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NASA's Cassini Spacecraft: A Decade of Discovery at Saturn
NASA's Cassini Divines Hidden Waters of Saturn's Moon Enceladus
Smile! You're On NASA's Cassini Camera
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Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1915056":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1915056","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1915056","score":null,"sort":[1504277626000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassinis-swan-song-greatest-hits-of-the-saturn-system","title":"Cassini's Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System","publishDate":1504277626,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Cassini’s Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On September 15, NASA’s flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn’s atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6930&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170824-1\">ending a thirteen-year career\u003c/a> of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini readies itself for the dramatic \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">end-of-mission blow-out\u003c/a>, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2984/cassini-top-10-science-highlights-2016/\">remarkable discoveries and achievements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Huygens Probe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini dropped the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens\">European Space Agency’s \u003cem>Huygens\u003c/em> probe\u003c/a> onto the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. This remains the most distant landing in our solar system to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915061\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg\" alt=\"Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-160x319.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-768x1530.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1020x2032.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1180x2351.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-960x1913.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-240x478.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-375x747.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-520x1036.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens.jpg 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Huygens parachuted through Titan’s thick nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbon haze, measuring atmospheric pressure, temperature, and composition, as well as recording sounds with a microphone during the nearly 2.5-hour descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huygens captured images of the landscape below as it descended, and pictures from Titan’s surface following its successful landing—the first images from the surface of any object in the outer solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water on Enceladus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2005, Cassini discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/science/saturn-cassini-moon-enceladus.html\">plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> erupting from the tiny moon Enceladus. The gases, emerging from long crevasses near the south pole, included other chemicals, such as nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. In 2008, Cassini also detected propane, acetylene, and formaldehyde in the geyser plumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915062\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg\" alt=\"Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-768x475.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1020x631.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1180x730.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-960x594.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-375x232.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-520x322.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute.jpg 1580w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements from several flybys of the moon fueled the hypothesis that Enceladus possesses a saltwater ocean hidden deep under its icy crust. Even more tantalizing, the evidence suggests that there may exist \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/solar-system/news/a26044/cassini-evidence-hydrothermal-vents-enceladus/\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> spewing hot, mineral-laden water on the ocean’s floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes Enceladus a very hot prospect in the search for locations beyond Earth that could support some form of life. Hydrothermal vents in our own oceans support thriving communities of life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn’s Dynamic Rings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s many years of observations of \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/rings/\">Saturn’s icon rings\u003c/a> have revealed their dynamic nature in ways that single “snapshots,” such as images captured during the brief fly-bys of Voyagers 1 and 2, could not, and in much finer detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only have scientists analyzed the dusty, icy composition of the rings, they have discovered tiny moons, near and even orbiting within the rings, sculpting the ring material into repeating waves, ropey filaments, and other intricate and beautiful patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915063\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg\" alt=\"Vertical structures in Saturn's rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny "moonlet" orbiting within the rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1020x771.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1180x892.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-520x393.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vertical structures in Saturn’s rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting within the rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini has even seen, in some locations, vertical structures rising in rows of feathery, spiky fringe high above the rings. These features are caused by the passage of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting Saturn nearby, which disrupts the ring’s otherwise flat plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An image taken in 2013, showing a bright “knot” within the outermost of Saturn’s bright rings, may prove to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-112\">new moon forming\u003c/a> out of the ring material. If so, then Cassini’s ring observations may tell us something about the formation of some of Saturn’s other small, icy moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Titan: A Cold, Primordial Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most intriguing characters in the Cassini-Huygens mission is \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. Saturn’s largest moon happens to be the only one in the solar system with a thick atmosphere. The Voyager missions, passing through the neighborhood in the 1980s, were the first to see Titan’s atmosphere and its obscuring shroud of hydrocarbon “smog.” Cassini, and the Huygens probe, however, have revealed it in rich detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though cold in the extreme, Titan’s dense nitrogen, hydrocarbon-infused atmosphere has proven to support a liquid cycle, analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but dealing in cryogenic liquid methane and ethane instead. Precipitation collecting in extensive river-like drainage networks feed into \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens/Profile_of_a_methane_sea_on_Titan\">large lakes and seas\u003c/a>, one comparable in surface area to Lake Superior in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \" width=\"800\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Complex hydrocarbons are found on Titan, a product of photo-chemical interactions of sunlight and methane high in the atmosphere. These organic molecules form Titan’s “smog” layer, and precipitate downward to supply the liquid cycle on the surface. Though cold enough to liquefy methane–a gas on Earth–Titan has been likened to a primordial, pre-biotic Earth, and in studying it we may be catching glimpses of our own planet’s beginnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn Scrutinized at Close Range in Cassini’s Grand Finale Tour\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini is now in the final phase of its so-called “Grand Finale” tour, looping through a wildly eccentric polar orbit that sends it \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2966/ring-grazing-orbits/\">skimming repeatedly between Saturn’s rings and cloud-tops\u003c/a>. This final and daring maneuver, Cassini’s “swan song” of Saturn exploration, is giving us our closest, most detailed vistas ever of the gas giant and its famous rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915065\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"An extreme close-up of Saturn's cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing "Grand Finale" passages between the planet and its rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x767.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-960x722.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-520x391.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An extreme close-up of Saturn’s cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing “Grand Finale” passages between the planet and its rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini is also making magnetic and gravitational measurements during each close pass that promise to tell us something about Saturn’s internal structure. And, as it makes its ever-tightening swings closer to the atmosphere, it will ultimately sample the planet’s chemistry directly, becoming the first spacecraft to touch the skies of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Final Plunge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini finally plunges into Saturn, friction with the atmosphere will generate intense heat, and Cassini will be vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s planned incineration is a move by NASA to protect Saturn’s moons from accidental contamination by Earthly microorganisms that could be riding along. (Space agencies NASA and the ESA had also considered the potential for contamination of Titan by the Hugyens probe, but determined that the extremely low temperatures and lack of liquid water made the likelihood practically zero.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 20 years in space (seven years traveling to Saturn and 13 years in orbit), Cassini is running low on the rocket fuel used to adjust its trajectory. Once its fuel is depleted, the spacecraft would otherwise become a derelict that could crash into a moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the possibility of life-friendly environments on at least one or two of Saturn’s moons, NASA’s end-of-mission ethic is to safely dispose of the spacecraft to eliminate that possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farewell, Cassini, and thanks for all the wonders you have brought us!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On September 15, NASA's flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn's atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, ending a thirteen-year career of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons. As we prepare ourselves for Cassini's dramatic end-of-mission blow-out, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most remarkable discoveries and achievements.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928404,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1175},"headData":{"title":"Cassini's Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System | KQED","description":"On September 15, NASA's flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn's atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, ending a thirteen-year career of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons. As we prepare ourselves for Cassini's dramatic end-of-mission blow-out, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most remarkable discoveries and achievements.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cassini's Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System","datePublished":"2017-09-01T14:53:46.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:13:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1915056/cassinis-swan-song-greatest-hits-of-the-saturn-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On September 15, NASA’s flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn’s atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6930&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170824-1\">ending a thirteen-year career\u003c/a> of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini readies itself for the dramatic \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">end-of-mission blow-out\u003c/a>, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2984/cassini-top-10-science-highlights-2016/\">remarkable discoveries and achievements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Huygens Probe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini dropped the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens\">European Space Agency’s \u003cem>Huygens\u003c/em> probe\u003c/a> onto the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. This remains the most distant landing in our solar system to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915061\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg\" alt=\"Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-160x319.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-768x1530.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1020x2032.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1180x2351.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-960x1913.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-240x478.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-375x747.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-520x1036.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens.jpg 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Huygens parachuted through Titan’s thick nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbon haze, measuring atmospheric pressure, temperature, and composition, as well as recording sounds with a microphone during the nearly 2.5-hour descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huygens captured images of the landscape below as it descended, and pictures from Titan’s surface following its successful landing—the first images from the surface of any object in the outer solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water on Enceladus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2005, Cassini discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/science/saturn-cassini-moon-enceladus.html\">plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> erupting from the tiny moon Enceladus. The gases, emerging from long crevasses near the south pole, included other chemicals, such as nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. In 2008, Cassini also detected propane, acetylene, and formaldehyde in the geyser plumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915062\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg\" alt=\"Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-768x475.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1020x631.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1180x730.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-960x594.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-375x232.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-520x322.