumbered by planets!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers detect multitudes of exoplanets in a galaxy 3.8 billion light years away.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928197,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1119},"headData":{"title":"Flurry of Exoplanets Found Outside the Milky Way: You Won't Believe How Many or How Far | KQED","description":"Researchers detect multitudes of exoplanets in a galaxy 3.8 billion light years away.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1919843/first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers using NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/learn_cxc.html\">Chandra X-ray Observatory\u003c/a> have announced the discovery of a huge assortment of extrasolar planets ranging in size from Earth’s moon to the planet Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>, or exoplanet, is any planet found outside of our own solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was made by Xinyu Dai and Eduardo Guerras of the University of Oklahoma’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, and published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa5fb/meta\">The Astrophysical Journal Letters\u003c/a>\u003c/em> on February 2nd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919852 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg\" alt=\"Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. The host of exoplanets within the central elliptical galaxy were detected by their microlensing of the background quasar's X-ray emissions. \" width=\"720\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-160x150.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-240x225.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-375x351.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarRX-J1131-1231-lensedbycentralgalaxy-UofOklahoma-520x487.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gravitational lens image captured through the Chandra X-ray Observatory. At center is the intervening elliptical galaxy, which is acting as the gravitational lens producing four magnified images (surrounding) of the background quasar RX J1131-1231. \u003ccite>(University of Oklahoma)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On its face, this news may not seem extraordinary; these days, announcements of new exoplanet discoveries come out monthly, if not weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jaw-dropper here is \u003cem>where\u003c/em> they were found: in a very distant galaxy, 3.8 billion light years away, wandering free as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wandering-in-the-void-billions-of-rogue-planets-without-a-home/\">“rogue” planets\u003c/a> in the darkness between the galaxy’s stars. Even more mind-blowing, the observational data indicates that there may be as many as 2,000 of them for \u003cem>every\u003c/em> star in that galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning, \u003cem>trillions\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do We Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a galaxy that is 3.8 billion light years away, even individual stars cannot be seen — only the combined luminous “smudge” of multitudes of stars. So how is it possible to detect much smaller, non-luminous objects like planets at that distance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is that this wouldn’t be possible, were it not for a phenomenon called\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfhtlens.org/public/what-gravitational-lensing\">gravitational lensing\u003c/a>\u003c/em>: the bending and focusing of light from a distant object by the gravitational field of another, intervening object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon can be likened to how a glass hand lens bends and focuses light, magnifying a light source — but in this case the “lens” is the gravitational field of a massive object in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919854 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg\" alt='A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted \"ring\" image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. ' width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-768x507.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-960x634.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble-520x344.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/gravlens-nasa-esa-hubble.jpg 1014w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visible-light image of a gravitational lens captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The central galaxy, LRG 3-757, is serving as a gravitational lens producing a distorted “ring” image of a more distant blue galaxy, positioned behind. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gravitational lensing was predicted by Einstein’s theory of Relativity, and has been observed and tested for decades. On a grand scale, gravitational lensing by enormous clusters of galaxies has been observed to magnify much more distant, background galaxies, yielding not only images of the background objects, but a measure of the lensing cluster’s mass based on the degree of light bending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a smaller scale, within our own galaxy, astronomers have detected almost a dozen exoplanets through gravitational lensing — or \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\">\u003cem>microlensing\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, in the case where the lensing object is a single star or planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first detection came in 2003, when an object named OGLE 2003-BLG-235 passed between Earth and a more distant star. As it passed, the object’s gravity bent and focused the star’s light toward us, temporarily magnifying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of amplification of the star’s light allowed astronomers to calculate the interposing object’s mass as 1.5 times that of Jupiter, which in turn identified it as a planet (as opposed to something more massive, like another star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the detection of a single exoplanet by the gravitational microlensing of a single star’s light is a game that can only be played within our own galaxy, at distances where a singular star can be observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting exoplanets across 3.8 billion light years is a whole different ballgame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919855\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919855 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"How Quasar Microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/quasarmicrolensing-Alastair-Bruce_University-of-Edinburgh.