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Josh studied science and natural history filmmaking at San Francisco State University and Montana State University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["author","edit_others_posts"]}],"headData":{"title":"Josh Cassidy | KQED","description":"Digital Video Producer","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/joshua-cassidy"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"lrothjohnson":{"type":"authors","id":"6569","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6569","found":true},"name":"Liz Roth-Johnson","firstName":"Liz","lastName":"Roth-Johnson","slug":"lrothjohnson","email":"lrothjohnson@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Liz Roth-Johnson received her B.A. degrees in Molecular & Cell Biology and Music from UC Berkeley and recently finished her Ph.D. in Molecular Biology at UCLA, where she studied early development in fruit flies. Outside of the lab, Liz co-founded the K-8 science and engineering outreach program BEAM at UCLA and has worked extensively with the public outreach program Science & Food. Liz is delighted to be joining KQED Science as a 2014 AAAS Mass Media Fellow.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a05f38b66374c92661c37593c548376?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liz Roth-Johnson | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a05f38b66374c92661c37593c548376?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a05f38b66374c92661c37593c548376?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lrothjohnson"},"rtuiran":{"type":"authors","id":"11858","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11858","found":true},"name":"Rosa Tuirán","firstName":"Rosa","lastName":"Tuirán","slug":"rtuiran","email":"rtuiran@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Digital Video Producer ","bio":"Rosa Tuirán is a PBS Accelerator Fellow for Diverse Voices and a video producer for KQED's web science video series, Deep Look. Originally from Mexico City, she studied International Relations for her B.A. After graduating, she pursued her passion for underwater photography in South Africa and later worked as a video journalist for BuzzFeed News in New York City.\r\n\r\nIn 2020, she received her Master of Journalism from the University of California, Berkeley with a focus on documentary filmmaking. During the pandemic's early stages, she was a part of the COVID-19 California reporting initiative with The New York Times and the Investigative Reporting Program. \r\n\r\nHer work has been featured on PBS Frontline, PBS NOVA, CBS News, National Geographic, The Guardian and The New York Times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/192c377dfd982c86993f2351bc0d6fb2?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Rosa Tuirán | KQED","description":"Digital Video Producer ","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/192c377dfd982c86993f2351bc0d6fb2?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/192c377dfd982c86993f2351bc0d6fb2?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/rtuiran"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1991266":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1991266","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1991266","score":null,"sort":[1707233746000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"to-survive-corals-turn-the-ocean-into-a-giant-snow-globe","title":"Watch Spawning Corals Synchronize With the Night Sky","publishDate":1707233746,"format":"video","headTitle":"Watch Spawning Corals Synchronize With the Night Sky | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When the moon, sun and ocean temperatures all align, an underwater “snowstorm” occurs. Corals put on a massive spawning spectacle by sending tiny white spheres floating up the water column all at once.\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Thank you to Surfshark VPN for supporting this PBS video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a year, something astounding happens at Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. It lasts barely half an hour. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you jumped into the water at this very moment, it’d be like swimming through a snow globe, hundreds of kilometers across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these “snowflakes” are actually packets of eggs and sperm of coral. Corals might look like colorful rocks or undersea gardens, but they’re actually animals. A coral is a colony of hundreds of thousands of tiny individual animals called polyps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discover more about coral and the work of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/about-us/major-initiatives/hope-for-reefs-phase-ii/coral-regeneration-lab-corl/\">Coral Regeneration Lab\u003c/a> at the California Academy of Sciences, where researchers are successfully breeding coral with the hope of regenerating reefs around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[/pullquote] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of these flower-shaped polyps has a mouth and tentacles. Polyps secrete calcium carbonate that creates their skeleton. It gives them structure and anchors them to a rock or the seafloor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since they can’t move to find a partner and mix up the gene pool, most warm-water corals practice “broadcast spawning.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with such a short window to meet up, they have to sync it just right. The warming summer waters cue the right month. The light from a waning moon cues the right day, and the setting sun cues the exact minute. Good luck out there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These bundles contain the coral’s gametes — its sperm and eggs. But the gametes don’t mix in there. The bundles float to the surface and burst open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sperm search out a new egg. Only one of these guys will get in. Look familiar? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once fertilized, it starts dividing and transforms into this adventurous larva called a planula. The planula swims through the sea, searching for a place to settle down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemical and light sensors on its backside guide the planula to the perfect spot. It wants what we want: a stable foundation, plenty of sunlight, and room to grow. The planula cements itself into place and morphs into a polyp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it grows, it absorbs algae called zooxanthellae from the surrounding water. See these green dots? They live inside the polyps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae give the coral nutrition and its brilliant colors. Then something curious happens: The polyp clones itself. It grows copies right out of its side, that then bud their own clones. Through broadcast spawning and cloning, corals create the massive reefs we’re familiar with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But reefs are in danger, and that’s not just a problem for the corals.They’re vital ecosystems that provide food and shelter for a quarter of marine life, like fish, crustaceans and sea turtles. Climate change is the main culprit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ocean waters warm up too much, stressed polyps expel their colorful and nutritious algae. This is coral bleaching. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When reefs die and spawning season comes, it’s harder and harder for the eggs and sperm to find each other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco have replicated the delicate spawning conditions in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lights mimic moon cycles, and heaters simulate the change of seasons. Their goal is to discover the best ways to grow corals, so more scientists can help restore them to the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An underwater blizzard is a thing of beauty, even more so when you consider how this snowstorm can replenish a delicate and threatened ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thank you to Surfshark VPN for supporting this PBS video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfshark VPN is a virtual private network designed to keep your online identity safe by encrypting all of the information sent between your device and the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a VPN when on public Wi-Fi can help provide safety while surfing the internet, as well as working from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of online services use sophisticated targeting and tracking services, but a VPN can provide protection from that. Surfshark’s CleanWeb feature is built to block ads, trackers, malware and phishing attempts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you do a lot of international traveling, Surfshark allows clients to change their virtual location. It has over 3,200 servers in more than 100 countries, designed to help make sure you can access your home country’s features while traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more, click the link in the description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hi – Laura here. Want exclusive show updates, behind-the-scenes footage, digital art, merch and more? Support us on Patreon so we can keep making more videos for you! Thanks!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When the moon, sun and ocean temperatures all align, an underwater \"snowstorm\" occurs. Corals put on a massive spawning spectacle, by sending tiny white spheres floating up the water column all at once. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1707261979,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"Watch Spawning Corals Synchronize With the Night Sky | KQED","description":"When the moon, sun and ocean temperatures all align, an underwater "snowstorm" occurs. Corals put on a massive spawning spectacle, by sending tiny white spheres floating up the water column all at once. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SP3nKAqLy4E","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1991266/to-survive-corals-turn-the-ocean-into-a-giant-snow-globe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When the moon, sun and ocean temperatures all align, an underwater “snowstorm” occurs. Corals put on a massive spawning spectacle by sending tiny white spheres floating up the water column all at once.\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Thank you to Surfshark VPN for supporting this PBS video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a year, something astounding happens at Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. It lasts barely half an hour. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you jumped into the water at this very moment, it’d be like swimming through a snow globe, hundreds of kilometers across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these “snowflakes” are actually packets of eggs and sperm of coral. Corals might look like colorful rocks or undersea gardens, but they’re actually animals. A coral is a colony of hundreds of thousands of tiny individual animals called polyps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discover more about coral and the work of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/about-us/major-initiatives/hope-for-reefs-phase-ii/coral-regeneration-lab-corl/\">Coral Regeneration Lab\u003c/a> at the California Academy of Sciences, where researchers are successfully breeding coral with the hope of regenerating reefs around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of these flower-shaped polyps has a mouth and tentacles. Polyps secrete calcium carbonate that creates their skeleton. It gives them structure and anchors them to a rock or the seafloor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since they can’t move to find a partner and mix up the gene pool, most warm-water corals practice “broadcast spawning.