Move Over Pluto, Dwarf Planet Ceres Gets an Extreme Close-Up
NASA Spacecraft Closes in on a Summer Encounter With Pluto
Dawn Arrives at Ceres, Makes History
NASA's Dawn Spacecraft on Approach for a Historic Encounter
New Horizons Spacecraft Wakes up for Its Historic Fly-by of Pluto
Newly Discovered Object in Space May Signal the Presence of Two Distant Worlds
Recent Observations Confirm Presence of Water Vapor on Dwarf Planet Ceres
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From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. 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He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_581813":{"type":"posts","id":"science_581813","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"581813","score":null,"sort":[1458237659000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"plutos-geology-a-new-world-swims-into-our-ken","title":"Pluto's Geology: A New World Shimmers Into View","publishDate":1458237659,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Pluto’s Geology: A New World Shimmers Into View | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Last summer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft had everyone talking as it swept past Pluto, sending back tantalizing images of its surface. Now the mission’s scientists have published a lot of material from their research. Five papers in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\">Science\u003c/a> answer questions we’ve been holding onto about Pluto and its large satellite Charon (the name rhymes with “Sharon”) since then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions like: What are they like? What are they made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto’s neighborhood is pretty strange. First of all, conditions are extremely cold. The sun is so far away, it looks like an ordinary bright star. Temperatures are minus 370 degrees Fahrenheit in full sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything out there is frozen solid, even things that are gases on Earth. Instead of Earth-type rocks made of silicon compounds, the rocks we see on Pluto and Charon are made of ices — frozen water, nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Yet in important ways, rocks and ices on Pluto act like rocks and ice on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto image\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s true colors are exaggerated in this false-color rendition, especially the deep reds of Cthulhu Regio. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take water ice. On Earth, water ice is soft enough to flow in the form of glaciers, but at Pluto’s temperatures it’s as rigid and brittle as stone. Pluto’s other three ices, together referred to as volatile ices, are softer, like glacier ice on Earth. The three volatile ices mix easily with each other, but they also can be naturally separated since they evaporate and condense at slightly different temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the long seasons as Pluto-Charon circles the Sun once in 248 years, these volatile ices evaporate during summer. That thin breath of vapor makes up the atmospheres of Pluto and Charon. The vapors circulate and then condense as frost during winter. Over billions of years, this slow cycle has gently sculpted the icy landscapes into a great variety of forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-800x600.png\" alt=\"Bladed terrain on Pluto\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Bladed terrain” in the Tartarus Dorsa region of Pluto appears to have formed in methane ice by some long-continued etching process. Similar erosional features in Earth rocks may give us clues about this terrain — or vice versa. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The big bright heart-shaped feature on Pluto, informally named Sputnik Planum, turns out to be a low-lying basin full of volatile ices. The ices slowly stir and circulate, erasing impact craters there within a few million years — about as fast as craters are wiped out on Earth’s rocky crust. In that respect, Pluto is one of the most active places we know. Yet other areas on Pluto are heavily cratered and appear to have surfaces as old as the solar system itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif\" alt=\"Surface of Sputnik Planum\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-400x300.gif 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-768x576.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This detailed image of the glaciers in Pluto’s Sputnik Planum, about 50 miles in width, shows thousands of pits in its surface of nitrogen ice as well as larger circulation patterns. “Islands” are interpreted as floating bergs of water ice, or perhaps the tips of ice mountains. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both Pluto and Charon also have evidence of deeper activity. Pluto has some canyons that appear to have formed by stretching from below. Charon is far more dramatic, with a ring of great cracks around its equator. The working theory is that when Charon was younger and warmer, it had an original interior of liquid water that slowly froze. Because water, uniquely among common substances, expands as it freezes, the results might look like what we see today on Charon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto and Charon are also colorful, ranging from the blue of nitrogen ice to the reds and browns found in Charon’s great north-polar basin, Mordor Macula, and Pluto’s ancient Cthulhu Regio. The reddish material appears to be a thin crust of organic crud, chemicals called tholins that are made from methane ice by space radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581818\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Charon\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavily cratered Charon is marked by Mordor Macula, a deep polar basin paved with red tholins, and an equatorial belt of immense cracks possibly caused by freezing of its deep mantle of water ice. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we all know, Pluto is no longer officially called a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet\">planet\u003c/a>. Speaking as a geologist, I don’t like this, because Pluto exhibits the basic \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/planets/a/planetnuts.htm\">geologic behavior of a proper planet\u003c/a> — it’s round, it’s differentiated inside, and it’s active. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the astronomers decided 10 years ago that Pluto is not planetary enough. It’s too small for its gravity to have cleared all the cosmic debris from around it, and it has neighbors in that part of space that are the same size and even larger. So Pluto is a dwarf planet. But the authors of the Science papers have done better by calling Pluto and Charon “worlds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying a world like Pluto takes the wide-ranging skills of a large team of scientists. They may find analogies for something on Pluto existing on Earth’s glaciers, in various parts of Mars, or on any number of the icy moons of the outer planets. The pitted terrain on Sputnik Planum’s glaciers, for instance, looks a lot like the “Swiss cheese features” seen on the carbon-dioxide ice caps of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The promise of exploring these analogies is that what we learn on Pluto may shed new light on other worlds, even our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work uncovers holes in our knowledge — for instance, we know very little about the mechanical behavior of solid nitrogen or methane ice. But now that we know this knowledge matters, we can do some decent experiments. Thus a project like New Horizons not only challenges researchers to find new ideas, but also sends them back to obscure basics that are suddenly world-changing matters.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A set of papers in the journal Science reveal a variety of strange and splendid things about the outer worlds Pluto and Charon.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930472,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":981},"headData":{"title":"Pluto's Geology: A New World Shimmers Into View | KQED","description":"A set of papers in the journal Science reveal a variety of strange and splendid things about the outer worlds Pluto and Charon.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/581813/plutos-geology-a-new-world-swims-into-our-ken","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last summer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft had everyone talking as it swept past Pluto, sending back tantalizing images of its surface. Now the mission’s scientists have published a lot of material from their research. Five papers in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\">Science\u003c/a> answer questions we’ve been holding onto about Pluto and its large satellite Charon (the name rhymes with “Sharon”) since then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions like: What are they like? What are they made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto’s neighborhood is pretty strange. First of all, conditions are extremely cold. The sun is so far away, it looks like an ordinary bright star. Temperatures are minus 370 degrees Fahrenheit in full sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything out there is frozen solid, even things that are gases on Earth. Instead of Earth-type rocks made of silicon compounds, the rocks we see on Pluto and Charon are made of ices — frozen water, nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Yet in important ways, rocks and ices on Pluto act like rocks and ice on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto image\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutoglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto’s true colors are exaggerated in this false-color rendition, especially the deep reds of Cthulhu Regio. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take water ice. On Earth, water ice is soft enough to flow in the form of glaciers, but at Pluto’s temperatures it’s as rigid and brittle as stone. Pluto’s other three ices, together referred to as volatile ices, are softer, like glacier ice on Earth. The three volatile ices mix easily with each other, but they also can be naturally separated since they evaporate and condense at slightly different temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the long seasons as Pluto-Charon circles the Sun once in 248 years, these volatile ices evaporate during summer. That thin breath of vapor makes up the atmospheres of Pluto and Charon. The vapors circulate and then condense as frost during winter. Over billions of years, this slow cycle has gently sculpted the icy landscapes into a great variety of forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-800x600.png\" alt=\"Bladed terrain on Pluto\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/plutobladedterrain-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Bladed terrain” in the Tartarus Dorsa region of Pluto appears to have formed in methane ice by some long-continued etching process. Similar erosional features in Earth rocks may give us clues about this terrain — or vice versa. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The big bright heart-shaped feature on Pluto, informally named Sputnik Planum, turns out to be a low-lying basin full of volatile ices. The ices slowly stir and circulate, erasing impact craters there within a few million years — about as fast as craters are wiped out on Earth’s rocky crust. In that respect, Pluto is one of the most active places we know. Yet other areas on Pluto are heavily cratered and appear to have surfaces as old as the solar system itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-581817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif\" alt=\"Surface of Sputnik Planum\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-800x600.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-400x300.gif 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/pluto-sputnikplanum-768x576.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This detailed image of the glaciers in Pluto’s Sputnik Planum, about 50 miles in width, shows thousands of pits in its surface of nitrogen ice as well as larger circulation patterns. “Islands” are interpreted as floating bergs of water ice, or perhaps the tips of ice mountains. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both Pluto and Charon also have evidence of deeper activity. Pluto has some canyons that appear to have formed by stretching from below. Charon is far more dramatic, with a ring of great cracks around its equator. The working theory is that when Charon was younger and warmer, it had an original interior of liquid water that slowly froze. Because water, uniquely among common substances, expands as it freezes, the results might look like what we see today on Charon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto and Charon are also colorful, ranging from the blue of nitrogen ice to the reds and browns found in Charon’s great north-polar basin, Mordor Macula, and Pluto’s ancient Cthulhu Regio. The reddish material appears to be a thin crust of organic crud, chemicals called tholins that are made from methane ice by space radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581818\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg\" alt=\"Charon\" width=\"448\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/charonglobe-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavily cratered Charon is marked by Mordor Macula, a deep polar basin paved with red tholins, and an equatorial belt of immense cracks possibly caused by freezing of its deep mantle of water ice. \u003ccite>(ASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we all know, Pluto is no longer officially called a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet\">planet\u003c/a>. Speaking as a geologist, I don’t like this, because Pluto exhibits the basic \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/planets/a/planetnuts.htm\">geologic behavior of a proper planet\u003c/a> — it’s round, it’s differentiated inside, and it’s active. