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","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-160x90.jpg","width":160,"height":90,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-768x432.jpg","width":768,"height":432,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-240x135.jpg","width":240,"height":135,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-375x211.jpg","width":375,"height":211,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-520x293.jpg","width":520,"height":293,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/mars-tracks.jpg","width":800,"height":450}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1962935":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1962935","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1962935","score":null,"sort":[1588956926000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-scientists-now-have-to-explore-mars-and-europa-from-their-own-homes","title":"NASA Scientists Now Have to Explore Mars From Their Own Homes","publishDate":1588956926,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Scientists Now Have to Explore Mars From Their Own Homes | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>On Mars, nothing has changed for the rover Curiosity because of the coronavirus pandemic. It continues its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7400\">exploration up the slopes of Mount Sharp\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity drives where it’s told, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7617\">stopping to take a picture\u003c/a> or extend its robotic arm to drill into a rock. Under no shelter-at-home order, it’s business as usual for the rover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, back on Earth, the room where Curiosity’s route is normally planned — by a team of scientists and engineers — stands empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Skeleton Crew, Ghost Staff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to the shelter-in-place and social distancing directives, the normally bustling 117-acre campus of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/about/\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> near Pasadena, California, where Curiosity is operated from, has become something of a ghost town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The usual population of over 5,000 employees has been reduced to a skeleton crew of only a couple hundred performing essential functions that cannot be done remotely. Those who must come to the lab are all practicing social distancing, proper sanitization and wear personal protective equipment, or PPE.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of JPL’s mission operators and other personnel, including the Curiosity rover team, are adapting to doing their jobs remotely from home. So, how does interplanetary exploration work from home —where cats walk across keyboards, kids attend school by Zoom and the dog needs to be walked?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exploring Another World— From Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1962943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"744\" height=\"712\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa.jpg 744w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa-160x153.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity rover driver Keri Bean studies the terrain around the rover using red-blue 3D glasses, an adaptation to operating Curiosity from home without access to higher-tech equipment. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the novel coronavirus began to hit countries around the globe, the Curiosity team predicted the need to carry on with \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7638&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily20200414-1\">rover operations remotely\u003c/a>, and outfitted home offices for video conferencing. The team had to make sure it could stay in close contact to analyze data and imagery from the rover to map its surroundings in detail and plot its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had to adapt, and got creative. Without the high graphics computing and special equipment at JPL, at-home rover operators are using old theater-style 3D glasses to study the terrain and plan Curiosity’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One such maneuver took place on March 20, when operators commanded Curiosity’s drill to bore into a block of sandstone at a site dubbed “Edinburgh” to extract a rock sample for analysis. Not only was the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8633/sols-2713-2714-check-your-work/\">operation a success\u003c/a>, it was also the first time the drill had been used to dig into rock since 2018, when a technical problem forced engineers to devise a new method of drilling. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8655/sols-2742-2743-driving-again/\">on the move again\u003c/a>, after a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8653/sols-2740-2741-making-the-most-of-this-stop/\">pit stop to diagnose\u003c/a> an issue with its \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/spacecraft/instruments/mahli/\">Mars Hand Lens Imager\u003c/a> instrument. No time was wasted: The team directed Curiosity to collect images of the surrounding terrain and atmospheric data while it waited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Impacts on Other Missions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Curiosity on Mars, JPL currently manages 20 different missions. All of them are impacted by the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1962942 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-800x704.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-800x704.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-160x141.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-768x676.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-1020x898.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Europa Clipper spacecraft making a flyby of Jupiter’s icy, ocean-harboring moon, Europa. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of these is \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Europa Clipper\u003c/a>, a mission to send a spacecraft to Jupiter to investigate the ocean beneath the icy crust of the moon Europa. The Clipper team now works almost completely from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Europa Clipper team was already partly remote, since Clipper is a partnership between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jhuapl.edu/PressRelease/190702\">APL\u003c/a> and JPL,” said Krys Blackwood, senior lead human centered designer at JPL. “So, we adapted to working from home fairly rapidly. Luckily, the leadership of the mission is incredibly supportive, working to accommodate people’s unique home and family situations. I find myself looking forward to all those moments when someone’s kids or pets pop into a video conference. Rather than letting it disrupt us, we roll with it and support each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another critical program at JPL is running NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/about/functions/\">Deep Space Network\u003c/a>, or DSN. That’s the global array of large radio dishes that keeps mission operators in contact with robotic missions across the solar system — including the veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7587\">Voyager\u003c/a> probes that are now traveling through interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962939\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1962939\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mission Control at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, nexus of NASA’s Deep Space Network for communicating with robotic missions across the solar system. \u003ccite>(Ben Burress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our research for Deep Space Network operations is definitely impacted,” said Blackwood of her \u003ca href=\"https://hi.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Human Centered Design Group\u003c/a> team, “as we mostly need to be face-to-face in order to measure and evaluate operational practices. So, we’re having to get creative about tools and methods, while trying not to impact operations at all — because no matter what, the DSN needs to keep receiving data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Human Centered Design Group is also responsible for developing and programming the 3D terrain mapping system used by the Curiosity rover team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To Boldly Zoom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine the starship Enterprise traveling through interstellar space, exploring strange new worlds — and the Bridge is largely empty. All the crew, from captain to science officer to navigator, is cloistered away working from their personal quarters. The communications officer, also isolated, keeps everyone in touch via Zoom. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For JPL, it’s something like that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The coronavirus pandemic has turned the Jet Propulsion Laboratory near Pasadena into a space-age ghost town, but the show must go on. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847460,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":887},"headData":{"title":"NASA Scientists Now Have to Explore Mars From Their Own Homes | KQED","description":"The coronavirus pandemic has turned the Jet Propulsion Laboratory near Pasadena into a space-age ghost town, but the show must go on. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA Scientists Now Have to Explore Mars From Their Own Homes","datePublished":"2020-05-08T16:55:26.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:44:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1962935/nasa-scientists-now-have-to-explore-mars-and-europa-from-their-own-homes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Mars, nothing has changed for the rover Curiosity because of the coronavirus pandemic. It continues its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7400\">exploration up the slopes of Mount Sharp\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity drives where it’s told, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7617\">stopping to take a picture\u003c/a> or extend its robotic arm to drill into a rock. Under no shelter-at-home order, it’s business as usual for the rover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, back on Earth, the room where Curiosity’s route is normally planned — by a team of scientists and engineers — stands empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Skeleton Crew, Ghost Staff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to the shelter-in-place and social distancing directives, the normally bustling 117-acre campus of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/about/\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> near Pasadena, California, where Curiosity is operated from, has become something of a ghost town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The usual population of over 5,000 employees has been reduced to a skeleton crew of only a couple hundred performing essential functions that cannot be done remotely. Those who must come to the lab are all practicing social distancing, proper sanitization and wear personal protective equipment, or PPE.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of JPL’s mission operators and other personnel, including the Curiosity rover team, are adapting to doing their jobs remotely from home. So, how does interplanetary exploration work from home —where cats walk across keyboards, kids attend school by Zoom and the dog needs to be walked?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exploring Another World— From Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1962943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"744\" height=\"712\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa.jpg 744w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/3dglasses-curiosity-nasa-160x153.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity rover driver Keri Bean studies the terrain around the rover using red-blue 3D glasses, an adaptation to operating Curiosity from home without access to higher-tech equipment. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the novel coronavirus began to hit countries around the globe, the Curiosity team predicted the need to carry on with \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7638&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily20200414-1\">rover operations remotely\u003c/a>, and outfitted home offices for video conferencing. The team had to make sure it could stay in close contact to analyze data and imagery from the rover to map its surroundings in detail and plot its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had to adapt, and got creative. Without the high graphics computing and special equipment at JPL, at-home rover operators are using old theater-style 3D glasses to study the terrain and plan Curiosity’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One such maneuver took place on March 20, when operators commanded Curiosity’s drill to bore into a block of sandstone at a site dubbed “Edinburgh” to extract a rock sample for analysis. Not only was the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8633/sols-2713-2714-check-your-work/\">operation a success\u003c/a>, it was also the first time the drill had been used to dig into rock since 2018, when a technical problem forced engineers to devise a new method of drilling. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8655/sols-2742-2743-driving-again/\">on the move again\u003c/a>, after a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission-updates/8653/sols-2740-2741-making-the-most-of-this-stop/\">pit stop to diagnose\u003c/a> an issue with its \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/spacecraft/instruments/mahli/\">Mars Hand Lens Imager\u003c/a> instrument. No time was wasted: The team directed Curiosity to collect images of the surrounding terrain and atmospheric data while it waited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Impacts on Other Missions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Curiosity on Mars, JPL currently manages 20 different missions. All of them are impacted by the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1962942 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-800x704.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-800x704.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-160x141.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-768x676.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH-1020x898.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/EuropaClipper-AC-NASAJPLCALTECH.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Europa Clipper spacecraft making a flyby of Jupiter’s icy, ocean-harboring moon, Europa. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of these is \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Europa Clipper\u003c/a>, a mission to send a spacecraft to Jupiter to investigate the ocean beneath the icy crust of the moon Europa. The Clipper team now works almost completely from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Europa Clipper team was already partly remote, since Clipper is a partnership between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jhuapl.edu/PressRelease/190702\">APL\u003c/a> and JPL,” said Krys Blackwood, senior lead human centered designer at JPL. “So, we adapted to working from home fairly rapidly. Luckily, the leadership of the mission is incredibly supportive, working to accommodate people’s unique home and family situations. I find myself looking forward to all those moments when someone’s kids or pets pop into a video conference. Rather than letting it disrupt us, we roll with it and support each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another critical program at JPL is running NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/about/functions/\">Deep Space Network\u003c/a>, or DSN. That’s the global array of large radio dishes that keeps mission operators in contact with robotic missions across the solar system — including the veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7587\">Voyager\u003c/a> probes that are now traveling through interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962939\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1962939\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/JPLFlightControl-BBurress.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mission Control at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, nexus of NASA’s Deep Space Network for communicating with robotic missions across the solar system. \u003ccite>(Ben Burress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our research for Deep Space Network operations is definitely impacted,” said Blackwood of her \u003ca href=\"https://hi.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Human Centered Design Group\u003c/a> team, “as we mostly need to be face-to-face in order to measure and evaluate operational practices. So, we’re having to get creative about tools and methods, while trying not to impact operations at all — because no matter what, the DSN needs to keep receiving data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Human Centered Design Group is also responsible for developing and programming the 3D terrain mapping system used by the Curiosity rover team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To Boldly Zoom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine the starship Enterprise traveling through interstellar space, exploring strange new worlds — and the Bridge is largely empty. All the crew, from captain to science officer to navigator, is cloistered away working from their personal quarters. The communications officer, also isolated, keeps everyone in touch via Zoom. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For JPL, it’s something like that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1962935/nasa-scientists-now-have-to-explore-mars-and-europa-from-their-own-homes","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4329","science_330","science_4414","science_5188","science_5175"],"featImg":"science_1962947","label":"source_science_1962935"},"science_1961943":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1961943","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1961943","score":null,"sort":[1587056627000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation","publishDate":1587056627,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847569,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1290},"headData":{"title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","description":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation","datePublished":"2020-04-16T17:03:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:46:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_498","science_330","science_1056","science_5180","science_5179","science_364","science_351","science_5175","science_501"],"featImg":"science_1961967","label":"source_science_1961943"},"science_1956121":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1956121","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1956121","score":null,"sort":[1579909555000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vote-here-for-the-name-of-new-mars-rover-polls-close-monday-night","title":"Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night","publishDate":1579909555,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>What would you name NASA’s next Mars rover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside link1=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/,Vote for the Mars rover's name here\"]Last year, the space agency posed this question to students in Kindergarten through 12th grade, along with a homework assignment: Write an essay to convince 4,700 contest judges that their name choice rises above all others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people submitted more than 28,000 essays after the competition opened in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the volunteer judges—professionals, teachers, and space science fanciers from all over the U.S. — have selected \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7578&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200121-1\">nine finalists\u003c/a> for interplanetary naming privileges. They are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/27179\">Promise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/3762\">Courage\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/18788\">Clarity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/26909\">Tenacity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/24330\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/6989\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/11318\">Endurance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/14360\">Fortitude\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/23269\">Vision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The choices reflect public enthusiasm for Mars exploration. The children and teens used exceedingly positive words to describe the enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, NASA let the public consider the nine finalist names and essays, and even vote on their favorites. There’s not much time left – this \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/\">link\u003c/a> expires at midnight Monday, Jan. 27. The agency will consider the results in its final naming decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot With a Unique Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/\">Mars 2020 rover\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch this July. If all goes well, it will land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. Bound for Jezero Crater, the car-sized, six-wheeled robot is built on the design of its predecessor, Curiosity. That rover still explores the water-lain sediments of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate Mars’ climate and the role that water played in the past, Mars 2020 will look for signs of anything that might have lived in those ancient waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite imagery of the western edge of Jezero Crater, the designated landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. The river inlet to the left deposited the delta sediments that appear in the middle. Colors represent different mineral composition. Images by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Surveys made from space by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed evidence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jezero-crater-mars-2020s-landing-site\">parts of Jezero Crater\u003c/a> were once sunken beneath the waters of a lake, and fed with runoff and sediment from at least one river inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Excellent Hunting Ground for Ancient Martians\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mission has searched for signs of Martian life since the 1977 Viking landers. They looked for present microbial activity in Mars’ soil and came up with inconclusive results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But subsequent missions— notably the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers, as well as orbital spacecraft — have revealed that in its early history Mars had a much more Earth-like environment: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, rain and rivers feeding deep lakes, and even wide shallow seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of estimated depths of an ancient sea that once existed in Mars’ southern Eridiani Basin. The sea is estimated to have contained nine times as much water as in all of the Great Lakes on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, in the search for life beyond Earth, looking to Mars’ past may have a greater chance of payoff than hoping to find something surviving today in Mars’ cold, dry deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How NASA Names Its Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t usually name its space-faring missions through contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mission names are acronyms, like the Mercury spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging). This embodies a description of the scientific mission and offers a historical nod to the Roman messenger god for which the planet Mercury is named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single person, Dr. Abe Silverstein, is responsible for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/silverstein_feature.html\">naming of Project Apollo \u003c/a>in 1960. While reading a book of mythology at home, NASA’s director of space flight programs decided that the Greek sun god Apollo blazing across the sky in his fiery chariot was an image that matched the grandeur of a mission to send people to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Mars landing missions — and of those, only rovers — have gotten their names through student essay contests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder\">Sojourner\u003c/a>, which launched in 1996, was the first. Even the little rover’s parent lander, Pathfinder, bore only the official name of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] NASA doesn’t usually name its faring missions through contests. You have until midnight Monday, Jan. 27 to vote for a name. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956131\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cartoon illustration of the Mars 2020 rover, made for the student naming contest in August 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why do only rovers get personal names? Maybe because we give them wheels to scurry around on, and twin-camera “eyes” mounted on neck-like masts, and arms that dig into the Martian soil looking for cool things buried there. Robotic rovers just seem more “alive,” like us, and deserving of a personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students, all girls 12 years old and younger, gave Sojourner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Opportunity \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity \u003c/a>their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Mars 2020, will pre-teen girls hold onto their unbroken record, or will a teenager or boy break into this hall of fame?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out in early March, when NASA plans to make the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Nine finalists remain in the student essay contest to name NASA's next Mars rover. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847862,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":847},"headData":{"title":"Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night | KQED","description":"Nine finalists remain in the student essay contest to name NASA's next Mars rover. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night","datePublished":"2020-01-24T23:45:55.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:51:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Space Exploration","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1956121/vote-here-for-the-name-of-new-mars-rover-polls-close-monday-night","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What would you name NASA’s next Mars rover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"link1":"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/,Vote for the Mars rover's name here","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Last year, the space agency posed this question to students in Kindergarten through 12th grade, along with a homework assignment: Write an essay to convince 4,700 contest judges that their name choice rises above all others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people submitted more than 28,000 essays after the competition opened in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the volunteer judges—professionals, teachers, and space science fanciers from all over the U.S. — have selected \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7578&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200121-1\">nine finalists\u003c/a> for interplanetary naming privileges. They are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/27179\">Promise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/3762\">Courage\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/18788\">Clarity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/26909\">Tenacity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/24330\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/6989\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/11318\">Endurance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/14360\">Fortitude\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/23269\">Vision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The choices reflect public enthusiasm for Mars exploration. The children and teens used exceedingly positive words to describe the enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, NASA let the public consider the nine finalist names and essays, and even vote on their favorites. There’s not much time left – this \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/\">link\u003c/a> expires at midnight Monday, Jan. 27. The agency will consider the results in its final naming decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot With a Unique Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/\">Mars 2020 rover\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch this July. If all goes well, it will land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. Bound for Jezero Crater, the car-sized, six-wheeled robot is built on the design of its predecessor, Curiosity. That rover still explores the water-lain sediments of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate Mars’ climate and the role that water played in the past, Mars 2020 will look for signs of anything that might have lived in those ancient waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite imagery of the western edge of Jezero Crater, the designated landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. The river inlet to the left deposited the delta sediments that appear in the middle. Colors represent different mineral composition. Images by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Surveys made from space by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed evidence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jezero-crater-mars-2020s-landing-site\">parts of Jezero Crater\u003c/a> were once sunken beneath the waters of a lake, and fed with runoff and sediment from at least one river inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Excellent Hunting Ground for Ancient Martians\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mission has searched for signs of Martian life since the 1977 Viking landers. They looked for present microbial activity in Mars’ soil and came up with inconclusive results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But subsequent missions— notably the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers, as well as orbital spacecraft — have revealed that in its early history Mars had a much more Earth-like environment: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, rain and rivers feeding deep lakes, and even wide shallow seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of estimated depths of an ancient sea that once existed in Mars’ southern Eridiani Basin. The sea is estimated to have contained nine times as much water as in all of the Great Lakes on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, in the search for life beyond Earth, looking to Mars’ past may have a greater chance of payoff than hoping to find something surviving today in Mars’ cold, dry deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How NASA Names Its Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t usually name its space-faring missions through contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mission names are acronyms, like the Mercury spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging). This embodies a description of the scientific mission and offers a historical nod to the Roman messenger god for which the planet Mercury is named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single person, Dr. Abe Silverstein, is responsible for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/silverstein_feature.html\">naming of Project Apollo \u003c/a>in 1960. While reading a book of mythology at home, NASA’s director of space flight programs decided that the Greek sun god Apollo blazing across the sky in his fiery chariot was an image that matched the grandeur of a mission to send people to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Mars landing missions — and of those, only rovers — have gotten their names through student essay contests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder\">Sojourner\u003c/a>, which launched in 1996, was the first. Even the little rover’s parent lander, Pathfinder, bore only the official name of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":" NASA doesn’t usually name its faring missions through contests. You have until midnight Monday, Jan. 27 to vote for a name. ","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956131\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cartoon illustration of the Mars 2020 rover, made for the student naming contest in August 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why do only rovers get personal names? Maybe because we give them wheels to scurry around on, and twin-camera “eyes” mounted on neck-like masts, and arms that dig into the Martian soil looking for cool things buried there. Robotic rovers just seem more “alive,” like us, and deserving of a personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students, all girls 12 years old and younger, gave Sojourner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Opportunity \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity \u003c/a>their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Mars 2020, will pre-teen girls hold onto their unbroken record, or will a teenager or boy break into this hall of fame?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out in early March, when NASA plans to make the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1956121/vote-here-for-the-name-of-new-mars-rover-polls-close-monday-night","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_32","science_89","science_40","science_3947"],"tags":["science_330","science_3370","science_5179","science_3616","science_5175","science_420"],"featImg":"science_1956130","label":"source_science_1956121"},"science_1949946":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1949946","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1949946","score":null,"sort":[1572267715000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-curiosity-rover-discovers-ancient-mud-cracks-that-may-tell-a-tale-of-mars-demise","title":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars","publishDate":1572267715,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In its quest to find signs of water in the sediments of Mount Sharp, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl/\">NASA’s rover Curiosity\u003c/a> has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of geologic formations and measurements of mineral residues collected over two years tell a tale of a watery world caught in the process of drying up, and maybe not giving up without a fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A four-foot-wide patch of ancient mudstone called “Old Soaker,” encountered late in 2016 within Mars’ Gale Crater, may be a snapshot of the moment Mars began its transition from a wet and possibly lively planet to the cold, dry, apparently lifeless world we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949964\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg\" alt='Cracks in the mudstone slab called \"Old Soaker,\" whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. ' width=\"800\" height=\"714\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-160x143.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-768x686.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1020x911.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1200x1071.