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with such a short window to meet up, they have to sync it just right. The warming summer waters cue the right month. The light from a waning moon cues the right day, and the setting sun cues the exact minute. Good luck out there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These bundles contain the coral’s gametes — its sperm and eggs. But the gametes don’t mix in there. The bundles float to the surface and burst open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sperm search out a new egg. Only one of these guys will get in. Look familiar? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once fertilized, it starts dividing and transforms into this adventurous larva called a planula. The planula swims through the sea, searching for a place to settle down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemical and light sensors on its backside guide the planula to the perfect spot. It wants what we want: a stable foundation, plenty of sunlight, and room to grow. The planula cements itself into place and morphs into a polyp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it grows, it absorbs algae called zooxanthellae from the surrounding water. See these green dots? They live inside the polyps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae give the coral nutrition and its brilliant colors. Then something curious happens: The polyp clones itself. It grows copies right out of its side, that then bud their own clones. Through broadcast spawning and cloning, corals create the massive reefs we’re familiar with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But reefs are in danger, and that’s not just a problem for the corals.They’re vital ecosystems that provide food and shelter for a quarter of marine life, like fish, crustaceans and sea turtles. Climate change is the main culprit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ocean waters warm up too much, stressed polyps expel their colorful and nutritious algae. This is coral bleaching. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When reefs die and spawning season comes, it’s harder and harder for the eggs and sperm to find each other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco have replicated the delicate spawning conditions in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lights mimic moon cycles, and heaters simulate the change of seasons. Their goal is to discover the best ways to grow corals, so more scientists can help restore them to the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An underwater blizzard is a thing of beauty, even more so when you consider how this snowstorm can replenish a delicate and threatened ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thank you to Surfshark VPN for supporting this PBS video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfshark VPN is a virtual private network designed to keep your online identity safe by encrypting all of the information sent between your device and the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a VPN when on public Wi-Fi can help provide safety while surfing the internet, as well as working from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of online services use sophisticated targeting and tracking services, but a VPN can provide protection from that. Surfshark’s CleanWeb feature is built to block ads, trackers, malware and phishing attempts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you do a lot of international traveling, Surfshark allows clients to change their virtual location. It has over 3,200 servers in more than 100 countries, designed to help make sure you can access your home country’s features while traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more, click the link in the description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hi – Laura here. Want exclusive show updates, behind-the-scenes footage, digital art, merch and more? Support us on Patreon so we can keep making more videos for you! Thanks!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1991266/to-survive-corals-turn-the-ocean-into-a-giant-snow-globe","authors":["11858"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_31","science_32","science_35","science_2873","science_4450","science_86","science_98"],"tags":["science_1003","science_5234","science_5233","science_5232","science_4414","science_843"],"featImg":"science_1991267","label":"science_1935"},"science_1984216":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984216","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984216","score":null,"sort":[1694025646000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"one-way-to-save-coral-reefs-deep-freeze-them-for-the-future","title":"One Way to Save Coral Reefs? Deep Freeze Them for the Future","publishDate":1694025646,"format":"standard","headTitle":"One Way to Save Coral Reefs? Deep Freeze Them for the Future | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Ocean temperatures have been extremely hot this summer, wreaking havoc on some of the world’s highly vulnerable coral reefs. With marine heat waves only expected to get worse as the climate changes, scientists are increasingly focusing on an emergency plan: collecting coral specimens and safeguarding them onshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A library of corals, brought in from the wild, could be an insurance policy in the face of climate change, providing the genetic material to restore the reefs of the future. For long-term storage, some corals could end up in the deep freezer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are working on preserving corals by cryogenically freezing them. In a new study, a team from the Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, UC Berkeley and the University of Hawaii at Manoa report they \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-40500-w\">successfully brought a coral fragment back to life\u003c/a> after freezing it at -196 degrees Celsius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s coral reefs face an existential threat from climate change, if humans don’t reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels. The reefs’ vital ecosystems support about a quarter of all marine life and provide coastal protection from waves and storm surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cryopreservation, as the freezing technique is known, could provide a safe haven for the broad range genetic material across coral species, which could be key to adapting to future conditions. In Florida, as water temperatures rose to 100 degrees Fahrenheit this summer, restoration teams raced to collect coral specimens and put them in onshore tanks to preserve the unique individuals of the reef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to gut through this,” says Mary Hagedorn, senior scientist at Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute and the University of Hawaii at Manoa. “We have to do whatever is necessary to maintain the ecosystems on our planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deep freezing coral\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As a cryo-preservationist, Hagedorn gets questions that border science fiction, where humans seek to preserve themselves for centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They think of head freezers,” she says, laughing. “They think of all this weird stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, her work is much closer to human fertility treatments, where eggs and sperm are frozen to use later. Marine scientists have used the technique on coral sperm and young coral larvae, but freezing a living animal is much more complex.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Mary Hagedorn, senior scientist, National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute and the University of Hawaii\"]‘We have to gut through this. … We have to do whatever is necessary to maintain the ecosystems on our planet.’[/pullquote]Collecting coral sperm is tricky, however, since most corals only spawn only one or two days a year. Since they’re fastened to the sea floor, they release their genetic material all at once in big underwater clouds. To capture it, scientists have to be in the right place at the right time, often in remote and challenging conditions. Preserving living pieces of coral would allow more opportunities to collect specimens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would allow us to go out almost every day of the year and collect material throughout the world,” Hagedorn says. “It would speed up our ability to secure the genetic diversity of corals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With coral fragments from Hawaii, Hagedorn and her colleagues froze them at extremely cold temperatures in special chambers that prevent damaging ice crystals from forming. They were then able to thaw them and show the corals were still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the corals healthy again after thawing is the next challenge, especially given that corals have roommates. Photosynthetic algae live in their tissue, creating food for the coral. But when stressed, the corals lose their algae, turning them white. Hagedorn says goring forward, restoring the algae will be key to reviving coral that can reproduce again.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Genetic library of coral\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As marine heat waves become more common and intense, a global effort is underway to preserve the genetic diversity of corals. The \u003ca href=\"https://nationalzoo.si.edu/center-for-species-survival/coral-biobank-alliance\">Coral Biobank Alliance\u003c/a> is seeking to collect specimens from all over the world. Hagedorn says cryopreservation could be a vital strategy for building a library of corals, which hopefully one day could repopulate reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Noah’s ark only brought two,” she says. “We’re doing way more than that.”[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"science_29852,science_29756,science_14466\"]Reefs can recover from a bleaching event, but repeated marine heat waves make it less likely for corals to survive or reproduce successfully. The oceans are also acidifying as they absorb carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, which can harm corals and make it difficult for them to build their skeletons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corals will continue to die and unless we are replacing them with restoration, there won’t be corals available in the future, even if we were to fix all of the threats,” says Jennifer Moore, coral recovery coordinator with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures peaked on Florida’s reefs this summer, Moore says some corals died outright from the heat. Research teams raced to preserve specimens from key coral species, collecting 150 elkhorn coral and 300 staghorn coral samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s less than one percent of their previous population,” she says. “So we’re already in a diminished state of genetic diversity. We can’t afford to lose anything that we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having those specimens could help breed the reefs of the future, since it’s unknown what combination of genes could make corals more resistant to the threats they may face, be it heat or disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says cryopreservation could be a key piece of the puzzle in bringing reefs back. But the success of restoration depends on curbing the emissions from burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not a foregone conclusion,” Moore says. “There are still things that can be done to combat climate change so that we are not forced to be on a trajectory to a place where there are no more coral reefs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=One+way+to+save+coral+reefs%3F+Deep+freeze+them+for+the+future&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As oceans get hotter, coral reefs are suffering. Scientists are working on ways to preserve coral by freezing and then reviving them to restore reefs someday.