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the astronomers decided 10 years ago that Pluto is not planetary enough. It’s too small for its gravity to have cleared all the cosmic debris from around it, and it has neighbors in that part of space that are the same size and even larger. So Pluto is a dwarf planet. But the authors of the Science papers have done better by calling Pluto and Charon “worlds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying a world like Pluto takes the wide-ranging skills of a large team of scientists. They may find analogies for something on Pluto existing on Earth’s glaciers, in various parts of Mars, or on any number of the icy moons of the outer planets. The pitted terrain on Sputnik Planum’s glaciers, for instance, looks a lot like the “Swiss cheese features” seen on the carbon-dioxide ice caps of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The promise of exploring these analogies is that what we learn on Pluto may shed new light on other worlds, even our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work uncovers holes in our knowledge — for instance, we know very little about the mechanical behavior of solid nitrogen or methane ice. But now that we know this knowledge matters, we can do some decent experiments. Thus a project like New Horizons not only challenges researchers to find new ideas, but also sends them back to obscure basics that are suddenly world-changing matters.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/581813/plutos-geology-a-new-world-swims-into-our-ken","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_28","science_38"],"tags":["science_1310","science_218","science_2172","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_581814","label":"science"},"science_456475":{"type":"posts","id":"science_456475","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"456475","score":null,"sort":[1452265219000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"move-over-pluto-dwarf-planet-ceres-gets-an-extreme-close-up","title":"Move Over Pluto, Dwarf Planet Ceres Gets an Extreme Close-Up","publishDate":1452265219,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Move Over Pluto, Dwarf Planet Ceres Gets an Extreme Close-Up | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn spacecraft\u003c/a> recently made its closest flyby of Ceres, sending back the most detailed views of its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres is the largest object in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/32856/asteroid-belt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Main Asteroid Belt\u003c/a> located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and the only dwarf planet closer to the sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While news from that other dwarf planet encounter of 2015—New Horizons’ epic and brief July flyby of Pluto—has dominated attention in recent months, Dawn has been quietly and persistently scouring Ceres for information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_456654\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-456654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up picture of a region of the southern hemisphere of the dwarf planet Ceres, captured by NASA's Dawn spacecraft from its closest encounter to date. \" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up on a region of Ceres’ southern hemisphere, captured by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft from its closest encounter to date. \u003ccite>(Dawn/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Close-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">December 10, \u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"line-height: 1.5\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news-detail.html?id=4802\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dawn captured images\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\"> of Ceres’ southern hemisphere from an altitude of only 240 miles, its closest encounter to date. From this close orbit, image resolution of Ceres’ surface is about 120 feet per pixel, which is providing scientists with unprecedented details of the tiny fractured and cratered world.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of fractures and craters, Dawn has revealed a collection of “trough” features, found all over the dwarf planet’s surface. While many of these cracks appear to be associated with impact craters and formed by shattering collisions with meteorites, some appear to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/31469-dwarf-planet-ceres-stretched-surface-photos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tectonic in nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tectonic stress fractures have been seen on other solar system bodies, including Earth and Mars. These are cracks formed by the contraction of a planet’s surface or by the weight of mountains that build up, whether by volcanic eruption or tectonic uplift. \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/9683-surface-mars-possibly-shaped-plate-tectonics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olympus Mons\u003c/a>, Mars’ mega-volcano, is an example of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Ceres is very small—only about 584 miles across, on average—the evidence of internal forces and processes that have broken its crust is tantalizing. A number of small bodies in the solar system have surprised us recently by showing signs of internal activity—Ceres, \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/pluto-may-have-deep-seas-and-ancient-tectonic-faults-140412.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia11140.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, to name three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Detection of Salt and Clay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn’s other instruments have made observations of Ceres’ chemical makeup\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that are also intriguing. Earlier in December, the composition of the mysterious “\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news-detail.html?id=4785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bright spots\u003c/a>” was revealed as salt, possibly a type of magnesium sulfate called hexahydrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres has also been found to contain ammoniated clays, which suggests that the material it formed from may have originated in the outer solar system where ammonia is abundant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Ceres formed in the outer solar system and then migrated to its present location in the Main Asteroid Belt, or the materials it coalesced from originated out there, is not known, but either way the finding offers fascinating insights into the solar system’s past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ceres Is Unique Even Among Dwarf Planets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are five objects in our solar system classified as dwarf planets (with potentially many more to be added). Four of them—Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake—are Kuiper Belt Objects, orbiting the sun in a vast belt of icy material extending from beyond the orbit of Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the dwarf planets, Ceres alone resides relatively close to Earth. The rewards of data mined from Pluto and Ceres by New Horizons and Dawn gives us the opportunity to compare these two very different objects, and helps to define the range of variation in properties and surface conditions of dwarf planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dawn’s Advanced Engine Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_456658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-456658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Dawn spacecraft firing its electrical ion propulsion engine.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Dawn spacecraft firing its electrical ion propulsion engine. \u003ccite>(Dawn/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before arriving at Ceres, Dawn spent a year orbiting the asteroid and protoplanet Vesta, making it the only spacecraft outside of the Earth-Moon system to orbit two different objects. One of the things that enabled Dawn to do this is its cutting-edge \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ion_prop.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">electrical ion propulsion system\u003c/a>, a highly efficient engine that uses low power, but constant thrust to achieve greater velocity changes than conventional chemical rocket engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/whats-next-dawn-mission-keri-bean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">what’s in the future \u003c/a>for this versatile itinerant robot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, Dawn will remain in orbit as a permanent artificial satellite of Ceres even beyond the duration of its mission, currently schedule to end in June. So, we still have a few months of cool pictures and potentially awesome discoveries to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, we can shift our anticipation back to New Horizons and its 2019 encounter with Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In December, NASA's Dawn spacecraft put the dwarf planet Ceres back into the spotlight when it made its closest approach to date, sending back the most detailed views of its surface.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704930813,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":739},"headData":{"title":"Move Over Pluto, Dwarf Planet Ceres Gets an Extreme Close-Up | KQED","description":"In December, NASA's Dawn spacecraft put the dwarf planet Ceres back into the spotlight when it made its closest approach to date, sending back the most detailed views of its surface.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/456475/move-over-pluto-dwarf-planet-ceres-gets-an-extreme-close-up","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn spacecraft\u003c/a> recently made its closest flyby of Ceres, sending back the most detailed views of its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres is the largest object in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/32856/asteroid-belt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Main Asteroid Belt\u003c/a> located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and the only dwarf planet closer to the sun than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While news from that other dwarf planet encounter of 2015—New Horizons’ epic and brief July flyby of Pluto—has dominated attention in recent months, Dawn has been quietly and persistently scouring Ceres for information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_456654\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-456654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up picture of a region of the southern hemisphere of the dwarf planet Ceres, captured by NASA's Dawn spacecraft from its closest encounter to date. \" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/ceres-lamo-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up on a region of Ceres’ southern hemisphere, captured by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft from its closest encounter to date. \u003ccite>(Dawn/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Close-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">December 10, \u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"line-height: 1.5\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news-detail.html?id=4802\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dawn captured images\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\"> of Ceres’ southern hemisphere from an altitude of only 240 miles, its closest encounter to date. From this close orbit, image resolution of Ceres’ surface is about 120 feet per pixel, which is providing scientists with unprecedented details of the tiny fractured and cratered world.