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At this point, we’re familiar with \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses\">how to protect ourselves from the virus\u003c/a> – and the disease it causes, COVID-19 – \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/bam/child-development/how-to-wash-hands.htm\">by washing our hands thoroughly\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-on-covid-19-and-masks\">wearing masks\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/86kywRzPIpk?feature=shared\">social distancing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"dlresources\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Most people who get the virus are \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/summary.html\">mildly sick and will recover at home\u003c/a>. For others, the virus can be severe, even fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One significant way the virus attacks is deep in our lungs. Here’s how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses are simply genetic material wrapped in a layer of protein and fat. They exist in a gray zone between life and death: They’re active inside a living thing, powerless out in the open, yet rise again in another host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Outside the cell, the virus is basically waiting to attach to another cell,” said \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/people/melanie-ott\">Dr. Melanie Ott\u003c/a>, virologist at the \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a> in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963341\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_virus_label.gif\" alt=\"coronavirus\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multiple virions of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the COVID-19 disease. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The purpose of a virus is to persist,” Ott said. Viruses do this by infecting human cells and using them for the virus’ own purposes, basically making their host into a “little mini virus-producing machine,” Ott said. From there, new virus particles spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ott said the coronavirus has found a particularly good home in humans because the virus can cause less severe symptoms in many people, sometimes even being spread by people who are unaware they are carrying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963338\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963338\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_breeathing.gif\" alt=\"respiratory system\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can infect an individual’s entire respiratory system. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED and Teodros Hailye/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually one step ahead of us, in the way that it spreads relatively undetected in some people,” she said. That allows this virus to “multiply and persist much longer than other deadly viruses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An individual virus particle, called a virion, is invisible to the naked eye. It would take roughly 1,000 coronavirus particles to span the width of a human hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus spreads on moisture droplets through the air or on surfaces, eventually finding its way inside our bodies – typically through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention-H.pdf\">eyes, nose and mouth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the body, the coronavirus attacks the cells in the back of the infected person’s nose, replicating and spreading downward, and infecting healthy cells along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some viruses, like those that cause the common cold, infect upper airways, including the nose and throat. Others can cause viral pneumonia that usually infects smaller areas of just one lung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coronavirus packs a vicious double punch: It can infect the entire respiratory system, all the way down to millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963342\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963342\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_alveoli_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of alveoli, a cluster of tiny air sacs located in the lungs that help humans breathe. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There aren’t a lot of respiratory viruses that go both upper and lower, and this is one of them,” said \u003ca href=\"https://health.ucdavis.edu/team/internalmedicine/1563/michael-schivo---internal-medicine---pulmonary-and-critical-care-sacramento\">Dr. Michael Schivo\u003c/a>, a pulmonologist at \u003ca href=\"https://health.ucdavis.edu/welcome/index.html\">UC Davis Health\u003c/a>. “Number one, [the coronavirus] can make us sicker. And number two, it can cause low oxygen. Those are probably the two biggest problems with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alveoli make up 99% of the surface area of the lung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The airways are equal to a tennis racket laid on the doubles tennis court,” said \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.ucsf.edu/people/michael-matthay\">Dr. Michael Matthay\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF\u003c/a>. “The rest of the tennis court are the alveoli.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963344\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963344\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_macrophage_2.gif\" alt=\"macrophage\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A macrophage, an immune cell located inside of an alveolus, attacks a particle of the coronavirus. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The alveoli literally keep people alive by bringing oxygen into the bloodstream and excreting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the coronavirus disrupts this process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the virus particles enter the alveoli, they continue to replicate, injuring the lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the alveoli are immune cells called macrophages, which act as sentinels for the lungs. They’re “waiting to fight off the cigarette smoke, or pollution or anything else,” Matthay said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963343\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_neutrophils_2.gif\" alt=\"neutrophils\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multiple neutrophils and a macrophage, immune cells located inside of an alveolus, attack the coronavirus inside of an alveolus. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These macrophages attack the virus, a battle that the immune system sometimes wins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re what we call the first responders,” Schivo said. “They recognize danger, and they try to get rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our body needs more help, it recruits more immune cells, called neutrophils. Sometimes, however, during the battle, the immune system goes haywire. It throws relentless resources at this unrecognizable virus, and that can wreak more havoc than repair. This immune system overreaction is called a cytokine storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This two-pronged attack – from the virus and from our immune system’s explosive response – makes the coronavirus so deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963340\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_unhealthy_alveolus.gif\" alt=\"unhealthy alveolus\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fluid enters an infected alveolus, the tiny air sac that helps humans breathe, from the capillary. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the worst-case scenario, the walls of the alveoli begin to break down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluid rushes from the blood vessels into the alveoli, filling them up and blocking the exchange of gases. When this happens, we can’t excrete enough carbon dioxide, nor absorb enough oxygen. It becomes much more difficult to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These lung injuries can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a condition when fluid fills many alveoli on both sides of the lungs. ARDS is what most people with COVID-19 die from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When someone develops ARDS and if it’s severe, their mortality is 40%,” Schivo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='For Educators: Discussion and Viewing Guide for this episode' link1='https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/68,Engage your students in an NGSS-aligned discussion about this video on KQED Learn.' hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/KL340students_illustration.png' ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ultimately beat this coronavirus, humanity will need a very effective antiviral medication or, better yet, immunity through a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the impact from this pandemic has been devastating, we can learn from it, scientists say, so we can stay a step ahead of the next one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_lung_damage_2.gif\" alt=\"lung damage\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The yellow clusters represent lung damage inflicted by the disease COVID-19. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s no reason to think we can’t generate a vaccine,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=2705\">Luis P. Villarreal\u003c/a>, professor emeritus at the School of Biological Sciences at \u003ca href=\"https://uci.edu/\">UC Irvine\u003c/a>. “Then it will be controlled just like measles was and it can be eradicated if you choose to really implement it on a large scale. It would be difficult, but it could be eradicated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reporting contributed by Gabriela Quirós, Deep Look coordinating producer, and Annie Roth, Deep Look intern.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The new coronavirus packs a devastating punch. It penetrates deep into our lungs, causing our immune cells to go haywire and damage tiny air sacs –– the alveoli – where oxygen normally flows into your blood. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847482,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1153},"headData":{"title":"How the Coronavirus Attacks Your Lungs | KQED","description":"The new coronavirus packs a devastating punch. It penetrates deep into our lungs, causing our immune cells to go haywire and damage tiny air sacs –– the alveoli – where oxygen normally flows into our blood.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"The new coronavirus packs a devastating punch. It penetrates deep into our lungs, causing our immune cells to go haywire and damage tiny air sacs –– the alveoli – where oxygen normally flows into our blood.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How the Coronavirus Attacks Your Lungs","datePublished":"2020-05-05T13:00:43.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:44:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/aWw_6NyKTVw","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1963200/how-covid-19-attacks-your-lungs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1963442,science_1962726,arts_13876619,science_1962524,news_11811205,arts_13877094,science_1962970","label":"COVID-19 resources for Deep Look Fans "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The coronavirus has had an enormous impact on our lives: how we work, communicate and congregate. At this point, we’re familiar with \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses\">how to protect ourselves from the virus\u003c/a> – and the disease it causes, COVID-19 – \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/bam/child-development/how-to-wash-hands.htm\">by washing our hands thoroughly\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-on-covid-19-and-masks\">wearing masks\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/86kywRzPIpk?feature=shared\">social distancing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"dlresources\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Most people who get the virus are \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/summary.html\">mildly sick and will recover at home\u003c/a>. For others, the virus can be severe, even fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One significant way the virus attacks is deep in our lungs. Here’s how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses are simply genetic material wrapped in a layer of protein and fat. They exist in a gray zone between life and death: They’re active inside a living thing, powerless out in the open, yet rise again in another host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Outside the cell, the virus is basically waiting to attach to another cell,” said \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/people/melanie-ott\">Dr. Melanie Ott\u003c/a>, virologist at the \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a> in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963341\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_virus_label.gif\" alt=\"coronavirus\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multiple virions of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the COVID-19 disease. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The purpose of a virus is to persist,” Ott said. Viruses do this by infecting human cells and using them for the virus’ own purposes, basically making their host into a “little mini virus-producing machine,” Ott said. From there, new virus particles spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ott said the coronavirus has found a particularly good home in humans because the virus can cause less severe symptoms in many people, sometimes even being spread by people who are unaware they are carrying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963338\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963338\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_breeathing.gif\" alt=\"respiratory system\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can infect an individual’s entire respiratory system. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED and Teodros Hailye/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually one step ahead of us, in the way that it spreads relatively undetected in some people,” she said. That allows this virus to “multiply and persist much longer than other deadly viruses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An individual virus particle, called a virion, is invisible to the naked eye. It would take roughly 1,000 coronavirus particles to span the width of a human hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus spreads on moisture droplets through the air or on surfaces, eventually finding its way inside our bodies – typically through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention-H.pdf\">eyes, nose and mouth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the body, the coronavirus attacks the cells in the back of the infected person’s nose, replicating and spreading downward, and infecting healthy cells along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some viruses, like those that cause the common cold, infect upper airways, including the nose and throat. Others can cause viral pneumonia that usually infects smaller areas of just one lung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coronavirus packs a vicious double punch: It can infect the entire respiratory system, all the way down to millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963342\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963342\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_alveoli_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of alveoli, a cluster of tiny air sacs located in the lungs that help humans breathe. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There aren’t a lot of respiratory viruses that go both upper and lower, and this is one of them,” said \u003ca href=\"https://health.ucdavis.edu/team/internalmedicine/1563/michael-schivo---internal-medicine---pulmonary-and-critical-care-sacramento\">Dr. Michael Schivo\u003c/a>, a pulmonologist at \u003ca href=\"https://health.ucdavis.edu/welcome/index.html\">UC Davis Health\u003c/a>. “Number one, [the coronavirus] can make us sicker. And number two, it can cause low oxygen. Those are probably the two biggest problems with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alveoli make up 99% of the surface area of the lung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The airways are equal to a tennis racket laid on the doubles tennis court,” said \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.ucsf.edu/people/michael-matthay\">Dr. Michael Matthay\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF\u003c/a>. “The rest of the tennis court are the alveoli.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963344\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963344\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_macrophage_2.gif\" alt=\"macrophage\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A macrophage, an immune cell located inside of an alveolus, attacks a particle of the coronavirus. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The alveoli literally keep people alive by bringing oxygen into the bloodstream and excreting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the coronavirus disrupts this process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the virus particles enter the alveoli, they continue to replicate, injuring the lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the alveoli are immune cells called macrophages, which act as sentinels for the lungs. They’re “waiting to fight off the cigarette smoke, or pollution or anything else,” Matthay said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963343\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_neutrophils_2.gif\" alt=\"neutrophils\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multiple neutrophils and a macrophage, immune cells located inside of an alveolus, attack the coronavirus inside of an alveolus. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These macrophages attack the virus, a battle that the immune system sometimes wins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re what we call the first responders,” Schivo said. “They recognize danger, and they try to get rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our body needs more help, it recruits more immune cells, called neutrophils. Sometimes, however, during the battle, the immune system goes haywire. It throws relentless resources at this unrecognizable virus, and that can wreak more havoc than repair. This immune system overreaction is called a cytokine storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This two-pronged attack – from the virus and from our immune system’s explosive response – makes the coronavirus so deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963340\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_unhealthy_alveolus.gif\" alt=\"unhealthy alveolus\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fluid enters an infected alveolus, the tiny air sac that helps humans breathe, from the capillary. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the worst-case scenario, the walls of the alveoli begin to break down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluid rushes from the blood vessels into the alveoli, filling them up and blocking the exchange of gases. When this happens, we can’t excrete enough carbon dioxide, nor absorb enough oxygen. It becomes much more difficult to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These lung injuries can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a condition when fluid fills many alveoli on both sides of the lungs. ARDS is what most people with COVID-19 die from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When someone develops ARDS and if it’s severe, their mortality is 40%,” Schivo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"For Educators: Discussion and Viewing Guide for this episode ","link1":"https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/68,Engage your students in an NGSS-aligned discussion about this video on KQED Learn.","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/KL340students_illustration.png"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ultimately beat this coronavirus, humanity will need a very effective antiviral medication or, better yet, immunity through a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the impact from this pandemic has been devastating, we can learn from it, scientists say, so we can stay a step ahead of the next one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/DL711_lung_damage_2.gif\" alt=\"lung damage\" width=\"590\" height=\"332\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The yellow clusters represent lung damage inflicted by the disease COVID-19. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s no reason to think we can’t generate a vaccine,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=2705\">Luis P. Villarreal\u003c/a>, professor emeritus at the School of Biological Sciences at \u003ca href=\"https://uci.edu/\">UC Irvine\u003c/a>. “Then it will be controlled just like measles was and it can be eradicated if you choose to really implement it on a large scale. It would be difficult, but it could be eradicated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reporting contributed by Gabriela Quirós, Deep Look coordinating producer, and Annie Roth, Deep Look intern.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1963200/how-covid-19-attacks-your-lungs","authors":["2100","8648"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_39","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_4329","science_4368","science_664","science_1520","science_2926"],"featImg":"science_1963348","label":"science_1935"},"science_1956289":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1956289","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1956289","score":null,"sort":[1580339654000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-flu-is-a-bigger-health-threat-in-the-u-s-than-novel-coronavirus","title":"The Flu Is Still a Bigger Health Threat in the U.S. than Novel Coronavirus","publishDate":1580339654,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Flu Is Still a Bigger Health Threat in the U.S. than Novel Coronavirus | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Editor’s Note: Story updated February 27, 2020. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m worried that coronavirus caused the tickle in my throat. I’ve wondered whether I have reason to be. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last week I talked with more than a dozen people who had just left the epicenter of the Chinese outbreak. They were passengers on the last direct flight between Wuhan, China and San Francisco International Airport. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortunately, public health workers screened all of them to ensure they were not infected. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The disease (2019-nCoV), thought to originate in Wuhan, has sickened more than 80,000 people in 46 countries and killed 2,794 people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That sounds terrifying, and it is. \u003cem>In China\u003c/em>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the U.S., the real threat to my health and yours is this year’s flu. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimates\u003c/a> influenza has caused hospitalizations and 16,000 deaths in the U.S. this season. The fatalities include 105 children.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>“This new coronavirus is mysterious,” said Dr. William Schaffner, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University.\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cem> “\u003c/em>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>The experts don’t know very much about this virus yet and what it does. An\u003c/span>d so it’s it’s not surprising that here in the United States we have an outbreak of coronavirus anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of this writing, health authorities have confirmed 60 cases of novel coronavirus in the U.S. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Deadly is the Flu?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1918 influenza pandemic\u003c/a> infected one-third of the world’s population and killed close to 50 million people. A century ago, public health was very different. These days the flu kills, on average, 10-40,000 Americans a year. Usually the risk is greatest for older people or anyone with a preexisting condition. Kids appear to be especially sensitive to this year’s flu.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We in infectious diseases regard influenza with great seriousness,” Schaffner said. “And that’s why, of course, we urge vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He highly recommends regular hand washing. Public health experts do not recommend wearing a mask to ward off either the flu or the coronavirus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Contagious is the Novel Coronavirus?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The novel coronavirus is thought to have originated in a seafood market in Wuhan, the political, cultural and economic hub of central China. Scientists have not yet identified the animal host, or the way the virus spread to humans. Now it passes from \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">person to person\u003c/a> through respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes, pretty much like the flu and the common cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are no confirmed cases in northern California. If that changes, public health officials in the region say they’re ready. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have physicians staffing call lines 24 hours a day all week,” said \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Susan Philip at the San Francisco Department of Public Health’s emergency command center. “\u003c/span>And we are able to communicate and advise providers and emergency departments about how to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Philip urges anyone who has recently traveled to China to see a doctor if they experience flu-like symptoms like a cough, shortness of breath, or fever. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Lethal is the Novel Coronavirus?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s very difficult to know how deadly the novel coronavirus is because it’s still very early in the outbreak. According to statistics published Feb 24 in \u003cem>JAMA, \u003c/em>2.3% of infected patients have died. Half of the fatalities have occurred in patients 70 and older. That’s worse than the seasonal flu, and better than two earlier coronaviruses you may have heard about. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2003 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sars/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome\u003c/a> (SARS)\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> killed 774 people. That virus originated in civets, a mammal native to tropical Asia and Africa. It killed about one in ten people who were infected. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome\u003c/a> (MERS), which originated in camels, has killed 858 people since 2012. About one in three people who contract MERS die. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Charles Chiu, an infectious disease specialist at UCSF, said the novel coronavirus will change as it evolves in humans. \u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>“It will continue to mutate and continue to circulate as long as there are infections ongoing. There is a potential that the virus could mutate into a form that may be more or less transmissible, or more or less virulent.\u003ci>“\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This season the flu has killed more 8,200 people in the U.S., including 54 children. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847846,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":740},"headData":{"title":"The Flu Is Still a Bigger Health Threat in the U.S. than Novel Coronavirus | KQED","description":"This season the flu has killed more 8,200 people in the U.S., including 54 children. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Flu Is Still a Bigger Health Threat in the U.S. than Novel Coronavirus","datePublished":"2020-01-29T23:14:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:50:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/4b7e34bf-b496-4398-8e0d-ab5201312d69/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/science/1956289/the-flu-is-a-bigger-health-threat-in-the-u-s-than-novel-coronavirus","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Editor’s Note: Story updated February 27, 2020. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m worried that coronavirus caused the tickle in my throat. I’ve wondered whether I have reason to be. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last week I talked with more than a dozen people who had just left the epicenter of the Chinese outbreak. They were passengers on the last direct flight between Wuhan, China and San Francisco International Airport. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortunately, public health workers screened all of them to ensure they were not infected. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The disease (2019-nCoV), thought to originate in Wuhan, has sickened more than 80,000 people in 46 countries and killed 2,794 people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That sounds terrifying, and it is. \u003cem>In China\u003c/em>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the U.S., the real threat to my health and yours is this year’s flu. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimates\u003c/a> influenza has caused hospitalizations and 16,000 deaths in the U.S. this season. The fatalities include 105 children.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>“This new coronavirus is mysterious,” said Dr. William Schaffner, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University.\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cem> “\u003c/em>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>The experts don’t know very much about this virus yet and what it does. An\u003c/span>d so it’s it’s not surprising that here in the United States we have an outbreak of coronavirus anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of this writing, health authorities have confirmed 60 cases of novel coronavirus in the U.S. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Deadly is the Flu?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1918 influenza pandemic\u003c/a> infected one-third of the world’s population and killed close to 50 million people. A century ago, public health was very different. These days the flu kills, on average, 10-40,000 Americans a year. Usually the risk is greatest for older people or anyone with a preexisting condition. Kids appear to be especially sensitive to this year’s flu.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We in infectious diseases regard influenza with great seriousness,” Schaffner said. “And that’s why, of course, we urge vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He highly recommends regular hand washing. Public health experts do not recommend wearing a mask to ward off either the flu or the coronavirus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Contagious is the Novel Coronavirus?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The novel coronavirus is thought to have originated in a seafood market in Wuhan, the political, cultural and economic hub of central China. Scientists have not yet identified the animal host, or the way the virus spread to humans. Now it passes from \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">person to person\u003c/a> through respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes, pretty much like the flu and the common cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are no confirmed cases in northern California. If that changes, public health officials in the region say they’re ready. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have physicians staffing call lines 24 hours a day all week,” said \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Susan Philip at the San Francisco Department of Public Health’s emergency command center. “\u003c/span>And we are able to communicate and advise providers and emergency departments about how to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Philip urges anyone who has recently traveled to China to see a doctor if they experience flu-like symptoms like a cough, shortness of breath, or fever. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Lethal is the Novel Coronavirus?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s very difficult to know how deadly the novel coronavirus is because it’s still very early in the outbreak. According to statistics published Feb 24 in \u003cem>JAMA, \u003c/em>2.3% of infected patients have died. Half of the fatalities have occurred in patients 70 and older. That’s worse than the seasonal flu, and better than two earlier coronaviruses you may have heard about. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2003 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sars/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome\u003c/a> (SARS)\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> killed 774 people. That virus originated in civets, a mammal native to tropical Asia and Africa. It killed about one in ten people who were infected. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome\u003c/a> (MERS), which originated in camels, has killed 858 people since 2012. About one in three people who contract MERS die. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Charles Chiu, an infectious disease specialist at UCSF, said the novel coronavirus will change as it evolves in humans. \u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>“It will continue to mutate and continue to circulate as long as there are infections ongoing. There is a potential that the virus could mutate into a form that may be more or less transmissible, or more or less virulent.