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845907,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1022},"headData":{"title":"One Way to Save Coral Reefs? Deep Freeze Them for the Future | KQED","description":"As oceans get hotter, coral reefs are suffering. Scientists are working on ways to preserve coral by freezing and then reviving them to restore reefs someday.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org/","sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Donald Miralle","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/803934365/lauren-sommer\">Lauren Sommer\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"1197792650","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1197792650&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/09/06/1197792650/coral-reefs-bleaching-restoration-climate?ft=nprml&f=1197792650","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 06 Sep 2023 07:42:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 06 Sep 2023 07:42:46 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 06 Sep 2023 07:42:46 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984216/one-way-to-save-coral-reefs-deep-freeze-them-for-the-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ocean temperatures have been extremely hot this summer, wreaking havoc on some of the world’s highly vulnerable coral reefs. With marine heat waves only expected to get worse as the climate changes, scientists are increasingly focusing on an emergency plan: collecting coral specimens and safeguarding them onshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A library of corals, brought in from the wild, could be an insurance policy in the face of climate change, providing the genetic material to restore the reefs of the future. For long-term storage, some corals could end up in the deep freezer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are working on preserving corals by cryogenically freezing them. In a new study, a team from the Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, UC Berkeley and the University of Hawaii at Manoa report they \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-40500-w\">successfully brought a coral fragment back to life\u003c/a> after freezing it at -196 degrees Celsius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s coral reefs face an existential threat from climate change, if humans don’t reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels. The reefs’ vital ecosystems support about a quarter of all marine life and provide coastal protection from waves and storm surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cryopreservation, as the freezing technique is known, could provide a safe haven for the broad range genetic material across coral species, which could be key to adapting to future conditions. In Florida, as water temperatures rose to 100 degrees Fahrenheit this summer, restoration teams raced to collect coral specimens and put them in onshore tanks to preserve the unique individuals of the reef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to gut through this,” says Mary Hagedorn, senior scientist at Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute and the University of Hawaii at Manoa. “We have to do whatever is necessary to maintain the ecosystems on our planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deep freezing coral\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As a cryo-preservationist, Hagedorn gets questions that border science fiction, where humans seek to preserve themselves for centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They think of head freezers,” she says, laughing. “They think of all this weird stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, her work is much closer to human fertility treatments, where eggs and sperm are frozen to use later. Marine scientists have used the technique on coral sperm and young coral larvae, but freezing a living animal is much more complex.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We have to gut through this. … We have to do whatever is necessary to maintain the ecosystems on our planet.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Mary Hagedorn, senior scientist, National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute and the University of Hawaii","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Collecting coral sperm is tricky, however, since most corals only spawn only one or two days a year. Since they’re fastened to the sea floor, they release their genetic material all at once in big underwater clouds. To capture it, scientists have to be in the right place at the right time, often in remote and challenging conditions. Preserving living pieces of coral would allow more opportunities to collect specimens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would allow us to go out almost every day of the year and collect material throughout the world,” Hagedorn says. “It would speed up our ability to secure the genetic diversity of corals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With coral fragments from Hawaii, Hagedorn and her colleagues froze them at extremely cold temperatures in special chambers that prevent damaging ice crystals from forming. They were then able to thaw them and show the corals were still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the corals healthy again after thawing is the next challenge, especially given that corals have roommates. Photosynthetic algae live in their tissue, creating food for the coral. But when stressed, the corals lose their algae, turning them white. Hagedorn says goring forward, restoring the algae will be key to reviving coral that can reproduce again.