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How quasar microlensing works: Light from a distant quasar passing through a nearer, intervening galaxy is focused and amplified by an object (in this example a star) that passes between the quasar and Earth. \u003ccite>(Alastair Bruce/University of Edinburgh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Window Into Another Galaxy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dai and Guerras took advantage of the microlensing phenomenon on a grand scale, using the Chandra X-ray Observatory to measure the emissions of a \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/Q/Quasar\">quasar\u003c/a> positioned behind their target galaxy. A quasar is the extremely luminous core of a galaxy with an active, \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole\">supermassive black hole\u003c/a> at its center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the X-ray data from the background quasar, they searched for microlensing effects caused by any objects within the intervening galaxy, and a pattern emerged — one that could only be explained by the presence of large numbers of planet-sized objects, drifting independently between the galaxy’s stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though no individual exoplanets were spotted — the distance is too great for that — the patterns produced by multitudes of planetary bodies revealed the exoplanet population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To push an analogy, if you’ve ever seen a halo around the sun then you might get a sense for how these exoplanets were detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sun halo is formed by the combined bending (or refraction) of sunlight caused by multitudes of water droplets or ice crystals in the atmosphere between you and the sun. Though the droplets are too small and too far away for you to see, their combined effect on the sunlight makes their presence known, and the size and colors of the halo can indicate the properties of the refracting particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sense, the X-rays shining from the background quasar passed through a “mist” of exoplanets, and the pattern of their combined microlensing effects revealed them to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conventional Exoplanet Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, all the \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">confirmed detections of exoplanets\u003c/a>, numbering more than 3,600, are located inside our Milky Way galaxy, and almost all of these orbit stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it is because these exoplanets orbit stars that we can detect them at all. The two main ways for finding exoplanets, the “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/1\">radial velocity\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/#/2\">transit\u003c/a>” methods, depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These methods have turned up thousands of exoplanets in the Milky Way — especially the transit method, which NASA’s ace exoplanet hunter, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> spacecraft, has used to confirm 2,341 of all known exoplanets (as of February 8).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The estimate of 2,000 rogue exoplanets for every star in that distant galaxy is an astounding figure. It means that there may be trillions of planets floating around that one galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does this mean that other galaxies possess similar populations of rogue planets? Is our own Milky Way galaxy filled with unseen, dark worlds lurking in the space between the stars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been estimated that there are more stars in the universe than grains of sand on all of Earth’s beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Move over stars; you may be far outnumbered by planets!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1919843/first-detection-of-exoplanets-outside-the-milky-way-you-wont-believe-how-many-or-how-far","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_3370","science_5175","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1919851","label":"science"},"science_1918600":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1918600","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1918600","score":null,"sort":[1515175856000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-real-news-is-that-nasa-found-that-eighth-planet-using-artificial-intelligence","title":"The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence","publishDate":1515175856,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler mission\u003c/a> announced in December the discovery of an eighth planet orbiting Kepler 90, a sun-like star located about 2,500 light years from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery is noteworthy not only for the fact that Kepler 90 \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/S_HRh0ZynjE\">possesses as many planets\u003c/a> as our own solar system, but also for how NASA made the discovery: using artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918611\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918611\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Kepler 90i.\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg 625w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Kepler 90i. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mining Data for Exoplanet Gems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Training” special AI software, developed by Google, to recognize the elusive signals produced by extrasolar planets (exoplanets), NASA set the AI loose on data collected years ago by the Kepler mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler spacecraft, launched in 2009, searched for exoplanets using the Transit Method: looking for the slight dimming in a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it (transiting). Kepler continually measured the brightness of 150,000 individual stars near the constellation Cygnus for three years, beaming the data back to Earth for analysis and storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918606\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg\" alt=\"All eight of Kepler 90's planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \" width=\"730\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg 730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-375x272.