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of fractures and craters, Dawn has revealed a collection of “trough” features, found all over the dwarf planet’s surface. While many of these cracks appear to be associated with impact craters and formed by shattering collisions with meteorites, some appear to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/31469-dwarf-planet-ceres-stretched-surface-photos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tectonic in nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tectonic stress fractures have been seen on other solar system bodies, including Earth and Mars. These are cracks formed by the contraction of a planet’s surface or by the weight of mountains that build up, whether by volcanic eruption or tectonic uplift. \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/9683-surface-mars-possibly-shaped-plate-tectonics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olympus Mons\u003c/a>, Mars’ mega-volcano, is an example of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Ceres is very small—only about 584 miles across, on average—the evidence of internal forces and processes that have broken its crust is tantalizing. A number of small bodies in the solar system have surprised us recently by showing signs of internal activity—Ceres, \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/pluto-may-have-deep-seas-and-ancient-tectonic-faults-140412.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia11140.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, to name three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Detection of Salt and Clay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn’s other instruments have made observations of Ceres’ chemical makeup\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that are also intriguing. Earlier in December, the composition of the mysterious “\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news-detail.html?id=4785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bright spots\u003c/a>” was revealed as salt, possibly a type of magnesium sulfate called hexahydrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres has also been found to contain ammoniated clays, which suggests that the material it formed from may have originated in the outer solar system where ammonia is abundant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Ceres formed in the outer solar system and then migrated to its present location in the Main Asteroid Belt, or the materials it coalesced from originated out there, is not known, but either way the finding offers fascinating insights into the solar system’s past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ceres Is Unique Even Among Dwarf Planets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are five objects in our solar system classified as dwarf planets (with potentially many more to be added). Four of them—Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake—are Kuiper Belt Objects, orbiting the sun in a vast belt of icy material extending from beyond the orbit of Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the dwarf planets, Ceres alone resides relatively close to Earth. The rewards of data mined from Pluto and Ceres by New Horizons and Dawn gives us the opportunity to compare these two very different objects, and helps to define the range of variation in properties and surface conditions of dwarf planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dawn’s Advanced Engine Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_456658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-456658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Dawn spacecraft firing its electrical ion propulsion engine.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PIA19598_hires.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Dawn spacecraft firing its electrical ion propulsion engine. \u003ccite>(Dawn/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before arriving at Ceres, Dawn spent a year orbiting the asteroid and protoplanet Vesta, making it the only spacecraft outside of the Earth-Moon system to orbit two different objects. One of the things that enabled Dawn to do this is its cutting-edge \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ion_prop.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">electrical ion propulsion system\u003c/a>, a highly efficient engine that uses low power, but constant thrust to achieve greater velocity changes than conventional chemical rocket engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/whats-next-dawn-mission-keri-bean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">what’s in the future \u003c/a>for this versatile itinerant robot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, Dawn will remain in orbit as a permanent artificial satellite of Ceres even beyond the duration of its mission, currently schedule to end in June. So, we still have a few months of cool pictures and potentially awesome discoveries to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, we can shift our anticipation back to New Horizons and its 2019 encounter with Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/456475/move-over-pluto-dwarf-planet-ceres-gets-an-extreme-close-up","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1306","science_1310","science_5175","science_2172","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_456653","label":"science"},"science_30545":{"type":"posts","id":"science_30545","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"30545","score":null,"sort":[1432908001000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-spacecraft-closes-in-on-a-summer-encounter-with-pluto","title":"NASA Spacecraft Closes in on a Summer Encounter With Pluto","publishDate":1432908001,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Spacecraft Closes in on a Summer Encounter With Pluto | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Eighty-five years after its discovery in 1930, the distant and mysterious Pluto will finally become an “explored” planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft has been en route to Pluto for nearly ten years, and is almost there, speeding toward a close encounter on July 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of late May, New Horizons was less than 35 million miles from its target–roughly the same distance from the sun to the planet Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the small, nuclear-powered interplanetary probe awoke from a state of robotic hibernation to make ready for the flyby. Since waking, mission operators have performed systems tests and captured approach images of the Pluto system from a distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming flyby encounter is a proverbial “don’t blink or you’ll miss it” scenario, so making sure that all systems are go is imperative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the “big reveal” will take place on July 14, New Horizons has been tantalizing us with advances on our investment of curiosity. Here are a few highlights from recent weeks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Pluto and Its Moons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30556\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/OpNav3_barycen_noano-1021x1024.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/OpNav3_barycen_noano-1021x1024.gif\" alt=\"Images captured by New Horizons' LORRI instrument showing mutual revolution of Pluto and Charon. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\" width=\"293\" height=\"295\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by New Horizons’ LORRI instrument showing mutual revolution of Pluto and Charon. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150212\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series of images\u003c/a> captured by New Horizons’ Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) instrument shows us clearly what we have known analytically for some time: that Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are more of a double-planet than a planet and its moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charon is half the diameter of Pluto, so large in comparison that the two actually orbit a point in space between them, like a pair of figure skaters swinging each other by the hands as they spin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/sk_movie-288x115.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30548\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/sk_movie-288x115.gif\" alt=\"New Horizons' captures images of all known moons of Pluto with its Long Range Reconnaissance Imager instrument. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\" width=\"298\" height=\"120\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizons captures images of all known moons of Pluto with its Long Range Reconnaissance Imager instrument. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Horizons has captured images of Pluto’s\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> five known moons\u003c/a>, one by one. First was the large moon Charon, which it spotted almost two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two smaller moons, Hydra and Nix, came into view in July 2014 and last January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, in late April/early May, the two smallest and faintest known satellites, Kerberos and Styx, were revealed, completing the family portrait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there are more moons orbiting Pluto, New Horizons is well-positioned to discover them as it draws closer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Polar Ice Cap on Pluto?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late April, from a distance of 70 million miles, New Horizons began to capture images of \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surface features on Pluto\u003c/a>, including a bright spot located at Pluto’s visible pole. It’s too soon to tell, but a bright area at a planet’s pole is suggestive of a polar ice cap, as on Earth and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These images prove that New Horizons has begun to show us things we’ve never seen before–things we cannot presently see from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When New Horizons launched in 2006, it set forth to explore the smallest, most distant, and least understood planet in the solar system. Despite the fact that the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet shortly after launch, our scientific and imaginative curiosity about this small world is unchanged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, one of the reasons that Pluto was reclassified is that it is different from the major planets, and more similar to other objects found orbiting the sun beyond Neptune’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representative of a little-understood group of celestial bodies, the “ice dwarf planets,” one of four discovered so far, the exploration of Pluto and its moons is a first look into a realm of our solar system that we know almost nothing about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since childhood, I—along with millions of others—have dreamed about what Pluto may be like, envisioning a dark, icy landscape glittering under the weak rays of a sun no brighter than an exceptional star. That long dream is almost over–and my excitement is hard to contain!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Eight-five years after its discovery in 1930, the distant and mysterious Pluto will finally become an \"explored\" planet. NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has been en route to Pluto for nearly ten years, and is almost there, speeding toward a close encounter in July. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931746,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":686},"headData":{"title":"NASA Spacecraft Closes in on a Summer Encounter With Pluto | KQED","description":"Eight-five years after its discovery in 1930, the distant and mysterious Pluto will finally become an "explored" planet. NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has been en route to Pluto for nearly ten years, and is almost there, speeding toward a close encounter in July. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/30545/nasa-spacecraft-closes-in-on-a-summer-encounter-with-pluto","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Eighty-five years after its discovery in 1930, the distant and mysterious Pluto will finally become an “explored” planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft has been en route to Pluto for nearly ten years, and is almost there, speeding toward a close encounter on July 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of late May, New Horizons was less than 35 million miles from its target–roughly the same distance from the sun to the planet Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the small, nuclear-powered interplanetary probe awoke from a state of robotic hibernation to make ready for the flyby. Since waking, mission operators have performed systems tests and captured approach images of the Pluto system from a distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming flyby encounter is a proverbial “don’t blink or you’ll miss it” scenario, so making sure that all systems are go is imperative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the “big reveal” will take place on July 14, New Horizons has been tantalizing us with advances on our investment of curiosity. Here are a few highlights from recent weeks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Pluto and Its Moons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30556\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/OpNav3_barycen_noano-1021x1024.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/OpNav3_barycen_noano-1021x1024.gif\" alt=\"Images captured by New Horizons' LORRI instrument showing mutual revolution of Pluto and Charon. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\" width=\"293\" height=\"295\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by New Horizons’ LORRI instrument showing mutual revolution of Pluto and Charon. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150212\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series of images\u003c/a> captured by New Horizons’ Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) instrument shows us clearly what we have known analytically for some time: that Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are more of a double-planet than a planet and its moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charon is half the diameter of Pluto, so large in comparison that the two actually orbit a point in space between them, like a pair of figure skaters swinging each other by the hands as they spin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/sk_movie-288x115.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30548\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/sk_movie-288x115.gif\" alt=\"New Horizons' captures images of all known moons of Pluto with its Long Range Reconnaissance Imager instrument. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\" width=\"298\" height=\"120\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizons captures images of all known moons of Pluto with its Long Range Reconnaissance Imager instrument. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Horizons has captured images of Pluto’s\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> five known moons\u003c/a>, one by one. First was the large moon Charon, which it spotted almost two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two smaller moons, Hydra and Nix, came into view in July 2014 and last January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, in late April/early May, the two smallest and faintest known satellites, Kerberos and Styx, were revealed, completing the family portrait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there are more moons orbiting Pluto, New Horizons is well-positioned to discover them as it draws closer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Polar Ice Cap on Pluto?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late April, from a distance of 70 million miles, New Horizons began to capture images of \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surface features on Pluto\u003c/a>, including a bright spot located at Pluto’s visible pole. It’s too soon to tell, but a bright area at a planet’s pole is suggestive of a polar ice cap, as on Earth and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These images prove that New Horizons has begun to show us things we’ve never seen before–things we cannot presently see from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When New Horizons launched in 2006, it set forth to explore the smallest, most distant, and least understood planet in the solar system. Despite the fact that the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet shortly after launch, our scientific and imaginative curiosity about this small world is unchanged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, one of the reasons that Pluto was reclassified is that it is different from the major planets, and more similar to other objects found orbiting the sun beyond Neptune’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representative of a little-understood group of celestial bodies, the “ice dwarf planets,” one of four discovered so far, the exploration of Pluto and its moons is a first look into a realm of our solar system that we know almost nothing about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since childhood, I—along with millions of others—have dreamed about what Pluto may be like, envisioning a dark, icy landscape glittering under the weak rays of a sun no brighter than an exceptional star. That long dream is almost over–and my excitement is hard to contain!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/30545/nasa-spacecraft-closes-in-on-a-summer-encounter-with-pluto","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1310","science_2173","science_5175","science_2172","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_30549","label":"science"},"science_27826":{"type":"posts","id":"science_27826","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"27826","score":null,"sort":[1425666226000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dawn-arrives-at-ceres-makes-history","title":"Dawn Arrives at Ceres, Makes History","publishDate":1425666226,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Dawn Arrives at Ceres, Makes History | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27827\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/dawn_arrives_at_ceres.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27827\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/dawn_arrives_at_ceres.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's concept of NASA's Dawn spacecraft arriving at Ceres. (Dawn/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of NASA’s Dawn spacecraft arriving at Ceres. (Dawn/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early this morning, at about 4:39 AM Pacific Time, NASA’s Dawn spacecraft \u003ca title=\"Dawn Arrives at Ceres\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4503&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=dawn150306\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arrived at Ceres\u003c/a>, making history as it swung into orbit around the dwarf planet. Dawn left Earth eight years ago, headed for the Asteroid Belt, located between Mars and Jupiter. The spacecraft spent a year photographing the asteroid Vesta, and then two-and-a-half years on the journey to its final port-of-call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last several months, scientists and the public have been \u003ca title=\"At last, Ceres is a geological world\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/02251857-ceres-geology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">growing steadily more excited\u003c/a> as Dawn sent back photos of an ever-closer Ceres. For the average space enthusiast, Dawn’s arrival feels like the discovery of a new world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known Ceres existed since 1801, when it was discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi. But for scientists, this encounter means far more than seeing a mysterious object up close for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Ceres has the potential to turn some of our old ideas about how planets formed completely upside down.’\u003ccite>— Dr. Britney Schmidt, Georgia Institute of Technology\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Indeed, \u003ca title=\"NASA's Dawn Mission\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Dawn mission\u003c/a> is not merely a geology field trip. It is the closest thing we have to a time machine. Dawn’s exploration of Vesta and Ceres is like an archaeological dig or forensic investigation: the unearthing and reading of extant physical evidence to reconstruct what happened in our solar system’s infancy, when the planets were being formed in an environment radically different from what we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ceres has the potential to turn some of our old ideas about how planets formed completely upside down,” says Dr. Britney Schmidt, Assistant Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology’s School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. “If Ceres turns out to be icy in its interior, this would not only tell us that there were potentially lots of icy asteroids, but also that some of the ‘classical’ assumptions about the timing of planetary formation could be wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres is an example of a “protoplanet,” an object that formed early in the solar system’s history by accumulating smaller chunks of rock and ice and snowballing toward a planet-stature object—or at least a major building-block of another planet. But Ceres’ development was arrested, and it has remained more or less unchanged from three or four billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though [Ceres] is likely refrozen now,” Schmidt says, “with the gravity data from Dawn, we may be able to show that Ceres at one time had a subsurface ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn’s leisurely approach over the past months has supplied us with a constant feed of images that have grown ever sharper and more detailed, peeling away layers of fuzzy mystery like the skin of an onion, and revealing new mysteries in the process. That’s something astronomers are happy about, like getting an unexpected dividend on your investment. Mystery, after all, inspires science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27829\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/pia18920-rotating_lg.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27829\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/pia18920-rotating_lg.gif\" alt=\"Image sequence of Ceres taken by the Dawn spacecraft. (Dawn/Nasa)\" width=\"290\" height=\"290\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image sequence of Ceres taken by the Dawn spacecraft. (Dawn/Nasa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A week before Dawn’s arrival, NASA whetted our appetites for the adventure by publishing a picture that revealed \u003ca title=\"NASA/JPL\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4496&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20150302-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two small white spots\u003c/a> nestled close together in a crater—and told us that the nature of the roughly Lake Tahoe-sized feature was as yet unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are these spots? Kids visiting Chabot Space & Science Center had some truly bright ideas, including giant pieces of reflective metal, huge chunks of ice, volcanoes, and, yes, aliens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn’s previous subject of interest, Vesta, can also be classed as a protoplanet like Ceres, though Vesta was found to be composed mostly of rock. Ceres, on the other hand, may be as much as 25% water ice. In terms of the protoplanet accretion processes that formed the Earth, it is thought that dry Vesta-type objects may have built up Earth’s rocky core and mantle, while icy “wet” protoplanets like Ceres may have contributed to the formation of our oceans. Certainly, Dawn’s investigations in the Asteroid Belt have shown that the kitchen in which Earth was cooked up was stocked with both ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"March 6, eight years after launch and two and a half years since leaving its last port of call, the asteroid Vesta, NASA's Dawn spacecraft has arrived at the dwarf planet Ceres, making history!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932180,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":724},"headData":{"title":"Dawn Arrives at Ceres, Makes History | KQED","description":"March 6, eight years after launch and two and a half years since leaving its last port of call, the asteroid Vesta, NASA's Dawn spacecraft has arrived at the dwarf planet Ceres, making history!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/27826/dawn-arrives-at-ceres-makes-history","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27827\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/dawn_arrives_at_ceres.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27827\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/dawn_arrives_at_ceres.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's concept of NASA's Dawn spacecraft arriving at Ceres. (Dawn/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of NASA’s Dawn spacecraft arriving at Ceres. (Dawn/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early this morning, at about 4:39 AM Pacific Time, NASA’s Dawn spacecraft \u003ca title=\"Dawn Arrives at Ceres\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4503&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=dawn150306\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arrived at Ceres\u003c/a>, making history as it swung into orbit around the dwarf planet. Dawn left Earth eight years ago, headed for the Asteroid Belt, located between Mars and Jupiter. The spacecraft spent a year photographing the asteroid Vesta, and then two-and-a-half years on the journey to its final port-of-call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last several months, scientists and the public have been \u003ca title=\"At last, Ceres is a geological world\" href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/02251857-ceres-geology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">growing steadily more excited\u003c/a> as Dawn sent back photos of an ever-closer Ceres. For the average space enthusiast, Dawn’s arrival feels like the discovery of a new world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known Ceres existed since 1801, when it was discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi. But for scientists, this encounter means far more than seeing a mysterious object up close for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Ceres has the potential to turn some of our old ideas about how planets formed completely upside down.’