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Genetic library of coral\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As marine heat waves become more common and intense, a global effort is underway to preserve the genetic diversity of corals. The \u003ca href=\"https://nationalzoo.si.edu/center-for-species-survival/coral-biobank-alliance\">Coral Biobank Alliance\u003c/a> is seeking to collect specimens from all over the world. Hagedorn says cryopreservation could be a vital strategy for building a library of corals, which hopefully one day could repopulate reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Noah’s ark only brought two,” she says. “We’re doing way more than that.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Stories ","postid":"science_29852,science_29756,science_14466"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Reefs can recover from a bleaching event, but repeated marine heat waves make it less likely for corals to survive or reproduce successfully. The oceans are also acidifying as they absorb carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, which can harm corals and make it difficult for them to build their skeletons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corals will continue to die and unless we are replacing them with restoration, there won’t be corals available in the future, even if we were to fix all of the threats,” says Jennifer Moore, coral recovery coordinator with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures peaked on Florida’s reefs this summer, Moore says some corals died outright from the heat. Research teams raced to preserve specimens from key coral species, collecting 150 elkhorn coral and 300 staghorn coral samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s less than one percent of their previous population,” she says. “So we’re already in a diminished state of genetic diversity. We can’t afford to lose anything that we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having those specimens could help breed the reefs of the future, since it’s unknown what combination of genes could make corals more resistant to the threats they may face, be it heat or disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says cryopreservation could be a key piece of the puzzle in bringing reefs back. But the success of restoration depends on curbing the emissions from burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not a foregone conclusion,” Moore says. “There are still things that can be done to combat climate change so that we are not forced to be on a trajectory to a place where there are no more coral reefs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=One+way+to+save+coral+reefs%3F+Deep+freeze+them+for+the+future&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984216/one-way-to-save-coral-reefs-deep-freeze-them-for-the-future","authors":["byline_science_1984216"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_182","science_205","science_1003"],"featImg":"science_1984217","label":"source_science_1984216"},"science_1926737":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926737","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926737","score":null,"sort":[1530558032000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"many-common-sunscreens-may-harm-coral-heres-what-to-use-instead","title":"Many Common Sunscreens May Harm Coral. Here's What To Use Instead","publishDate":1530558032,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Many Common Sunscreens May Harm Coral. Here’s What To Use Instead | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Hawaii Gov. David Ige is expected this week to sign the world’s first ban on the sale of sunscreens containing the chemicals oxybenzone and octinoxate. The state is banning the products because of concerns they may be harming one of the state’s biggest attractions — coral reefs.[contextly_sidebar id=”WAG7luu6pYq4m7yzLiWBNC57CSUpRh93″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it doesn’t kick in until 2021, the move is already prompting pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because up to 70 percent of sunscreens on the U.S. market contain oxybenzone, according to the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, which represents sunscreen-makers. Up to 8 percent contain octinoxate, which often shows up on labels as octyl methoxycinnamate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re taking away a product, or products … that have been shown over the course of time to be safe and effective” against skin cancer and sun damage, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.chpa.org/JaySirois.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Sirois\u003c/a>, director of regulatory affairs for the Consumer Healthcare Products Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, both chemicals have had the Food and Drug Administration’s OK for decades, but in recent years, some environmental research has suggested octinoxate can contribute to coral bleaching and that oxybenzone exposure leads to the death of baby coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies by \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/craig-downs-8b53aa9/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Craig Downs\u003c/a>, a biologist who runs the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.haereticus-lab.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haereticus Environmental Lab\u003c/a>, and his colleagues inspired Hawaii lawmakers to propose the ban to protect the reefs. They point to Downs’ \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7?shared_access_token=lRAXkGu1XApz6jHGNg_CNPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5VYCT4UGN4uI8dnS0bV8Myv9mGCAftDf32vi0At8e_HNV_0wDMrNSDE8HCVaz3KpLtw0WYOKvHY93rYFXVgoJs2A_m3_qp9PKL61Zo3QOX4_J4-SWyNXIbE1k8OohKL4Q=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 study published\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\u003c/em>.