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-520x377.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All eight of Kepler 90’s planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Wendy Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional analysis of Kepler’s observations ultimately revealed seven planets in the star system called Kepler 90. But the system’s eighth planet, named Kepler 90i, went undetected–\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/artificial-intelligence-nasa-data-used-to-discover-eighth-planet-circling-distant-star\">until the AI took a crack at it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding a Needle in a Haystack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting the minuscule dimming in a star’s light caused by a small transiting exoplanet may be likened to searching for a needle in a haystack—a monumental task for a human, though not so difficult for a well-trained, artificially intelligent computer. Once the AI learns the shape and appearance of a needle, it’s just a matter of examining each straw of hay in the stack, one by one, until it finds any that look like a needle. A computer can do that kind of repetitive task without tiring, and do it very quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 90i is a super-Earth-sized world, with about 1.32 times the diameter of Earth. Orbiting its sun-like star eight times closer than the Earth orbits the sun, Kepler 90i’s surface temperature is estimated to be 817 degrees Fahrenheit. At present, that’s about all we know about it—other than the fact that it orbits its star once in less than 15 days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the similarities between detecting exoplanets and finding haystack-embedded needles, conventional analysis has found—\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">quite a lot of needles \u003c/a>since the first exoplanet discovery in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DnDeBa0KFc&w=854&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of December 21, 2017, astronomers have confirmed more than 3,500 exoplanets in 2,660 star systems, with an additional 4,500 candidates awaiting confirmation. Of the confirmed exoplanets, 2,431 of the discoveries are attributed to the Kepler spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the exoplanets confirmed to exist, 882 are classed as Terrestrial, or approximately the same size as the Earth. And of these Earth-sized worlds, six are located within their stars’ “habitable zones,” which means they’re at the right distance for liquid water to possibly exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/20-intriguing-exoplanets\">known exoplanetary systems\u003c/a> represent only a tiny fraction of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Extrapolating from the abundance of planets in this small sampling, astronomers estimate there may be billions of Earth-sized exoplanets within the habitable zones of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a breath and let that sink in….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application of \u003ca href=\"https://www.recode.net/2016/6/29/12045632/self-learning-software-enterprise-predictive-big-data-net-intelligence\">“teachable” AI software\u003c/a> to dig through stacks of transit data opens even more possibilities for discovering elusive extrasolar worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Kepler 90i was found by fine-sifting through old data, this only means that there may be more—perhaps many more—exoplanets laying hidden on hard drives, waiting to be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now NASA has the AI tool to do the sifting.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If AI can be trained to find distant planets circling their stars, how many more do you think we can find?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928247,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":694},"headData":{"title":"The Real News Is That NASA Found That Eighth Planet Using Artificial Intelligence | KQED","description":"If AI can be trained to find distant planets circling their stars, how many more do you think we can find?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1918600/the-real-news-is-that-nasa-found-that-eighth-planet-using-artificial-intelligence","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler mission\u003c/a> announced in December the discovery of an eighth planet orbiting Kepler 90, a sun-like star located about 2,500 light years from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery is noteworthy not only for the fact that Kepler 90 \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/S_HRh0ZynjE\">possesses as many planets\u003c/a> as our own solar system, but also for how NASA made the discovery: using artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918611\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918611\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Kepler 90i.\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa.jpg 625w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90i-artistconcept-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Kepler 90i. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mining Data for Exoplanet Gems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Training” special AI software, developed by Google, to recognize the elusive signals produced by extrasolar planets (exoplanets), NASA set the AI loose on data collected years ago by the Kepler mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler spacecraft, launched in 2009, searched for exoplanets using the Transit Method: looking for the slight dimming in a star’s light caused by an orbiting planet crossing in front of it (transiting). Kepler continually measured the brightness of 150,000 individual stars near the constellation Cygnus for three years, beaming the data back to Earth for analysis and storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918606\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg\" alt=\"All eight of Kepler 90's planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \" width=\"730\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel.jpg 730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-375x272.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/kepler90system-distances-wendystenzel-520x377.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All eight of Kepler 90’s planets orbit their star closer than Earth orbits the sun. Kepler 90i is 8 times closer than one sun-Earth distance, giving it a surface temperature hotter than the planet Mercury. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center/Wendy Stenzel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional analysis of Kepler’s observations ultimately revealed seven planets in the star system called Kepler 90. But the system’s eighth planet, named Kepler 90i, went undetected–\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/artificial-intelligence-nasa-data-used-to-discover-eighth-planet-circling-distant-star\">until the AI took a crack at it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding a Needle in a Haystack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detecting the minuscule dimming in a star’s light caused by a small transiting exoplanet may be likened to searching for a needle in a haystack—a monumental task for a human, though not so difficult for a well-trained, artificially intelligent computer. Once the AI learns the shape and appearance of a needle, it’s just a matter of examining each straw of hay in the stack, one by one, until it finds any that look like a needle. A computer can do that kind of repetitive task without tiring, and do it very quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 90i is a super-Earth-sized world, with about 1.32 times the diameter of Earth. Orbiting its sun-like star eight times closer than the Earth orbits the sun, Kepler 90i’s surface temperature is estimated to be 817 degrees Fahrenheit. At present, that’s about all we know about it—other than the fact that it orbits its star once in less than 15 days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Exoplanets Have We Found?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the similarities between detecting exoplanets and finding haystack-embedded needles, conventional analysis has found—\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">quite a lot of needles \u003c/a>since the first exoplanet discovery in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_DnDeBa0KFc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_DnDeBa0KFc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of December 21, 2017, astronomers have confirmed more than 3,500 exoplanets in 2,660 star systems, with an additional 4,500 candidates awaiting confirmation. Of the confirmed exoplanets, 2,431 of the discoveries are attributed to the Kepler spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the exoplanets confirmed to exist, 882 are classed as Terrestrial, or approximately the same size as the Earth. And of these Earth-sized worlds, six are located within their stars’ “habitable zones,” which means they’re at the right distance for liquid water to possibly exist on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/20-intriguing-exoplanets\">known exoplanetary systems\u003c/a> represent only a tiny fraction of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Extrapolating from the abundance of planets in this small sampling, astronomers estimate there may be billions of Earth-sized exoplanets within the habitable zones of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a breath and let that sink in….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application of \u003ca href=\"https://www.recode.net/2016/6/29/12045632/self-learning-software-enterprise-predictive-big-data-net-intelligence\">“teachable” AI software\u003c/a> to dig through stacks of transit data opens even more possibilities for discovering elusive extrasolar worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Kepler 90i was found by fine-sifting through old data, this only means that there may be more—perhaps many more—exoplanets laying hidden on hard drives, waiting to be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now NASA has the AI tool to do the sifting.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1918600/the-real-news-is-that-nasa-found-that-eighth-planet-using-artificial-intelligence","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_23","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1918604","label":"science"},"science_1443551":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1443551","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1443551","score":null,"sort":[1488563853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","title":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets","publishDate":1488563853,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Last week \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/earth-size-planets-the-newest-weirdest-generation\">NASA announced the existence of seven Earth-sized planets \u003c/a>orbiting the same star, TRAPPIST-1, only 40 light years from Earth. Adding to the excitement of this glittering milestone discovery, three of these planets orbit the star within its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l12_p4.html\">habitable zone\u003c/a>,” where the strength of the star’s light is suitable to support liquid water on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was last week’s news. This week the question is, what do we do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we can’t launch a mission to see these seven worlds up close—or any of the now \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\">almost 3,000 confirmed extra-solar planets\u003c/a> (exoplanets) for that matter, most of which are much more distant anyway—we can continue devising more advanced tools and techniques for exploring them from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443665\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-520x364.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \u003ccite>(ESO/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer \u003c/a>telescopes search for and analyze exoplanets from orbit, while a number of Earth-based observatories, such as the Belgian \u003ca href=\"http://www.trappist.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_3300885/en/trappist-portail\">TRAPPIST robotic telescope\u003c/a> in Chile, work the problem from the ground up—so to speak. TRAPPIST made the first two exoplanet detections in the TRAPPIST-1 system in mid-2016, and the Spitzer telescope added the other five to the list in the following months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the next generation of exoplanet hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year will see the launches of two new space-based observatories that will advance our exploration of worlds beyond our solar system. They promise to shed more light on Earth-sized exoplanets with the potential to harbor liquid water, and possibly even life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 2018, NASA will launch \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasas-tess-the-next-exoplanet-explorer\">TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) \u003c/a>on a Falcon 9 rocket, a launch vehicle produced by the SpaceX Corporation. TESS’s primary mission will be to look for extrasolar planets as they transit in front of their stars—the same method employed by Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg\" alt='Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the \"transit method,\" by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. ' width=\"1000\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-800x341.