\u003ci>“\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1956289/the-flu-is-a-bigger-health-threat-in-the-u-s-than-novel-coronavirus","authors":["11229"],"categories":["science_30","science_39","science_40","science_3423"],"tags":["science_4329","science_664","science_3370","science_4277"],"featImg":"science_1956329","label":"science"},"science_1936021":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1936021","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1936021","score":null,"sort":[1545332193000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-long-do-cold-and-flu-viruses-stay-contagious-on-public-surfaces","title":"How Long Do Cold and Flu Viruses Stay Contagious on Public Surfaces?","publishDate":1545332193,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How Long Do Cold and Flu Viruses Stay Contagious on Public Surfaces? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Tis the season for gathering with friends and family to share latkes and gingerbread, but also for those dreaded colds and bouts of the flu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures drop, both illnesses start to tick up, as does the risk of taking you, your co-workers and loved ones down one-by-one. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate the average person gets \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/dotw/common-cold/index.html\">two to three colds per year\u003c/a> — mostly in the winter and spring. The country as a whole sees \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fflu%2Fabout%2Fdisease%2Fburden.htm\">9.3 to 49 million cases\u003c/a> of the flu annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ylV6Bo0kqjQQuuTsEPuJazs6HK9BU0Gw”]Before you isolate yourself inside your home and scrub every surface in sight, you should know that these pathogens don’t actually last for days or weeks outside the body, as commercials for some cleaning products might suggest. That’s because cold and flu viruses, despite their ferocity inside our warm bodies, are structurally wimpy and cannot bear the harsh conditions of the dry, outside world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what you should know about how long these pesky viruses persist and how you can protect yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What is the cold? What is the flu?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most colds are caused by rhinoviruses, though other pathogens like coronavirus, parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus are sources, too. All can lead to serious complications like bronchitis and pneumonia, especially in individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma, and in those with compromised immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza A is the main family of viruses behind the flu in humans. The CDC estimates \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/season/flu-season-2017-2018.htm\">12,000 to 56,000 American deaths\u003c/a> are attributable to the flu each year, while the World Health Organization estimates the virus \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)\">kills up to 650,000 people worldwide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses are nonliving pieces of genetic code — DNA or RNA — covered in protein coats known as capsids. Flu viruses and many cold viruses also have a viral envelope, meaning the capsid is covered by two layers of lipids similar to the cell membranes found on organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses can’t multiply on their own — they must infect the cells of a living creature. Because they aren’t actually living entities, using terms like “live” or “survive” to describe viruses outside the body can cause confusion, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director\">Dr. Anthony Fauci\u003c/a>, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>“Viruses tend to be more stable in environments\u003c/strong> for which they’re known to reproduce…But when they’re exposed to a different material or to a non-moist environment, they can break down.”\u003ccite>Dr. Paul Auwaerter\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“People say, ‘Well [a virus] can live on a doorknob for four days,’” Fauci said. “Well, maybe you can isolate it and grow it in culture by swabbing a doorknob, but that doesn’t mean that it’s infectable for four days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses outside the body can be better described as either infectious or identifiable — meaning the genetic material that was once inside the virus can be detected via a lab technique like polymerase chain reaction, or PCR. This is usually what advertisements for cleaning products are referring to when they say flu viruses can survive on surfaces \u003ca href=\"https://www.clorox.com/how-to/disinfecting-sanitizing/cold-flu-other-diseases/flu-facts/\">for days\u003c/a> on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you had an influenza virus on top of a clean desk, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0000525/paul-auwaerter\">Dr. Paul Auwaerter\u003c/a>, the clinical director for the Division of Infectious Diseases at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five days later, if you take a swab, put it into a molecular machine like a PCR machine and you still find DNA remnants there, that doesn’t mean you have an intact virus,” Auwaerter said. “It just means you’ve found the DNA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An intact virus is necessary for an infection, but this propensity reduces over time as its capsid and viral envelope begin to degrade. Once weakened, the virus is less able to attach to cells and spread its genetic material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvAOVQ2spUY\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How long are cold and flu viruses infectious?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s not a lot of rigorous data on this question, which is probably why there’s also a lot of confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to this decade, only a handful of studies looked at how long flu viruses retain their infectiousness on common surfaces. A \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/146/1/47/992812\">1982 study\u003c/a> found influenza A remained contagious up to 48 hours on hard plastic or stainless steel, while a \u003ca href=\"https://aem.asm.org/content/74/10/3002.short\">2008 publication\u003c/a> found these viruses stayed infectious for up to three days on Swiss bank notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza viruses may actually have a much shorter infectious lifespan, based on more recent work by virologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.lucy-cav.cam.ac.uk/about-us/our-people/college-fellows/dr-jane-greatorex\">Dr. Jane Greatorex\u003c/a> at Public Health England. In a \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027932\">2011 study\u003c/a>, her team took two strains of influenza A and analyzed how long they remained infectiousness on a variety of common surfaces. After nine hours, viable viruses were no longer found on most non-porous metal and plastic surfaces, such as aluminum and computer keyboards. On porous items, like soft toys, clothes and wooden surfaces, viable viruses disappeared after four hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because common colds are caused by a plethora of viruses, research on surface infectious rates are harder to nail down. In general, most are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/infections/how-long-do-bacteria-and-viruses-live-outside-the-body/\">no longer dangerous after 24 hours\u003c/a>, and their ability to infect dissipates faster on porous materials like facial tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s the best surface for killing viruses? Our skin. In the cases of both flu and cold-causing viruses, infectious particles on our hands \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/infections/how-long-do-bacteria-and-viruses-live-outside-the-body/\">are usually gone after 20 minutes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ENenDYEFC9eOLAHNvGciED3njUAzvgow”]Between its pH and its porous nature, our body’s natural barrier to the word does a great job at killing viruses, Greatorex explained. “Our hands are quite antimicrobial themselves,” she said. “They have their own bacteria that live on them — no matter how clean you are — and they don’t actually harbour viruses that well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, any open wounds on our skin would be an easy gateway for viral infection, so remember to use those bandages.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why don’t cold and flu viruses live forever?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Cold and flu viruses’ rapid decrease in viability outside the body is thanks to three main factors: their enveloped structure, environmental conditions and how much our mucus surrounds it after a sneeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A enveloped virus — like influenza A and most cold-causing viruses — are by nature set up for destruction, Greatorex said. While these enveloped viruses are typically neutralized within 48 hours, a non-enveloped one — like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/index.html\">norovirus\u003c/a>, an intestinal disease which has caused \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/norovirus-need-know-dreaded\">multiple mass outbreaks on cruise ships\u003c/a> — can be viable on surfaces for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything that disrupts the proteins on the virus surface pretty much kills these enveloped viruses,” Greatorex said. “They are not particularly resistant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperature, ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, pH changes and salt can play a role in weakening a viral envelope. But one of the main factors is moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Viruses tend to be more stable in environments for which they’re known to reproduce,” Auwaerter said. “If they live in warm, moist environments — for example, in your nostrils, in your throat, in your bronchial tree — they’re more stable. But when they’re exposed to a different material or to a non-moist environment, they can break down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why cold and flu viruses remain infectious on non-porous surfaces like light switches and countertops longer than porous surfaces like fabric and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6282993\">tissues\u003c/a>. Porous surfaces suck moisture away from the viruses, causing the structures to collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uej7jYZDaWtpeQEYtKNnqHpogkaOtHtK”]Not all non-porous surfaces serve as ideal havens for these viruses. Greatorex’s work \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027932\">found flu viruses could remain contagious\u003c/a> for nine hours on stainless steel, and other research has suggested they can be infectious on the metal \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4959249/\">for up to seven days\u003c/a>. But on copper surfaces, the virus stops being infectious \u003ca href=\"https://aem.asm.org/content/73/8/2748\">after six hours\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mucus from a sneeze can protect a virus from the damaging influences of a dry environment and \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027932\">make the virus maintain infectiousness longer\u003c/a>. But on the plus side, Greatorex said, the more mucus a friend or co-worker sneezes, the shorter distance it will travel because of its increased weight and size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the same, if someone in your office is ill, tell them to take a sick day. “Just pack ‘em off,” Greatorex said. “Fewer people will get sick if you send them home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How best to protect yourself\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Because flu viruses don’t often last beyond nine hours, Greatorex’s work suggests public spaces like classrooms, offices and kitchens that are not populated at night will usually free of contagious flu viruses the next morning. But for those who want to be more proactive, Auwaerter recommends sanitizing surfaces periodically with wipes or other chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, soaps, detergents or alcohol-based gels all disrupt the capsules of the viruses, and they’re no longer capable of being infectious,” Auwaerter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"post__col \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"post__col-right\">\n\u003carticle>\n\u003cdiv class=\"body-text\">\n\u003cp>Even if these viruses seem to disappear quickly, don’t let down your guard. The CDC and National Institutes of Health still recommend that everyone get a flu shot and wash their hands regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hand-washing trumps everything,” Fauci said. “Even if the virus lives 20 minutes on your hands, they may touch you, shake your hands, touch something that you touch and then you put your hand to your mouth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That point is worth driving home, considering individuals alone touch their faces an average of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18357546\">15 times per hour\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greatorex also suggests keeping the UK’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.immunology.org/catch-it-bin-it-kill-it-poster-2009\">Catch it. Bin it. Kill it.\u003c/a>” campaign in mind. The message, promoted by the England’s National Health Service, recommends using tissues to cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, throwing said tissue away and then washing your hands to eliminate the germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/how-long-do-cold-and-flu-viruses-stay-contagious-on-public-surfaces\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">This story\u003c/a> was originally published on PBS Newshour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/article>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate the average person gets two to three colds per year — mostly in the winter and spring.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927238,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1717},"headData":{"title":"How Long Do Cold and Flu Viruses Stay Contagious on Public Surfaces? | KQED","description":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate the average person gets two to three colds per year — mostly in the winter and spring.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Long Do Cold and Flu Viruses Stay Contagious on Public Surfaces?","datePublished":"2018-12-20T18:56:33.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:53:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"PBS","sourceUrl":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/how-long-do-cold-and-flu-viruses-stay-contagious-on-public-surfaces","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Julia Griffin\u003cbr>Nsikan Akpan\u003cbr>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/how-long-do-cold-and-flu-viruses-stay-contagious-on-public-surfaces\">PBS\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>","path":"/science/1936021/how-long-do-cold-and-flu-viruses-stay-contagious-on-public-surfaces","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tis the season for gathering with friends and family to share latkes and gingerbread, but also for those dreaded colds and bouts of the flu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures drop, both illnesses start to tick up, as does the risk of taking you, your co-workers and loved ones down one-by-one. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate the average person gets \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/dotw/common-cold/index.html\">two to three colds per year\u003c/a> — mostly in the winter and spring. The country as a whole sees \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fflu%2Fabout%2Fdisease%2Fburden.htm\">9.3 to 49 million cases\u003c/a> of the flu annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Before you isolate yourself inside your home and scrub every surface in sight, you should know that these pathogens don’t actually last for days or weeks outside the body, as commercials for some cleaning products might suggest. That’s because cold and flu viruses, despite their ferocity inside our warm bodies, are structurally wimpy and cannot bear the harsh conditions of the dry, outside world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what you should know about how long these pesky viruses persist and how you can protect yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What is the cold? What is the flu?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most colds are caused by rhinoviruses, though other pathogens like coronavirus, parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus are sources, too. All can lead to serious complications like bronchitis and pneumonia, especially in individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma, and in those with compromised immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza A is the main family of viruses behind the flu in humans. The CDC estimates \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/season/flu-season-2017-2018.htm\">12,000 to 56,000 American deaths\u003c/a> are attributable to the flu each year, while the World Health Organization estimates the virus \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)\">kills up to 650,000 people worldwide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses are nonliving pieces of genetic code — DNA or RNA — covered in protein coats known as capsids. Flu viruses and many cold viruses also have a viral envelope, meaning the capsid is covered by two layers of lipids similar to the cell membranes found on organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses can’t multiply on their own — they must infect the cells of a living creature. Because they aren’t actually living entities, using terms like “live” or “survive” to describe viruses outside the body can cause confusion, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director\">Dr. Anthony Fauci\u003c/a>, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>“Viruses tend to be more stable in environments\u003c/strong> for which they’re known to reproduce…But when they’re exposed to a different material or to a non-moist environment, they can break down.”