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute.jpg 1580w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements from several flybys of the moon fueled the hypothesis that Enceladus possesses a saltwater ocean hidden deep under its icy crust. Even more tantalizing, the evidence suggests that there may exist \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/solar-system/news/a26044/cassini-evidence-hydrothermal-vents-enceladus/\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> spewing hot, mineral-laden water on the ocean’s floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes Enceladus a very hot prospect in the search for locations beyond Earth that could support some form of life. Hydrothermal vents in our own oceans support thriving communities of life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn’s Dynamic Rings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s many years of observations of \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/rings/\">Saturn’s icon rings\u003c/a> have revealed their dynamic nature in ways that single “snapshots,” such as images captured during the brief fly-bys of Voyagers 1 and 2, could not, and in much finer detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only have scientists analyzed the dusty, icy composition of the rings, they have discovered tiny moons, near and even orbiting within the rings, sculpting the ring material into repeating waves, ropey filaments, and other intricate and beautiful patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915063\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg\" alt=\"Vertical structures in Saturn's rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny "moonlet" orbiting within the rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1020x771.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1180x892.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-520x393.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vertical structures in Saturn’s rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting within the rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini has even seen, in some locations, vertical structures rising in rows of feathery, spiky fringe high above the rings. These features are caused by the passage of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting Saturn nearby, which disrupts the ring’s otherwise flat plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An image taken in 2013, showing a bright “knot” within the outermost of Saturn’s bright rings, may prove to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-112\">new moon forming\u003c/a> out of the ring material. If so, then Cassini’s ring observations may tell us something about the formation of some of Saturn’s other small, icy moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Titan: A Cold, Primordial Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most intriguing characters in the Cassini-Huygens mission is \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. Saturn’s largest moon happens to be the only one in the solar system with a thick atmosphere. The Voyager missions, passing through the neighborhood in the 1980s, were the first to see Titan’s atmosphere and its obscuring shroud of hydrocarbon “smog.” Cassini, and the Huygens probe, however, have revealed it in rich detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though cold in the extreme, Titan’s dense nitrogen, hydrocarbon-infused atmosphere has proven to support a liquid cycle, analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but dealing in cryogenic liquid methane and ethane instead. Precipitation collecting in extensive river-like drainage networks feed into \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens/Profile_of_a_methane_sea_on_Titan\">large lakes and seas\u003c/a>, one comparable in surface area to Lake Superior in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \" width=\"800\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Complex hydrocarbons are found on Titan, a product of photo-chemical interactions of sunlight and methane high in the atmosphere. These organic molecules form Titan’s “smog” layer, and precipitate downward to supply the liquid cycle on the surface. Though cold enough to liquefy methane–a gas on Earth–Titan has been likened to a primordial, pre-biotic Earth, and in studying it we may be catching glimpses of our own planet’s beginnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn Scrutinized at Close Range in Cassini’s Grand Finale Tour\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini is now in the final phase of its so-called “Grand Finale” tour, looping through a wildly eccentric polar orbit that sends it \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2966/ring-grazing-orbits/\">skimming repeatedly between Saturn’s rings and cloud-tops\u003c/a>. This final and daring maneuver, Cassini’s “swan song” of Saturn exploration, is giving us our closest, most detailed vistas ever of the gas giant and its famous rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915065\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"An extreme close-up of Saturn's cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing "Grand Finale" passages between the planet and its rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x767.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-960x722.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-520x391.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An extreme close-up of Saturn’s cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing “Grand Finale” passages between the planet and its rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini is also making magnetic and gravitational measurements during each close pass that promise to tell us something about Saturn’s internal structure. And, as it makes its ever-tightening swings closer to the atmosphere, it will ultimately sample the planet’s chemistry directly, becoming the first spacecraft to touch the skies of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Final Plunge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini finally plunges into Saturn, friction with the atmosphere will generate intense heat, and Cassini will be vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s planned incineration is a move by NASA to protect Saturn’s moons from accidental contamination by Earthly microorganisms that could be riding along. (Space agencies NASA and the ESA had also considered the potential for contamination of Titan by the Hugyens probe, but determined that the extremely low temperatures and lack of liquid water made the likelihood practically zero.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 20 years in space (seven years traveling to Saturn and 13 years in orbit), Cassini is running low on the rocket fuel used to adjust its trajectory. Once its fuel is depleted, the spacecraft would otherwise become a derelict that could crash into a moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the possibility of life-friendly environments on at least one or two of Saturn’s moons, NASA’s end-of-mission ethic is to safely dispose of the spacecraft to eliminate that possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farewell, Cassini, and thanks for all the wonders you have brought us!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1915056/cassinis-swan-song-greatest-hits-of-the-saturn-system","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_498","science_503","science_3370","science_499","science_5175","science_501","science_502"],"featImg":"science_1915060","label":"science"},"science_1586143":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1586143","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1586143","score":null,"sort":[1493395257000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-the-eve-of-retirement-cassini-to-deliver-final-images-of-saturn","title":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn","publishDate":1493395257,"format":"standard","headTitle":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Between \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">now and September\u003c/a>, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys of Saturn and its rings yet, passing between the rings’ inner edge and the cloud tops of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Cassini made blockbuster news when NASA scientists announced the detection of life-nourishing chemicals in plumes of water vapor erupting from within the tiny moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>. It comes 13 years after the robot started an epic career exploring the Saturn system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early in Cassini’s tour, a billion miles from the sun, evidence of liquid water on Enceladus has tantalized our curiosity. In 2005, Cassini discovered plumes of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the icy crust of the tiny moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Cassini passed through one of the geyser plumes and detected traces of ammonia, which provided more hints of what’s going on below the outer icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586254\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 487px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1586254 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"Chemical analysis by Cassini of Enceladus' water vapor plumes indicates strongly that there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon's ocean floor. \" width=\"487\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-960x1243.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini’s chemical analysis of Enceladus’ water vapor plumes strongly suggests there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon’s ocean floor. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements suggest that the source of Enceladus’ chemical-tainted “geysers” is probably a hidden ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, the detection of molecular hydrogen in the plumes points to the likelihood that there are hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, spewing out heat and chemicals from the moon’s deeper interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enceladus is too small to have retained molecular hydrogen from its formation in its outermost layers of ice and water, so the source likely comes from supplies trapped deeper within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrothermal vents on the cold, dark floor of Earth’s ocean supply the heat and chemical fuel for thriving communities of lifeforms, so Cassini’s discovery increases the chances that Enceladus might support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cassini’s Swan Song?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news of life-nourishing chemicals on Enceladus comes after Cassini’s final close flyby of the moon, as Cassini steers into a trajectory that brings it daringly close to Saturn and its rings, and toward a planned burn-up in the gas giant’s atmosphere in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is NASA deliberately driving its flagship planet-exploring robot toward a fiery end-of-mission incineration? The answer, in short, is that Cassini’s rocket fuel is almost depleted. Once its fuel tanks run dry, NASA will no longer be able to control the spacecraft’s trajectory, and it would become a derelict, bearing radioactive Plutonium-238 in its electrical generator system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586255\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1586255\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus' southern polar region--dubbed "Tiger Stripes"--are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon's icy crust.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus’ southern polar region–dubbed “Tiger Stripes”–are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon’s icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI/LPI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the possibility that some form of life exists on at least one of Saturn’s moons, NASA is opting to safely destroy Cassini rather than risk it crashing onto a life-bearing world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Cassini’s initial launch from Earth about 20 years ago raised protests from some, who felt that the risk of a launch explosion that would spread Plutonium through Earth’s atmosphere was unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately the launch was a success. Now, two decades later, a burn-up on Saturn will close this chapter of space exploration that includes a plethora of breathtaking discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highlights of Cassini-Huygens’ Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding water and signs of a life-friendly environment on Enceladus are not the only things \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/why-cassini-matters/\">Cassini revealed in the Saturn system\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1586257\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's liquid methane seas. \" width=\"421\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s liquid methane seas. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini deposited the European probe Huygens onto Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/titan/\">Titan\u003c/a>, the first—and so far only—landing on a moon other than Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the atmospheric data collected by Huygens, and optical and infrared pictures taken by Cassini during flybys, Titan has been revealed as a fascinating world. Though its surface and atmosphere are cold in the extreme, Titan possesses an atmosphere of mostly nitrogen that is thicker than our own, with a dense shroud of methane and ethane “smog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more incredible—Titan’s atmosphere supports a cryogenic liquid cycle analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but with rain, rivers and lakes composed of liquid methane. And, deep under Titan’s solid crust there may be an ocean of liquid water. Cassini made its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6825&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170424-1\">last close flyby of Titan\u003c/a> on April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s other accomplishments include investigating Saturn’s varied and unique moons, the complex patterns and icy dust composition of its ring system, and exploring the gas giant Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s atmosphere is a dazzling and complex environment of swirling storm systems, cloud belts, aurora activity, and an enigmatic hexagonal cloud cell centered on its pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586256\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1586256\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular "eye".\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-160x137.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-240x206.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-375x321.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-520x446.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular “eye”. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rich Rewards for the Daring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini enters its final orbits that will carry it within the ring system, through Saturn’s upper atmosphere, and then finally to its terminal plunge through Saturn’s skies, the spacecraft will collect and transmit data to Earth about the rings and atmosphere that could never be achieved from wider, less risky trajectories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope to learn more about Saturn’s magnetic and gravitational fields, which can give insights into Saturn’s interior structure and dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer inspection of the rings will give us a better assessment of how much material they contain, and stronger clues to how they originally formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, we’ll get to see the clouds and storm systems of Saturn’s atmosphere closer than ever before. Who knows what we may see…\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This year, NASA's Cassini spacecraft will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys yet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928797,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":993},"headData":{"title":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn | KQED","description":"This year, NASA's Cassini spacecraft will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys yet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn","datePublished":"2017-04-28T16:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:19:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1586143/on-the-eve-of-retirement-cassini-to-deliver-final-images-of-saturn","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Between \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">now and September\u003c/a>, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys of Saturn and its rings yet, passing between the rings’ inner edge and the cloud tops of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Cassini made blockbuster news when NASA scientists announced the detection of life-nourishing chemicals in plumes of water vapor erupting from within the tiny moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>. It comes 13 years after the robot started an epic career exploring the Saturn system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early in Cassini’s tour, a billion miles from the sun, evidence of liquid water on Enceladus has tantalized our curiosity. In 2005, Cassini discovered plumes of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the icy crust of the tiny moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Cassini passed through one of the geyser plumes and detected traces of ammonia, which provided more hints of what’s going on below the outer icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586254\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 487px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1586254 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"Chemical analysis by Cassini of Enceladus' water vapor plumes indicates strongly that there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon's ocean floor. \" width=\"487\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-960x1243.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini’s chemical analysis of Enceladus’ water vapor plumes strongly suggests there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon’s ocean floor. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements suggest that the source of Enceladus’ chemical-tainted “geysers” is probably a hidden ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, the detection of molecular hydrogen in the plumes points to the likelihood that there are hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, spewing out heat and chemicals from the moon’s deeper interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enceladus is too small to have retained molecular hydrogen from its formation in its outermost layers of ice and water, so the source likely comes from supplies trapped deeper within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrothermal vents on the cold, dark floor of Earth’s ocean supply the heat and chemical fuel for thriving communities of lifeforms, so Cassini’s discovery increases the chances that Enceladus might support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cassini’s Swan Song?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news of life-nourishing chemicals on Enceladus comes after Cassini’s final close flyby of the moon, as Cassini steers into a trajectory that brings it daringly close to Saturn and its rings, and toward a planned burn-up in the gas giant’s atmosphere in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is NASA deliberately driving its flagship planet-exploring robot toward a fiery end-of-mission incineration? The answer, in short, is that Cassini’s rocket fuel is almost depleted. Once its fuel tanks run dry, NASA will no longer be able to control the spacecraft’s trajectory, and it would become a derelict, bearing radioactive Plutonium-238 in its electrical generator system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586255\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1586255\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus' southern polar region--dubbed "Tiger Stripes"--are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon's icy crust.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus’ southern polar region–dubbed “Tiger Stripes”–are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon’s icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI/LPI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the possibility that some form of life exists on at least one of Saturn’s moons, NASA is opting to safely destroy Cassini rather than risk it crashing onto a life-bearing world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Cassini’s initial launch from Earth about 20 years ago raised protests from some, who felt that the risk of a launch explosion that would spread Plutonium through Earth’s atmosphere was unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately the launch was a success. Now, two decades later, a burn-up on Saturn will close this chapter of space exploration that includes a plethora of breathtaking discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highlights of Cassini-Huygens’ Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding water and signs of a life-friendly environment on Enceladus are not the only things \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/why-cassini-matters/\">Cassini revealed in the Saturn system\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1586257\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's liquid methane seas. \" width=\"421\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s liquid methane seas. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini deposited the European probe Huygens onto Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/titan/\">Titan\u003c/a>, the first—and so far only—landing on a moon other than Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the atmospheric data collected by Huygens, and optical and infrared pictures taken by Cassini during flybys, Titan has been revealed as a fascinating world. Though its surface and atmosphere are cold in the extreme, Titan possesses an atmosphere of mostly nitrogen that is thicker than our own, with a dense shroud of methane and ethane “smog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more incredible—Titan’s atmosphere supports a cryogenic liquid cycle analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but with rain, rivers and lakes composed of liquid methane. And, deep under Titan’s solid crust there may be an ocean of liquid water. Cassini made its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6825&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170424-1\">last close flyby of Titan\u003c/a> on April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s other accomplishments include investigating Saturn’s varied and unique moons, the complex patterns and icy dust composition of its ring system, and exploring the gas giant Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s atmosphere is a dazzling and complex environment of swirling storm systems, cloud belts, aurora activity, and an enigmatic hexagonal cloud cell centered on its pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586256\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1586256\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular "eye".\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-160x137.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-240x206.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-375x321.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-520x446.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular “eye”. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rich Rewards for the Daring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini enters its final orbits that will carry it within the ring system, through Saturn’s upper atmosphere, and then finally to its terminal plunge through Saturn’s skies, the spacecraft will collect and transmit data to Earth about the rings and atmosphere that could never be achieved from wider, less risky trajectories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope to learn more about Saturn’s magnetic and gravitational fields, which can give insights into Saturn’s interior structure and dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer inspection of the rings will give us a better assessment of how much material they contain, and stronger clues to how they originally formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, we’ll get to see the clouds and storm systems of Saturn’s atmosphere closer than ever before. Who knows what we may see…\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1586143/on-the-eve-of-retirement-cassini-to-deliver-final-images-of-saturn","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_498","science_503","science_1216","science_499","science_5175","science_502"],"featImg":"science_1586253","label":"science"},"science_1404977":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1404977","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1404977","score":null,"sort":[1487345443000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-considers-a-robotic-lander-to-search-for-signs-of-life-on-jupiters-moon","title":"NASA Considers a Robotic Lander to Search for Signs of Life on Jupiter’s Moon","publishDate":1487345443,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Considers a Robotic Lander to Search for Signs of Life on Jupiter’s Moon | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>We may be one small step closer to “first contact” with extraterrestrial life. On February 7, scientists delivered a report ordered by NASA\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2017/02/08/nasa-receives-science-report-on-europa-lander-concept\"> detailing the feasibility and potential scientific value\u003c/a> of sending a robotic lander to Jupiter’s ocean-bearing moon, Europa, to search for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be only the third solar system moon on which we have landed, following earlier missions to Earth’s own moon and to Saturn’s liquid-hydrocarbon bearing satellite, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. Unlike those two, however, Europa may harbor an environment friendly to life as we know it on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If approved by NASA, it would be the first life-detection mission since the \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2016-10-year-old-viking-life-mars.html\">Viking landers looked for evidence of microbial life\u003c/a> in Mars’ soils back in the late 1970s. Other mission goals include analyzing the composition of surface materials to assess the habitability of Europa and to probe the structure of the frozen crust, information that would inform future missions exploring the moon’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since photos taken by Voyager 2 in 1979 suggested the presence of a deep ocean of liquid water beneath Europa’s cracked icy surface, Jupiter’s moon has become the most tantalizing body in the solar system in the search for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1404981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 790px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1404981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1.jpg\" alt=\"One of the first detailed pictures of Europa and its cracked, icy surface, taken by Voyager 2 in 1979.\" width=\"790\" height=\"790\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the first detailed pictures of Europa and its cracked, icy surface, taken by Voyager 2 in 1979. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Europa’s ocean has made its presence known not only by cracks in the icy crust. In 2014, the Hubble Space Telescope first detected water vapor plumes erupting from below Europa’s surface that are believed to be supplied by that ocean. Also, in the early 2000’s the Galileo spacecraft measured disturbances in Jupiter’s magnetic field caused by Europa, and the nature of those disturbances suggest that its ocean waters are likely salty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current interpretation of the evidence tells us that Europa’s ice crust may be only a few miles thick, and floating on top a salty global ocean as deep as 30 miles and containing twice the amount of water in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1404985\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1404985\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a cutaway of Europa's interior, detailing the suspected saltwater ocean and thermally active ocean floor. \" width=\"700\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-160x152.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-240x228.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-375x356.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-520x494.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a cutaway of Europa’s interior, detailing the suspected saltwater ocean and thermally active ocean floor. \u003ccite>(Michael Carroll)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even more enticing for astrobiologists looking for extraterrestrial life, Europa’s ocean probably sits on top of a rocky sea floor. If so, then heat from the moon’s interior may emerge through hydrothermal vents, supplying energy and chemicals to create an environment suitable to support some form of life. Similar geothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor support thriving communities of marine life that depend solely on energy and chemicals from Earth’s interior, without any need for sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1409962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 806px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1409962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of plumes of water vapor supplied by Europa's ocean erupting from cracks in its icy crust. \" width=\"806\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX.jpg 806w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-800x442.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-768x424.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-375x207.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-520x287.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 806px) 100vw, 806px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of plumes of water vapor supplied by Europa’s ocean erupting from cracks in its icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though we have found sub-surface bodies of liquid water in several solar system objects, only those of Europa and Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30419-alien-life-search-enceladus-mission.html\">Enceladus\u003c/a> are believed to be in direct contact with a rocky ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists consider the new study, a separate NASA mission, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">Europa Mission\u003c/a>, is already in development and expected to launch sometime in the early 2020’s. The Europa Mission spacecraft will make multiple close passes of Jupiter’s moon, analyzing the structure and composition of its icy crust, the interaction between Europa and Jupiter’s magnetic field, and possibly “sniffing” the chemical makeup of the water vapor plumes erupting from Europa’s southern region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his novel\u003cem>, “2010: Odyssey Two,”\u003c/em> Arthur C. Clarke landed a fictitious \u003ca href=\"https://universe-review.ca/I07-18-2010.jpg\">Chinese spacecraft\u003c/a> and its human crew on Europa, though with a different mission goal in mind. The novel’s Chinese explorers made moon-fall simply to fill their ship’s propellant tanks with water in order to continue their journey. In that case, humans didn’t find life on Europa; it found them. Their adventure ended when huge tentacle-like vines emerged from a crack in the ice to pull the doomed ship into the dark, watery depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to peg any dates for a landing on Europa. NASA is at the earliest conceptual stages for such a mission. As a next step toward deciding how, or if, to proceed, NASA will ask for input from scientists in meetings planned for early this spring. How to land a spacecraft on a moon with no atmosphere and mostly unexplored terrain, and what kinds of scientific instruments it should carry, are some of the questions that will be explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Europa is such a promising place to look for extraterrestrial life, landing a spacecraft there is a next logical step in a series of missions to scrutinize the ice-crusted moon and the mysterious, potentially life-bearing ocean it possesses.