\u003ccite>— Dr. Britney Schmidt, Georgia Institute of Technology\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Indeed, \u003ca title=\"NASA's Dawn Mission\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Dawn mission\u003c/a> is not merely a geology field trip. It is the closest thing we have to a time machine. Dawn’s exploration of Vesta and Ceres is like an archaeological dig or forensic investigation: the unearthing and reading of extant physical evidence to reconstruct what happened in our solar system’s infancy, when the planets were being formed in an environment radically different from what we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ceres has the potential to turn some of our old ideas about how planets formed completely upside down,” says Dr. Britney Schmidt, Assistant Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology’s School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. “If Ceres turns out to be icy in its interior, this would not only tell us that there were potentially lots of icy asteroids, but also that some of the ‘classical’ assumptions about the timing of planetary formation could be wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres is an example of a “protoplanet,” an object that formed early in the solar system’s history by accumulating smaller chunks of rock and ice and snowballing toward a planet-stature object—or at least a major building-block of another planet. But Ceres’ development was arrested, and it has remained more or less unchanged from three or four billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though [Ceres] is likely refrozen now,” Schmidt says, “with the gravity data from Dawn, we may be able to show that Ceres at one time had a subsurface ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn’s leisurely approach over the past months has supplied us with a constant feed of images that have grown ever sharper and more detailed, peeling away layers of fuzzy mystery like the skin of an onion, and revealing new mysteries in the process. That’s something astronomers are happy about, like getting an unexpected dividend on your investment. Mystery, after all, inspires science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27829\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/pia18920-rotating_lg.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27829\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/pia18920-rotating_lg.gif\" alt=\"Image sequence of Ceres taken by the Dawn spacecraft. (Dawn/Nasa)\" width=\"290\" height=\"290\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image sequence of Ceres taken by the Dawn spacecraft. (Dawn/Nasa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A week before Dawn’s arrival, NASA whetted our appetites for the adventure by publishing a picture that revealed \u003ca title=\"NASA/JPL\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4496&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20150302-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two small white spots\u003c/a> nestled close together in a crater—and told us that the nature of the roughly Lake Tahoe-sized feature was as yet unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are these spots? Kids visiting Chabot Space & Science Center had some truly bright ideas, including giant pieces of reflective metal, huge chunks of ice, volcanoes, and, yes, aliens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn’s previous subject of interest, Vesta, can also be classed as a protoplanet like Ceres, though Vesta was found to be composed mostly of rock. Ceres, on the other hand, may be as much as 25% water ice. In terms of the protoplanet accretion processes that formed the Earth, it is thought that dry Vesta-type objects may have built up Earth’s rocky core and mantle, while icy “wet” protoplanets like Ceres may have contributed to the formation of our oceans. Certainly, Dawn’s investigations in the Asteroid Belt have shown that the kitchen in which Earth was cooked up was stocked with both ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/27826/dawn-arrives-at-ceres-makes-history","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_144","science_1306","science_1310","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_27827","label":"science"},"science_26925":{"type":"posts","id":"science_26925","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"26925","score":null,"sort":[1423234801000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-dawn-spacecraft-on-approach-for-a-historic-encounter","title":"NASA's Dawn Spacecraft on Approach for a Historic Encounter","publishDate":1423234801,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA’s Dawn Spacecraft on Approach for a Historic Encounter | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26929\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/artistconcept-dawn-at-ceres.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26929\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/artistconcept-dawn-at-ceres.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's concept of NASA's Dawn spacecraft at Ceres. (Dawn/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of NASA’s Dawn spacecraft at Ceres. (Dawn/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On March 6, \u003ca title=\"NASA/JPL Dawn\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> will become the first spacecraft to encounter a dwarf planet when it arrives at Ceres, the first (and largest) object discovered in the Main Asteroid Belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, NASA released \u003ca title=\"Dawn Blog\" href=\"http://dawnblog.jpl.nasa.gov/2015/01/29/dawn-journal-january-29/#table%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> these images of Ceres\u003c/a>, pictures that clearly show its round and planet-like shape, and even some surface features. The pictures were taken from a distance of 147,000 miles, a little more than half the distance from the Earth to the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On February 4, from a distance of 90,000 miles, Dawn took a series of images that were \u003ca title=\"Dawn animation of Ceres from 90,000 miles\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia19174\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made into an animation\u003c/a> with the best resolution yet: 8.5 miles per pixel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres holds a lot of mysteries for us. For the better part of the two centuries since its discovery in 1801, we knew little more than its approximate size (590 miles in diameter), and only recently its generally spherical shape. Until recent observations by the \u003ca title=\"Space.com\" href=\"http://www.space.com/22891-ceres-dwarf-planet.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, Ceres appeared through telescopes as little more than a blurry smudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These new clues are tantalizing. Ceres appears to be composed of a rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle, and has been observed to exude gases into space, not unlike comets do as they approach the sun. It has even been speculated that Ceres could possess a sub-surface ocean of liquid water. Far from being a sterile, dry mountain of rock, as most asteroids are envisioned, Ceres has already exhibited some planet-like, or at least dwarf-planet-like, characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26938\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ceres_OpNav2_Anim_v2.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26938\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ceres_OpNav2_Anim_v2.gif\" alt=\"Best views of Ceres to date, January 2015. (Dawn/NASA)\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Best views of Ceres to date, January 2015. (Dawn/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What makes Ceres a dwarf planet and not just a very large asteroid, as it was classified for decades prior to the \u003ca title=\"IAU definitions of planet and dwarf planet\" href=\"https://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2006 creation of the dwarf planet classification\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Ceres is round–spherical. It has to be round to be considered a planet or a dwarf planet. This is one of the qualifying factors of planethood: to be large enough and have sufficiently strong gravity to be pulled into a spherical shape. Smaller objects—comets and asteroids—fail this mark because the strength of their rock and ice structures overpower their weak gravitational pull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Ceres orbits the sun directly–you can’t be a planet or a dwarf planet if you don’t. There are moons in the solar system much larger than Ceres, and as round as any planet. In fact, if a moon like Ganymede or Callisto or Titan orbited the sun directly instead of orbiting a planet, it would probably be classified as a planet itself. Ganymede and Titan, in fact, are larger than the planet Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you meet these two criteria, you are eligible for dwarf planet status.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Ceres lacks only one quality required for admission to the planetary club…\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ceres lacks only one quality required for admission to the planetary club: it does not “dominate” the region of space that it moves in. Ceres orbits the sun within the Main Asteroid Belt, along with millions of asteroids that share the space. And even though Ceres possesses a third of the total mass of the Main Asteroid Belt, its gravitational influence on the Belt is not sufficient to command the motions of the smaller asteroids, either by pulling them in and accreting their mass, or flinging them to other parts of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 6, when Dawn arrives, we may not see many images right away. Dawn will make its final approach from the side of Ceres opposite the sun, so will only be able to view its dark side. But after the spacecraft settles down, in mid-April, Dawn will begin to observe the dwarf planet’s illuminated side, and from a distance of 14,000 miles the resolution of the pictures it will send back will be fourteen times greater than those of the Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On March 6, NASA's Dawn spacecraft will become our first encounter with a dwarf planet when it arrives at Ceres.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932298,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":676},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Dawn Spacecraft on Approach for a Historic Encounter | KQED","description":"On March 6, NASA's Dawn spacecraft will become our first encounter with a dwarf planet when it arrives at Ceres.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/26925/nasas-dawn-spacecraft-on-approach-for-a-historic-encounter","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26929\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/artistconcept-dawn-at-ceres.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26929\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/artistconcept-dawn-at-ceres.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's concept of NASA's Dawn spacecraft at Ceres. (Dawn/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of NASA’s Dawn spacecraft at Ceres. (Dawn/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On March 6, \u003ca title=\"NASA/JPL Dawn\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> will become the first spacecraft to encounter a dwarf planet when it arrives at Ceres, the first (and largest) object discovered in the Main Asteroid Belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, NASA released \u003ca title=\"Dawn Blog\" href=\"http://dawnblog.jpl.nasa.gov/2015/01/29/dawn-journal-january-29/#table%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> these images of Ceres\u003c/a>, pictures that clearly show its round and planet-like shape, and even some surface features. The pictures were taken from a distance of 147,000 miles, a little more than half the distance from the Earth to the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On February 4, from a distance of 90,000 miles, Dawn took a series of images that were \u003ca title=\"Dawn animation of Ceres from 90,000 miles\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia19174\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made into an animation\u003c/a> with the best resolution yet: 8.5 miles per pixel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres holds a lot of mysteries for us. For the better part of the two centuries since its discovery in 1801, we knew little more than its approximate size (590 miles in diameter), and only recently its generally spherical shape. Until recent observations by the \u003ca title=\"Space.com\" href=\"http://www.space.com/22891-ceres-dwarf-planet.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, Ceres appeared through telescopes as little more than a blurry smudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These new clues are tantalizing. Ceres appears to be composed of a rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle, and has been observed to exude gases into space, not unlike comets do as they approach the sun. It has even been speculated that Ceres could possess a sub-surface ocean of liquid water. Far from being a sterile, dry mountain of rock, as most asteroids are envisioned, Ceres has already exhibited some planet-like, or at least dwarf-planet-like, characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26938\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ceres_OpNav2_Anim_v2.