\u003ccite>Dr. Paul Auwaerter\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“People say, ‘Well [a virus] can live on a doorknob for four days,’” Fauci said. “Well, maybe you can isolate it and grow it in culture by swabbing a doorknob, but that doesn’t mean that it’s infectable for four days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses outside the body can be better described as either infectious or identifiable — meaning the genetic material that was once inside the virus can be detected via a lab technique like polymerase chain reaction, or PCR. This is usually what advertisements for cleaning products are referring to when they say flu viruses can survive on surfaces \u003ca href=\"https://www.clorox.com/how-to/disinfecting-sanitizing/cold-flu-other-diseases/flu-facts/\">for days\u003c/a> on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you had an influenza virus on top of a clean desk, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0000525/paul-auwaerter\">Dr. Paul Auwaerter\u003c/a>, the clinical director for the Division of Infectious Diseases at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five days later, if you take a swab, put it into a molecular machine like a PCR machine and you still find DNA remnants there, that doesn’t mean you have an intact virus,” Auwaerter said. “It just means you’ve found the DNA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An intact virus is necessary for an infection, but this propensity reduces over time as its capsid and viral envelope begin to degrade. Once weakened, the virus is less able to attach to cells and spread its genetic material.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XvAOVQ2spUY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XvAOVQ2spUY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch2>How long are cold and flu viruses infectious?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s not a lot of rigorous data on this question, which is probably why there’s also a lot of confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to this decade, only a handful of studies looked at how long flu viruses retain their infectiousness on common surfaces. A \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/146/1/47/992812\">1982 study\u003c/a> found influenza A remained contagious up to 48 hours on hard plastic or stainless steel, while a \u003ca href=\"https://aem.asm.org/content/74/10/3002.short\">2008 publication\u003c/a> found these viruses stayed infectious for up to three days on Swiss bank notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza viruses may actually have a much shorter infectious lifespan, based on more recent work by virologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.lucy-cav.cam.ac.uk/about-us/our-people/college-fellows/dr-jane-greatorex\">Dr. Jane Greatorex\u003c/a> at Public Health England. In a \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027932\">2011 study\u003c/a>, her team took two strains of influenza A and analyzed how long they remained infectiousness on a variety of common surfaces. After nine hours, viable viruses were no longer found on most non-porous metal and plastic surfaces, such as aluminum and computer keyboards. On porous items, like soft toys, clothes and wooden surfaces, viable viruses disappeared after four hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because common colds are caused by a plethora of viruses, research on surface infectious rates are harder to nail down. In general, most are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/infections/how-long-do-bacteria-and-viruses-live-outside-the-body/\">no longer dangerous after 24 hours\u003c/a>, and their ability to infect dissipates faster on porous materials like facial tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s the best surface for killing viruses? Our skin. In the cases of both flu and cold-causing viruses, infectious particles on our hands \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/infections/how-long-do-bacteria-and-viruses-live-outside-the-body/\">are usually gone after 20 minutes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Between its pH and its porous nature, our body’s natural barrier to the word does a great job at killing viruses, Greatorex explained. “Our hands are quite antimicrobial themselves,” she said. “They have their own bacteria that live on them — no matter how clean you are — and they don’t actually harbour viruses that well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, any open wounds on our skin would be an easy gateway for viral infection, so remember to use those bandages.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why don’t cold and flu viruses live forever?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Cold and flu viruses’ rapid decrease in viability outside the body is thanks to three main factors: their enveloped structure, environmental conditions and how much our mucus surrounds it after a sneeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A enveloped virus — like influenza A and most cold-causing viruses — are by nature set up for destruction, Greatorex said. While these enveloped viruses are typically neutralized within 48 hours, a non-enveloped one — like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/index.html\">norovirus\u003c/a>, an intestinal disease which has caused \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/norovirus-need-know-dreaded\">multiple mass outbreaks on cruise ships\u003c/a> — can be viable on surfaces for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything that disrupts the proteins on the virus surface pretty much kills these enveloped viruses,” Greatorex said. “They are not particularly resistant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperature, ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, pH changes and salt can play a role in weakening a viral envelope. But one of the main factors is moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Viruses tend to be more stable in environments for which they’re known to reproduce,” Auwaerter said. “If they live in warm, moist environments — for example, in your nostrils, in your throat, in your bronchial tree — they’re more stable. But when they’re exposed to a different material or to a non-moist environment, they can break down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why cold and flu viruses remain infectious on non-porous surfaces like light switches and countertops longer than porous surfaces like fabric and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6282993\">tissues\u003c/a>. Porous surfaces suck moisture away from the viruses, causing the structures to collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Not all non-porous surfaces serve as ideal havens for these viruses. Greatorex’s work \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027932\">found flu viruses could remain contagious\u003c/a> for nine hours on stainless steel, and other research has suggested they can be infectious on the metal \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4959249/\">for up to seven days\u003c/a>. But on copper surfaces, the virus stops being infectious \u003ca href=\"https://aem.asm.org/content/73/8/2748\">after six hours\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mucus from a sneeze can protect a virus from the damaging influences of a dry environment and \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027932\">make the virus maintain infectiousness longer\u003c/a>. But on the plus side, Greatorex said, the more mucus a friend or co-worker sneezes, the shorter distance it will travel because of its increased weight and size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the same, if someone in your office is ill, tell them to take a sick day. “Just pack ‘em off,” Greatorex said. “Fewer people will get sick if you send them home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How best to protect yourself\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Because flu viruses don’t often last beyond nine hours, Greatorex’s work suggests public spaces like classrooms, offices and kitchens that are not populated at night will usually free of contagious flu viruses the next morning. But for those who want to be more proactive, Auwaerter recommends sanitizing surfaces periodically with wipes or other chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, soaps, detergents or alcohol-based gels all disrupt the capsules of the viruses, and they’re no longer capable of being infectious,” Auwaerter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"post__col \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"post__col-right\">\n\u003carticle>\n\u003cdiv class=\"body-text\">\n\u003cp>Even if these viruses seem to disappear quickly, don’t let down your guard. The CDC and National Institutes of Health still recommend that everyone get a flu shot and wash their hands regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hand-washing trumps everything,” Fauci said. “Even if the virus lives 20 minutes on your hands, they may touch you, shake your hands, touch something that you touch and then you put your hand to your mouth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That point is worth driving home, considering individuals alone touch their faces an average of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18357546\">15 times per hour\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greatorex also suggests keeping the UK’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.immunology.org/catch-it-bin-it-kill-it-poster-2009\">Catch it. Bin it. Kill it.\u003c/a>” campaign in mind. The message, promoted by the England’s National Health Service, recommends using tissues to cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, throwing said tissue away and then washing your hands to eliminate the germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/how-long-do-cold-and-flu-viruses-stay-contagious-on-public-surfaces\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">This story\u003c/a> was originally published on PBS Newshour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/article>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1936021/how-long-do-cold-and-flu-viruses-stay-contagious-on-public-surfaces","authors":["byline_science_1936021"],"categories":["science_39"],"tags":["science_246","science_664","science_3838","science_2926"],"featImg":"science_1936023","label":"source_science_1936021"},"science_1933748":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1933748","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1933748","score":null,"sort":[1540848604000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization","title":"Air Pollution is 'The New Tobacco,' Warns World Health Organization","publishDate":1540848604,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Air Pollution is ‘The New Tobacco,’ Warns World Health Organization | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">The vast majority of the world’s children under the age of 15 live in environments with poor air quality, fueling a global public health crisis, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released Monday by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.8 billion children, or 93 percent of the age group, are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO safety guidelines, according to the new report.[contextly_sidebar id=”hbedu4oUrO00I6sAXvfWSXYYhIgU5tIP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Polluted air is poisoning millions of children and ruining their lives,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. “This is inexcusable. Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfill their full potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, 98 percent of children under the age of 5 who live in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to higher levels of dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, just over half of children in the same age group who live in high-income countries are exposed to levels that exceed WHO’s safety guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striking new report warns that children who breathe polluted air face a greater risk of developing a host of health problems that can lead to early death, including impaired brain development,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>respiratory disease, childhood cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, poor air quality \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/air-pollution-child-health/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributed to\u003c/a> respiratory tract infections that led to the deaths of 543,000 children under the age of five, according to the same report\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report arrives one week ahead of the first global conference on air pollution and health, organized by WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conference\u003c/a>, which opens in Geneva Oct. 29, participating nations are expected to pledge various initiatives for reducing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their bodies are still developing and they breathe more rapidly than adults, causing them to absorb proportionately more pollutants, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children also tend to breathe closer to the ground, where pollutants are concentrated at greater levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The report’s authors say the damage may even begin before a child is born. Pregnant woman who breathe in dirty air are at a greater risk of giving birth to premature or underweight babies, conditions which can lead to chronic disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO director Ghebreyesus \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls air pollution\u003c/a> the “new tobacco” and blasts what he calls a “smog of complacency” that pervades the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world has turned the corner on tobacco. Now it must do the same for the ‘new tobacco’ – the toxic air that billions breathe every day,” Ghebreyesus wrote in an opinion column for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. “No one, rich or poor, can escape air pollution. It is a silent public health emergency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO estimates that poor air quality kills 7 million people annually, \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255336/9789241565486-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1E5E1F65EE880B020CE71674203530EF?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">more than the \u003c/a>number of people killed by tobacco smoke per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., about 77 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://gispub.epa.gov/neireport/2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air pollution\u003c/a> comes from power plants and other industrial processes, according to the latest available information. More than 16 percent comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a> smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Donald Trump, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed rolling back several key standards that limit air pollution, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rules\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methane standards\u003c/a> for oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a 'silent public health emergency.'","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927339,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":573},"headData":{"title":"Air Pollution is 'The New Tobacco,' Warns World Health Organization | KQED","description":"More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a 'silent public health emergency.'","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Air Pollution is 'The New Tobacco,' Warns World Health Organization","datePublished":"2018-10-29T21:30:04.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:55:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Health","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">The vast majority of the world’s children under the age of 15 live in environments with poor air quality, fueling a global public health crisis, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released Monday by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.8 billion children, or 93 percent of the age group, are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO safety guidelines, according to the new report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Polluted air is poisoning millions of children and ruining their lives,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. “This is inexcusable. Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfill their full potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, 98 percent of children under the age of 5 who live in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to higher levels of dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, just over half of children in the same age group who live in high-income countries are exposed to levels that exceed WHO’s safety guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striking new report warns that children who breathe polluted air face a greater risk of developing a host of health problems that can lead to early death, including impaired brain development,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>respiratory disease, childhood cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, poor air quality \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/air-pollution-child-health/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributed to\u003c/a> respiratory tract infections that led to the deaths of 543,000 children under the age of five, according to the same report\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report arrives one week ahead of the first global conference on air pollution and health, organized by WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conference\u003c/a>, which opens in Geneva Oct. 29, participating nations are expected to pledge various initiatives for reducing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their bodies are still developing and they breathe more rapidly than adults, causing them to absorb proportionately more pollutants, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children also tend to breathe closer to the ground, where pollutants are concentrated at greater levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The report’s authors say the damage may even begin before a child is born. Pregnant woman who breathe in dirty air are at a greater risk of giving birth to premature or underweight babies, conditions which can lead to chronic disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO director Ghebreyesus \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls air pollution\u003c/a> the “new tobacco” and blasts what he calls a “smog of complacency” that pervades the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world has turned the corner on tobacco. Now it must do the same for the ‘new tobacco’ – the toxic air that billions breathe every day,” Ghebreyesus wrote in an opinion column for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. “No one, rich or poor, can escape air pollution. It is a silent public health emergency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO estimates that poor air quality kills 7 million people annually, \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255336/9789241565486-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1E5E1F65EE880B020CE71674203530EF?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">more than the \u003c/a>number of people killed by tobacco smoke per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., about 77 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://gispub.epa.gov/neireport/2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air pollution\u003c/a> comes from power plants and other industrial processes, according to the latest available information. More than 16 percent comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a> smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Donald Trump, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed rolling back several key standards that limit air pollution, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rules\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methane standards\u003c/a> for oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_37","science_39","science_40","science_3730"],"tags":["science_505","science_194","science_664","science_192","science_2080","science_2164","science_1712","science_3514"],"featImg":"science_1933756","label":"source_science_1933748"},"science_1932993":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1932993","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1932993","score":null,"sort":[1539739194000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-sea-lion-population-hit-hard-by-bacterial-outbreak","title":"California Sea Lion Population Hit Hard By Bacterial Outbreak","publishDate":1539739194,"format":"audio","headTitle":"California Sea Lion Population Hit Hard By Bacterial Outbreak | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The California sea lion population has fallen prey to a devastating bacterial outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the second largest outbreak of leptospirosis on record, with at least 220 reported cases so far in 2018, according to the Sausalito-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, which has been treating infected animals. [contextly_sidebar id=”AaMLyoDXqacO9PI6qQMywaF9TmbYhxJp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of sea lions infected with the potentially fatal bacteria represents \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/about-us/News-Room/2018-news-archives/leptospirosis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than half\u003c/a> of all sea lion rescued this year, according to the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall West Coast sea lion population, which is larger than 250,000 animals and has tripled since the 1970s, is not in any danger. But the uptick in infections this year has left officials scratching their heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last several months, the center has treated about five sick sea lions per day, primarily off the northern California coast. The infection causes kidney disease and often, failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infected mammals are typically found stranded on the beach, according to Dr. Shawn Johnson, director of veterinary science at the Marine Mammal Center. He says most of them are spotted curled up on the beach with their flippers tucked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell they don’t feel well,” Johnson told KQED. “They tend to have very severe abdominal pain, they’re very dehydrated, they’re very lethargic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson says outbreaks seem to occur on a 4 to 5-year cycle. The last major event was in 2011, when nearly 200 infected sea lions were treated by the center’s hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of infections occur between July and November, according to the center, which has been tracking the disease for more than four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-468189752-1-1020x679.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stranded adult sea lion is seen in the sand in Laguna Beach, California, on March 30, 2015. The California sea lion population is experiencing the second largest outbreak of leptospirosis on record.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Animals diagnosed with leptospirosis are treated with antibiotics, fluids and gastroprotectants for any ulcers. About two-thirds of infected animals do not survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists are unsure of what is driving the periodic outbreaks, UCLA researchers suspect that a combination of factors may be to blame, including changes in the animal’s immunity, sea surface temperatures and migration patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the disease, MMC and UCLA researchers will work together to collect blood and urine samples from wild sea lions at Año Nuevo Island in Northern California. The animals are tagged and released once samples have been retrieved.[contextly_sidebar id=”AGZxmqJYLFxw5tXcaruqQNaCoFYxIiI3″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will be looking at blood samples to find evidence of kidney disease and antibodies that indicate past exposure to leptospira. The urine samples tell scientists whether the animal is currently infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infected sea lions usually show signs of the disease, including drinking water and folding the flippers over the abdomen, according to the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine mammals generally do not ingest water because they obtain all the fluid they need from other food sources. But when infected, the animals will drink water to compensate for failing kidneys that are no longer able to effectively filter toxins and regulate hydration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals, such as humans and dogs, can become infected with leptospira through contact with contaminated soil, urine, or water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can protect yourself and pets by keeping a safe distance from marine mammals of at least 50 feet. If you see a sick animal, report it to the center’s 24-hour hotline at 415-289-SEAL (7325).\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Even most treated animals don't survive this mysterious marine pathogen.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927387,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":584},"headData":{"title":"California Sea Lion Population Hit Hard By Bacterial Outbreak | KQED","description":"Even most treated animals don't survive this mysterious marine pathogen.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Sea Lion Population Hit Hard By Bacterial Outbreak","datePublished":"2018-10-17T01:19:54.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:56:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Animals","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/10/McClurgSickSeaLions.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":73,"path":"/science/1932993/california-sea-lion-population-hit-hard-by-bacterial-outbreak","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California sea lion population has fallen prey to a devastating bacterial outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the second largest outbreak of leptospirosis on record, with at least 220 reported cases so far in 2018, according to the Sausalito-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, which has been treating infected animals. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of sea lions infected with the potentially fatal bacteria represents \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/about-us/News-Room/2018-news-archives/leptospirosis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than half\u003c/a> of all sea lion rescued this year, according to the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall West Coast sea lion population, which is larger than 250,000 animals and has tripled since the 1970s, is not in any danger. But the uptick in infections this year has left officials scratching their heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last several months, the center has treated about five sick sea lions per day, primarily off the northern California coast. The infection causes kidney disease and often, failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infected mammals are typically found stranded on the beach, according to Dr. Shawn Johnson, director of veterinary science at the Marine Mammal Center. He says most of them are spotted curled up on the beach with their flippers tucked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell they don’t feel well,” Johnson told KQED. “They tend to have very severe abdominal pain, they’re very dehydrated, they’re very lethargic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson says outbreaks seem to occur on a 4 to 5-year cycle. The last major event was in 2011, when nearly 200 infected sea lions were treated by the center’s hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of infections occur between July and November, according to the center, which has been tracking the disease for more than four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-468189752-1-1020x679.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stranded adult sea lion is seen in the sand in Laguna Beach, California, on March 30, 2015. The California sea lion population is experiencing the second largest outbreak of leptospirosis on record.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Animals diagnosed with leptospirosis are treated with antibiotics, fluids and gastroprotectants for any ulcers. About two-thirds of infected animals do not survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists are unsure of what is driving the periodic outbreaks, UCLA researchers suspect that a combination of factors may be to blame, including changes in the animal’s immunity, sea surface temperatures and migration patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the disease, MMC and UCLA researchers will work together to collect blood and urine samples from wild sea lions at Año Nuevo Island in Northern California. The animals are tagged and released once samples have been retrieved.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will be looking at blood samples to find evidence of kidney disease and antibodies that indicate past exposure to leptospira. The urine samples tell scientists whether the animal is currently infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infected sea lions usually show signs of the disease, including drinking water and folding the flippers over the abdomen, according to the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine mammals generally do not ingest water because they obtain all the fluid they need from other food sources. But when infected, the animals will drink water to compensate for failing kidneys that are no longer able to effectively filter toxins and regulate hydration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals, such as humans and dogs, can become infected with leptospira through contact with contaminated soil, urine, or water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can protect yourself and pets by keeping a safe distance from marine mammals of at least 50 feet. If you see a sick animal, report it to the center’s 24-hour hotline at 415-289-SEAL (7325).\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1932993/california-sea-lion-population-hit-hard-by-bacterial-outbreak","authors":["11428","11229"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_39"],"tags":["science_664","science_192","science_1396"],"label":"source_science_1932993"},"science_1927142":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1927142","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1927142","score":null,"sort":[1533937127000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"san-francisco-jury-to-rule-whether-monsanto-caused-bay-area-mans-cancer","title":"Monsanto Found Guilty in Landmark Cancer Case Trial","publishDate":1533937127,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Monsanto Found Guilty in Landmark Cancer Case Trial | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A San Francisco jury on Friday ordered chemical giant Monsanto to pay $289 million to a former school groundskeeper dying of cancer, saying the company’s popular Roundup weed killer contributed to his disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit brought by Dewayne Johnson was the first to go to trial among hundreds filed in state and federal courts saying Roundup causes non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, which Monsanto denies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto was acquired by the German company Bayer AG in a deal that was completed in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jurors in state Superior Court agreed the product contributed to Johnson’s cancer and the company should have provided a label warning of the potential health hazard. Johnson’s attorneys sought and won $39 million in compensatory damages and $250 million of the $373 million they wanted in punitive damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This jury found Monsanto acted with malice and oppression because they knew what they were doing was wrong and doing it with reckless disregard for human life,” said Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a member of Johnson’s legal team. “This should send a strong message to the boardroom of Monsanto.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial was expedited due to Johnson’s terminal illness; doctors say he only has months to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Allegations of Cover-up\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson, 46, is a father of three who contended that Monsanto covered up research linking the weedkiller Roundup to cancer.[contextly_sidebar id=”Y6KruJH68e8Vwwwz9FzuP7UTlsOlQ6aC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He routinely applied Roundup during his employment with the Benicia school district. Lawyers for Johnson showed photos of him with severe skin lesions, which they say were developed from regular exposure to Roundup. From \u003ca href=\"https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2018/07/09/monsanto-trial-roundup-cancer-san-francisco/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CBS News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>He sprayed large quantities from a 50-gallon tank attached to a truck, his attorney, Brent Wisner, told jurors during his opening statement. When the wind was gusty, it would cover his face, Wisner said. When a hose broke once, it soaked his entire body.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Johnson was ultimately diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit also accused Monsanto of intimidating scientists. It said the company covered up research showing that glyphosate, the main chemical in Roundup, can cause cancer. From the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/nation/article/Does-Roundup-cause-cancer-Patient-s-case-13061244.