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On February 7, NASA received a report detailing the potential scientific value of sending a robotic lander to set down on the icy surface of Jupiter's tantalizing, ocean-bearing moon, Europa, with a mission to search for life….","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929074,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":847},"headData":{"title":"NASA Considers a Robotic Lander to Search for Signs of Life on Jupiter’s Moon | KQED","description":"On February 7, NASA received a report detailing the potential scientific value of sending a robotic lander to set down on the icy surface of Jupiter's tantalizing, ocean-bearing moon, Europa, with a mission to search for life….","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA Considers a Robotic Lander to Search for Signs of Life on Jupiter’s Moon","datePublished":"2017-02-17T15:30:43.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:24:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1404977/nasa-considers-a-robotic-lander-to-search-for-signs-of-life-on-jupiters-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We may be one small step closer to “first contact” with extraterrestrial life. On February 7, scientists delivered a report ordered by NASA\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2017/02/08/nasa-receives-science-report-on-europa-lander-concept\"> detailing the feasibility and potential scientific value\u003c/a> of sending a robotic lander to Jupiter’s ocean-bearing moon, Europa, to search for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be only the third solar system moon on which we have landed, following earlier missions to Earth’s own moon and to Saturn’s liquid-hydrocarbon bearing satellite, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. Unlike those two, however, Europa may harbor an environment friendly to life as we know it on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If approved by NASA, it would be the first life-detection mission since the \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2016-10-year-old-viking-life-mars.html\">Viking landers looked for evidence of microbial life\u003c/a> in Mars’ soils back in the late 1970s. Other mission goals include analyzing the composition of surface materials to assess the habitability of Europa and to probe the structure of the frozen crust, information that would inform future missions exploring the moon’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since photos taken by Voyager 2 in 1979 suggested the presence of a deep ocean of liquid water beneath Europa’s cracked icy surface, Jupiter’s moon has become the most tantalizing body in the solar system in the search for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1404981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 790px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1404981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1.jpg\" alt=\"One of the first detailed pictures of Europa and its cracked, icy surface, taken by Voyager 2 in 1979.\" width=\"790\" height=\"790\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/voyager-2-europa-1-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the first detailed pictures of Europa and its cracked, icy surface, taken by Voyager 2 in 1979. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Europa’s ocean has made its presence known not only by cracks in the icy crust. In 2014, the Hubble Space Telescope first detected water vapor plumes erupting from below Europa’s surface that are believed to be supplied by that ocean. Also, in the early 2000’s the Galileo spacecraft measured disturbances in Jupiter’s magnetic field caused by Europa, and the nature of those disturbances suggest that its ocean waters are likely salty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current interpretation of the evidence tells us that Europa’s ice crust may be only a few miles thick, and floating on top a salty global ocean as deep as 30 miles and containing twice the amount of water in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1404985\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1404985\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a cutaway of Europa's interior, detailing the suspected saltwater ocean and thermally active ocean floor. \" width=\"700\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-160x152.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-240x228.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-375x356.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/EuropaCutawayCarroll_700_Michael_Carroll-520x494.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a cutaway of Europa’s interior, detailing the suspected saltwater ocean and thermally active ocean floor. \u003ccite>(Michael Carroll)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even more enticing for astrobiologists looking for extraterrestrial life, Europa’s ocean probably sits on top of a rocky sea floor. If so, then heat from the moon’s interior may emerge through hydrothermal vents, supplying energy and chemicals to create an environment suitable to support some form of life. Similar geothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor support thriving communities of marine life that depend solely on energy and chemicals from Earth’s interior, without any need for sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1409962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 806px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1409962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of plumes of water vapor supplied by Europa's ocean erupting from cracks in its icy crust. \" width=\"806\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX.jpg 806w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-800x442.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-768x424.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-375x207.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Y2FjNTZkODUxMiMvV09mM0xJTXVIRzRtcEZ5SnVYYkRSTDBlWkZzPS8yNng0NjQ6MTAxNXgxMDExLzgwNng0NDUvZmlsdGVyczpxdWFsaXR5KDcwKS9odHRwOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9wb2xpY3ltaWMtaW1hZ2VzL21yaXl6Ynlrb3U5ZW9seGJ2MWd1ZnhlMzhhbXVhcThkdmVteX-520x287.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 806px) 100vw, 806px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of plumes of water vapor supplied by Europa’s ocean erupting from cracks in its icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though we have found sub-surface bodies of liquid water in several solar system objects, only those of Europa and Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30419-alien-life-search-enceladus-mission.html\">Enceladus\u003c/a> are believed to be in direct contact with a rocky ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists consider the new study, a separate NASA mission, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">Europa Mission\u003c/a>, is already in development and expected to launch sometime in the early 2020’s. The Europa Mission spacecraft will make multiple close passes of Jupiter’s moon, analyzing the structure and composition of its icy crust, the interaction between Europa and Jupiter’s magnetic field, and possibly “sniffing” the chemical makeup of the water vapor plumes erupting from Europa’s southern region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his novel\u003cem>, “2010: Odyssey Two,”\u003c/em> Arthur C. Clarke landed a fictitious \u003ca href=\"https://universe-review.ca/I07-18-2010.jpg\">Chinese spacecraft\u003c/a> and its human crew on Europa, though with a different mission goal in mind. The novel’s Chinese explorers made moon-fall simply to fill their ship’s propellant tanks with water in order to continue their journey. In that case, humans didn’t find life on Europa; it found them. Their adventure ended when huge tentacle-like vines emerged from a crack in the ice to pull the doomed ship into the dark, watery depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to peg any dates for a landing on Europa. NASA is at the earliest conceptual stages for such a mission. As a next step toward deciding how, or if, to proceed, NASA will ask for input from scientists in meetings planned for early this spring. How to land a spacecraft on a moon with no atmosphere and mostly unexplored terrain, and what kinds of scientific instruments it should carry, are some of the questions that will be explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Europa is such a promising place to look for extraterrestrial life, landing a spacecraft there is a next logical step in a series of missions to scrutinize the ice-crusted moon and the mysterious, potentially life-bearing ocean it possesses.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1404977/nasa-considers-a-robotic-lander-to-search-for-signs-of-life-on-jupiters-moon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_2356","science_503","science_1064","science_5180","science_351","science_5175","science_388"],"featImg":"science_1404983","label":"science"},"science_229668":{"type":"posts","id":"science_229668","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"229668","score":null,"sort":[1441375239000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-cassini-spacecraft-gets-set-for-a-grand-finale","title":"The Cassini Spacecraft Gets Set for a Grand Finale","publishDate":1441375239,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Cassini Spacecraft Gets Set for a Grand Finale | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On August 17, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft made its final close flyby of Dione, one of Saturn’s fascinating moons, sending us the highest-resolution pictures of its surface to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though this isn’t the last flyby of a moon in store for Cassini, the event marks the beginning of this flagship mission’s end game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this fifth and\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> final flyby of Dione\u003c/a>, Cassini passed within 295 miles of the moon’s surface — a bit higher than the International Space Station orbits the Earth (keeping in mind, though, that Dione is only about 660 miles across).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cassini accomplished some exquisite photography, the primary objective of this pass was to probe Dione’s gravity, magnetic field, and the plasma environment around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229674\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229674\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation depicting "curtains" of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg 1278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation depicting “curtains” of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Analysis of these data will allow scientists to probe the moon’s interior structure. Similar measurements of two of Saturn’s other moons, Titan and Enceladus, were responsible for the discovery of liquid seas deep beneath their crusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what this flyby will reveal about the realm beneath Dione’s surface, but if there’s one thing we have learned from Cassini about the moons of Saturn, they tend to be full of surprises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Cassini will buzz other Saturnian moons, including three passages of Enceladus, one at a distance of only 30 miles from its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This moon-raking graze will send Cassini deeper than ever before into Enceladus’ plumes of water vapor, which spew from under the moon’s crust. That encounter could reveal more eye-opening clues about the moon’s subsurface geyser chambers, sea, and possible hydrothermal vent activity at the sea floor — all of which have been detected previously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s 11-plus-year mission has been a stunning success in terms of its exploration and close scrutiny of Saturn, its system of ice and dust particle rings, and its entourage of moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229675\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn’s moon Titan. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in the mission, in 2005, Cassini launched the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Huygens probe onto the surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, making it the only solid surface in the outer solar system on which we’ve landed a spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade Cassini, and the Huygens probe, have greatly illuminated the Saturn system — but the mission did not begin without some controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1997 launch of this spacecraft, which carries 73 pounds of plutonium within three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9710/04/cassini/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was met with strong opposition\u003c/a>. Protesters were concerned with the possibility that a launch accident could spread the radioactive material into the Earth’s environment and pose health risks to human and animal populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration of the outer solar system, particularly as far from the sun as Saturn, requires a source of power other than sunlight, since sunlight at that distance is too weak for solar panels to be a practical alternative. Heat from the radioactive decay of substances like plutonium offers a steady and long-lasting supply of energy with which to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Horizons spacecraft, which recently made its close flyby of Pluto, is powered by one of the Cassini mission’s spare plutonium-238 RTGs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After next December, Cassini will make only a small number of distant flybys of Saturn’s larger icy moons, and after that a series of long-range encounters with some of Saturn’s tiny, irregular moons, which we haven’t seen in any great detail so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229677\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229677\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then in 2017, Cassini will enter what is being called its \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/name/nameabout/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grand finale\u003c/a>, steered into an inclined orbit that will send it repeatedly between Saturn and its innermost rings, a region that no spacecraft has ever before explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the mission refocused exclusively on close-up investigation of Saturn and its rings, this daring and somewhat risky maneuver will deliver details about the gas giant planet as never before. Cassini will probe the interior of Saturn through its magnetic field, take extreme high-resolution images of its cloud systems, and obtain much better measurements of the mass of its ring system, which could give scientists great insight into its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, at the conclusion of Cassini’s mission, the spacecraft will be sent into a fiery burn-up in Saturn’s atmosphere, eliminating any chance of its plutonium fuel from ever contaminating one of Saturn’s moons—particularly the water-bearing Enceladus, and cold, liquid-methane drenched Titan. (Maybe this self-sacrifice to protect any possible life on the moons of Saturn will make up a little for earlier concerns to life on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, our adventure in the Saturn system isn’t over yet, and we can expect more amazing revelations over the next year or two.