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracks in the mudstone slab called “Old Soaker,” whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bearing \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia21261\">a network of cracks\u003c/a> that may have formed in drying mud, Old Soaker shows that even as water was becoming scarce on Mars, it persisted in seeps, trickling streams and shallow desert lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moment captured in the Old Soaker mudstone over three billion years ago is one picture in a larger album that Curiosity has been assembling since it landed in 2012. Its compendium of Martian climatic history has captivated our imaginations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Quest For Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did liquid water ever exist on Mars? When, and how much? Was the environment ever capable of supporting life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the big questions Curiosity went forth to tackle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 755px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1950007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg\" alt=\"A "selfie" taken by NASA's Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \" width=\"755\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg 755w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1-160x212.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” taken by NASA’s Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, Curiosity’s confirmed that \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">liquid water once flowed\u003c/a> into and pooled within Gale Crater, from very early in its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagery of geologic formations Curiosity captured in its earlier travels tell a captivating story of the young Gale Crater Lake. Sedimentary layering, lakebed mudstone, and aggregations of river pebbles and stones found in the oldest, lowest formations of Mount Sharp reveal that a wide deep lake, fed by rivers and streams, may have persisted in Gale Crater for many millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars' more Earthlike youth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars’ more Earthlike youth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Taking Gale Crater and its ancient lake as an indicator of Mars’ global environment, we know the atmosphere had to be much warmer and thicker than it is today. It almost certainly supported a water cycle of precipitation, runoff, pooling in lakes and seas, and evaporation similar to Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading the Pages of Geologic History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater is an \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/feature/22\">ideal location to investigate Mars’s climate history\u003c/a>. Piled over three miles high within the crater is Mount Sharp, a mega-mound of sedimentary rock whose stacked layers scientists can read like the pages of geological history book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949967\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg\" alt=\"Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars' Gale Crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-768x351.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1020x466.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1200x549.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1920x878.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crater formed 3.8-3.5 billion years ago when an asteroid hit Mars. It gradually filled though wind and water action with layer upon layer of sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In more recent times after Mars dried up, wind eroded some of the infill, sculpting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292.html\">multi-layered mountain\u003c/a> Curiosity is doggedly crawling up today. As it visits each formation of sedimentary rock on its uphill climb, Curiosity is reading the pages of Mars’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death Throes of a Drying World?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now seven years into its mission, Curiosity has climbed to higher points on Mount Sharp, analyzing layers of rock that formed at different times and under different climatic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story told by Old Soaker’s mudstone cracks may be a page in a saga of tumultuous environmental change. Mars’ environment dried up, became wet again, then swung back to dry in repeating cycles. Wetter periods preceded and followed the dry episode that formed this specimen, based on what Curiosity found at adjacent rock layers in the Mount Sharp stack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity has also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/salt-lake-gale-crater-mars/\">mineralogical evidence\u003c/a> to corroborate the Old Soaker’s tale of a drying world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 537px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg\" alt=\"A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA's Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water's of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \" width=\"537\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg 537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537-160x163.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA’s Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water’s of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/JHUAPL/Ralph Milliken)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission Curiosity detected an abundance of clay minerals in the oldest layers of lake bed sediment. They indicated that those layers were deposited when lake waters were deep and plentiful. Freshwater conditions on Earth formed similar clays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher on the mountain’s slopes, the rover found chloride and sulfate salts in younger sediments, dated to about 3.5 billion years. Such mineral salts are known byproducts of bodies of water undergoing evaporation, like a lake drying up during a shift to a more arid climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take a Walk Through a Mars-like Past—on Earth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve been to a place like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\">Death Valley National Park\u003c/a>, you may have witnessed evidence of long-gone water in that dry and desolate landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mineral salts, once dissolved in the waters of an ancient lake that filled today’s Death Valley, now cover huge areas of the valley floor in thick, white crystalline deposits. When the drying climate east of the Sierra Nevada mountains reduced the 70-mile-long, 600-foot-deep Lake Manly to a salt-lined desert valley, it left behind the briny residue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-768x519.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \u003ccite>(Jerrye and Roy Klotz, MD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s still possible to see, and even walk upon, ancient shorelines carved into the side of Shoreline Butte by the action of lapping waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some side canyons of Death Valley are mudstone formations bearing the petrified imprints of ripples formed in the lake floor mud, now preserved in stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few briny “springs” still issue seasonal seepage and offer a watery habitat for \u003ca href=\"https://www.visitcalifornia.com/attraction/desert-pupfish\">pupfish\u003c/a>, the surviving descendants of that paleolake’s fishy inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all the signs of deep waters, flowing streams, and a once- thriving ecosystem, Lake Manly dried up thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is prospecting the Martian desert and turning up similar evidence of Mars’s ancient waters. It’s looking back three or more billion years, not just a few millennia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Signs of Life—Yet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s mission goals is to assess Mars’ past environment to determine whether it could ever have harbored some form of life. The result, so far, appears to be yes. When it more closely resembled Earth’s conditions, Mars may have been hospitable to some form of life, if only single-celled organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists didn’t equip Curiosity to look for actual signs of life—just the water it might have lived in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, NASA plans to launch its next mission to the Red Planet, the Mars 2020 rover. It will bookend Curiosity’s mission by directly searching for the chemical residues left behind by any would-be Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, get ready for the next chapter in the Martian saga.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's rover Curiosity has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848192,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1349},"headData":{"title":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars | KQED","description":"NASA's rover Curiosity has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars","datePublished":"2019-10-28T13:01:55.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:56:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1949946/nasas-curiosity-rover-discovers-ancient-mud-cracks-that-may-tell-a-tale-of-mars-demise","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In its quest to find signs of water in the sediments of Mount Sharp, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl/\">NASA’s rover Curiosity\u003c/a> has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of geologic formations and measurements of mineral residues collected over two years tell a tale of a watery world caught in the process of drying up, and maybe not giving up without a fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A four-foot-wide patch of ancient mudstone called “Old Soaker,” encountered late in 2016 within Mars’ Gale Crater, may be a snapshot of the moment Mars began its transition from a wet and possibly lively planet to the cold, dry, apparently lifeless world we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949964\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg\" alt='Cracks in the mudstone slab called \"Old Soaker,\" whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. ' width=\"800\" height=\"714\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-160x143.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-768x686.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1020x911.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1200x1071.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracks in the mudstone slab called “Old Soaker,” whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bearing \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia21261\">a network of cracks\u003c/a> that may have formed in drying mud, Old Soaker shows that even as water was becoming scarce on Mars, it persisted in seeps, trickling streams and shallow desert lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moment captured in the Old Soaker mudstone over three billion years ago is one picture in a larger album that Curiosity has been assembling since it landed in 2012. Its compendium of Martian climatic history has captivated our imaginations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Quest For Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did liquid water ever exist on Mars? When, and how much? Was the environment ever capable of supporting life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the big questions Curiosity went forth to tackle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 755px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1950007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg\" alt=\"A "selfie" taken by NASA's Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \" width=\"755\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg 755w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1-160x212.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” taken by NASA’s Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, Curiosity’s confirmed that \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">liquid water once flowed\u003c/a> into and pooled within Gale Crater, from very early in its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagery of geologic formations Curiosity captured in its earlier travels tell a captivating story of the young Gale Crater Lake. Sedimentary layering, lakebed mudstone, and aggregations of river pebbles and stones found in the oldest, lowest formations of Mount Sharp reveal that a wide deep lake, fed by rivers and streams, may have persisted in Gale Crater for many millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars' more Earthlike youth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars’ more Earthlike youth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Taking Gale Crater and its ancient lake as an indicator of Mars’ global environment, we know the atmosphere had to be much warmer and thicker than it is today. It almost certainly supported a water cycle of precipitation, runoff, pooling in lakes and seas, and evaporation similar to Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading the Pages of Geologic History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater is an \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/feature/22\">ideal location to investigate Mars’s climate history\u003c/a>. Piled over three miles high within the crater is Mount Sharp, a mega-mound of sedimentary rock whose stacked layers scientists can read like the pages of geological history book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949967\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg\" alt=\"Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars' Gale Crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-768x351.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1020x466.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1200x549.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1920x878.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crater formed 3.8-3.5 billion years ago when an asteroid hit Mars. It gradually filled though wind and water action with layer upon layer of sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In more recent times after Mars dried up, wind eroded some of the infill, sculpting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292.html\">multi-layered mountain\u003c/a> Curiosity is doggedly crawling up today. As it visits each formation of sedimentary rock on its uphill climb, Curiosity is reading the pages of Mars’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death Throes of a Drying World?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now seven years into its mission, Curiosity has climbed to higher points on Mount Sharp, analyzing layers of rock that formed at different times and under different climatic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story told by Old Soaker’s mudstone cracks may be a page in a saga of tumultuous environmental change. Mars’ environment dried up, became wet again, then swung back to dry in repeating cycles. Wetter periods preceded and followed the dry episode that formed this specimen, based on what Curiosity found at adjacent rock layers in the Mount Sharp stack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity has also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/salt-lake-gale-crater-mars/\">mineralogical evidence\u003c/a> to corroborate the Old Soaker’s tale of a drying world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 537px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg\" alt=\"A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA's Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water's of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \" width=\"537\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg 537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537-160x163.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA’s Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water’s of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/JHUAPL/Ralph Milliken)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission Curiosity detected an abundance of clay minerals in the oldest layers of lake bed sediment. They indicated that those layers were deposited when lake waters were deep and plentiful. Freshwater conditions on Earth formed similar clays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher on the mountain’s slopes, the rover found chloride and sulfate salts in younger sediments, dated to about 3.5 billion years. Such mineral salts are known byproducts of bodies of water undergoing evaporation, like a lake drying up during a shift to a more arid climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take a Walk Through a Mars-like Past—on Earth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve been to a place like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\">Death Valley National Park\u003c/a>, you may have witnessed evidence of long-gone water in that dry and desolate landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mineral salts, once dissolved in the waters of an ancient lake that filled today’s Death Valley, now cover huge areas of the valley floor in thick, white crystalline deposits. When the drying climate east of the Sierra Nevada mountains reduced the 70-mile-long, 600-foot-deep Lake Manly to a salt-lined desert valley, it left behind the briny residue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-768x519.