[contextly_sidebar id=”ekcGjXp70GxOImUnE9vsrYWDuPa5ZHvj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the chemical acts as an endocrine disruptor to juvenile coral. “When they come across oxybenzone, they just encase themselves in their own skeleton, effectively killing them,” he says. They sink to the bottom of the ocean and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is convinced by the research so far. Downs primarily observed the coral in a lab, and in the ocean, there are many more factors that contribute to coral death, like pollution and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global warming\u003c/a>, as Sirois points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxybenzone pollution can come from other sources, such as wastewater discharge from ships. But sunscreen from beachgoers is a major contributor to pollution in concentrated areas, Downs argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sunscreen pollution doesn’t kill all the world’s coral reefs, it threatens coral reefs that are most important to people,” Downs says, like those close to shore where tourists like to snorkel. And if there are fewer attractions like beautiful and healthy coral reefs, the tourists are less likely to visit, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other tourist destinations are considering similar bans to protect their reefs, says Downs. The Caribbean island of Bonnaire has \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/62598-bonaire-island-bans-sunscreen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already begun\u003c/a> to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beverly Hills dermatologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.chippsdermatology.com/meet-dr-chipps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lisa Chipps\u003c/a> is worried that Hawaii’s ban is premature and will confuse consumers who have been told to use sunscreen daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the cumulative ultraviolet damage that our skin receives every single day damages the cells and predisposes us to skin cancer as well as to all the signs of aging,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that there are already thousands of sunscreen products that do not contain oyxbenzone or octinoxate, with more working their way onto the market.[contextly_sidebar id=”3hAfaedZA28LbzsDFgYZFMSJQCDf7jy5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., there are two basic types of active ingredients in sunscreens: chemical blockers that work with skin to protect against harmful sun rays, and minerals like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that reflect the rays away from skin. The first category contains some of the chemicals of concern to coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried about the potential impact of your sunscreen routine on sea life, look for mineral sunscreens that don’t easily rinse off in the water, suggests Downs. Another choice is to wear swim clothes with sun-blocking fabric, though you should still apply sunscreen to any exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chipps reiterates that it’s vital to wear sunscreen. She says the rate of skin cancers detected is going up, despite greater awareness and usage of sunscreens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important things to look for in a sunscreen, she says, is that it protects against both UVA and UVB rays (typically labeled “broad spectrum”) and that it has an SPF of at least 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to which brands or formulas work best? It’s really a personal preference, says Chipps. “Pick a sunscreen that you like, that you feel good about, that you don’t have qualms about, and that makes you happy,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, you’ll be more likely to use it regularly and reapply often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget the best advice for avoiding sun damage — cover up with hats and long sleeves, and avoid going out during the hottest part of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are concerned about the possible harms to sea life, be aware that oxybenzone is found not only in sunscreens, but also many other consumer products including cosmetics. The Hawaii sunscreen ban applies only to on-island sales of over-the-counter sunscreens. Cosmetics and prescription sunscreens containing these chemicals are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii welcomes about 9 million tourists a year. “Obviously we’re not going to have the beach police writing tickets” for sunscreen violations, says state \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/memberpage.aspx?member=gabbard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sen. Mike Gabbard\u003c/a>, who introduced \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billnumber=2571&billtype=SB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the bill\u003c/a> the governor will sign in the state Senate earlier this year. But he is hopeful that people who visit will think more about the kinds of sunscreen they are using and Hawaii’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s tourism industry — its airlines and tour guides — are on board. They are already handing out samples of sunscreens that do not contain the banned ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Many+Common+Sunscreens+May+Harm+Coral.+Here%27s+What+To+Use+Instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Hawaii is about to ban the sale of sunscreens containing certain chemicals that have been shown to harm coral reefs. Environmentalists urge a switch to mineral-based products.