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Cassini spacecraft has already dazzled us with high-resolution pictures from the outer solar system. It has a lot more work to do before the mission's planned fiery finale.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931343,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":874},"headData":{"title":"The Cassini Spacecraft Gets Set for a Grand Finale | KQED","description":"NASA's Cassini spacecraft has already dazzled us with high-resolution pictures from the outer solar system. It has a lot more work to do before the mission's planned fiery finale.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Cassini Spacecraft Gets Set for a Grand Finale","datePublished":"2015-09-04T14:00:39.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:02:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/229668/the-cassini-spacecraft-gets-set-for-a-grand-finale","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On August 17, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft made its final close flyby of Dione, one of Saturn’s fascinating moons, sending us the highest-resolution pictures of its surface to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though this isn’t the last flyby of a moon in store for Cassini, the event marks the beginning of this flagship mission’s end game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this fifth and\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> final flyby of Dione\u003c/a>, Cassini passed within 295 miles of the moon’s surface — a bit higher than the International Space Station orbits the Earth (keeping in mind, though, that Dione is only about 660 miles across).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cassini accomplished some exquisite photography, the primary objective of this pass was to probe Dione’s gravity, magnetic field, and the plasma environment around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229674\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229674\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation depicting "curtains" of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg 1278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation depicting “curtains” of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Analysis of these data will allow scientists to probe the moon’s interior structure. Similar measurements of two of Saturn’s other moons, Titan and Enceladus, were responsible for the discovery of liquid seas deep beneath their crusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what this flyby will reveal about the realm beneath Dione’s surface, but if there’s one thing we have learned from Cassini about the moons of Saturn, they tend to be full of surprises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Cassini will buzz other Saturnian moons, including three passages of Enceladus, one at a distance of only 30 miles from its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This moon-raking graze will send Cassini deeper than ever before into Enceladus’ plumes of water vapor, which spew from under the moon’s crust. That encounter could reveal more eye-opening clues about the moon’s subsurface geyser chambers, sea, and possible hydrothermal vent activity at the sea floor — all of which have been detected previously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s 11-plus-year mission has been a stunning success in terms of its exploration and close scrutiny of Saturn, its system of ice and dust particle rings, and its entourage of moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229675\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn’s moon Titan. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in the mission, in 2005, Cassini launched the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Huygens probe onto the surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, making it the only solid surface in the outer solar system on which we’ve landed a spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade Cassini, and the Huygens probe, have greatly illuminated the Saturn system — but the mission did not begin without some controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1997 launch of this spacecraft, which carries 73 pounds of plutonium within three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9710/04/cassini/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was met with strong opposition\u003c/a>. Protesters were concerned with the possibility that a launch accident could spread the radioactive material into the Earth’s environment and pose health risks to human and animal populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration of the outer solar system, particularly as far from the sun as Saturn, requires a source of power other than sunlight, since sunlight at that distance is too weak for solar panels to be a practical alternative. Heat from the radioactive decay of substances like plutonium offers a steady and long-lasting supply of energy with which to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Horizons spacecraft, which recently made its close flyby of Pluto, is powered by one of the Cassini mission’s spare plutonium-238 RTGs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After next December, Cassini will make only a small number of distant flybys of Saturn’s larger icy moons, and after that a series of long-range encounters with some of Saturn’s tiny, irregular moons, which we haven’t seen in any great detail so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229677\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229677\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then in 2017, Cassini will enter what is being called its \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/name/nameabout/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grand finale\u003c/a>, steered into an inclined orbit that will send it repeatedly between Saturn and its innermost rings, a region that no spacecraft has ever before explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the mission refocused exclusively on close-up investigation of Saturn and its rings, this daring and somewhat risky maneuver will deliver details about the gas giant planet as never before. Cassini will probe the interior of Saturn through its magnetic field, take extreme high-resolution images of its cloud systems, and obtain much better measurements of the mass of its ring system, which could give scientists great insight into its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, at the conclusion of Cassini’s mission, the spacecraft will be sent into a fiery burn-up in Saturn’s atmosphere, eliminating any chance of its plutonium fuel from ever contaminating one of Saturn’s moons—particularly the water-bearing Enceladus, and cold, liquid-methane drenched Titan. (Maybe this self-sacrifice to protect any possible life on the moons of Saturn will make up a little for earlier concerns to life on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, our adventure in the Saturn system isn’t over yet, and we can expect more amazing revelations over the next year or two.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/229668/the-cassini-spacecraft-gets-set-for-a-grand-finale","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_498","science_503","science_499","science_5175","science_501","science_502"],"featImg":"science_229672","label":"science"},"science_28259":{"type":"posts","id":"science_28259","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"28259","score":null,"sort":[1426865708000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassini-detects-signs-of-conditions-friendly-to-life","title":"Cassini Detects Signs of Conditions Friendly to Life","publishDate":1426865708,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Cassini Detects Signs of Conditions Friendly to Life | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28260\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA19058_hires-cr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA19058_hires-cr.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway illustration of Saturn's moon Enceladus, showing subsurface ocean and surface water vapor plumes (NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This cutaway illustration of Saturn’s moon Enceladus shows a subsurface ocean with hydrothermal activity, where water interacts with heat deep inside the moon, and erupts through the surface in plumes of vapor. (Cassini/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s an exciting time to be an astrobiologist looking for life beyond Earth, with signs of water spouting up all over the solar system. In the latest example, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has delivered clear evidence that, far beneath the icy crust of Saturn’s small moon Enceladus, hydrothermal activity may be at work, similar to what we find in some life-friendly environments on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes three leading contenders for bodies in our solar system that possess life-friendly conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon Europa hides under its icy crust what may be the largest ocean in the solar system, and there has been a renewed interest in \u003ca title=\"NASA planning a mission to explore Europa's ocean\" href=\"http://www.demanjo.com/news/science/607662/nasa-plans-life-searching-mission-on-jupiter%E2%80%99s-satellite-europa.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mounting a mission\u003c/a> to explore it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And NASA’s Curiosity rover continues to quench our thirst for finding signs of liquid water in Mars’ distant past. Curiosity is currently \u003ca title=\"NASA/Curiosity drilling for signs of ancient water\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1782\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prospecting the water-deposited sedimentary layers\u003c/a> on Mount Sharp, left behind by ancient surface seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA17184_hires-sm.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA17184_hires-sm.jpg\" alt=\"Water vapor plumes erupting from Saturn's moon Enceladus (Cassini/NASA)\" width=\"320\" height=\"186\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water vapor plumes erupting from Saturn’s moon Enceladus. (Cassini/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It has been a decade since Cassini first captured images of plumes of material erupting from great fissures in the icy crust of Enceladus, material that it later identified as water mixed with smaller amounts of nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. These plumes told us there was liquid water beneath the surface. We thought at the time that the water may be held in some kind of geyser chamber heated and pressurized by tidal energy supplied by Saturn’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over its decade of exploration Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) instrument has also repeatedly detected microscopic solid particles flying about the Saturn system. Researchers have identified the particles as silica grains — the same material found in sand and quartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very consistent sizes of the particles (the largest between 6 and 9 nanometers) has led scientists to conclude that they were produced by a very specific process: hot, alkaline liquid water super-saturated with minerals experiencing a sudden and drastic drop in temperature. Where, it was asked, might these conditions exist in the Saturn system, and by what mechanism would the silica grains be delivered into space, where Cassini detected them? Enceladus, with its liquid water ocean and water vapor plumes spraying into space, satisfies both of these questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar conditions exist here on Earth. On the floor of our ocean, usually at the boundaries of crustal plates, are found \u003ca title=\"Hydrothermal vents\" href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a>. These are underwater hot springs formed when seawater, percolating into the ocean floor, comes into contact with hot magma. Plumes of hot water erupt through vents in the ocean floor, carrying dissolved minerals. Some of those minerals solidify on contacting cold ocean water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28267\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/whitesmokers_noaa.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28267\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/whitesmokers_noaa.jpg\" alt='\"White smokers\"--hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor (NOAA)' width=\"350\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White smokers — hydrothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mineral structures that build up around the vents, along with the smoke-like plumes that spout from them, are called \u003ca title=\"Black smokers and white smokers\" href=\"http://hydrothermalventszcrenshaw.weebly.com/black--white-smokers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“black smokers” and “white smokers.”\u003c/a> Black smokers form around hotter hydrothermal vents, and get their black color from iron monosulfide. The less common white smokers form around cooler vents, their white color coming from chemicals like barium, calcium, and silicon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These deep ocean smokers create environments that support life: communities of organisms sustained entirely by heat and chemical energy coming from Earth’s interior, no sunlight required! And though the life forms found around the vents probably originated from Earth’s sunlit surface, this does not rule out a genesis scenario where life might originate within such an environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where \u003ca title=\"NASA/Cassini detects hydrothermal activity on Enceladus\" href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/spacecraft-data-suggest-saturn-moons-ocean-may-harbor-hydrothermal-activity/#.VQcQYtLF98F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s discovery\u003c/a> gets really exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis of the silica grains detected by Cassini indicate that hydrothermal activity similar to that on Earth is taking place on the floor of Enceladus’ ocean, where water, under great pressure at depth, interacts with heat and minerals emerging from the moon’s interior. For the hydrothermal vents to produce these particular silica grains, the temperatures must be at least 194 degrees Fahrenheit. If not super-hot black smokers, might Enceladus have something like our own white smokers going on?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibilities are tantalizing. Finding even one microbe out there would, in an instant, resolve one of the most profound scientific, philosophical, and human questions of all time: are we alone? That question was once phrased, “Is there life out there?” These days, it’s starting to sound more like, “How many places will we find it?”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Far beneath the icy crust of Saturn's small moon Enceladus, hydrothermal activity may be at work, activity similar to what is found in some life-friendly environments on Earth.