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \u003ccite>(Jerrye and Roy Klotz, MD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s still possible to see, and even walk upon, ancient shorelines carved into the side of Shoreline Butte by the action of lapping waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some side canyons of Death Valley are mudstone formations bearing the petrified imprints of ripples formed in the lake floor mud, now preserved in stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few briny “springs” still issue seasonal seepage and offer a watery habitat for \u003ca href=\"https://www.visitcalifornia.com/attraction/desert-pupfish\">pupfish\u003c/a>, the surviving descendants of that paleolake’s fishy inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all the signs of deep waters, flowing streams, and a once- thriving ecosystem, Lake Manly dried up thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is prospecting the Martian desert and turning up similar evidence of Mars’s ancient waters. It’s looking back three or more billion years, not just a few millennia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Signs of Life—Yet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s mission goals is to assess Mars’ past environment to determine whether it could ever have harbored some form of life. The result, so far, appears to be yes. When it more closely resembled Earth’s conditions, Mars may have been hospitable to some form of life, if only single-celled organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists didn’t equip Curiosity to look for actual signs of life—just the water it might have lived in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, NASA plans to launch its next mission to the Red Planet, the Mars 2020 rover. It will bookend Curiosity’s mission by directly searching for the chemical residues left behind by any would-be Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, get ready for the next chapter in the Martian saga.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1949946/nasas-curiosity-rover-discovers-ancient-mud-cracks-that-may-tell-a-tale-of-mars-demise","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_332","science_5179","science_333","science_5175","science_420","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1949965","label":"source_science_1949946"},"science_1940706":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1940706","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1940706","score":null,"sort":[1556559950000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-curiosity-rover-reaches-a-new-height-and-milestone","title":"Curiosity Drills Into Mars and Strikes Clay","publishDate":1556559950,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Curiosity Drills Into Mars and Strikes Clay | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>While prospecting the slopes of Mount Sharp for evidence of Mars’ past watery climates, NASA’s Curiosity rover struck clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this doesn’t sound as worthy of a “Eureka!” as hitting the golden mother-lode, consider that, to scientists studying Mars’ past climates, clay is as good as gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940722\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-800x393.jpg\" alt=\"Mosaic of the "clay-bearing unit" that NASA's Curiosity rover arrived at in February. The edge of Vera Rubin Ridge, Curiosity's previous exploration site, can be seen at the top of the picture. \" width=\"800\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-800x393.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-160x79.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-768x377.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-1020x501.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-1200x590.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic of the “clay-bearing unit” that NASA’s Curiosity rover arrived at in February. The edge of Vera Rubin Ridge, Curiosity’s previous exploration site, can be seen at the top of the picture. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clay is a treasure to researchers because the minerals it contains are known to have formed in the presence of water. So, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/research-on-clay-formation-could-have-implications-for-how-to-search-for-life-on-mars/\">analyzing Martian clays\u003c/a> is a means of exploring what role water has played in Mars’ past climates. Mars’ once wetter, possibly more Earth-like, and maybe even life-friendly environment has long since dried up, but clues to it persist in the rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7376\">drilled the April 6 clay sample\u003c/a> from a patch of exposed bedrock, nicknamed “Aberlady,” within a region of Mount Sharp called the “clay-bearing unit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Saga of Mars’ History Written in Stone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292.html\">Mount Sharp\u003c/a> is a 3-mile-high mound of sedimentary rock sitting in the middle of 90-mile-wide Gale Crater, which we know once contained deep lakes that repeatedly formed and dried up in cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/10125640jpg\">sediments were laid down\u003c/a> at different times in the past two billion years, and each layer represents a page in the climate history of Mars. Erosion by wind action has opened up these pages for Curiosity to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Quest for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Sharp’s “clay-bearing unit” was \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/mars/clay-bearing-unit-map.html\">discovered from orbit\u003c/a> by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in the years prior to Curiosity’s 2012 landing. That detection is \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/features/mars/110311/\">one of the main reasons\u003c/a> that Gale Crater, and particularly Mount Sharp, were chosen for Curiosity’s expedition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity can bore into hard rock to get samples, with a hammering rock drill on its long robotic arm. The drill’s jack-hammer action was needed to penetrate earlier hard mudstones, but the April 6 clay tasting was of soft rock and required only rotary action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drilled rock samples are delivered by the robotic arm to Curiosity’s internal laboratory instruments for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity started detecting clay minerals in \u003ca href=\"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/179797/scientists-analysing-martian-mudstones-reveal-chemistry/\">mudstone samples\u003c/a> shortly after landing, discoveries that only continued along its uphill trail. These lower mudstones are believed to have formed when rivers carrying sediments flowed into ancient lakes, where the sediments settled out on the lake bottom near the inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940712\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940712\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-800x584.jpg\" alt=\"Fine sediment layers along Mount Sharp's lower slopes typical of lake bottom sediments deposited by the waters of river inflow. Picture taken in 2014 by the Curiosity rover.\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-800x584.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-768x561.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-1020x745.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-1200x877.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1.jpg 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fine sediment layers along Mount Sharp’s lower slopes typical of lake bottom sediments deposited by the waters of river inflow. Picture taken in 2014 by the Curiosity rover.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While scientists await results of Curiosity’s analysis of the Aberlady sample, they are surveying the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2197638-curiosity-is-entering-what-may-be-the-best-area-to-find-life-on-mars/\">unexplored territory\u003c/a> surrounding the rover — maybe like kids in a candy shop. Several intriguing geological features beckon with promises of discovery. There’s a lot to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Progress and Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the recent headlines grabbed by new and upcoming Mars missions —\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/overview/\"> InSight\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> rover namely — plus 2018’s loss of the veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-record-setting-opportunity-rover-mission-on-mars-comes-to-end\">Opportunity rover\u003c/a>, Curiosity’s dogged and determined uphill progress may have been overshadowed by these robots of past, present, and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Curiosity weathered last year’s major global dust storm without a hitch — the same dust storm that ended Opportunity’s 15-year Martian marathon. Indeed, Curiosity has fed us regular reports of mineralogical paleo-water-sightings for many months now, making the truly remarkable findings almost a routine event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940709\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940709\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Google Earth image showing Curiosity's 2012 landing site and its present location in the Clay-Bearing Unit above Vera Rubin Ridge. The summit of Mount Sharp is at the upper right, and the distant rim of Gale Crater is shown in the background. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google Earth image showing Curiosity’s 2012 landing site and its present location in the Clay-Bearing Unit above Vera Rubin Ridge. The summit of Mount Sharp is at the upper right, and the distant rim of Gale Crater is shown in the background. \u003ccite>(NASA/Google Earth)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But with this new rung of Mount Sharp’s sedimentary ladder now climbed, Curiosity’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\">progress up the 3-mile-high mountain\u003c/a> can be appreciated. Though it has only climbed a vertical distance of about 1,000 feet in seven years, and in the bigger picture is still much closer to Mount Sharp’s foot than its summit, no other interplanetary rover in history can come close to boasting such a mountain-climbing record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will Curiosity encounter in this new phase of is exploration, and \u003ca href=\"https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/22882/does-the-curiosity-rover-really-have-a-chance-of-driving-to-the-top-of-mt-sharp?rq=1\">how much higher will it climb\u003c/a> before it joins Opportunity in the history books?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The presence of clay on Mars is giving researchers clues to the planet's former climate.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848714,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":804},"headData":{"title":"Curiosity Drills Into Mars and Strikes Clay | KQED","description":"The presence of clay on Mars is giving researchers clues to the planet's former climate.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Curiosity Drills Into Mars and Strikes Clay","datePublished":"2019-04-29T17:45:50.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:05:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1940706/nasas-curiosity-rover-reaches-a-new-height-and-milestone","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While prospecting the slopes of Mount Sharp for evidence of Mars’ past watery climates, NASA’s Curiosity rover struck clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this doesn’t sound as worthy of a “Eureka!” as hitting the golden mother-lode, consider that, to scientists studying Mars’ past climates, clay is as good as gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940722\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-800x393.jpg\" alt=\"Mosaic of the "clay-bearing unit" that NASA's Curiosity rover arrived at in February. The edge of Vera Rubin Ridge, Curiosity's previous exploration site, can be seen at the top of the picture. \" width=\"800\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-800x393.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-160x79.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-768x377.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-1020x501.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-1200x590.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic of the “clay-bearing unit” that NASA’s Curiosity rover arrived at in February. The edge of Vera Rubin Ridge, Curiosity’s previous exploration site, can be seen at the top of the picture. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clay is a treasure to researchers because the minerals it contains are known to have formed in the presence of water. So, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/research-on-clay-formation-could-have-implications-for-how-to-search-for-life-on-mars/\">analyzing Martian clays\u003c/a> is a means of exploring what role water has played in Mars’ past climates. Mars’ once wetter, possibly more Earth-like, and maybe even life-friendly environment has long since dried up, but clues to it persist in the rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7376\">drilled the April 6 clay sample\u003c/a> from a patch of exposed bedrock, nicknamed “Aberlady,” within a region of Mount Sharp called the “clay-bearing unit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Saga of Mars’ History Written in Stone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292.html\">Mount Sharp\u003c/a> is a 3-mile-high mound of sedimentary rock sitting in the middle of 90-mile-wide Gale Crater, which we know once contained deep lakes that repeatedly formed and dried up in cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/10125640jpg\">sediments were laid down\u003c/a> at different times in the past two billion years, and each layer represents a page in the climate history of Mars. Erosion by wind action has opened up these pages for Curiosity to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Quest for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Sharp’s “clay-bearing unit” was \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/mars/clay-bearing-unit-map.html\">discovered from orbit\u003c/a> by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in the years prior to Curiosity’s 2012 landing. That detection is \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/features/mars/110311/\">one of the main reasons\u003c/a> that Gale Crater, and particularly Mount Sharp, were chosen for Curiosity’s expedition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity can bore into hard rock to get samples, with a hammering rock drill on its long robotic arm. The drill’s jack-hammer action was needed to penetrate earlier hard mudstones, but the April 6 clay tasting was of soft rock and required only rotary action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drilled rock samples are delivered by the robotic arm to Curiosity’s internal laboratory instruments for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity started detecting clay minerals in \u003ca href=\"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/179797/scientists-analysing-martian-mudstones-reveal-chemistry/\">mudstone samples\u003c/a> shortly after landing, discoveries that only continued along its uphill trail. These lower mudstones are believed to have formed when rivers carrying sediments flowed into ancient lakes, where the sediments settled out on the lake bottom near the inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940712\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940712\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-800x584.jpg\" alt=\"Fine sediment layers along Mount Sharp's lower slopes typical of lake bottom sediments deposited by the waters of river inflow. Picture taken in 2014 by the Curiosity rover.\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-800x584.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-768x561.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-1020x745.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-1200x877.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1.jpg 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fine sediment layers along Mount Sharp’s lower slopes typical of lake bottom sediments deposited by the waters of river inflow. Picture taken in 2014 by the Curiosity rover.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While scientists await results of Curiosity’s analysis of the Aberlady sample, they are surveying the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2197638-curiosity-is-entering-what-may-be-the-best-area-to-find-life-on-mars/\">unexplored territory\u003c/a> surrounding the rover — maybe like kids in a candy shop. Several intriguing geological features beckon with promises of discovery. There’s a lot to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Progress and Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the recent headlines grabbed by new and upcoming Mars missions —\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/overview/\"> InSight\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> rover namely — plus 2018’s loss of the veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-record-setting-opportunity-rover-mission-on-mars-comes-to-end\">Opportunity rover\u003c/a>, Curiosity’s dogged and determined uphill progress may have been overshadowed by these robots of past, present, and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Curiosity weathered last year’s major global dust storm without a hitch — the same dust storm that ended Opportunity’s 15-year Martian marathon. Indeed, Curiosity has fed us regular reports of mineralogical paleo-water-sightings for many months now, making the truly remarkable findings almost a routine event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940709\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940709\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Google Earth image showing Curiosity's 2012 landing site and its present location in the Clay-Bearing Unit above Vera Rubin Ridge. The summit of Mount Sharp is at the upper right, and the distant rim of Gale Crater is shown in the background. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google Earth image showing Curiosity’s 2012 landing site and its present location in the Clay-Bearing Unit above Vera Rubin Ridge. The summit of Mount Sharp is at the upper right, and the distant rim of Gale Crater is shown in the background. \u003ccite>(NASA/Google Earth)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But with this new rung of Mount Sharp’s sedimentary ladder now climbed, Curiosity’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\">progress up the 3-mile-high mountain\u003c/a> can be appreciated. Though it has only climbed a vertical distance of about 1,000 feet in seven years, and in the bigger picture is still much closer to Mount Sharp’s foot than its summit, no other interplanetary rover in history can come close to boasting such a mountain-climbing record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will Curiosity encounter in this new phase of is exploration, and \u003ca href=\"https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/22882/does-the-curiosity-rover-really-have-a-chance-of-driving-to-the-top-of-mt-sharp?rq=1\">how much higher will it climb\u003c/a> before it joins Opportunity in the history books?