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>He claims in his lawsuit that Monsanto not only failed to warn people about the “dangerous characteristics” of its product, but actually “championed falsified data and attacked legitimate studies” in a “prolonged campaign of misinformation.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>When an expert hired by the company raised concerns about the product’s health risks, Wisner said the company sought to find a different expert rather than warn consumers. From the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jul/09/monsanto-trial-roundup-weedkiller-cancer-dewayne-johnson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guardian\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Wisner further cited Monsanto emails from decades prior, in which the company was working with a genotoxicity expert who reviewed a series of 1990s studies. He raised concerns about Roundup impacts on humans and suggested further areas of research. After the expert’s analyses, Monsanto representatives began considering finding a different expert and also started working on a press statement saying the product carried no risk, according to Johnson’s lawyer.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Johnson’s defense pointed to a decision in 2015 by the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/2016/glyphosate_IARC2016.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to classify\u003c/a> glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans.”[contextly_sidebar id=”hKjmOH4ZcBGSLIh7uozgzvSo7MNiTgBv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of countries have \u003ca href=\"http://responsibletechnology.org/irtnew/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2-Glyphosate-Bans-and-Restrictions-Across-the-Globe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">since banned or restricted\u003c/a> the sale and use of glyphosate. In 2017, California added glyphosate to its list of carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pitting Science Against Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for Monsanto accused Johnson’s lawyers of “cherrypicking” studies and countered with \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/glyphosate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings by the Environmental Protection Agency deeming the product safe to use\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also told the jury that non-Hodgkin lymphoma takes years to develop and therefore, Johnson must have contracted the illness before he began working for the school district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scientific evidence is overwhelming that glyphosate-based products do not cause cancer and did not cause Mr. Johnson’s cancer,” Monsanto attorney George Lombardi said in court.[contextly_sidebar id=”SmJymgaTmxwcBrRL80LiXyGEYwMY8ggy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal judge\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920399/us-judge-blocks-weed-killer-warning-label-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recently blocked California\u003c/a> from requiring Monsanto to include a cancer warning label on Roundup weed killer, pointing to findings by government regulators that glyphosate is safe to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the outcome of the California trial won’t affect the other lawsuits, it could serve as a barometer of how the others might go.[contextly_sidebar id=”kwropuYeRNP2z1nG738B2G0XLbBFNLY0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zen Honeycutt, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.momsacrossamerica.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moms Across America\u003c/a>, a group trying to get Roundup taken off store shelves, called it the “trial of the century.” From the Chronicle:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The health, economy, and future of America depends on eliminating exposure to toxic chemical products such as Roundup,” she told the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with the Guardian, Timothy Litzenburg, one of Johnson’s lawyers, called his client “incredibly brave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever happens … his sons will get to know that their dad was brave enough to go up against Monsanto completely alone, and first, before he died.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The jury ordered Monsanto to pay Dewayne Lee Johnson, who is dying from terminal Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nearly $290 million in damages.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927576,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":843},"headData":{"title":"Monsanto Found Guilty in Landmark Cancer Case Trial | KQED","description":"The jury ordered Monsanto to pay Dewayne Lee Johnson, who is dying from terminal Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nearly $290 million in damages.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Monsanto Found Guilty in Landmark Cancer Case Trial","datePublished":"2018-08-10T21:38:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:59:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Health","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1927142/san-francisco-jury-to-rule-whether-monsanto-caused-bay-area-mans-cancer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A San Francisco jury on Friday ordered chemical giant Monsanto to pay $289 million to a former school groundskeeper dying of cancer, saying the company’s popular Roundup weed killer contributed to his disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit brought by Dewayne Johnson was the first to go to trial among hundreds filed in state and federal courts saying Roundup causes non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, which Monsanto denies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto was acquired by the German company Bayer AG in a deal that was completed in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jurors in state Superior Court agreed the product contributed to Johnson’s cancer and the company should have provided a label warning of the potential health hazard. Johnson’s attorneys sought and won $39 million in compensatory damages and $250 million of the $373 million they wanted in punitive damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This jury found Monsanto acted with malice and oppression because they knew what they were doing was wrong and doing it with reckless disregard for human life,” said Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a member of Johnson’s legal team. “This should send a strong message to the boardroom of Monsanto.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial was expedited due to Johnson’s terminal illness; doctors say he only has months to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Allegations of Cover-up\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson, 46, is a father of three who contended that Monsanto covered up research linking the weedkiller Roundup to cancer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He routinely applied Roundup during his employment with the Benicia school district. Lawyers for Johnson showed photos of him with severe skin lesions, which they say were developed from regular exposure to Roundup. From \u003ca href=\"https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2018/07/09/monsanto-trial-roundup-cancer-san-francisco/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CBS News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>He sprayed large quantities from a 50-gallon tank attached to a truck, his attorney, Brent Wisner, told jurors during his opening statement. When the wind was gusty, it would cover his face, Wisner said. When a hose broke once, it soaked his entire body.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Johnson was ultimately diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit also accused Monsanto of intimidating scientists. It said the company covered up research showing that glyphosate, the main chemical in Roundup, can cause cancer. From the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/nation/article/Does-Roundup-cause-cancer-Patient-s-case-13061244.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>He claims in his lawsuit that Monsanto not only failed to warn people about the “dangerous characteristics” of its product, but actually “championed falsified data and attacked legitimate studies” in a “prolonged campaign of misinformation.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>When an expert hired by the company raised concerns about the product’s health risks, Wisner said the company sought to find a different expert rather than warn consumers. From the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jul/09/monsanto-trial-roundup-weedkiller-cancer-dewayne-johnson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guardian\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Wisner further cited Monsanto emails from decades prior, in which the company was working with a genotoxicity expert who reviewed a series of 1990s studies. He raised concerns about Roundup impacts on humans and suggested further areas of research. After the expert’s analyses, Monsanto representatives began considering finding a different expert and also started working on a press statement saying the product carried no risk, according to Johnson’s lawyer.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Johnson’s defense pointed to a decision in 2015 by the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/2016/glyphosate_IARC2016.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to classify\u003c/a> glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of countries have \u003ca href=\"http://responsibletechnology.org/irtnew/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2-Glyphosate-Bans-and-Restrictions-Across-the-Globe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">since banned or restricted\u003c/a> the sale and use of glyphosate. In 2017, California added glyphosate to its list of carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pitting Science Against Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for Monsanto accused Johnson’s lawyers of “cherrypicking” studies and countered with \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/glyphosate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings by the Environmental Protection Agency deeming the product safe to use\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also told the jury that non-Hodgkin lymphoma takes years to develop and therefore, Johnson must have contracted the illness before he began working for the school district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scientific evidence is overwhelming that glyphosate-based products do not cause cancer and did not cause Mr. Johnson’s cancer,” Monsanto attorney George Lombardi said in court.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal judge\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920399/us-judge-blocks-weed-killer-warning-label-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recently blocked California\u003c/a> from requiring Monsanto to include a cancer warning label on Roundup weed killer, pointing to findings by government regulators that glyphosate is safe to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the outcome of the California trial won’t affect the other lawsuits, it could serve as a barometer of how the others might go.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zen Honeycutt, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.momsacrossamerica.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moms Across America\u003c/a>, a group trying to get Roundup taken off store shelves, called it the “trial of the century.” From the Chronicle:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The health, economy, and future of America depends on eliminating exposure to toxic chemical products such as Roundup,” she told the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with the Guardian, Timothy Litzenburg, one of Johnson’s lawyers, called his client “incredibly brave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever happens … his sons will get to know that their dad was brave enough to go up against Monsanto completely alone, and first, before he died.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1927142/san-francisco-jury-to-rule-whether-monsanto-caused-bay-area-mans-cancer","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_35","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_374","science_664","science_3370","science_5198"],"featImg":"science_1927153","label":"source_science_1927142"},"science_1925877":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925877","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925877","score":null,"sort":[1529345484000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-moves-to-clear-coffee-of-cancer-risk-stigma","title":"California Moves to Clear Coffee of Cancer-Risk Stigma","publishDate":1529345484,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Moves to Clear Coffee of Cancer-Risk Stigma | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California officials, having concluded coffee drinking is not a risky pastime, are proposing a regulation that will essentially tell consumers of America’s favorite beverage they can drink up without fear.[contextly_sidebar id=”xaUbuzkfrZWU5MCxZmA78HelblVrTsoj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unprecedented action Friday by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment to propose a regulation to clear coffee of the stigma that it could pose a toxic risk followed a review of more than 1,000 studies published this week by the World Health Organization that found inadequate evidence that coffee causes cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency implements a law passed by voters in 1986 that requires warnings of chemicals known to cause cancer and birth defects. One of those chemicals is acrylamide, which is found in many things and is a byproduct of coffee roasting and brewing present in every cup of joe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the regulation is adopted, it would be a huge win for the coffee industry which faces potentially massive civil penalties after recently losing an 8-year-old lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court that could require scary warnings on all coffee packaging sold in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Elihu Berle found that Starbucks and other coffee roasters and retailers had failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any cancer risks. He had previously ruled the companies hadn’t shown the threat from the chemical was insignificant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s action rejects that ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposed regulation would state that drinking coffee does not pose a significant cancer risk, despite the presence of chemicals created during the roasting and brewing process that are listed under Proposition 65 as known carcinogens,” the agency said in a statement. “The proposed regulation is based on extensive scientific evidence that drinking coffee has not been shown to increase the risk of cancer and may reduce the risk of some types of cancer.”[contextly_sidebar id=”Eh68QYmFnPH0bH18ZsZ9bsKDZFnQQzh9”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Raphael Metzger, who won the court case on behalf of The Council for Education and Research on Toxics, said he was shocked the agency would move to nullify the court decision and undermine its own report more than a decade ago that drinking even small amounts of coffee resulted in a significant cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The takeaway is that the state is proposing a rule contrary to its own scientific conclusion. That’s unprecedented and bad,” Metzger said. “The whole thing stinks to high hell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Coffee Association had no comment on the proposed change. In the past, the organization has said coffee has health benefits and that the lawsuit made a mockery of the state law intended to protect people from toxics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific evidence on coffee has gone back and forth over many years, but concerns have eased recently about possible dangers, with some studies finding health benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Coffee didn’t deny that acrylamide was found in the coffee, but argued it was only found at low levels and was outweighed by other benefits such as antioxidants that reduce cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency’s action comes about a week after bipartisan bills were introduced in both houses of Congress to require science-based criteria for labels on food and other products. One of the sponsors, Rep. Kurt Schrader, D-Oregon, alluded to the California coffee lawsuit as an example of misleading warnings.[contextly_sidebar id=”23BFzlQuqcfm2ExTZlPQ7OfGNZchWlLQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have mandatory cancer warnings on a cup of coffee, something has gone seriously wrong with the process,” Schrader said in a news release. “We now have so many warnings unrelated to the actual health risk posed to consumers, that most people just ignore them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit against Starbucks and 90 companies was brought by the tiny nonprofit under a law that allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties for failure to provide warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, better known as Proposition 65, requires warning labels for about 900 chemicals known to cause cancer or birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has been credited with reducing cancer-causing chemicals, but it has been criticized for leading to quick settlement shakedowns and vague warnings that are often ignored.