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932106,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":792},"headData":{"title":"Cassini Detects Signs of Conditions Friendly to Life | KQED","description":"Far beneath the icy crust of Saturn's small moon Enceladus, hydrothermal activity may be at work, activity similar to what is found in some life-friendly environments on Earth.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cassini Detects Signs of Conditions Friendly to Life","datePublished":"2015-03-20T15:35:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:15:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/28259/cassini-detects-signs-of-conditions-friendly-to-life","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28260\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA19058_hires-cr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA19058_hires-cr.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway illustration of Saturn's moon Enceladus, showing subsurface ocean and surface water vapor plumes (NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This cutaway illustration of Saturn’s moon Enceladus shows a subsurface ocean with hydrothermal activity, where water interacts with heat deep inside the moon, and erupts through the surface in plumes of vapor. (Cassini/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s an exciting time to be an astrobiologist looking for life beyond Earth, with signs of water spouting up all over the solar system. In the latest example, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has delivered clear evidence that, far beneath the icy crust of Saturn’s small moon Enceladus, hydrothermal activity may be at work, similar to what we find in some life-friendly environments on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes three leading contenders for bodies in our solar system that possess life-friendly conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon Europa hides under its icy crust what may be the largest ocean in the solar system, and there has been a renewed interest in \u003ca title=\"NASA planning a mission to explore Europa's ocean\" href=\"http://www.demanjo.com/news/science/607662/nasa-plans-life-searching-mission-on-jupiter%E2%80%99s-satellite-europa.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mounting a mission\u003c/a> to explore it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And NASA’s Curiosity rover continues to quench our thirst for finding signs of liquid water in Mars’ distant past. Curiosity is currently \u003ca title=\"NASA/Curiosity drilling for signs of ancient water\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1782\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prospecting the water-deposited sedimentary layers\u003c/a> on Mount Sharp, left behind by ancient surface seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA17184_hires-sm.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/PIA17184_hires-sm.jpg\" alt=\"Water vapor plumes erupting from Saturn's moon Enceladus (Cassini/NASA)\" width=\"320\" height=\"186\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water vapor plumes erupting from Saturn’s moon Enceladus. (Cassini/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It has been a decade since Cassini first captured images of plumes of material erupting from great fissures in the icy crust of Enceladus, material that it later identified as water mixed with smaller amounts of nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. These plumes told us there was liquid water beneath the surface. We thought at the time that the water may be held in some kind of geyser chamber heated and pressurized by tidal energy supplied by Saturn’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over its decade of exploration Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) instrument has also repeatedly detected microscopic solid particles flying about the Saturn system. Researchers have identified the particles as silica grains — the same material found in sand and quartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very consistent sizes of the particles (the largest between 6 and 9 nanometers) has led scientists to conclude that they were produced by a very specific process: hot, alkaline liquid water super-saturated with minerals experiencing a sudden and drastic drop in temperature. Where, it was asked, might these conditions exist in the Saturn system, and by what mechanism would the silica grains be delivered into space, where Cassini detected them? Enceladus, with its liquid water ocean and water vapor plumes spraying into space, satisfies both of these questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar conditions exist here on Earth. On the floor of our ocean, usually at the boundaries of crustal plates, are found \u003ca title=\"Hydrothermal vents\" href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a>. These are underwater hot springs formed when seawater, percolating into the ocean floor, comes into contact with hot magma. Plumes of hot water erupt through vents in the ocean floor, carrying dissolved minerals. Some of those minerals solidify on contacting cold ocean water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28267\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/whitesmokers_noaa.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28267\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/whitesmokers_noaa.jpg\" alt='\"White smokers\"--hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor (NOAA)' width=\"350\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White smokers — hydrothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mineral structures that build up around the vents, along with the smoke-like plumes that spout from them, are called \u003ca title=\"Black smokers and white smokers\" href=\"http://hydrothermalventszcrenshaw.weebly.com/black--white-smokers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“black smokers” and “white smokers.”\u003c/a> Black smokers form around hotter hydrothermal vents, and get their black color from iron monosulfide. The less common white smokers form around cooler vents, their white color coming from chemicals like barium, calcium, and silicon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These deep ocean smokers create environments that support life: communities of organisms sustained entirely by heat and chemical energy coming from Earth’s interior, no sunlight required! And though the life forms found around the vents probably originated from Earth’s sunlit surface, this does not rule out a genesis scenario where life might originate within such an environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where \u003ca title=\"NASA/Cassini detects hydrothermal activity on Enceladus\" href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/spacecraft-data-suggest-saturn-moons-ocean-may-harbor-hydrothermal-activity/#.VQcQYtLF98F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s discovery\u003c/a> gets really exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis of the silica grains detected by Cassini indicate that hydrothermal activity similar to that on Earth is taking place on the floor of Enceladus’ ocean, where water, under great pressure at depth, interacts with heat and minerals emerging from the moon’s interior. For the hydrothermal vents to produce these particular silica grains, the temperatures must be at least 194 degrees Fahrenheit. If not super-hot black smokers, might Enceladus have something like our own white smokers going on?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibilities are tantalizing. Finding even one microbe out there would, in an instant, resolve one of the most profound scientific, philosophical, and human questions of all time: are we alone? That question was once phrased, “Is there life out there?” These days, it’s starting to sound more like, “How many places will we find it?”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/28259/cassini-detects-signs-of-conditions-friendly-to-life","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_29"],"tags":["science_2356","science_498","science_330","science_503","science_1064","science_5180","science_5179","science_5175","science_309","science_201"],"featImg":"science_28260","label":"science"},"science_19250":{"type":"posts","id":"science_19250","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"19250","score":null,"sort":[1405094371000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-cassini-spacecraft-a-decade-of-discovery-at-saturn","title":"NASA's Cassini Spacecraft: A Decade of Discovery at Saturn","publishDate":1405094371,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA’s Cassini Spacecraft: A Decade of Discovery at Saturn | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19251\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/cassini-saturn.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/cassini-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"Cassini-Huygens spacecraft on arrival at Saturn. (NASA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini-Huygens spacecraft on arrival at Saturn. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, the largest and most complex robotic probe yet built, arrived in the Saturn system to begin a marathon exploration of the gas giant, its famous and awe-inspiring rings and what has turned out to be a collection of some of the most eye-opening moons in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NASA/Cassini\" href=\"http://cassini-2.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s status\u003c/a> as a permanent orbiting resident of the ringed giant, as well as its deployment of the \u003ca title=\"ESA Huygens Probe\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/cassini-huygens/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ESA’s Huygens\u003c/a> probe to the surface of the giant moon Titan, has afforded us an up-close-and-personal inspection of much of the Saturn system, yielding orders of magnitude more data and details than the three brief flyby missions, Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2, that preceded it 25 years earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what has Cassini taught us in its decadal odyssey a billion miles from the sun?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”b5a6f415d6b1ce44ec7811a954ab0cfc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent news is that the large moon Titan may be older, in a manner of speaking, than Saturn itself. That is to say, the original building blocks that made Titan may have originated not in the Saturn system, but elsewhere in the primordial nebula from which the solar system formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA and ESA Cassini scientists announced that they had analyzed the chemistry of Titan’s largely nitrogen atmosphere and measured a telltale ratio of two forms (isotopes) of that gas, nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15. The research team finds that this ratio, established by the conditions in which a planet or moon forms, is a stable and largely unchanging value, even over billions of years. Titan’s nitrogen isotope ratio suggests that its constituent materials formed in the distant Oort Cloud, the cold realm where many comets originated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding also has an implication about the origin of Earth’s atmospheric nitrogen, which some had assumed was delivered in the form of ammonia by early comet impacts. But Earth’s nitrogen-14/nitrogen-15 ratio is different from Titan’s, suggesting a different source than the Oort Cloud comets Titan’s nitrogen appears to have come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini had already revealed Titan as a world in its own right, in many ways a cold analog to Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere, weather systems, and a liquid cycle of methane and ethane complete with cloud formation, precipitation, runoff through river systems and pooling in huge lakes. Titan may also possess a \u003ca title=\"Titan's subsurface ocean\" href=\"http://www.voanews.com/content/titans-ocean-as-salty-as-dead-sea/1953251.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deep ocean of liquid water\u003c/a> far beneath its frigid surface, where temperature and pressure conditions are suitable for water to exist in its liquid state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is not the only Saturnian moon to raise scientists’ eyebrows. Enceladus was in one specific way even more surprising. Even before Cassini, Titan was known to have a thick atmosphere and clouds, and long suspected of having possible weather systems and liquid on its surface. But Enceladus, a tiny moon only 300 miles in diameter, was not expected to be more than a frigid lump of rock and ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the contrary, Enceladus squirts \u003ca title=\"Enceladus' cryovolcanoes\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/solar_system_highlights/cryovolcano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plumes of water and ammonia\u003c/a> into space from geyser-like crevasses, indicating the presence of sub-surface liquid water. At first the geysers were hypothesized to erupt from subsurface chambers similar to geysers on Earth, pressurized by tidally generated heat. More recently measurements by Cassini indicate the likely presence of a sizeable ocean of liquid water deep beneath the ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possible budget cuts at NASA have cast some doubt on Cassini’s longevity going forward, but even if the program were shut down tomorrow the decade Cassini has spent exploring the Saturn system has delivered a wealth of knowledge, not only about Saturn and its moons, but more broadly on the origins of our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A decade ago, NASA's Cassini spacecraft, the largest and most complex robotic probe yet built, arrived in the Saturn system to begin a marathon exploration of the gas giant, its famous and awe-inspiring rings and what has turned out to be a collection of some of the most eye-opening moons in the solar system.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933299,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":641},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Cassini Spacecraft: A Decade of Discovery at Saturn | KQED","description":"A decade ago, NASA's Cassini spacecraft, the largest and most complex robotic probe yet built, arrived in the Saturn system to begin a marathon exploration of the gas giant, its famous and awe-inspiring rings and what has turned out to be a collection of some of the most eye-opening moons in the solar system.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Cassini Spacecraft: A Decade of Discovery at Saturn","datePublished":"2014-07-11T15:59:31.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:34:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/19250/nasas-cassini-spacecraft-a-decade-of-discovery-at-saturn","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19251\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/cassini-saturn.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/cassini-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"Cassini-Huygens spacecraft on arrival at Saturn. (NASA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini-Huygens spacecraft on arrival at Saturn. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, the largest and most complex robotic probe yet built, arrived in the Saturn system to begin a marathon exploration of the gas giant, its famous and awe-inspiring rings and what has turned out to be a collection of some of the most eye-opening moons in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NASA/Cassini\" href=\"http://cassini-2.