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26938\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ceres_OpNav2_Anim_v2.gif\" alt=\"Best views of Ceres to date, January 2015. (Dawn/NASA)\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Best views of Ceres to date, January 2015. (Dawn/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What makes Ceres a dwarf planet and not just a very large asteroid, as it was classified for decades prior to the \u003ca title=\"IAU definitions of planet and dwarf planet\" href=\"https://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2006 creation of the dwarf planet classification\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Ceres is round–spherical. It has to be round to be considered a planet or a dwarf planet. This is one of the qualifying factors of planethood: to be large enough and have sufficiently strong gravity to be pulled into a spherical shape. Smaller objects—comets and asteroids—fail this mark because the strength of their rock and ice structures overpower their weak gravitational pull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Ceres orbits the sun directly–you can’t be a planet or a dwarf planet if you don’t. There are moons in the solar system much larger than Ceres, and as round as any planet. In fact, if a moon like Ganymede or Callisto or Titan orbited the sun directly instead of orbiting a planet, it would probably be classified as a planet itself. Ganymede and Titan, in fact, are larger than the planet Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you meet these two criteria, you are eligible for dwarf planet status.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Ceres lacks only one quality required for admission to the planetary club…\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ceres lacks only one quality required for admission to the planetary club: it does not “dominate” the region of space that it moves in. Ceres orbits the sun within the Main Asteroid Belt, along with millions of asteroids that share the space. And even though Ceres possesses a third of the total mass of the Main Asteroid Belt, its gravitational influence on the Belt is not sufficient to command the motions of the smaller asteroids, either by pulling them in and accreting their mass, or flinging them to other parts of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 6, when Dawn arrives, we may not see many images right away. Dawn will make its final approach from the side of Ceres opposite the sun, so will only be able to view its dark side. But after the spacecraft settles down, in mid-April, Dawn will begin to observe the dwarf planet’s illuminated side, and from a distance of 14,000 miles the resolution of the pictures it will send back will be fourteen times greater than those of the Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/26925/nasas-dawn-spacecraft-on-approach-for-a-historic-encounter","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_144","science_1306","science_1310","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_26929","label":"science"},"science_25810":{"type":"posts","id":"science_25810","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"25810","score":null,"sort":[1420812034000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-horizons-spacecraft-wakes-up-for-its-historic-fly-by-of-pluto","title":"New Horizons Spacecraft Wakes up for Its Historic Fly-by of Pluto","publishDate":1420812034,"format":"aside","headTitle":"New Horizons Spacecraft Wakes up for Its Historic Fly-by of Pluto | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/newhorizons_at_pluto.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/newhorizons_at_pluto.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of New Horizons at the Pluto system. (NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of New Horizons at the Pluto system. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Only 84 years \u003ca title=\"Discovery of Pluto\" href=\"http://www.lowell.edu/about_history_pluto.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after its discovery\u003c/a> in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, it is the eve of our first-ever close-up look at everyone’s favorite dwarf planet, Pluto. NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft will make a fly-by on July 14th, after a high-speed, nine-year voyage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Horizons was \u003ca title=\"New Horizons Awakens From Hibernation\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/07dec_plutosdoorstep/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently brought out of its cold-sleep\u003c/a> “cruise” mode in preparation for the historic encounter on July 14. Picture the opening scene of the movie “Alien” as the crew is brought out of hibernation; it’s something like that, but smaller and without actors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”W7kbawLcG7IATH56GTDTG5zT8ddJyr8a”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For anyone who has been following the New Horizons mission, this close encounter is a long anticipated event. For many of us, the wait has been much longer. For me, my curiosity dates back to childhood, when Pluto was my favorite planet, even though we knew very little about it. Maybe the mystery had something to do with the attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even now, the best images of Pluto, captured with the Hubble Space Telescope, show little more than areas of light and dark coloration. Perhaps they’re similar to squinty telescopic views of the planet Mars in the 19th century, or the first blurry close-ups of Jupiter’s Galilean moons by the Pioneer spacecraft, which arguably offered more to the imagination than the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming months, as New Horizons gets closer to the \u003ca title=\"What is Pluto?\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/what-is-pluto-k4.html#.VKcPudLF98E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pluto system\u003c/a>, NASA scientists will check out all of its instrumentation, to make sure it has suffered no ill effects from cold sleep. They’ll also start gathering data on Pluto, its large moon Charon, the smaller moons in the system and the environment of the space in Pluto’s region of the solar system–the frontier of the Kuiper Belt. In May, New Horizons will be close enough to Pluto to capture better images than what we have from the Hubble Space Telescope–and then, we’ll begin to see things, not just imagine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/hst_pluto1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25812\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/hst_pluto1.jpg\" alt=\"Most detailed picture of Pluto to date. (Hubble Space Telescope/NASA/ESA)\" width=\"336\" height=\"203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most detailed picture of Pluto to date. (Hubble Space Telescope/NASA/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What will New Horizons tell us about distant Pluto? That’s the exciting part: we don’t know, yet. Scientists have some ideas of what to expect, but if the history of close-encounter exploration of other solar system objects is a guide, we could be in for some surprises. Before we saw them up close, we knew nothing of the active volcanoes on Io, the deep liquid water ocean on Europa, the surface lakes and seas of liquid methane on Titan or the water geysers of Enceladus. Every object we’ve sent spacecraft to, it seems, held surprises for us. Why would Pluto be any different?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto is what astronomers call a dwarf planet, one of presently five solar system objects that were given this classification back in 2006, shortly after New Horizons was launched. Pluto is small, with about one-sixth the mass of Earth’s Moon, and probably made of a mixture of rock and ice. Traces of a very thin atmosphere have been detected, composed of nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Pluto’s large moon Charon is fully half of Pluto’s diameter, making the pair more of a double object than a dwarf planet and its moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond these physical characteristics, and the system’s orbital and rotational properties, we know very little—and doubtless a minuscule fraction of what we will know after the July encounter. There’s a whole new world just on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year promises a bumper crop of discoveries on dwarf planets. Not only does New Horizons reach Pluto in July, but another NASA spacecraft, \u003ca title=\"Dawn Approaches Dwarf Planet Ceres\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/dawn/dawn-spacecraft-begins-approach-to-dwarf-planet-ceres/#.VKcQhNLF98E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dawn\u003c/a>, will arrive at and enter orbit around Ceres in the Main Asteroid Belt in March. Ceres was once classified as the largest asteroid, but lost that status at the same time Pluto was demoted from planethood. In fact, this is Ceres’ second reclassification, as it was originally designated as a planet, just like Pluto–though in Ceres’ case one can argue that the change in status is a promotion. But when it was discovered that Ceres was one of many objects orbiting the sun between Mars and Jupiter, the term “asteroid” was coined and Ceres was reassigned as the largest of this new class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following New Horizon’s fly-by of Pluto, the probe will coast on into the Kuiper Belt, with possible future encounters with other poorly understood Kuiper Belt Objects on the more distant horizon.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Only 84 years after its discovery in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, it is the eve of our first-ever close-up look at everyone’s favorite dwarf planet, Pluto. NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft will make a fly-by on July 14th, after a high-speed, nine-year voyage.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932424,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":788},"headData":{"title":"New Horizons Spacecraft Wakes up for Its Historic Fly-by of Pluto | KQED","description":"Only 84 years after its discovery in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, it is the eve of our first-ever close-up look at everyone’s favorite dwarf planet, Pluto. NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft will make a fly-by on July 14th, after a high-speed, nine-year voyage.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/25810/new-horizons-spacecraft-wakes-up-for-its-historic-fly-by-of-pluto","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/newhorizons_at_pluto.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/newhorizons_at_pluto.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of New Horizons at the Pluto system. (NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of New Horizons at the Pluto system. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Only 84 years \u003ca title=\"Discovery of Pluto\" href=\"http://www.lowell.edu/about_history_pluto.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after its discovery\u003c/a> in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, it is the eve of our first-ever close-up look at everyone’s favorite dwarf planet, Pluto. NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft will make a fly-by on July 14th, after a high-speed, nine-year voyage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Horizons was \u003ca title=\"New Horizons Awakens From Hibernation\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/07dec_plutosdoorstep/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently brought out of its cold-sleep\u003c/a> “cruise” mode in preparation for the historic encounter on July 14. Picture the opening scene of the movie “Alien” as the crew is brought out of hibernation; it’s something like that, but smaller and without actors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For anyone who has been following the New Horizons mission, this close encounter is a long anticipated event. For many of us, the wait has been much longer. For me, my curiosity dates back to childhood, when Pluto was my favorite planet, even though we knew very little about it. Maybe the mystery had something to do with the attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even now, the best images of Pluto, captured with the Hubble Space Telescope, show little more than areas of light and dark coloration. Perhaps they’re similar to squinty telescopic views of the planet Mars in the 19th century, or the first blurry close-ups of Jupiter’s Galilean moons by the Pioneer spacecraft, which arguably offered more to the imagination than the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming months, as New Horizons gets closer to the \u003ca title=\"What is Pluto?