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If the regulation is adopted, it would be a huge win for the coffee industry, which faces potentially massive civil penalties after recently losing an 8-year-old lawsuit.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927795,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":718},"headData":{"title":"California Moves to Clear Coffee of Cancer-Risk Stigma | KQED","description":"If the regulation is adopted, it would be a huge win for the coffee industry, which faces potentially massive civil penalties after recently losing an 8-year-old lawsuit.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Moves to Clear Coffee of Cancer-Risk Stigma","datePublished":"2018-06-18T18:11:24.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:03:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Health","sticky":false,"nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/science/1925877/california-moves-to-clear-coffee-of-cancer-risk-stigma","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California officials, having concluded coffee drinking is not a risky pastime, are proposing a regulation that will essentially tell consumers of America’s favorite beverage they can drink up without fear.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unprecedented action Friday by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment to propose a regulation to clear coffee of the stigma that it could pose a toxic risk followed a review of more than 1,000 studies published this week by the World Health Organization that found inadequate evidence that coffee causes cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency implements a law passed by voters in 1986 that requires warnings of chemicals known to cause cancer and birth defects. One of those chemicals is acrylamide, which is found in many things and is a byproduct of coffee roasting and brewing present in every cup of joe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the regulation is adopted, it would be a huge win for the coffee industry which faces potentially massive civil penalties after recently losing an 8-year-old lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court that could require scary warnings on all coffee packaging sold in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Elihu Berle found that Starbucks and other coffee roasters and retailers had failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any cancer risks. He had previously ruled the companies hadn’t shown the threat from the chemical was insignificant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s action rejects that ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposed regulation would state that drinking coffee does not pose a significant cancer risk, despite the presence of chemicals created during the roasting and brewing process that are listed under Proposition 65 as known carcinogens,” the agency said in a statement. “The proposed regulation is based on extensive scientific evidence that drinking coffee has not been shown to increase the risk of cancer and may reduce the risk of some types of cancer.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Raphael Metzger, who won the court case on behalf of The Council for Education and Research on Toxics, said he was shocked the agency would move to nullify the court decision and undermine its own report more than a decade ago that drinking even small amounts of coffee resulted in a significant cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The takeaway is that the state is proposing a rule contrary to its own scientific conclusion. That’s unprecedented and bad,” Metzger said. “The whole thing stinks to high hell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Coffee Association had no comment on the proposed change. In the past, the organization has said coffee has health benefits and that the lawsuit made a mockery of the state law intended to protect people from toxics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific evidence on coffee has gone back and forth over many years, but concerns have eased recently about possible dangers, with some studies finding health benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Coffee didn’t deny that acrylamide was found in the coffee, but argued it was only found at low levels and was outweighed by other benefits such as antioxidants that reduce cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state agency’s action comes about a week after bipartisan bills were introduced in both houses of Congress to require science-based criteria for labels on food and other products. One of the sponsors, Rep. Kurt Schrader, D-Oregon, alluded to the California coffee lawsuit as an example of misleading warnings.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have mandatory cancer warnings on a cup of coffee, something has gone seriously wrong with the process,” Schrader said in a news release. “We now have so many warnings unrelated to the actual health risk posed to consumers, that most people just ignore them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit against Starbucks and 90 companies was brought by the tiny nonprofit under a law that allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties for failure to provide warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, better known as Proposition 65, requires warning labels for about 900 chemicals known to cause cancer or birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has been credited with reducing cancer-causing chemicals, but it has been criticized for leading to quick settlement shakedowns and vague warnings that are often ignored.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925877/california-moves-to-clear-coffee-of-cancer-risk-stigma","authors":["byline_science_1925877"],"categories":["science_4450"],"tags":["science_374","science_1191","science_664","science_5181"],"featImg":"science_1921851","label":"source_science_1925877"},"science_1921850":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1921850","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1921850","score":null,"sort":[1525812036000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-judge-coffee-needs-cancer-warnings","title":"Cancer Warnings at Calif. Starbucks? Judge's Final Ruling Clears the Way","publishDate":1525812036,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Cancer Warnings at Calif. Starbucks? Judge’s Final Ruling Clears the Way | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A court ruling that gave coffee drinkers a jolt earlier this year was finalized Monday when a Los Angeles judge said coffee sold in California must carry cancer warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee, but they argued it was at harmless levels.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Superior Court Judge Elihu Berle said Starbucks Corp. and other roasters and retailers failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any risks from a carcinogen that is a byproduct of the roasting process. He had tentatively made the same written decision in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit group sued about 90 coffee companies, including Keurig Green Mountain Inc. and Peet’s Operating Co. Inc., under a state law that requires warnings on products and in places where chemicals that can cause cancer are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee. But they argued it was at harmless levels and their product should be exempt from the law because the chemical results naturally from cooking necessary for flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final ruling clears the way for the Council for Education and Research on Toxics to seek a permanent injunction that would either lead to ominous warning labels or a commitment by the industry to remove the chemical from their product — as the potato chip industry did years ago when sued by the same group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Raphael Metzger, who represents the nonprofit, said he hopes mediation will lead to some settlement of the case that has been brewing for eight years. If no agreement is reached, another phase of trial would determine civil penalties as high as $2,500 per person exposed each day since the suit was filed in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all the years I’ve been practicing, I’ve never had a case that got to this point,” Metzger said. “They’ve lost all their defenses and we proved our case. The only issues left are the nature and form of the injunction and the amount of penalties to be assessed. It’s not a pretty place for them to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berle had ruled about two years ago against the industry’s best defense before issuing the tentative decision March 29 that rejected a secondary defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the coffee industry said it was considering all options, including appeals. It said that cancer warnings would be misleading and said numerous studies have shown health benefits of drinking coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry and lawyers in the case did not immediately reply to an email seeking comment sent after business hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”0teFDtcBreWWQS4FC3FZdWkLoUHPY5OR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>World Health Organization Says No Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the International Agency for Research on Cancer — the cancer agency of the World Health Organization — moved coffee off its “possible carcinogen” list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies indicate coffee is unlikely to cause breast, prostate or pancreatic cancer, and it seems to lower the risks for liver and uterine cancers, the agency said. Evidence is inadequate to determine its effect on dozens of other cancer types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legal case has been brewing for eight years and is still not over. A third phase of trial will later determine any civil penalties that coffee companies must pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With potential penalties up to $2,500 per person exposed each day over eight years, that figure could be astronomical in a state with close to 40 million residents, though a massive figure is unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit was brought under the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, passed by voters as Proposition 65 in 1986. It allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has been credited with reducing chemicals that cause cancer and birth defects, such as lead in hair dyes, mercury in nasal sprays and arsenic in bottled water. But it’s also been widely criticized for abuses by lawyers shaking down businesses for quick settlements.[contextly_sidebar id=”SKNr2ZmlOPyVlTmK9PImjJm76yYgdkJv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger, who drinks a few cups of coffee a day, said he wants the industry to remove the chemical from its process. Coffee companies have said that’s not feasible and would make their product taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger’s group brought a similar case later taken up by the state attorney general that resulted in potato-chip makers agreeing in 2008 to pay $3 million and remove acrylamide from their products rather than post startling warnings that can be found throughout California and are largely ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parking garages, for example, post signs saying, “This area contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer, birth defects and other reproductive harm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations adopted in recent years now require more specific warnings that list the chemical consumers may be exposed to and list a website with more information. Parking garages, for example, will have to post that breathing air there exposes drivers to carbon monoxide and gas and diesel exhaust and that people should not to linger longer than necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many coffee companies have already posted warnings that specifically say acrylamide is found in coffee and is among chemicals that cause cancer. However, many of those warnings are posted in places not easily visible, such as below the counter where cream and sugar are available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first phase of the trial, Berle said the defense failed to present enough credible evidence to show there was no significant risk posed by acrylamide in coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law put the burden on the defense to show that the level of the chemical won’t result in one excess case of cancer for every 100,000 people exposed. Berle said the epidemiology studies presented were inadequate to evaluate that risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”vV6z214hD9mRJ4Q2alM2i421KYBHPkhw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the defendants in the coffee case have settled at some point during the long legal process and agreed to post warnings, Metzger said. About 50 defendants remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the latest to settle was 7-Eleven, which agreed to pay $900,000. BP West Coast Products, which operates gas station convenience stores, agreed to pay $675,000. Yum Yum Donuts Inc. agreed to pay about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In California, your morning jolt may soon include a cancer warning. The ruling clears the way for either ominous labels or a commitment by the coffee industry to remove a certain chemical.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927926,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1048},"headData":{"title":"Cancer Warnings at Calif. Starbucks? Judge's Final Ruling Clears the Way | KQED","description":"In California, your morning jolt may soon include a cancer warning. The ruling clears the way for either ominous labels or a commitment by the coffee industry to remove a certain chemical.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cancer Warnings at Calif. Starbucks? Judge's Final Ruling Clears the Way","datePublished":"2018-05-08T20:40:36.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:05:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Health","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Brian Melley\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1921850/california-judge-coffee-needs-cancer-warnings","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A court ruling that gave coffee drinkers a jolt earlier this year was finalized Monday when a Los Angeles judge said coffee sold in California must carry cancer warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee, but they argued it was at harmless levels.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Superior Court Judge Elihu Berle said Starbucks Corp. and other roasters and retailers failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any risks from a carcinogen that is a byproduct of the roasting process. He had tentatively made the same written decision in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit group sued about 90 coffee companies, including Keurig Green Mountain Inc. and Peet’s Operating Co. Inc., under a state law that requires warnings on products and in places where chemicals that can cause cancer are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee. But they argued it was at harmless levels and their product should be exempt from the law because the chemical results naturally from cooking necessary for flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final ruling clears the way for the Council for Education and Research on Toxics to seek a permanent injunction that would either lead to ominous warning labels or a commitment by the industry to remove the chemical from their product — as the potato chip industry did years ago when sued by the same group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Raphael Metzger, who represents the nonprofit, said he hopes mediation will lead to some settlement of the case that has been brewing for eight years. If no agreement is reached, another phase of trial would determine civil penalties as high as $2,500 per person exposed each day since the suit was filed in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all the years I’ve been practicing, I’ve never had a case that got to this point,” Metzger said. “They’ve lost all their defenses and we proved our case. The only issues left are the nature and form of the injunction and the amount of penalties to be assessed. It’s not a pretty place for them to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berle had ruled about two years ago against the industry’s best defense before issuing the tentative decision March 29 that rejected a secondary defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the coffee industry said it was considering all options, including appeals. It said that cancer warnings would be misleading and said numerous studies have shown health benefits of drinking coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry and lawyers in the case did not immediately reply to an email seeking comment sent after business hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>World Health Organization Says No Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the International Agency for Research on Cancer — the cancer agency of the World Health Organization — moved coffee off its “possible carcinogen” list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies indicate coffee is unlikely to cause breast, prostate or pancreatic cancer, and it seems to lower the risks for liver and uterine cancers, the agency said. Evidence is inadequate to determine its effect on dozens of other cancer types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legal case has been brewing for eight years and is still not over. A third phase of trial will later determine any civil penalties that coffee companies must pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With potential penalties up to $2,500 per person exposed each day over eight years, that figure could be astronomical in a state with close to 40 million residents, though a massive figure is unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit was brought under the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, passed by voters as Proposition 65 in 1986. It allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has been credited with reducing chemicals that cause cancer and birth defects, such as lead in hair dyes, mercury in nasal sprays and arsenic in bottled water. But it’s also been widely criticized for abuses by lawyers shaking down businesses for quick settlements.