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1940706/nasas-curiosity-rover-reaches-a-new-height-and-milestone","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_3370","science_3832","science_3834","science_332","science_5179","science_333","science_5175","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1940710","label":"source_science_1940706"},"science_1931121":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1931121","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1931121","score":null,"sort":[1537203668000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-the-dust-settles-on-mars-can-nasas-robotic-explorers-forge-ahead","title":"As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA's Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead?","publishDate":1537203668,"format":"standard","headTitle":"As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA’s Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Three months after the first stirrings of what became an epic global storm on Mars, the winds have died down and the dust that filled the atmosphere is settling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, like a scene from the opening moments of the film “The Martian,” NASA is working to return to normal operations with its explorers on the Martian surface — and seeking to re-establish contact with one that has not checked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunity Lost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veteran robot \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, which has been roving the bottom of a suspected ancient Martian sea (\u003ca href=\"https://www.windows2universe.org/mars/places/meridiani_planum.html\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a>) since 2004, went into a protective “sleep” mode on June 10 when airborne dust choked off sunlight — its source of power. This robotic version of an induced coma is intended to preserve battery power and keep electronic systems in a low-power standby state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msss.com/msss_images/latest_weather.html\">Now that the skies are clearing\u003c/a> and sunlight levels are returning to normal, NASA is counting on the rover’s solar panels to recharge its batteries and “wake” the robot from its stormy-weather slumber. Questions remain. Are Opportunity’s systems still healthy? How much dust may have settled on its solar panels and will it hamper recharging?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this all happened just when things were getting exciting again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Opportunity is arguably near the end of its marathon 14-year campaign of exploration, it was just beginning to explore a possibly water-carved valley on the edge of the 14-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2032.html\">Endeavour Crater\u003c/a> when the wind storm began to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1931157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg\" alt=\"Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017.\" width=\"700\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-520x321.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Cornell/NMMNH/Larry Crumpler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After trekking more than 28 miles across Meridiani Planum, finding copious mineralogical and morphological signs of past water along the way, NASA decided to send the rover on the somewhat risky path down \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2018/04-mer-update-special-perseverance-valley-lpsc-2018.html\">Perseverance Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been an open question whether Opportunity would ever make it to the bottom of the ravine before suffering a final failure or encountering an impassable obstruction—but on an exploratory adventure like this, the journey is more important than the destination, and any revelations about the history of water on Mars will help us understand our Earthlike neighbor better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/status.html\">Will Opportunity wake up\u003c/a> and report in, continuing the adventure for us all? Stay tuned….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Shrugs Off the Dust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, on the other side of the planet, the Mars Science Laboratory rover \u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/curiosity-surveys-fading-global-dust-storm-from-vera-rubin-ridge/\">Curiosity has plowed ahead\u003c/a> despite the storm and dust-choked skies above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcJLZfPiyfc&w=834&h=469]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now sporting a layer of dust accumulated over the last couple of months, Curiosity is stationed on the lower slopes of Mount Sharp, a 3.5-mile-high mound of sedimentary rock and soil in the middle of the 90-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">Gale Crater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by a thermoelectric nuclear generator (yes, like the one in The Martian that kept Mark Watney warm as he drove his rover across the land), Curiosity was unfazed by the dust-veiled sun — and could operate in complete darkness if it had to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is presently exploring a large outcrop of rock called Vera Rubin Ridge—a geological feature that intrigued scientists long before they decided to plot Curiosity’s path to it. Concentrations of the often water-formed mineral hematite were detected from orbit by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg\" alt=\"Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-160x34.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-768x162.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1020x216.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1200x254.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1180x249.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-960x203.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-240x51.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-375x79.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-520x110.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vera Rubin Ridge has proven to be more than just a vein of hematite. In fact, it is the most geologically diverse site yet found by Curiosity, with a large variety of rock colors and textures all wrapped up in a single formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two attempts to drill samples \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2018/0417-curiosity-update-sols-1972-2026.html\">were thwarted\u003c/a> by unexpectedly hard rock, and the investigation is ongoing, with \u003ca href=\"http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=30803\">two more drilling sites\u003c/a> scheduled for later this month. What makes the ridge’s rock so hard and resistant to wind erosion is one of the mysteries NASA hopes to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible explanation is that water flowing through the ground in Mars’ distant past deposited a hard mineral — possibly a form of hematite — that “cemented” the formation together, which was later exposed by wind erosion of surrounding softer materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Adventure Continues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Opportunity shakes off its safe-mode fugue and resumes prospecting for signs of water, and how ever far Curiosity climbs up the sedimentary layers of Mount Sharp, the adventure of exploring this probably once very Earthlike planet will continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931162\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931162\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars' deep interior.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars’ deep interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The InSIGHT lander is more than halfway to Mars, with a landing scheduled for November. And the launch of the Mars 2020 rover, whose mission will be to search for signs of Martian life, is only two years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned for the next installment of this saga.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The global dust storm on Mars has passed, but one of NASA's robotic explorers has not yet checked in. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927484,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":861},"headData":{"title":"As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA's Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead? | KQED","description":"The global dust storm on Mars has passed, but one of NASA's robotic explorers has not yet checked in. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA's Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead?","datePublished":"2018-09-17T17:01:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1931121/as-the-dust-settles-on-mars-can-nasas-robotic-explorers-forge-ahead","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three months after the first stirrings of what became an epic global storm on Mars, the winds have died down and the dust that filled the atmosphere is settling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, like a scene from the opening moments of the film “The Martian,” NASA is working to return to normal operations with its explorers on the Martian surface — and seeking to re-establish contact with one that has not checked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunity Lost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veteran robot \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, which has been roving the bottom of a suspected ancient Martian sea (\u003ca href=\"https://www.windows2universe.org/mars/places/meridiani_planum.html\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a>) since 2004, went into a protective “sleep” mode on June 10 when airborne dust choked off sunlight — its source of power. This robotic version of an induced coma is intended to preserve battery power and keep electronic systems in a low-power standby state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msss.com/msss_images/latest_weather.html\">Now that the skies are clearing\u003c/a> and sunlight levels are returning to normal, NASA is counting on the rover’s solar panels to recharge its batteries and “wake” the robot from its stormy-weather slumber. Questions remain. Are Opportunity’s systems still healthy? How much dust may have settled on its solar panels and will it hamper recharging?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this all happened just when things were getting exciting again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Opportunity is arguably near the end of its marathon 14-year campaign of exploration, it was just beginning to explore a possibly water-carved valley on the edge of the 14-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2032.html\">Endeavour Crater\u003c/a> when the wind storm began to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1931157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg\" alt=\"Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017.\" width=\"700\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-520x321.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Cornell/NMMNH/Larry Crumpler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After trekking more than 28 miles across Meridiani Planum, finding copious mineralogical and morphological signs of past water along the way, NASA decided to send the rover on the somewhat risky path down \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2018/04-mer-update-special-perseverance-valley-lpsc-2018.html\">Perseverance Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been an open question whether Opportunity would ever make it to the bottom of the ravine before suffering a final failure or encountering an impassable obstruction—but on an exploratory adventure like this, the journey is more important than the destination, and any revelations about the history of water on Mars will help us understand our Earthlike neighbor better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/status.html\">Will Opportunity wake up\u003c/a> and report in, continuing the adventure for us all? Stay tuned….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Shrugs Off the Dust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, on the other side of the planet, the Mars Science Laboratory rover \u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/curiosity-surveys-fading-global-dust-storm-from-vera-rubin-ridge/\">Curiosity has plowed ahead\u003c/a> despite the storm and dust-choked skies above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/lcJLZfPiyfc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/lcJLZfPiyfc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now sporting a layer of dust accumulated over the last couple of months, Curiosity is stationed on the lower slopes of Mount Sharp, a 3.5-mile-high mound of sedimentary rock and soil in the middle of the 90-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">Gale Crater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by a thermoelectric nuclear generator (yes, like the one in The Martian that kept Mark Watney warm as he drove his rover across the land), Curiosity was unfazed by the dust-veiled sun — and could operate in complete darkness if it had to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is presently exploring a large outcrop of rock called Vera Rubin Ridge—a geological feature that intrigued scientists long before they decided to plot Curiosity’s path to it. Concentrations of the often water-formed mineral hematite were detected from orbit by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg\" alt=\"Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-160x34.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-768x162.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1020x216.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1200x254.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1180x249.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-960x203.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-240x51.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-375x79.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-520x110.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vera Rubin Ridge has proven to be more than just a vein of hematite. In fact, it is the most geologically diverse site yet found by Curiosity, with a large variety of rock colors and textures all wrapped up in a single formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two attempts to drill samples \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2018/0417-curiosity-update-sols-1972-2026.html\">were thwarted\u003c/a> by unexpectedly hard rock, and the investigation is ongoing, with \u003ca href=\"http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=30803\">two more drilling sites\u003c/a> scheduled for later this month. What makes the ridge’s rock so hard and resistant to wind erosion is one of the mysteries NASA hopes to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible explanation is that water flowing through the ground in Mars’ distant past deposited a hard mineral — possibly a form of hematite — that “cemented” the formation together, which was later exposed by wind erosion of surrounding softer materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Adventure Continues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Opportunity shakes off its safe-mode fugue and resumes prospecting for signs of water, and how ever far Curiosity climbs up the sedimentary layers of Mount Sharp, the adventure of exploring this probably once very Earthlike planet will continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931162\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931162\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars' deep interior.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars’ deep interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The InSIGHT lander is more than halfway to Mars, with a landing scheduled for November. And the launch of the Mars 2020 rover, whose mission will be to search for signs of Martian life, is only two years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned for the next installment of this saga.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1931121/as-the-dust-settles-on-mars-can-nasas-robotic-explorers-forge-ahead","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_5179","science_5175","science_419"],"featImg":"science_1931148","label":"source_science_1931121"},"science_1925893":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1925893","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1925893","score":null,"sort":[1529946094000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mighty-storm-rages-on-mars-while-robot-fleet-stands-ready-to-observe","title":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch","publishDate":1529946094,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>There is a mighty windstorm now raging on Mars\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> From all indications, it’s a whopper, stronger than any since at least 2007 and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">now covering most of the planet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the opening scene of “The Martian,” Matt Damon battles against a Red Planet gale that blows over equipment and sends objects flying. So you might expect that NASA is busy commanding its rovers and spacecraft to batten down their hatches and find safe havens to ride out the storm. In fact, on June 12, NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/mars-dust-storm-rages-nasa-s-opportunity-rover-falls-silent-ncna882786\">lost contact with the rover Opportunity\u003c/a>, located near the heart of the raging storm, where winds may be as high as 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the loss of contact is not because the wind has toppled the rover or smashed it to pieces with a flying rock. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/the-fact-and-fiction-of-martian-dust-storms\">Real Martian wind storms\u003c/a> are less dramatic than you might believe from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925483/lets-talk-thors-hammer-and-wakanda-sciencewise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hollywood\u003c/a>. Mars’ atmosphere is only a hundredth as thick as Earth’s, so even a full-blown Martian gale wouldn’t lift a kite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity effectively went to sleep for a lack of sunlight. A thick veil of dust blown into the atmosphere by the storm choked off the rays of sunlight needed to charge its batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A simulation of the sun's brightness in Opportunity's skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simulation of the sun’s brightness in Opportunity’s skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity has entered a low-battery “sleep” mode to conserve whatever power is left. When the dust finally clears and full sunlight is restored, Opportunity’s batteries will recharge and, if all goes well, the rover will transmit an “I’m alive!” message to Earth, whose humans are anxiously waiting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Hang in there, Opportunity! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/OppyPhoneHome?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#OppyPhoneHome\u003c/a> ❤ \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/mars?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#mars\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/marsrover?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#marsrover\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Opportunity?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Opportunity\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/JPL?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#JPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/goforlaunchcomics?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#goforlaunchcomics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tweetsoutloud?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tweetsoutloud\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL_Edu?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL_Edu\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/govspaceagent?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@govspaceagent\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lorengrush?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@lorengrush\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SPACEdotcom?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@SPACEdotcom\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/rWNxxEJrPo\">pic.twitter.com/rWNxxEJrPo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Abby Garrett (@abbygarrettX) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/abbygarrettX/status/1008810120644526081?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This week, I channeled my worry into designing and stitching this \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> Opportunity, with blue for the Martian sunrise we are waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cc: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanyaofmars?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tanyaofmars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PlanetaryKeri?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@PlanetaryKeri\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/5rx8qKSes6\">pic.twitter.com/5rx8qKSes6\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alyshondra Meacham (@AlyshondraM) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AlyshondraM/status/1008694844775002112?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Opportunity for Learning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside of the planet, located almost halfway around the globe, the rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/MSL/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> stands ready to observe. As the storm continues its fury in the days and weeks ahead, Curiosity’s observations will provide valuable data on the storm’s development, how it effects conditions on the ground, and ultimately how it dissipates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg\" alt=\"Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \" width=\"800\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-768x343.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1020x455.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1200x535.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1920x856.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1180x526.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-960x428.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-240x107.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-375x167.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-520x232.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, from the lower slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7164&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20180620-2\">Curiosity has detected an upswing of dust\u003c/a> in the atmosphere around it — enough to show up on camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is not vulnerable to the choking of sunlight by atmospheric dust, since it is powered by a nuclear generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Team of Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to having wheels on the ground to observe this storm, NASA has three spacecraft in orbit that will also make a study of this great dust-up event, each with instruments that offer unique scientific perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter — which originally alerted NASA about the developing storm on May 30 — offers a comprehensive global view with its wide-angle camera, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/marci/\">MARCI\u003c/a>, as well as the potential to study localized effects with its powerful \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE\u003c/a> camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 705px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Mars from images captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity.\" width=\"705\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg 705w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-520x291.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mars from images captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars Odyssey can detect and measure dust density and distribution in the atmosphere beneath it, with its infrared camera, \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/\">THEMIS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/\">MAVEN\u003c/a> will investigate the highest levels of Mars’ atmosphere to look for connections between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7041\">dust storm activity and the loss of atmospheric gases into space\u003c/a>, following up on observations by other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three orbiters and one rover will work together to give us a comprehensive look at the storm’s effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Winds of Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind storms of different scales occur every Martian year, stirred up by surface heating from sunlight, especially when Mars passes closest to the sun with each orbit. Sometimes, an isolated Martian squall can grow into a much larger storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every three to four Martian years (six to eight Earth years) a wind storm can grow to encircle the globe, kicking up enormous amounts of dust that shroud the planet — like the one we’re seeing on Mars now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925907\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg\" alt=\"Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-160x85.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-768x409.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1020x543.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1200x639.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1180x628.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-960x511.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-240x128.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-375x200.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-520x277.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first spacecraft to orbit Mars, Mariner 9, arrived in 1971, a major global dust storm was in full swing. Mariner 9 had to wait a couple of months for the dust to settle before it had a chance to take clear pictures of Mars’ surface.\u003cbr>\n[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003cbr>\nToday’s dust-up has now officially grown to become one of these “planet-encircling” or global wind storms, and is already being called the most powerful storm ever observed on Mars. Scientists are hopeful for the windfall of science that may be blowing their way.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA rover and orbiters are poised to study what may be the greatest wind storm ever observed on Mars. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927767,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":960},"headData":{"title":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch | KQED","description":"NASA rover and orbiters are poised to study what may be the greatest wind storm ever observed on Mars. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch","datePublished":"2018-06-25T17:01:34.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:02:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Mars","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1925893/mighty-storm-rages-on-mars-while-robot-fleet-stands-ready-to-observe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is a mighty windstorm now raging on Mars\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> From all indications, it’s a whopper, stronger than any since at least 2007 and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">now covering most of the planet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the opening scene of “The Martian,” Matt Damon battles against a Red Planet gale that blows over equipment and sends objects flying. So you might expect that NASA is busy commanding its rovers and spacecraft to batten down their hatches and find safe havens to ride out the storm. In fact, on June 12, NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/mars-dust-storm-rages-nasa-s-opportunity-rover-falls-silent-ncna882786\">lost contact with the rover Opportunity\u003c/a>, located near the heart of the raging storm, where winds may be as high as 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the loss of contact is not because the wind has toppled the rover or smashed it to pieces with a flying rock. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/the-fact-and-fiction-of-martian-dust-storms\">Real Martian wind storms\u003c/a> are less dramatic than you might believe from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925483/lets-talk-thors-hammer-and-wakanda-sciencewise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hollywood\u003c/a>. Mars’ atmosphere is only a hundredth as thick as Earth’s, so even a full-blown Martian gale wouldn’t lift a kite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity effectively went to sleep for a lack of sunlight. A thick veil of dust blown into the atmosphere by the storm choked off the rays of sunlight needed to charge its batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A simulation of the sun's brightness in Opportunity's skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simulation of the sun’s brightness in Opportunity’s skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity has entered a low-battery “sleep” mode to conserve whatever power is left. When the dust finally clears and full sunlight is restored, Opportunity’s batteries will recharge and, if all goes well, the rover will transmit an “I’m alive!” message to Earth, whose humans are anxiously waiting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Hang in there, Opportunity! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/OppyPhoneHome?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#OppyPhoneHome\u003c/a> ❤ \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/mars?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#mars\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/marsrover?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#marsrover\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Opportunity?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Opportunity\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/JPL?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#JPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/goforlaunchcomics?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#goforlaunchcomics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tweetsoutloud?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tweetsoutloud\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL_Edu?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL_Edu\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/govspaceagent?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@govspaceagent\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lorengrush?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@lorengrush\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SPACEdotcom?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@SPACEdotcom\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/rWNxxEJrPo\">pic.twitter.com/rWNxxEJrPo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Abby Garrett (@abbygarrettX) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/abbygarrettX/status/1008810120644526081?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This week, I channeled my worry into designing and stitching this \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> Opportunity, with blue for the Martian sunrise we are waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cc: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanyaofmars?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tanyaofmars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PlanetaryKeri?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@PlanetaryKeri\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/5rx8qKSes6\">pic.twitter.com/5rx8qKSes6\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alyshondra Meacham (@AlyshondraM) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AlyshondraM/status/1008694844775002112?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Opportunity for Learning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside of the planet, located almost halfway around the globe, the rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/MSL/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> stands ready to observe. As the storm continues its fury in the days and weeks ahead, Curiosity’s observations will provide valuable data on the storm’s development, how it effects conditions on the ground, and ultimately how it dissipates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg\" alt=\"Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \" width=\"800\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-768x343.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1020x455.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1200x535.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1920x856.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1180x526.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-960x428.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-240x107.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-375x167.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-520x232.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, from the lower slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7164&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20180620-2\">Curiosity has detected an upswing of dust\u003c/a> in the atmosphere around it — enough to show up on camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is not vulnerable to the choking of sunlight by atmospheric dust, since it is powered by a nuclear generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Team of Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to having wheels on the ground to observe this storm, NASA has three spacecraft in orbit that will also make a study of this great dust-up event, each with instruments that offer unique scientific perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter — which originally alerted NASA about the developing storm on May 30 — offers a comprehensive global view with its wide-angle camera, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/marci/\">MARCI\u003c/a>, as well as the potential to study localized effects with its powerful \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE\u003c/a> camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 705px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Mars from images captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity.\" width=\"705\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg 705w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-520x291.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mars from images captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars Odyssey can detect and measure dust density and distribution in the atmosphere beneath it, with its infrared camera, \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/\">THEMIS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/\">MAVEN\u003c/a> will investigate the highest levels of Mars’ atmosphere to look for connections between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7041\">dust storm activity and the loss of atmospheric gases into space\u003c/a>, following up on observations by other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three orbiters and one rover will work together to give us a comprehensive look at the storm’s effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Winds of Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind storms of different scales occur every Martian year, stirred up by surface heating from sunlight, especially when Mars passes closest to the sun with each orbit. Sometimes, an isolated Martian squall can grow into a much larger storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every three to four Martian years (six to eight Earth years) a wind storm can grow to encircle the globe, kicking up enormous amounts of dust that shroud the planet — like the one we’re seeing on Mars now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925907\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg\" alt=\"Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-160x85.