\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/what-is-pluto-k4.html#.VKcPudLF98E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pluto system\u003c/a>, NASA scientists will check out all of its instrumentation, to make sure it has suffered no ill effects from cold sleep. They’ll also start gathering data on Pluto, its large moon Charon, the smaller moons in the system and the environment of the space in Pluto’s region of the solar system–the frontier of the Kuiper Belt. In May, New Horizons will be close enough to Pluto to capture better images than what we have from the Hubble Space Telescope–and then, we’ll begin to see things, not just imagine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/hst_pluto1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25812\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/hst_pluto1.jpg\" alt=\"Most detailed picture of Pluto to date. (Hubble Space Telescope/NASA/ESA)\" width=\"336\" height=\"203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most detailed picture of Pluto to date. (Hubble Space Telescope/NASA/ESA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What will New Horizons tell us about distant Pluto? That’s the exciting part: we don’t know, yet. Scientists have some ideas of what to expect, but if the history of close-encounter exploration of other solar system objects is a guide, we could be in for some surprises. Before we saw them up close, we knew nothing of the active volcanoes on Io, the deep liquid water ocean on Europa, the surface lakes and seas of liquid methane on Titan or the water geysers of Enceladus. Every object we’ve sent spacecraft to, it seems, held surprises for us. Why would Pluto be any different?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluto is what astronomers call a dwarf planet, one of presently five solar system objects that were given this classification back in 2006, shortly after New Horizons was launched. Pluto is small, with about one-sixth the mass of Earth’s Moon, and probably made of a mixture of rock and ice. Traces of a very thin atmosphere have been detected, composed of nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Pluto’s large moon Charon is fully half of Pluto’s diameter, making the pair more of a double object than a dwarf planet and its moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond these physical characteristics, and the system’s orbital and rotational properties, we know very little—and doubtless a minuscule fraction of what we will know after the July encounter. There’s a whole new world just on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year promises a bumper crop of discoveries on dwarf planets. Not only does New Horizons reach Pluto in July, but another NASA spacecraft, \u003ca title=\"Dawn Approaches Dwarf Planet Ceres\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/dawn/dawn-spacecraft-begins-approach-to-dwarf-planet-ceres/#.VKcQhNLF98E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dawn\u003c/a>, will arrive at and enter orbit around Ceres in the Main Asteroid Belt in March. Ceres was once classified as the largest asteroid, but lost that status at the same time Pluto was demoted from planethood. In fact, this is Ceres’ second reclassification, as it was originally designated as a planet, just like Pluto–though in Ceres’ case one can argue that the change in status is a promotion. But when it was discovered that Ceres was one of many objects orbiting the sun between Mars and Jupiter, the term “asteroid” was coined and Ceres was reassigned as the largest of this new class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following New Horizon’s fly-by of Pluto, the probe will coast on into the Kuiper Belt, with possible future encounters with other poorly understood Kuiper Belt Objects on the more distant horizon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/25810/new-horizons-spacecraft-wakes-up-for-its-historic-fly-by-of-pluto","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1306","science_1310","science_2173","science_5175","science_2172","science_5191"],"featImg":"science_25811","label":"science"},"science_18671":{"type":"posts","id":"science_18671","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"18671","score":null,"sort":[1403877652000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"newly-discovered-object-in-space-may-signal-the-presence-of-two-distant-worlds","title":"Newly Discovered Object in Space May Signal the Presence of Two Distant Worlds","publishDate":1403877652,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Newly Discovered Object in Space May Signal the Presence of Two Distant Worlds | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18682\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/2012vp113.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/2012vp113.jpg\" alt=\"Discovery images of 2012 VP113. (Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Discovery images of 2012 VP113-red, green and blue show its position at times two hours apart. (Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of us come from the generation who were taught that there were nine planets. Today, every eight-year-old can tell you there are only eight (as there have been their entire lives, ever since Pluto was conscripted into the troop of dwarf planets). But will the generation that is coming into the world today know more than eight, more than nine, solar planets? Some recent observations make this prospect sound like a strong possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the discovery of an object called \u003ca title=\"2012 VP113\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-supported-research-helps-redefine-solar-systems-edge/#.U6sv1JRdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2012 VP113\u003c/a>, which may eventually fall under the classification of dwarf planet, was \u003ca title=\"2012 VP113 Youtube\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4pKnQxggLk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced \u003c/a>and joined a small group of other distant rocky bodies that have unusually aligned orbital paths. These objects are too small to have come to this alignment through mutual gravitational attraction, suggesting that a stronger gravitational source is orchestrating their motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, a research team in Spain has reexamined the orbital characteristics of this fleet and dug up more unusual patterns of behavior that suggests not one, but two distant massive solar planets may be at play. Not only did the researchers confirm the strangely aligned orbits of the small rocky objects, they found that some of them travel in very similar and greatly elongated paths — suggesting a pattern of orbital “resonance” with the unseen planets. An example of orbital resonance can be seen in a relationship between Neptune and Pluto, where Pluto has been tugged into a cadence of two orbits for every three of Neptune’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Unseen massive planets beyond pluto\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25711-two-giant-planets-may-cruise-unseen-beyond-pluto.html#.U6rufpRdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The two planetary players\u003c/a> in this vast game of night tennis would circle the sun at around 200 and 250 astronomical units (AU, where 1 AU equals 93 million miles, the sun-Earth distance) in nearly circular orbits, and each be considerably more massive than the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A solar system-sized game of night tennis?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We have not seen these planets directly; we have only inferred their existence and properties through observations of the smaller objects they influence, and only when those objects were close enough to Earth to be themselves detected. (Imagine watching that game of night tennis with the court lights turned off and with a glow-in-the-dark tennis ball. It’s something like that, maybe…). Though the players are indicated to be sizeable planets, they are over six times farther from us than Neptune and beyond the sight of today’s telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phantom planets in our solar system have haunted us for years, and while some are truly ghosts of fiction or myth, such as the Earth-destroyer Nibiru, others have been unseen specters of science: Percival Lowell’s “Planet X” and the alleged comet-deflecting rabble rouser dubbed “Nemesis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, NASA’s Wide-Field Infrared Explorer (WISE) mission swept the entire sky with its infrared-sensitive gaze, looking for any large solar system objects orbiting in the distant reaches beyond Neptune. After WISE’s intensive search for heat sources, it was concluded that there should be no planets the size of Saturn within 10,000 astronomical units and no Jupiter-sized worlds within 26,000 AU of our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t rule out smaller planets within that range, which is what the analysis by the team in Spain has placed back on the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like travelers from distant and uncharted continents, the small and eccentric objects we observe as they pass by our shores bring us news of these previously unknown but imagined worlds. What’ll it be, nine planets, ten planets, more? I don’t know, but I’m thinking we might start just accepting that the number of planets in our solar system may be “X”.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Will the generation that is coming into the world today know more than eight, more than nine, solar planets? Some recent observations make this prospect sound like a strong possibility.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933428,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":649},"headData":{"title":"Newly Discovered Object in Space May Signal the Presence of Two Distant Worlds | KQED","description":"Will the generation that is coming into the world today know more than eight, more than nine, solar planets? Some recent observations make this prospect sound like a strong possibility.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/18671/newly-discovered-object-in-space-may-signal-the-presence-of-two-distant-worlds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18682\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/2012vp113.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/2012vp113.jpg\" alt=\"Discovery images of 2012 VP113. (Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Discovery images of 2012 VP113-red, green and blue show its position at times two hours apart. (Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of us come from the generation who were taught that there were nine planets. Today, every eight-year-old can tell you there are only eight (as there have been their entire lives, ever since Pluto was conscripted into the troop of dwarf planets). But will the generation that is coming into the world today know more than eight, more than nine, solar planets? Some recent observations make this prospect sound like a strong possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the discovery of an object called \u003ca title=\"2012 VP113\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-supported-research-helps-redefine-solar-systems-edge/#.U6sv1JRdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2012 VP113\u003c/a>, which may eventually fall under the classification of dwarf planet, was \u003ca title=\"2012 VP113 Youtube\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4pKnQxggLk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced \u003c/a>and joined a small group of other distant rocky bodies that have unusually aligned orbital paths. These objects are too small to have come to this alignment through mutual gravitational attraction, suggesting that a stronger gravitational source is orchestrating their motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, a research team in Spain has reexamined the orbital characteristics of this fleet and dug up more unusual patterns of behavior that suggests not one, but two distant massive solar planets may be at play. Not only did the researchers confirm the strangely aligned orbits of the small rocky objects, they found that some of them travel in very similar and greatly elongated paths — suggesting a pattern of orbital “resonance” with the unseen planets. An example of orbital resonance can be seen in a relationship between Neptune and Pluto, where Pluto has been tugged into a cadence of two orbits for every three of Neptune’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Unseen massive planets beyond pluto\" href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25711-two-giant-planets-may-cruise-unseen-beyond-pluto.html#.U6rufpRdV8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The two planetary players\u003c/a> in this vast game of night tennis would circle the sun at around 200 and 250 astronomical units (AU, where 1 AU equals 93 million miles, the sun-Earth distance) in nearly circular orbits, and each be considerably more massive than the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A solar system-sized game of night tennis?