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger, who drinks a few cups of coffee a day, said he wants the industry to remove the chemical from its process. Coffee companies have said that’s not feasible and would make their product taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger’s group brought a similar case later taken up by the state attorney general that resulted in potato-chip makers agreeing in 2008 to pay $3 million and remove acrylamide from their products rather than post startling warnings that can be found throughout California and are largely ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parking garages, for example, post signs saying, “This area contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer, birth defects and other reproductive harm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations adopted in recent years now require more specific warnings that list the chemical consumers may be exposed to and list a website with more information. Parking garages, for example, will have to post that breathing air there exposes drivers to carbon monoxide and gas and diesel exhaust and that people should not to linger longer than necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many coffee companies have already posted warnings that specifically say acrylamide is found in coffee and is among chemicals that cause cancer. However, many of those warnings are posted in places not easily visible, such as below the counter where cream and sugar are available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first phase of the trial, Berle said the defense failed to present enough credible evidence to show there was no significant risk posed by acrylamide in coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law put the burden on the defense to show that the level of the chemical won’t result in one excess case of cancer for every 100,000 people exposed. Berle said the epidemiology studies presented were inadequate to evaluate that risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the defendants in the coffee case have settled at some point during the long legal process and agreed to post warnings, Metzger said. About 50 defendants remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the latest to settle was 7-Eleven, which agreed to pay $900,000. BP West Coast Products, which operates gas station convenience stores, agreed to pay $675,000. Yum Yum Donuts Inc. agreed to pay about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1921850/california-judge-coffee-needs-cancer-warnings","authors":["byline_science_1921850"],"categories":["science_36","science_3151","science_39","science_3424","science_40"],"tags":["science_374","science_664","science_507","science_5181"],"featImg":"science_1921851","label":"source_science_1921850"},"science_1922677":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922677","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922677","score":null,"sort":[1523905143000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"immune-therapy-scores-big-win-against-lung-cancer-in-study","title":"Immune Therapy Scores Big Win Against Lung Cancer in Study","publishDate":1523905143,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Immune Therapy Scores Big Win Against Lung Cancer in Study | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>For the first time, a treatment that boosts the immune system greatly improved survival in people newly diagnosed with the most common form of lung cancer. It’s the biggest win so far for immunotherapy, which has had much of its success until now in less common cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, Merck’s Keytruda, given with standard chemotherapy, cut in half the risk of dying or having the cancer worsen, compared to chemo alone after nearly one year. The results are expected to quickly set a new standard of care for about 70,000 patients each year in the United States whose lung cancer has already spread by the time it’s found.[contextly_sidebar id=”F91JtPkny8aMmVDgSzhDCLKl8i9h66i6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study found that an immunotherapy combo — the Bristol-Myers Squibb drugs Opdivo and Yervoy — worked better than chemo for delaying the time until cancer worsened in advanced lung cancer patients whose tumors have many gene flaws, as nearly half do. But the benefit lasted less than two months on average and it’s too soon to know if the combo improves overall survival, as Keytruda did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these immune therapy treatments worked for only about half of patients, but that’s far better than chemo has done in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not nearly where we need to be yet,” said Dr. Roy Herbst, a Yale Cancer Center lung expert who had no role in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results were discussed Monday at an American Association for Cancer Research conference in Chicago and published by the New England Journal of Medicine. The studies were sponsored by the drugmakers, and many study leaders and Herbst consult for the companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Drugs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda, Yervoy and Opdivo are called checkpoint inhibitors. They remove a cloak that some cancer cells have that hides them from the immune system. The drugs are given through IVs and cost about $12,500 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda was approved last year as an initial treatment with chemo for the most common form of advanced lung cancer, but doctors have been leery to use it because that was based on a small study that did not show whether it prolongs life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”H5opvucYu977iQMrSp93NaQuUngGsm4g”]The new study, led by Dr. Leena Gandhi of NYU’s Perlmutter Cancer Center, gives that proof. In it, 616 patients were given chemo and some also received Keytruda. Those not given Keytruda were allowed to switch to it if their cancer worsened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After one year, 69 percent of people originally assigned to Keytruda were alive versus 49 percent of the others — a result that experts called remarkable considering that the second group’s survival was improved because half of them wound up switching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much it ultimately will extend life isn’t known — more than half in the Keytruda group are still alive; median survival was just over 11 months for the others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keytruda combo also delayed the time until cancer worsened — an average of nine months versus five months for the chemo-only group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a big difference for such an advanced cancer, said Dr. Alice Shaw, a Massachusetts General Hospital lung cancer expert and one of the conference leaders. “This is really a pivotal study … a new standard of care,” said Shaw, who has no ties to the drugmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of serious side effects were similar, but twice as many in the Keytruda group dropped out because of them. More than 4 percent of that group developed lung inflammation and three patients died of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Hellmann of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York led a study testing the Opdivo-Yervoy combo versus chemo in a slightly different group of newly diagnosed advanced lung cancer patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study design was changed after it was underway to look at results according to patients’ tumor mutation burden — a measure of how flawed their cancer genes are, according to a profiling test by Foundation Medicine. Medicare recently agreed to cover the $3,000 test for advanced cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of 679 patients, 299 had a high number of gene flaws in their tumors. In that group, survival without worsening of disease was 43 percent after one year for those on the immunotherapy drugs versus 13 percent of those on chemo. The immunotherapy drugs did not help people with fewer tumor gene flaws.[contextly_sidebar id=”k103627drh9G9sgLgZTkEEvh7CJBZPBb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a tool that helps us determine who are the patients that are most likely to benefit from this combination,” Hellmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median time until cancer worsened was about 7 months on the immunotherapy drugs versus 5.5 months for chemo. Serious side effects were a little more common in the chemo group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another rival, Genentech, recently announced that its checkpoint inhibitor, Tecentriq, improved survival in a study similar to the one testing Keytruda. Details are expected in a couple months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"se0:a5bebef0-20f0-11e8-bcf7-7ddee2fbdb58\" class=\"social-embed\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"display-block\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Merck’s Keytruda extended survival for people diagnosed with the most common type of cancer, study found.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927998,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":837},"headData":{"title":"Immune Therapy Scores Big Win Against Lung Cancer in Study | KQED","description":"Merck’s Keytruda extended survival for people diagnosed with the most common type of cancer, study found.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Immune Therapy Scores Big Win Against Lung Cancer in Study","datePublished":"2018-04-16T18:59:03.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:06:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Health","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Marilynn Marchione\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/science/1922677/immune-therapy-scores-big-win-against-lung-cancer-in-study","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time, a treatment that boosts the immune system greatly improved survival in people newly diagnosed with the most common form of lung cancer. It’s the biggest win so far for immunotherapy, which has had much of its success until now in less common cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, Merck’s Keytruda, given with standard chemotherapy, cut in half the risk of dying or having the cancer worsen, compared to chemo alone after nearly one year. The results are expected to quickly set a new standard of care for about 70,000 patients each year in the United States whose lung cancer has already spread by the time it’s found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study found that an immunotherapy combo — the Bristol-Myers Squibb drugs Opdivo and Yervoy — worked better than chemo for delaying the time until cancer worsened in advanced lung cancer patients whose tumors have many gene flaws, as nearly half do. But the benefit lasted less than two months on average and it’s too soon to know if the combo improves overall survival, as Keytruda did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these immune therapy treatments worked for only about half of patients, but that’s far better than chemo has done in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not nearly where we need to be yet,” said Dr. Roy Herbst, a Yale Cancer Center lung expert who had no role in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results were discussed Monday at an American Association for Cancer Research conference in Chicago and published by the New England Journal of Medicine. The studies were sponsored by the drugmakers, and many study leaders and Herbst consult for the companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Drugs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda, Yervoy and Opdivo are called checkpoint inhibitors. They remove a cloak that some cancer cells have that hides them from the immune system. The drugs are given through IVs and cost about $12,500 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda was approved last year as an initial treatment with chemo for the most common form of advanced lung cancer, but doctors have been leery to use it because that was based on a small study that did not show whether it prolongs life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The new study, led by Dr. Leena Gandhi of NYU’s Perlmutter Cancer Center, gives that proof. In it, 616 patients were given chemo and some also received Keytruda. Those not given Keytruda were allowed to switch to it if their cancer worsened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After one year, 69 percent of people originally assigned to Keytruda were alive versus 49 percent of the others — a result that experts called remarkable considering that the second group’s survival was improved because half of them wound up switching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much it ultimately will extend life isn’t known — more than half in the Keytruda group are still alive; median survival was just over 11 months for the others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keytruda combo also delayed the time until cancer worsened — an average of nine months versus five months for the chemo-only group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a big difference for such an advanced cancer, said Dr. Alice Shaw, a Massachusetts General Hospital lung cancer expert and one of the conference leaders. “This is really a pivotal study … a new standard of care,” said Shaw, who has no ties to the drugmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of serious side effects were similar, but twice as many in the Keytruda group dropped out because of them. More than 4 percent of that group developed lung inflammation and three patients died of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Hellmann of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York led a study testing the Opdivo-Yervoy combo versus chemo in a slightly different group of newly diagnosed advanced lung cancer patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study design was changed after it was underway to look at results according to patients’ tumor mutation burden — a measure of how flawed their cancer genes are, according to a profiling test by Foundation Medicine. Medicare recently agreed to cover the $3,000 test for advanced cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of 679 patients, 299 had a high number of gene flaws in their tumors. In that group, survival without worsening of disease was 43 percent after one year for those on the immunotherapy drugs versus 13 percent of those on chemo. The immunotherapy drugs did not help people with fewer tumor gene flaws.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a tool that helps us determine who are the patients that are most likely to benefit from this combination,” Hellmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median time until cancer worsened was about 7 months on the immunotherapy drugs versus 5.5 months for chemo. Serious side effects were a little more common in the chemo group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another rival, Genentech, recently announced that its checkpoint inhibitor, Tecentriq, improved survival in a study similar to the one testing Keytruda. Details are expected in a couple months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"se0:a5bebef0-20f0-11e8-bcf7-7ddee2fbdb58\" class=\"social-embed\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"display-block\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922677/immune-therapy-scores-big-win-against-lung-cancer-in-study","authors":["byline_science_1922677"],"categories":["science_3151","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_374","science_664","science_5181","science_3153"],"featImg":"science_1922679","label":"source_science_1922677"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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