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-768x409.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1020x543.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1200x639.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1180x628.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-960x511.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-240x128.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-375x200.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-520x277.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first spacecraft to orbit Mars, Mariner 9, arrived in 1971, a major global dust storm was in full swing. Mariner 9 had to wait a couple of months for the dust to settle before it had a chance to take clear pictures of Mars’ surface.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"science","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nToday’s dust-up has now officially grown to become one of these “planet-encircling” or global wind storms, and is already being called the most powerful storm ever observed on Mars. Scientists are hopeful for the windfall of science that may be blowing their way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1925893/mighty-storm-rages-on-mars-while-robot-fleet-stands-ready-to-observe","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_3370","science_5179","science_364","science_5175","science_419"],"featImg":"science_1925906","label":"source_science_1925893"},"science_1621183":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1621183","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1621183","score":null,"sort":[1494603096000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-curiosity-delivers-a-great-puzzle-for-scientists","title":"NASA's Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists","publishDate":1494603096,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/overview/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, the rover Curiosity, has dug up a surprise from the rocks of Mars, one that poses a vexing puzzle to scientists. A conspicuous \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-curiosity-rover-sharpens-paradox-of-ancient-mars\">lack of carbonate\u003c/a> minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars’ early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity "selfie" taken at the site "John Klein" in Mars' Gale Crater.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity “selfie” taken at the site “John Klein” in Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, Mars’ atmosphere is too thin for water to exist in a liquid state for long. Atmospheric pressure at Mars’ surface is only a hundredth that of Earth, making Mars a cold, dry desert. Wind-swept landscapes streaked by dust-devils and punctuated by a seasonal global dust storm constitute most of the action to be found on Mars today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quest for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is in this desolate setting that Curiosity landed in August 2012, lowered to the floor of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/timeline/prelaunch/landingsiteselection/aboutgalecrater/\">Gale Crater\u003c/a> by a rocket-propelled winch system. Its mission goal was simple: to investigate whether Mars’ environment ever supported liquid surface water, a vital ingredient for the formation of life as we understand it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater was chosen as a good site for the rover to search for evidence of that warmer, wetter past. Not only was the 96-mile wide impact basin a possible ancient lake bed, but a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia19839/strata-at-base-of-mount-sharp\">mountain of sediment\u003c/a> at its center—Mount Sharp–presented an accessible index of Mars’ past, its sedimentary layers like the pages of a book spanning billions of years of Mars’ geologic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity's CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x442.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x586.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x678.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x552.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x138.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x216.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x299.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech.jpg 1708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity’s CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the nearly 5 years since landing in the bottom-lands of the dry lake bed, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/2017/curiositys-traverse-map-through-sol-1686\">Curiosity has driven over 10.1 miles\u003c/a> and climbed a vertical distance of about 600 feet. Along the way, it has found ample signs of the existence of the ancient lake, including water-formed minerals, stream beds, dry deltas, and layer upon layer of sediments from the lake’s muddy floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Explaining a Wetter Past\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/new-evidence-wet-mars\">abundance of evidence\u003c/a> from numerous missions to Mars tell us that in its youth Mars possessed a thicker atmosphere and a robust water cycle, perhaps not unlike Earth’s, with precipitation, vast river networks, lakes, and seas. But coming up with an explanation for how Mars was warm enough to support liquid water has been a challenge for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars' past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x325.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars’ past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adding to the challenge, billions of years ago when the planet’s waters were flowing, the young sun did not burn so brightly, shedding only two-thirds the solar energy that it does today. So, it may not be enough merely that Mars’ atmosphere was once thicker. Some other factor had to be involved to keep the waters from freezing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading theory has been that the early Martian atmosphere contained a lot of carbon dioxide, the “greenhouse gas” responsible for heating Venus’ atmosphere to oven-like temperatures and\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-08-ice-age-greenhouse-gas-factor.html\"> saving Earth from total glaciation\u003c/a>. A greenhouse gas traps solar energy in the form of heat, acting like an insulating blanket for a planet that would otherwise be colder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, Problem Solved?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not quite, according to measurements made by the Curiosity rover’s “\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>” instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An abundance of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere, interacting with other chemicals in the Martian waters, would have produced carbonate minerals, which should have been deposited in the sediments of bodies of water like the lake bed of Gale Crater. Curiosity has been looking for those carbonates, but turned up nil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of detection of carbonates implies that there was at best a trace of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere. To thaw Mars’ water ice, there would need to have been at least a hundred times that amount, which would have produced ample quantities of carbonates for Curiosity’s CheMin to detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other theories exist, such as that the waters of the lake in Gale Crater were once topped with a layer of ice. But so far evidence of an ice cover has not been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars has always posed great mysteries to human curiosity and science, and continues to deliver them even today. Certainly, the apparent mismatch of evidence between a wet Mars with a robust water cycle and a Mars too cold to support it is compelling scientists to seek other explanations. Further exploration may help solve this puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Curiosity is showing signs of wear and tear from its mountain climbing endeavor, such as holes in the thin tread of its aluminum wheels, the mission continues to roll onward and upward. As Curiosity reaches ever higher and younger sediments, a clearer picture of Mars’ watery past should develop.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A conspicuous lack of carbonate minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars' early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928757,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":849},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists | KQED","description":"A conspicuous lack of carbonate minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars' early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists","datePublished":"2017-05-12T15:31:36.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:19:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1621183/nasas-curiosity-delivers-a-great-puzzle-for-scientists","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/overview/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, the rover Curiosity, has dug up a surprise from the rocks of Mars, one that poses a vexing puzzle to scientists. A conspicuous \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-curiosity-rover-sharpens-paradox-of-ancient-mars\">lack of carbonate\u003c/a> minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars’ early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity "selfie" taken at the site "John Klein" in Mars' Gale Crater.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity “selfie” taken at the site “John Klein” in Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, Mars’ atmosphere is too thin for water to exist in a liquid state for long. Atmospheric pressure at Mars’ surface is only a hundredth that of Earth, making Mars a cold, dry desert. Wind-swept landscapes streaked by dust-devils and punctuated by a seasonal global dust storm constitute most of the action to be found on Mars today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quest for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is in this desolate setting that Curiosity landed in August 2012, lowered to the floor of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/timeline/prelaunch/landingsiteselection/aboutgalecrater/\">Gale Crater\u003c/a> by a rocket-propelled winch system. Its mission goal was simple: to investigate whether Mars’ environment ever supported liquid surface water, a vital ingredient for the formation of life as we understand it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater was chosen as a good site for the rover to search for evidence of that warmer, wetter past. Not only was the 96-mile wide impact basin a possible ancient lake bed, but a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia19839/strata-at-base-of-mount-sharp\">mountain of sediment\u003c/a> at its center—Mount Sharp–presented an accessible index of Mars’ past, its sedimentary layers like the pages of a book spanning billions of years of Mars’ geologic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity's CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x442.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x586.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x678.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x552.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x138.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x216.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x299.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech.jpg 1708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity’s CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the nearly 5 years since landing in the bottom-lands of the dry lake bed, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/2017/curiositys-traverse-map-through-sol-1686\">Curiosity has driven over 10.1 miles\u003c/a> and climbed a vertical distance of about 600 feet. Along the way, it has found ample signs of the existence of the ancient lake, including water-formed minerals, stream beds, dry deltas, and layer upon layer of sediments from the lake’s muddy floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Explaining a Wetter Past\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/new-evidence-wet-mars\">abundance of evidence\u003c/a> from numerous missions to Mars tell us that in its youth Mars possessed a thicker atmosphere and a robust water cycle, perhaps not unlike Earth’s, with precipitation, vast river networks, lakes, and seas. But coming up with an explanation for how Mars was warm enough to support liquid water has been a challenge for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars' past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x325.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars’ past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adding to the challenge, billions of years ago when the planet’s waters were flowing, the young sun did not burn so brightly, shedding only two-thirds the solar energy that it does today. So, it may not be enough merely that Mars’ atmosphere was once thicker. Some other factor had to be involved to keep the waters from freezing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading theory has been that the early Martian atmosphere contained a lot of carbon dioxide, the “greenhouse gas” responsible for heating Venus’ atmosphere to oven-like temperatures and\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-08-ice-age-greenhouse-gas-factor.html\"> saving Earth from total glaciation\u003c/a>. A greenhouse gas traps solar energy in the form of heat, acting like an insulating blanket for a planet that would otherwise be colder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, Problem Solved?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not quite, according to measurements made by the Curiosity rover’s “\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>” instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An abundance of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere, interacting with other chemicals in the Martian waters, would have produced carbonate minerals, which should have been deposited in the sediments of bodies of water like the lake bed of Gale Crater. Curiosity has been looking for those carbonates, but turned up nil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of detection of carbonates implies that there was at best a trace of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere. To thaw Mars’ water ice, there would need to have been at least a hundred times that amount, which would have produced ample quantities of carbonates for Curiosity’s CheMin to detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other theories exist, such as that the waters of the lake in Gale Crater were once topped with a layer of ice. But so far evidence of an ice cover has not been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars has always posed great mysteries to human curiosity and science, and continues to deliver them even today. Certainly, the apparent mismatch of evidence between a wet Mars with a robust water cycle and a Mars too cold to support it is compelling scientists to seek other explanations. Further exploration may help solve this puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Curiosity is showing signs of wear and tear from its mountain climbing endeavor, such as holes in the thin tread of its aluminum wheels, the mission continues to roll onward and upward. As Curiosity reaches ever higher and younger sediments, a clearer picture of Mars’ watery past should develop.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1621183/nasas-curiosity-delivers-a-great-puzzle-for-scientists","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_330","science_332","science_5179","science_333","science_5175","science_309","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1621299","label":"science"},"science_1169042":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1169042","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1169042","score":null,"sort":[1480091419000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-human-journey-to-mars-are-we-there-yet","title":"The Human Journey to Mars: Are We There Yet?","publishDate":1480091419,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Human Journey to Mars: Are We There Yet? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The National Geographic Channel began airing a new series this month about the drama of humanity’s relentless outreach toward Earth’s neighbor, Mars. \u003ca href=\"http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/mars/\">The series, “Mars,” \u003c/a>is an epic coming-together of human aspirations to know Earth’s rusty red neighbor as explored in science and expressed in science fiction for well over a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Ridley Scott film “\u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3659388/\">The Martian\u003c/a>” didn’t make you believe that humans going to Mars is inevitable—despite the fact that the movie’s plot is to bring marooned astronaut Matt Damon home from there—then National Geographic’s “Mars” might do the trick. And Season 1 runs through December 19, so you have time to get hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The TV series blends interviews with present-day experts with a dramatized first human landing and attempted colonization set in the year 2033, which aligns with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/journey-to-mars-overview\">NASA’s goals for an actual future mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as we envision this greatest human adventure, exciting discoveries continue to roll in from our robotic spacecraft and rovers, discoveries that whet our appetites with signs of water on this cold, desert planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Science Fiction Unite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In science fiction there has been a great deal of coming and going between Mars and Earth—Earthling explorers flying to the Red Planet on epic adventures, and native Martians visiting the Earth with a number of objectives, most of them hostile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169172\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 970px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169172\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes.jpg\" alt=\"Crater-lakebeds captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image reveals that some of Mars' ancient lakes came along much later in its history than others. \" width=\"970\" height=\"930\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes.jpg 970w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-800x767.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-768x736.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-960x920.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-240x230.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-375x360.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-520x499.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 970px) 100vw, 970px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crater lake beds captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image reveals that some of Mars’ ancient lakes came along much later in its history than others. \u003ccite>(Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Incredibly, the number of actual missions to Mars—from Mariner 4 in 1965 to the present year with Europe’s ExoMars “Trace Gas Orbiter” spacecraft—may be competitive with science fiction, even if you tally only the 23 successful missions out of about 53 attempted. This makes Mars the most explored planet outside of the Earth. Even now, there are six orbiters and two rovers in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Must-Know Discoveries About Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October 2016: NASA’s Mars exploration rover Opportunity is set to begin a \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1940\">first-ever exploration of a liquid-carved gully\u003c/a> at the edge of Endeavour Crater, where the rover has been situated for the past five years. In its 12-year, 24-mile marathon crawl across a once water-filled basin in Meridiani Planum, Opportunity has turned up plenty of visual and mineralogical evidence of the past watery conditions of the region. But first-hand examination of a liquid-carved gully—a widespread feature that has been seen from orbit since the 1970s—is unprecedented. We hope it will bring into sharper focus our understanding of the history of water on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>September 2016: NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance orbiter captured details of \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1933\">now dry lake beds\u003c/a>, and determined that some ancient lakes appear to have come along much later than others in Mars’ history. This further details our understanding that Mars’ wet and watery youth likely took place over a long period, and alternated in cycles as climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169161\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's rover Curiosity at a site named Windjana, where it detected manganese oxide in rocks that suggest Mars' atmosphere once contained more oxygen.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1095\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-160x171.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-800x855.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-768x821.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-1020x1091.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-960x1027.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-240x257.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-375x401.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-520x556.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s rover Curiosity at a site named Windjana, where it detected manganese oxide in rocks that suggest Mars’ atmosphere once contained more oxygen. \u003ccite>(Mars Science Laboratory/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>June 2016: NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1916\">detected a chemical\u003c/a>, manganese oxide, in Martian rocks that suggest Mars’ atmosphere once contained more oxygen than it does today. At the very least this finding is more evidence of the presence of ancient groundwater action at Curiosity’s location, and bolsters the argument that Mars was once much more Earth-like. And though scientists look more to non-biological explanations for the presence of manganese oxide in Martian rocks, the possibility that ancient microbes may be responsible is not off the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>March 2016: \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1899\">Data obtained by NASA’s\u003c/a> Mars Odyssey 2001, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the now defunct Mars Global Surveyor have produced a gravity map that gives scientists a peek into Mars’ interior. This allows scientists to perceive large-scale buried structures that provide clues to Mars’ geological past and formation. The observations have even shown that, like Earth, Mars has a molten outer core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 826px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169170\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes.jpg\" alt=\"Image of an ancient flood drainage system on Mars captured by Europe's Mars Express orbiter.\" width=\"826\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes.jpg 826w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-768x611.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-240x191.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-520x414.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 826px) 100vw, 826px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of an ancient flood drainage system on Mars captured by Europe’s Mars Express orbiter. \u003ccite>(Mars Express/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>February 2016: Europe’s Mars Express orbiter \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Footprints_of_a_martian_flood\">detected the signs of an ancient flood\u003c/a> on Mars, when vast amounts of water flowed over a wide area, carving a complex of drainage channels in Arda Valles and pooling in the nearby Ladon Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>November 2015: NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, sent to skim the highest extents of Mars’ atmosphere, determined that the solar wind—the stream of electrically charged gases that blows outward from the sun—\u003ca href=\"http://www.express.co.uk/news/science/617339/MARS-ATMOSPHERE-Will-answer-to-whether-Red-Planet-once-held-life-come-in-just-MINUTES?_ga=1.263594636.1842232386.1479255085\">is the culprit \u003c/a>in the “theft” of Mars’ once thick, and potentially life-supporting atmosphere of the ancient past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are We Almost There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our visions of Mars through science, as well as fiction, and our first-hand robotic exploration of the red planet over the past 50 years, have continually brought us closer to knowing our nearest neighbor, and a past in which it appears to have been possibly very Earth-like. More than ever before, it is easy to imagine, even expect, that the day when humans go there in person is right around the corner.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dramatic discoveries from Mars poured in this year, bringing humans closer to the epic adventure now airing on National Geographic television.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929376,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":934},"headData":{"title":"The Human Journey to Mars: Are We There Yet? | KQED","description":"Dramatic discoveries from Mars poured in this year, bringing humans closer to the epic adventure now airing on National Geographic television.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Human Journey to Mars: Are We There Yet?","datePublished":"2016-11-25T16:30:19.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:29:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1169042/the-human-journey-to-mars-are-we-there-yet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Geographic Channel began airing a new series this month about the drama of humanity’s relentless outreach toward Earth’s neighbor, Mars. \u003ca href=\"http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/mars/\">The series, “Mars,” \u003c/a>is an epic coming-together of human aspirations to know Earth’s rusty red neighbor as explored in science and expressed in science fiction for well over a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Ridley Scott film “\u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3659388/\">The Martian\u003c/a>” didn’t make you believe that humans going to Mars is inevitable—despite the fact that the movie’s plot is to bring marooned astronaut Matt Damon home from there—then National Geographic’s “Mars” might do the trick. And Season 1 runs through December 19, so you have time to get hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The TV series blends interviews with present-day experts with a dramatized first human landing and attempted colonization set in the year 2033, which aligns with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/journey-to-mars-overview\">NASA’s goals for an actual future mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as we envision this greatest human adventure, exciting discoveries continue to roll in from our robotic spacecraft and rovers, discoveries that whet our appetites with signs of water on this cold, desert planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Science Fiction Unite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In science fiction there has been a great deal of coming and going between Mars and Earth—Earthling explorers flying to the Red Planet on epic adventures, and native Martians visiting the Earth with a number of objectives, most of them hostile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169172\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 970px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169172\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes.jpg\" alt=\"Crater-lakebeds captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image reveals that some of Mars' ancient lakes came along much later in its history than others. \" width=\"970\" height=\"930\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes.jpg 970w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-800x767.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-768x736.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-960x920.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-240x230.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-375x360.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-520x499.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ancientlakes-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 970px) 100vw, 970px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crater lake beds captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The image reveals that some of Mars’ ancient lakes came along much later in its history than others. \u003ccite>(Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Incredibly, the number of actual missions to Mars—from Mariner 4 in 1965 to the present year with Europe’s ExoMars “Trace Gas Orbiter” spacecraft—may be competitive with science fiction, even if you tally only the 23 successful missions out of about 53 attempted. This makes Mars the most explored planet outside of the Earth. Even now, there are six orbiters and two rovers in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Must-Know Discoveries About Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October 2016: NASA’s Mars exploration rover Opportunity is set to begin a \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1940\">first-ever exploration of a liquid-carved gully\u003c/a> at the edge of Endeavour Crater, where the rover has been situated for the past five years. In its 12-year, 24-mile marathon crawl across a once water-filled basin in Meridiani Planum, Opportunity has turned up plenty of visual and mineralogical evidence of the past watery conditions of the region. But first-hand examination of a liquid-carved gully—a widespread feature that has been seen from orbit since the 1970s—is unprecedented. We hope it will bring into sharper focus our understanding of the history of water on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>September 2016: NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance orbiter captured details of \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1933\">now dry lake beds\u003c/a>, and determined that some ancient lakes appear to have come along much later than others in Mars’ history. This further details our understanding that Mars’ wet and watery youth likely took place over a long period, and alternated in cycles as climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169161\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's rover Curiosity at a site named Windjana, where it detected manganese oxide in rocks that suggest Mars' atmosphere once contained more oxygen.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1095\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-160x171.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-800x855.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-768x821.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-1020x1091.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-960x1027.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-240x257.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-375x401.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/curiosity-manganeseoxidwe-520x556.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s rover Curiosity at a site named Windjana, where it detected manganese oxide in rocks that suggest Mars’ atmosphere once contained more oxygen. \u003ccite>(Mars Science Laboratory/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>June 2016: NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1916\">detected a chemical\u003c/a>, manganese oxide, in Martian rocks that suggest Mars’ atmosphere once contained more oxygen than it does today. At the very least this finding is more evidence of the presence of ancient groundwater action at Curiosity’s location, and bolsters the argument that Mars was once much more Earth-like. And though scientists look more to non-biological explanations for the presence of manganese oxide in Martian rocks, the possibility that ancient microbes may be responsible is not off the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>March 2016: \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1899\">Data obtained by NASA’s\u003c/a> Mars Odyssey 2001, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the now defunct Mars Global Surveyor have produced a gravity map that gives scientists a peek into Mars’ interior. This allows scientists to perceive large-scale buried structures that provide clues to Mars’ geological past and formation. The observations have even shown that, like Earth, Mars has a molten outer core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 826px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169170\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes.jpg\" alt=\"Image of an ancient flood drainage system on Mars captured by Europe's Mars Express orbiter.\" width=\"826\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes.jpg 826w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-768x611.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-240x191.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ardes-520x414.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 826px) 100vw, 826px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of an ancient flood drainage system on Mars captured by Europe’s Mars Express orbiter. \u003ccite>(Mars Express/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>February 2016: Europe’s Mars Express orbiter \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Footprints_of_a_martian_flood\">detected the signs of an ancient flood\u003c/a> on Mars, when vast amounts of water flowed over a wide area, carving a complex of drainage channels in Arda Valles and pooling in the nearby Ladon Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>November 2015: NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, sent to skim the highest extents of Mars’ atmosphere, determined that the solar wind—the stream of electrically charged gases that blows outward from the sun—\u003ca href=\"http://www.express.co.uk/news/science/617339/MARS-ATMOSPHERE-Will-answer-to-whether-Red-Planet-once-held-life-come-in-just-MINUTES?_ga=1.263594636.1842232386.1479255085\">is the culprit \u003c/a>in the “theft” of Mars’ once thick, and potentially life-supporting atmosphere of the ancient past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are We Almost There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our visions of Mars through science, as well as fiction, and our first-hand robotic exploration of the red planet over the past 50 years, have continually brought us closer to knowing our nearest neighbor, and a past in which it appears to have been possibly very Earth-like. More than ever before, it is easy to imagine, even expect, that the day when humans go there in person is right around the corner.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1169042/the-human-journey-to-mars-are-we-there-yet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_5179","science_419"],"featImg":"science_1169160","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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