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s status\u003c/a> as a permanent orbiting resident of the ringed giant, as well as its deployment of the \u003ca title=\"ESA Huygens Probe\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/cassini-huygens/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ESA’s Huygens\u003c/a> probe to the surface of the giant moon Titan, has afforded us an up-close-and-personal inspection of much of the Saturn system, yielding orders of magnitude more data and details than the three brief flyby missions, Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2, that preceded it 25 years earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what has Cassini taught us in its decadal odyssey a billion miles from the sun?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent news is that the large moon Titan may be older, in a manner of speaking, than Saturn itself. That is to say, the original building blocks that made Titan may have originated not in the Saturn system, but elsewhere in the primordial nebula from which the solar system formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA and ESA Cassini scientists announced that they had analyzed the chemistry of Titan’s largely nitrogen atmosphere and measured a telltale ratio of two forms (isotopes) of that gas, nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15. The research team finds that this ratio, established by the conditions in which a planet or moon forms, is a stable and largely unchanging value, even over billions of years. Titan’s nitrogen isotope ratio suggests that its constituent materials formed in the distant Oort Cloud, the cold realm where many comets originated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding also has an implication about the origin of Earth’s atmospheric nitrogen, which some had assumed was delivered in the form of ammonia by early comet impacts. But Earth’s nitrogen-14/nitrogen-15 ratio is different from Titan’s, suggesting a different source than the Oort Cloud comets Titan’s nitrogen appears to have come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini had already revealed Titan as a world in its own right, in many ways a cold analog to Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere, weather systems, and a liquid cycle of methane and ethane complete with cloud formation, precipitation, runoff through river systems and pooling in huge lakes. Titan may also possess a \u003ca title=\"Titan's subsurface ocean\" href=\"http://www.voanews.com/content/titans-ocean-as-salty-as-dead-sea/1953251.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deep ocean of liquid water\u003c/a> far beneath its frigid surface, where temperature and pressure conditions are suitable for water to exist in its liquid state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is not the only Saturnian moon to raise scientists’ eyebrows. Enceladus was in one specific way even more surprising. Even before Cassini, Titan was known to have a thick atmosphere and clouds, and long suspected of having possible weather systems and liquid on its surface. But Enceladus, a tiny moon only 300 miles in diameter, was not expected to be more than a frigid lump of rock and ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the contrary, Enceladus squirts \u003ca title=\"Enceladus' cryovolcanoes\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/solar_system_highlights/cryovolcano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plumes of water and ammonia\u003c/a> into space from geyser-like crevasses, indicating the presence of sub-surface liquid water. At first the geysers were hypothesized to erupt from subsurface chambers similar to geysers on Earth, pressurized by tidally generated heat. More recently measurements by Cassini indicate the likely presence of a sizeable ocean of liquid water deep beneath the ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possible budget cuts at NASA have cast some doubt on Cassini’s longevity going forward, but even if the program were shut down tomorrow the decade Cassini has spent exploring the Saturn system has delivered a wealth of knowledge, not only about Saturn and its moons, but more broadly on the origins of our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/19250/nasas-cassini-spacecraft-a-decade-of-discovery-at-saturn","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_498","science_503","science_499","science_501","science_502"],"featImg":"science_19251","label":"science"},"science_16641":{"type":"posts","id":"science_16641","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"16641","score":null,"sort":[1397829616000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-cassini-divines-hidden-waters-of-saturns-moon-enceladus","title":"NASA's Cassini Divines Hidden Waters of Saturn's Moon Enceladus","publishDate":1397829616,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA’s Cassini Divines Hidden Waters of Saturn’s Moon Enceladus | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16644\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/enceladus-ocean-cassini.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16644\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16644\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/enceladus-ocean-cassini.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concepts of interior of Enceladus and NASA's Cassini spacecraft. (NASA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concepts of interior of Enceladus and NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over 500 years since Vasco Nunez de Balboa “discovered” the Pacific Ocean (never mind that the Chinese, Japanese, and Pacific Islanders already lived along or within it), modern explorers have found yet another previously unknown ocean–on Saturn’s moon \u003ca title=\"Enceladus\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Enceladus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enceladus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery was made by \u003ca title=\"NASA Cassini Spacecraft Discovers Ocean in Enceladus\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/nasa-space-assets-detect-ocean-inside-saturn-moon/#.U1AlA1VdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> over the course of 19 flybys of Enceladus. And while Cassini is not equipped with instrumentation designed to look within an object and see what’s there, NASA was able to take advantage of Cassini’s communications gear to infer the ocean’s presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Is Cassini a high-tech divining rod?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The concept is straightforward, even if it may seem like using a divining rod to find water. As the Cassini spacecraft flew by Enceladus, beaming a radio communications signal back at Earth as it went, its trajectory was altered slightly by gravitational “bumps,” or “potholes,” in its path. The “potholes” are variations in the strength of Enceladus’ gravity caused by differences in mass density on and under its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cruising through areas of weaker and stronger gravity as it passed over regions of lesser and greater density, Cassini’s flight path dithered up and down like an airplane flying through pockets of air turbulence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring minute shifts in the frequency of Cassini’s radio transmissions caused by the \u003ca title=\"The Doppler Effect\" href=\"http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-3/The-Doppler-Effect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doppler effect\u003c/a> (the same phenomenon that enables a highway patrol officer with a radar gun to catch you speeding), the variations in speed toward and away from Earth were calculated. Velocity variations as low as 1 foot per hour can be measured in this way. (If the highway patrol’s radar guns were of NASA caliber, they’d be able to tell the difference between 55 and 55.0002 mph. Just saying.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thus, a map of structures on and below Enceladus’ surface was made, and after multiple flybys a picture developed, inferring the existence of a regional ocean of liquid water up to six miles deep and located 19 to 25 miles beneath the moon’s icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known of the presence of subsurface liquid water in Enceladus for ten years, since Cassini first captured images and measured the composition of plumes of water spewing from long crevasses in its surface. A system of tidally heated geyser chambers was speculated to explain the plumes—and the idea still holds water even with the detection of the deep ocean below, which may or may not be connected directly with the plume eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case this further indication of copious amounts of water in this tiny moon puts it on a favored list of places in our solar system that may harbor life-friendly environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Enceladus’ ocean is the third “exo-ocean” we may have discovered in our solar system. We’ve long suspected the presence of a deep global ocean beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon Europa, based on patterns of surface fracturing imaged by the Galileo spacecraft. Saturn’s large moon Titan is also suspected to possess a deep liquid water ocean far below its frigid surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravity is an amazing tool, and this isn’t the first time it’s been used to divine the presence of unseen things. Even here at home sensitive measurements of Earth’s gravity across different geographic regions have been used to infer the existence of subterranean structures like petroleum reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hubble Space Telescope has captured images of very distance galaxies and quasars through the “\u003ca title=\"Gravitational Lens\" href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/grav_lens.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational lens\u003c/a>” effect, in which a mediating massive object (like another galaxy or cluster of galaxies) between us and the distant object bends and focuses its light like a big lens—sometimes even creating double images of the same distant object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational lensing has also been used to detect much smaller objects much closer to home by measuring the gravitational bending of a star’s light by another object. In this case the object acting as the gravitational lens, which could be another star or a planet, is not merely the tool but the object of scientific interest. By measuring the effect of the intermediate object’s gravity on the more distant star’s light we can learn something about the nature of its mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”b4c2cd763f9e243ed7fb0f5714ba678d”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently this gravitational “microlensing” technique revealed the possible detection of an “\u003ca title=\"Possible exomoon detected\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exomoon\u003c/a>:” a moon in orbit around an extrasolar planet. The brightening of the distant star by the microlensing effect revealed the presence of two objects, one with about 2000 times the mass of the other. This could mean a star with a planet, or a planet with a moon—though we can’t be sure which. And there is no hope of a repeat observation to verify these particular objects’ existence: their passage between us and the distant star was a one-time event. But the observation is encouraging to scientists looking for other exomoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been said that all of the easy astronomy has been done—the kind you can do with a conventional telescope. To coax out the far more subtle mysteries in nature scientists are having to resort to some highly unorthodox tricks, like finding hidden oceans with big radar guns and spotting serendipitous alignments between distant stars, exoplanets, and exomoons.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Modern explorers have found a previously unknown ocean -- but this one's on Saturn's moon Enceladus. Learn more from Chabot Space & Science Center's Ben Burress at KQED Science. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933814,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":937},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Cassini Divines Hidden Waters of Saturn's Moon Enceladus | KQED","description":"Modern explorers have found a previously unknown ocean -- but this one's on Saturn's moon Enceladus. Learn more from Chabot Space & Science Center's Ben Burress at KQED Science. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Cassini Divines Hidden Waters of Saturn's Moon Enceladus","datePublished":"2014-04-18T14:00:16.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:43:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/16641/nasas-cassini-divines-hidden-waters-of-saturns-moon-enceladus","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16644\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/enceladus-ocean-cassini.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16644\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16644\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/enceladus-ocean-cassini.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concepts of interior of Enceladus and NASA's Cassini spacecraft. (NASA)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concepts of interior of Enceladus and NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over 500 years since Vasco Nunez de Balboa “discovered” the Pacific Ocean (never mind that the Chinese, Japanese, and Pacific Islanders already lived along or within it), modern explorers have found yet another previously unknown ocean–on Saturn’s moon \u003ca title=\"Enceladus\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Enceladus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enceladus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery was made by \u003ca title=\"NASA Cassini Spacecraft Discovers Ocean in Enceladus\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/nasa-space-assets-detect-ocean-inside-saturn-moon/#.U1AlA1VdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> over the course of 19 flybys of Enceladus. And while Cassini is not equipped with instrumentation designed to look within an object and see what’s there, NASA was able to take advantage of Cassini’s communications gear to infer the ocean’s presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Is Cassini a high-tech divining rod?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The concept is straightforward, even if it may seem like using a divining rod to find water. As the Cassini spacecraft flew by Enceladus, beaming a radio communications signal back at Earth as it went, its trajectory was altered slightly by gravitational “bumps,” or “potholes,” in its path. The “potholes” are variations in the strength of Enceladus’ gravity caused by differences in mass density on and under its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cruising through areas of weaker and stronger gravity as it passed over regions of lesser and greater density, Cassini’s flight path dithered up and down like an airplane flying through pockets of air turbulence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring minute shifts in the frequency of Cassini’s radio transmissions caused by the \u003ca title=\"The Doppler Effect\" href=\"http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-3/The-Doppler-Effect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doppler effect\u003c/a> (the same phenomenon that enables a highway patrol officer with a radar gun to catch you speeding), the variations in speed toward and away from Earth were calculated. Velocity variations as low as 1 foot per hour can be measured in this way. (If the highway patrol’s radar guns were of NASA caliber, they’d be able to tell the difference between 55 and 55.0002 mph. Just saying.