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-768x327.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-960x409.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-240x102.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-375x160.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-520x222.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the “transit method,” by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. \u003ccite>(Ames Research Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The size and orbital period of a planet, as well as its distance from its star, can be calculated by measuring the amount of light blocked by the planet passing in front of its star, and also how frequently the planet transits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler telescope, which has sampled a tight patch of stars tens of thousands of light years away, TESS will probe the stars closest to Earth—those within a few hundred light years—and in all directions in the sky. Some of TESS’s intended targets are even visible to the human eye. TESS is expected to survey about 200,000 stars during its two-year mission, and haul in thousands of new exoplanet discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular interest to the TESS mission are smaller stars known as dwarf stars. They range from the size of our own sun down to the smaller red dwarfs like TRAPPIST-1. It is easier to detect smaller planets transiting fainter stars, since the proportion of light that they block is greater than for brighter stars. This is sort of like how it’s easier to hear a cricket in a concert hall when the orchestra is playing a soft piece of music than when it is blasting the 1812 Overture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the discovery of TRAPPIST-1’s seven Earth-sized planets, there is renewed interest in planetary systems like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6560-life-thrive-red-dwarf-star.html\">debate whether red dwarf stars are suitable to foster life-friendly environments\u003c/a> on any planets they may possess. Dwarf stars often engage in temperamental behavior, exhibiting wild swings in their light output and producing violent flare explosions. Any planets close enough to them to possess liquid water could be adversely impacted by this behavior. Also, planets orbiting close to their star eventually become “tidally locked” to it, keeping the same side always turned toward it. One side would experience perpetual daylight, the other side unending night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg\" alt='Illustration of the \"habitable zones\" of stars of different brightness--habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. ' width=\"512\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-375x211.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the “habitable zones” of stars of different brightness–habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. \u003ccite>(Kepler/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, we have learned by studying life on Earth that it can be highly resilient and adaptable to changes in environment, so there is some hope of detecting life even in these types of systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/origins.html\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will succeed the now-aged Hubble telescope. It will be launched from Guiana on a European Ariane rocket. Among its numerous applications, the James Webb Space Telescope will offer follow-up observations of confirmed exoplanets, such as any detected by TESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope will make spectroscopic measurements to detect and analyze the chemical compositions of exoplanet atmospheres—which is where things could really get interesting. If life exists on any given exoplanet, it has likely altered the composition of its atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, animal life produces methane, and plant life adds free oxygen to the atmosphere. If we can detect chemicals in an exoplanet atmosphere that might not be present without the work of life forms, how exciting would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After announcing the existence of seven Earth-sized planets only 40 light years from Earth, NASA says it will launch two new telescopes that promise to take the search to a whole new level.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929025,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":901},"headData":{"title":"NASA to Launch a New Search for Earth-like Exoplanets | KQED","description":"After announcing the existence of seven Earth-sized planets only 40 light years from Earth, NASA says it will launch two new telescopes that promise to take the search to a whole new level.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1443551/nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/earth-size-planets-the-newest-weirdest-generation\">NASA announced the existence of seven Earth-sized planets \u003c/a>orbiting the same star, TRAPPIST-1, only 40 light years from Earth. Adding to the excitement of this glittering milestone discovery, three of these planets orbit the star within its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l12_p4.html\">habitable zone\u003c/a>,” where the strength of the star’s light is suitable to support liquid water on their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was last week’s news. This week the question is, what do we do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we can’t launch a mission to see these seven worlds up close—or any of the now \u003ca href=\"http://www.exoplanets.org/\">almost 3,000 confirmed extra-solar planets\u003c/a> (exoplanets) for that matter, most of which are much more distant anyway—we can continue devising more advanced tools and techniques for exploring them from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443665\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/trappist-1-planet-520x364.