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We have not seen these planets directly; we have only inferred their existence and properties through observations of the smaller objects they influence, and only when those objects were close enough to Earth to be themselves detected. (Imagine watching that game of night tennis with the court lights turned off and with a glow-in-the-dark tennis ball. It’s something like that, maybe…). Though the players are indicated to be sizeable planets, they are over six times farther from us than Neptune and beyond the sight of today’s telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phantom planets in our solar system have haunted us for years, and while some are truly ghosts of fiction or myth, such as the Earth-destroyer Nibiru, others have been unseen specters of science: Percival Lowell’s “Planet X” and the alleged comet-deflecting rabble rouser dubbed “Nemesis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, NASA’s Wide-Field Infrared Explorer (WISE) mission swept the entire sky with its infrared-sensitive gaze, looking for any large solar system objects orbiting in the distant reaches beyond Neptune. After WISE’s intensive search for heat sources, it was concluded that there should be no planets the size of Saturn within 10,000 astronomical units and no Jupiter-sized worlds within 26,000 AU of our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t rule out smaller planets within that range, which is what the analysis by the team in Spain has placed back on the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like travelers from distant and uncharted continents, the small and eccentric objects we observe as they pass by our shores bring us news of these previously unknown but imagined worlds. What’ll it be, nine planets, ten planets, more? I don’t know, but I’m thinking we might start just accepting that the number of planets in our solar system may be “X”.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/18671/newly-discovered-object-in-space-may-signal-the-presence-of-two-distant-worlds","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_1310","science_64","science_25"],"featImg":"science_18682","label":"science"},"science_14409":{"type":"posts","id":"science_14409","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"14409","score":null,"sort":[1392994836000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"recent-observations-confirm-presence-of-water-vapor-on-dwarf-planet-ceres","title":"Recent Observations Confirm Presence of Water Vapor on Dwarf Planet Ceres","publishDate":1392994836,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Recent Observations Confirm Presence of Water Vapor on Dwarf Planet Ceres | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14411\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ceres-hst.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14411\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ceres-hst.jpg\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope image of Dwarf Planet Ceres. Credit: NASA/Hubble Space Telescope\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of Dwarf Planet Ceres. (NASA/Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent observations of the \u003ca title=\"Dwarf planet Ceres\" href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwa_Ceres\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a> by the European Herschel Space Observatory have revealed for the first time the presence of water vapor on this object in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a tantalizing discovery. Although the presence of water ice on the rocky objects of the asteroid belt has long been theorized, this is the first definitive detection and the first detection of a possible atmosphere on a Main Belt object. Further, the amount of water ice on Ceres may be greater than all the water on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Herschel Space Observatory, operated by the European Space Agency until its planned shutdown last April, was the largest infrared telescope ever launched into space. Herschel’s cool-gas-and-dust-sensing infrared vision has been applied to a number of observing programs, one of which was to analyze the chemical composition of the surfaces and atmospheres of objects in the solar system, including planets, moons, comets, asteroids…and the dwarf planet Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herschel made detections of water vapor on Ceres on several occasions, but interestingly not in all observations. The timings of the detections suggest that the water vapor is outgassing in periodic bursts (probably powered by heating when Ceres swings closer to the sun), and the source of outgassing may be localized to specific regions on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Herschel Space Observatory discovers water on dwarf planet Ceres\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/Herschel_discovers_water_vapour_around_dwarf_planet_Ceres\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Herschel’s discovery\u003c/a> comes at an opportune moment as \u003ca title=\"NASA/Dawn\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft, en route from its last port of call, the asteroid Vesta, gets ready to rendezvous with Ceres. Dawn is scheduled to arrive at Ceres in the spring of 2015, so we don’t have to wait long to get a detailed, up close look at the source of the water vapor and the nature of Ceres’ probable atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vesta and Ceres, the two largest objects in the \u003ca title=\"Main Asteroid Belt\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid belt\u003c/a>, are not only an asteroid and a dwarf planet. They are protoplanets: infant bodies that formed in the earliest times of the solar system, but whose processes of development were halted. Where other protoplanets continued to grow by drawing in more and more material and “snowballing” into full-fledged planethood, the growth of objects like Vesta and Ceres was stunted—but this turned out to be an advantage for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to how fossils can tell us about life forms and environments that existed on Earth long ago, leftover protoplanets like Vesta and Ceres are time-capsules of information about conditions in the earliest times of the solar system. The presence of water on Ceres may also inform us of the role that water played in the early formation of planets like Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres has been an object of mystery and revelation as long as we’ve known about it. An astronomical chameleon, it has defied definitive classification not once, not twice, but perhaps three times. Discovered in 1801 orbiting between Mars and Jupiter, Ceres was originally thought to be another planet, but later downgraded to the status of the newly-created classification of “asteroid” when other, smaller objects were found orbiting the sun in its realm—sound familiar, Pluto?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2006 Ceres was reclassified again as a \u003ca title=\"Dwarf Planet\" href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwarf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dwarf planet\u003c/a>, along with former planet Pluto, Ceres’ kindred spirit in the \u003ca title=\"The Kuiper Belt\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/32515/kuiper-belt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a>. And now, with the discovery of water vapor and a possible thin atmosphere, Ceres is subtly–and unofficially–elevated to the likeness of a \u003cem>world\u003c/em>, a quality earned by a celestial object when we learn of the existence of air and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, we’ll have a much clearer view of what a dwarf planet actually looks like. Not only will Dawn arrive at Ceres, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft, after an almost ten year journey, will reach Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recent observations of the dwarf planet Ceres by the European Herschel Space Observatory have revealed for the first time the presence of water vapor on this object in the Main Asteroid Belt. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934144,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":649},"headData":{"title":"Recent Observations Confirm Presence of Water Vapor on Dwarf Planet Ceres | KQED","description":"Recent observations of the dwarf planet Ceres by the European Herschel Space Observatory have revealed for the first time the presence of water vapor on this object in the Main Asteroid Belt. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/14409/recent-observations-confirm-presence-of-water-vapor-on-dwarf-planet-ceres","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14411\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ceres-hst.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14411\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ceres-hst.jpg\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope image of Dwarf Planet Ceres. Credit: NASA/Hubble Space Telescope\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of Dwarf Planet Ceres. (NASA/Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent observations of the \u003ca title=\"Dwarf planet Ceres\" href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwa_Ceres\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a> by the European Herschel Space Observatory have revealed for the first time the presence of water vapor on this object in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a tantalizing discovery. Although the presence of water ice on the rocky objects of the asteroid belt has long been theorized, this is the first definitive detection and the first detection of a possible atmosphere on a Main Belt object. Further, the amount of water ice on Ceres may be greater than all the water on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Herschel Space Observatory, operated by the European Space Agency until its planned shutdown last April, was the largest infrared telescope ever launched into space. Herschel’s cool-gas-and-dust-sensing infrared vision has been applied to a number of observing programs, one of which was to analyze the chemical composition of the surfaces and atmospheres of objects in the solar system, including planets, moons, comets, asteroids…and the dwarf planet Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herschel made detections of water vapor on Ceres on several occasions, but interestingly not in all observations. The timings of the detections suggest that the water vapor is outgassing in periodic bursts (probably powered by heating when Ceres swings closer to the sun), and the source of outgassing may be localized to specific regions on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Herschel Space Observatory discovers water on dwarf planet Ceres\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/Herschel_discovers_water_vapour_around_dwarf_planet_Ceres\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Herschel’s discovery\u003c/a> comes at an opportune moment as \u003ca title=\"NASA/Dawn\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft, en route from its last port of call, the asteroid Vesta, gets ready to rendezvous with Ceres. Dawn is scheduled to arrive at Ceres in the spring of 2015, so we don’t have to wait long to get a detailed, up close look at the source of the water vapor and the nature of Ceres’ probable atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vesta and Ceres, the two largest objects in the \u003ca title=\"Main Asteroid Belt\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid belt\u003c/a>, are not only an asteroid and a dwarf planet. They are protoplanets: infant bodies that formed in the earliest times of the solar system, but whose processes of development were halted. Where other protoplanets continued to grow by drawing in more and more material and “snowballing” into full-fledged planethood, the growth of objects like Vesta and Ceres was stunted—but this turned out to be an advantage for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to how fossils can tell us about life forms and environments that existed on Earth long ago, leftover protoplanets like Vesta and Ceres are time-capsules of information about conditions in the earliest times of the solar system. The presence of water on Ceres may also inform us of the role that water played in the early formation of planets like Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres has been an object of mystery and revelation as long as we’ve known about it. An astronomical chameleon, it has defied definitive classification not once, not twice, but perhaps three times. Discovered in 1801 orbiting between Mars and Jupiter, Ceres was originally thought to be another planet, but later downgraded to the status of the newly-created classification of “asteroid” when other, smaller objects were found orbiting the sun in its realm—sound familiar, Pluto?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2006 Ceres was reclassified again as a \u003ca title=\"Dwarf Planet\" href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwarf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dwarf planet\u003c/a>, along with former planet Pluto, Ceres’ kindred spirit in the \u003ca title=\"The Kuiper Belt\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/32515/kuiper-belt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a>. And now, with the discovery of water vapor and a possible thin atmosphere, Ceres is subtly–and unofficially–elevated to the likeness of a \u003cem>world\u003c/em>, a quality earned by a celestial object when we learn of the existence of air and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, we’ll have a much clearer view of what a dwarf planet actually looks like. Not only will Dawn arrive at Ceres, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft, after an almost ten year journey, will reach Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/14409/recent-observations-confirm-presence-of-water-vapor-on-dwarf-planet-ceres","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_144","science_1306","science_1310","science_1216","science_5175","science_5191","science_201"],"featImg":"science_14411","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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