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thus, a map of structures on and below Enceladus’ surface was made, and after multiple flybys a picture developed, inferring the existence of a regional ocean of liquid water up to six miles deep and located 19 to 25 miles beneath the moon’s icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known of the presence of subsurface liquid water in Enceladus for ten years, since Cassini first captured images and measured the composition of plumes of water spewing from long crevasses in its surface. A system of tidally heated geyser chambers was speculated to explain the plumes—and the idea still holds water even with the detection of the deep ocean below, which may or may not be connected directly with the plume eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case this further indication of copious amounts of water in this tiny moon puts it on a favored list of places in our solar system that may harbor life-friendly environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Enceladus’ ocean is the third “exo-ocean” we may have discovered in our solar system. We’ve long suspected the presence of a deep global ocean beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon Europa, based on patterns of surface fracturing imaged by the Galileo spacecraft. Saturn’s large moon Titan is also suspected to possess a deep liquid water ocean far below its frigid surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravity is an amazing tool, and this isn’t the first time it’s been used to divine the presence of unseen things. Even here at home sensitive measurements of Earth’s gravity across different geographic regions have been used to infer the existence of subterranean structures like petroleum reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hubble Space Telescope has captured images of very distance galaxies and quasars through the “\u003ca title=\"Gravitational Lens\" href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/grav_lens.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational lens\u003c/a>” effect, in which a mediating massive object (like another galaxy or cluster of galaxies) between us and the distant object bends and focuses its light like a big lens—sometimes even creating double images of the same distant object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gravitational lensing has also been used to detect much smaller objects much closer to home by measuring the gravitational bending of a star’s light by another object. In this case the object acting as the gravitational lens, which could be another star or a planet, is not merely the tool but the object of scientific interest. By measuring the effect of the intermediate object’s gravity on the more distant star’s light we can learn something about the nature of its mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently this gravitational “microlensing” technique revealed the possible detection of an “\u003ca title=\"Possible exomoon detected\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exomoon\u003c/a>:” a moon in orbit around an extrasolar planet. The brightening of the distant star by the microlensing effect revealed the presence of two objects, one with about 2000 times the mass of the other. This could mean a star with a planet, or a planet with a moon—though we can’t be sure which. And there is no hope of a repeat observation to verify these particular objects’ existence: their passage between us and the distant star was a one-time event. But the observation is encouraging to scientists looking for other exomoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been said that all of the easy astronomy has been done—the kind you can do with a conventional telescope. To coax out the far more subtle mysteries in nature scientists are having to resort to some highly unorthodox tricks, like finding hidden oceans with big radar guns and spotting serendipitous alignments between distant stars, exoplanets, and exomoons.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/16641/nasas-cassini-divines-hidden-waters-of-saturns-moon-enceladus","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_498","science_503","science_351","science_5175","science_843","science_501"],"featImg":"science_16644","label":"science"},"science_6079":{"type":"posts","id":"science_6079","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"6079","score":null,"sort":[1374825624000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"smile-youre-on-nasas-cassini-camera","title":"Smile! You're On NASA's Cassini Camera","publishDate":1374825624,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Smile! You’re On NASA’s Cassini Camera | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6081\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/saturn-and-earth-cassini.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6081\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/saturn-and-earth-cassini.jpg\" alt=\"Cassini's portrait of Earth and Moon, taken July 19, 2013\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini’s portrait of Earth and Moon, taken July 19, 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Did you wave and smile at Saturn last week, at the time when NASA’s Cassini probe was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20130722.html#.UfA6GdKsh8E\" title=\"NASA Cassini Earth photo-op\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">taking a picture of us\u003c/a>? (As for myself, I think my eyes were closed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you weren’t at the photo-op, here’s a recap. On July 19, in the mid-afternoon (Pacific Daylight Time), NASA’s Cassini probe captured a picture of the Earth and moon from 900 million miles away at Saturn. NASA took advantage of Cassini’s projected passage through the shadow of Saturn to take a color image of home without the sun getting in Cassini’s high-resolution eye. And, being a well-timed and expected event, they let us know about it in advance — affording us the opportunity to become part of photographic history…sort of. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our instructions were to run outside at the appointed time, turn to Saturn’s position in the sky and wave for one big group photo of humanity (or the 20,000+ who actually looked that way and smiled). Don’t worry that at Cassini’s great distance, Earth isn’t even as large as a camera pixel in the shot; enthusiastic posers can revel in the knowledge that we can pinpoint exactly where we were and what we were doing at the time the picture was taken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This photo-op event was pitched to us as a chance to run outside and do something fun and historical, in concert with like-minded enthusiasts all over the world and to put the Earth and moon into a perspective we don’t usually think much of: all of humanity and life as we know it are living on a mere dot in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What it did for me, however, was to remind me that Cassini is still out there exploring the distant reaches of the solar system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what has \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA/Cassini\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini \u003c/a>been doing lately? The first spacecraft ever to dwell in the Saturn system, Cassini arrived almost a decade ago and has spent the years in sweeping orbits whizzing past Saturn’s rings and its many moons. It uses high resolution imaging and chemical analysis to bring us a wealth of knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, Cassini also launched the European Huygens probe onto the surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan. It found a frigid environment wet with mud, weather, river systems, lakes, and seas — the wet provided not by water but methane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its many discoveries, one group of observations suggests the presence of liquid water on some of Saturn’s ultra-cold icy moons. First it was the moon \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2012/04/17/a-shadow-falls-on-the-ice-geysers-of-enceladus/#.UfGDhNKsh8E\" title=\"Bad Astronomy: Geysers on Enceladus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, caught spewing plumes of water frost from deep fissures in its surface ice—indicating the presence of liquid water beneath the surface (either as geyser-chamber-like pockets or possibly even subsurface liquid seas.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is also suspected of possessing subsurface oceans of water, deep beneath the outer crust of the moon. Though no frosty geysers have been observed to flag this ocean’s existence, measurements by Cassini of the deformation of Titan by Saturn’s gravity show characteristics consistent with the crust floating on a liquid layer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more recently, Cassini has revealed that the tiny moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20130529.html#.UfGIFdKsh8E\" title=\"Cassini detects activity on Saturn's moon Dione\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dione \u003c/a>may be active as well. It’s spewing water plumes in a weaker version of Enceladus’ geysers, again suggesting a possible subsurface watery ocean. Being composed in large part of ice, these Saturnian moons certainly have the water to provide for these suspected oceans. It only takes a source of heat energy — such as tidal flexing by Saturn’s strong gravity — to melt it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as you look at Cassini’s Earth portrait and admire your good looks, take a moment to think not of the photograph, but of the photographer — a robot photographer on a decade-long assignment a billion miles out in space! \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On July 19, NASA's Cassini probe captured a picture of the Earth and Moon, offering us a perspective of all of humanity on one tiny dot in space, and a reminder that Cassini is still out there exploring the distant reaches of the Solar System. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935419,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":677},"headData":{"title":"Smile! You're On NASA's Cassini Camera | KQED","description":"On July 19, NASA's Cassini probe captured a picture of the Earth and Moon, offering us a perspective of all of humanity on one tiny dot in space, and a reminder that Cassini is still out there exploring the distant reaches of the Solar System. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Smile! You're On NASA's Cassini Camera","datePublished":"2013-07-26T08:00:24.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:10:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/6079/smile-youre-on-nasas-cassini-camera","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6081\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/saturn-and-earth-cassini.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6081\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/saturn-and-earth-cassini.jpg\" alt=\"Cassini's portrait of Earth and Moon, taken July 19, 2013\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini’s portrait of Earth and Moon, taken July 19, 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Did you wave and smile at Saturn last week, at the time when NASA’s Cassini probe was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20130722.html#.UfA6GdKsh8E\" title=\"NASA Cassini Earth photo-op\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">taking a picture of us\u003c/a>? (As for myself, I think my eyes were closed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you weren’t at the photo-op, here’s a recap. On July 19, in the mid-afternoon (Pacific Daylight Time), NASA’s Cassini probe captured a picture of the Earth and moon from 900 million miles away at Saturn. NASA took advantage of Cassini’s projected passage through the shadow of Saturn to take a color image of home without the sun getting in Cassini’s high-resolution eye. And, being a well-timed and expected event, they let us know about it in advance — affording us the opportunity to become part of photographic history…sort of. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our instructions were to run outside at the appointed time, turn to Saturn’s position in the sky and wave for one big group photo of humanity (or the 20,000+ who actually looked that way and smiled). Don’t worry that at Cassini’s great distance, Earth isn’t even as large as a camera pixel in the shot; enthusiastic posers can revel in the knowledge that we can pinpoint exactly where we were and what we were doing at the time the picture was taken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This photo-op event was pitched to us as a chance to run outside and do something fun and historical, in concert with like-minded enthusiasts all over the world and to put the Earth and moon into a perspective we don’t usually think much of: all of humanity and life as we know it are living on a mere dot in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What it did for me, however, was to remind me that Cassini is still out there exploring the distant reaches of the solar system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what has \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA/Cassini\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini \u003c/a>been doing lately? The first spacecraft ever to dwell in the Saturn system, Cassini arrived almost a decade ago and has spent the years in sweeping orbits whizzing past Saturn’s rings and its many moons. It uses high resolution imaging and chemical analysis to bring us a wealth of knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, Cassini also launched the European Huygens probe onto the surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan. It found a frigid environment wet with mud, weather, river systems, lakes, and seas — the wet provided not by water but methane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its many discoveries, one group of observations suggests the presence of liquid water on some of Saturn’s ultra-cold icy moons. First it was the moon \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2012/04/17/a-shadow-falls-on-the-ice-geysers-of-enceladus/#.UfGDhNKsh8E\" title=\"Bad Astronomy: Geysers on Enceladus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, caught spewing plumes of water frost from deep fissures in its surface ice—indicating the presence of liquid water beneath the surface (either as geyser-chamber-like pockets or possibly even subsurface liquid seas.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is also suspected of possessing subsurface oceans of water, deep beneath the outer crust of the moon. Though no frosty geysers have been observed to flag this ocean’s existence, measurements by Cassini of the deformation of Titan by Saturn’s gravity show characteristics consistent with the crust floating on a liquid layer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more recently, Cassini has revealed that the tiny moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20130529.html#.UfGIFdKsh8E\" title=\"Cassini detects activity on Saturn's moon Dione\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dione \u003c/a>may be active as well. It’s spewing water plumes in a weaker version of Enceladus’ geysers, again suggesting a possible subsurface watery ocean. Being composed in large part of ice, these Saturnian moons certainly have the water to provide for these suspected oceans. It only takes a source of heat energy — such as tidal flexing by Saturn’s strong gravity — to melt it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as you look at Cassini’s Earth portrait and admire your good looks, take a moment to think not of the photograph, but of the photographer — a robot photographer on a decade-long assignment a billion miles out in space! \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/6079/smile-youre-on-nasas-cassini-camera","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_498","science_74","science_503","science_64","science_499","science_351","science_5175","science_501","science_502"],"featImg":"science_6081","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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