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system, three of which have the potential to support liquid water. \u003ccite>(ESO/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer \u003c/a>telescopes search for and analyze exoplanets from orbit, while a number of Earth-based observatories, such as the Belgian \u003ca href=\"http://www.trappist.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_3300885/en/trappist-portail\">TRAPPIST robotic telescope\u003c/a> in Chile, work the problem from the ground up—so to speak. TRAPPIST made the first two exoplanet detections in the TRAPPIST-1 system in mid-2016, and the Spitzer telescope added the other five to the list in the following months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the next generation of exoplanet hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year will see the launches of two new space-based observatories that will advance our exploration of worlds beyond our solar system. They promise to shed more light on Earth-sized exoplanets with the potential to harbor liquid water, and possibly even life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 2018, NASA will launch \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasas-tess-the-next-exoplanet-explorer\">TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) \u003c/a>on a Falcon 9 rocket, a launch vehicle produced by the SpaceX Corporation. TESS’s primary mission will be to look for extrasolar planets as they transit in front of their stars—the same method employed by Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg\" alt='Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the \"transit method,\" by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. ' width=\"1000\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-800x341.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-768x327.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-960x409.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-240x102.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-375x160.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/transit-method-520x222.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing how we detect and measure exoplanets using the “transit method,” by measuring the amount of dimming of a star by a planet transiting in front of it. \u003ccite>(Ames Research Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The size and orbital period of a planet, as well as its distance from its star, can be calculated by measuring the amount of light blocked by the planet passing in front of its star, and also how frequently the planet transits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Kepler telescope, which has sampled a tight patch of stars tens of thousands of light years away, TESS will probe the stars closest to Earth—those within a few hundred light years—and in all directions in the sky. Some of TESS’s intended targets are even visible to the human eye. TESS is expected to survey about 200,000 stars during its two-year mission, and haul in thousands of new exoplanet discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular interest to the TESS mission are smaller stars known as dwarf stars. They range from the size of our own sun down to the smaller red dwarfs like TRAPPIST-1. It is easier to detect smaller planets transiting fainter stars, since the proportion of light that they block is greater than for brighter stars. This is sort of like how it’s easier to hear a cricket in a concert hall when the orchestra is playing a soft piece of music than when it is blasting the 1812 Overture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the discovery of TRAPPIST-1’s seven Earth-sized planets, there is renewed interest in planetary systems like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6560-life-thrive-red-dwarf-star.html\">debate whether red dwarf stars are suitable to foster life-friendly environments\u003c/a> on any planets they may possess. Dwarf stars often engage in temperamental behavior, exhibiting wild swings in their light output and producing violent flare explosions. Any planets close enough to them to possess liquid water could be adversely impacted by this behavior. Also, planets orbiting close to their star eventually become “tidally locked” to it, keeping the same side always turned toward it. One side would experience perpetual daylight, the other side unending night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1443667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1443667\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg\" alt='Illustration of the \"habitable zones\" of stars of different brightness--habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. ' width=\"512\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px.jpg 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CompLifeZoneRGBwTxt_512px-375x211.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the “habitable zones” of stars of different brightness–habitable zones shown in green. The smaller and cooler a star, the closer its habitable zone is. \u003ccite>(Kepler/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, we have learned by studying life on Earth that it can be highly resilient and adaptable to changes in environment, so there is some hope of detecting life even in these types of systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://jwst.nasa.gov/origins.html\">NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will succeed the now-aged Hubble telescope. It will be launched from Guiana on a European Ariane rocket. Among its numerous applications, the James Webb Space Telescope will offer follow-up observations of confirmed exoplanets, such as any detected by TESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope will make spectroscopic measurements to detect and analyze the chemical compositions of exoplanet atmospheres—which is where things could really get interesting. If life exists on any given exoplanet, it has likely altered the composition of its atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, animal life produces methane, and plant life adds free oxygen to the atmosphere. If we can detect chemicals in an exoplanet atmosphere that might not be present without the work of life forms, how exciting would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1443551/nasa-to-launch-a-new-search-for-earth-like-exoplanets","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_19","science_20","science_5186","science_23","science_25"],"featImg":"science_1443663","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. 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