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927744,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":963},"headData":{"title":"Many Common Sunscreens May Harm Coral. Here's What To Use Instead | KQED","description":"Hawaii is about to ban the sale of sunscreens containing certain chemicals that have been shown to harm coral reefs. Environmentalists urge a switch to mineral-based products.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"April Fulton\u003cbr />NPR","nprImageAgency":"Photo illustration by Eslah Attar/NPR","nprStoryId":"624379378","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=624379378&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/02/624379378/many-common-sunscreens-may-harm-coral-heres-what-to-use-instead?ft=nprml&f=624379378","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 02 Jul 2018 11:19:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 02 Jul 2018 05:04:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 02 Jul 2018 11:19:11 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/07/20180702_me_many_common_sunscreens_may_harm_coral_heres_what_to_use_instead.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=183&p=3&story=624379378&ft=nprml&f=624379378","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1625259873-2093aa.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=183&p=3&story=624379378&ft=nprml&f=624379378","path":"/science/1926737/many-common-sunscreens-may-harm-coral-heres-what-to-use-instead","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/07/20180702_me_many_common_sunscreens_may_harm_coral_heres_what_to_use_instead.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=183&p=3&story=624379378&ft=nprml&f=624379378","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hawaii Gov. David Ige is expected this week to sign the world’s first ban on the sale of sunscreens containing the chemicals oxybenzone and octinoxate. The state is banning the products because of concerns they may be harming one of the state’s biggest attractions — coral reefs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it doesn’t kick in until 2021, the move is already prompting pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because up to 70 percent of sunscreens on the U.S. market contain oxybenzone, according to the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, which represents sunscreen-makers. Up to 8 percent contain octinoxate, which often shows up on labels as octyl methoxycinnamate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re taking away a product, or products … that have been shown over the course of time to be safe and effective” against skin cancer and sun damage, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.chpa.org/JaySirois.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Sirois\u003c/a>, director of regulatory affairs for the Consumer Healthcare Products Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, both chemicals have had the Food and Drug Administration’s OK for decades, but in recent years, some environmental research has suggested octinoxate can contribute to coral bleaching and that oxybenzone exposure leads to the death of baby coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies by \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/craig-downs-8b53aa9/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Craig Downs\u003c/a>, a biologist who runs the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.haereticus-lab.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haereticus Environmental Lab\u003c/a>, and his colleagues inspired Hawaii lawmakers to propose the ban to protect the reefs. They point to Downs’ \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7?shared_access_token=lRAXkGu1XApz6jHGNg_CNPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5VYCT4UGN4uI8dnS0bV8Myv9mGCAftDf32vi0At8e_HNV_0wDMrNSDE8HCVaz3KpLtw0WYOKvHY93rYFXVgoJs2A_m3_qp9PKL61Zo3QOX4_J4-SWyNXIbE1k8OohKL4Q=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 study published\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the chemical acts as an endocrine disruptor to juvenile coral. “When they come across oxybenzone, they just encase themselves in their own skeleton, effectively killing them,” he says. They sink to the bottom of the ocean and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is convinced by the research so far. Downs primarily observed the coral in a lab, and in the ocean, there are many more factors that contribute to coral death, like pollution and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global warming\u003c/a>, as Sirois points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxybenzone pollution can come from other sources, such as wastewater discharge from ships. But sunscreen from beachgoers is a major contributor to pollution in concentrated areas, Downs argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sunscreen pollution doesn’t kill all the world’s coral reefs, it threatens coral reefs that are most important to people,” Downs says, like those close to shore where tourists like to snorkel. And if there are fewer attractions like beautiful and healthy coral reefs, the tourists are less likely to visit, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other tourist destinations are considering similar bans to protect their reefs, says Downs. The Caribbean island of Bonnaire has \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/62598-bonaire-island-bans-sunscreen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already begun\u003c/a> to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beverly Hills dermatologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.chippsdermatology.com/meet-dr-chipps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lisa Chipps\u003c/a> is worried that Hawaii’s ban is premature and will confuse consumers who have been told to use sunscreen daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the cumulative ultraviolet damage that our skin receives every single day damages the cells and predisposes us to skin cancer as well as to all the signs of aging,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that there are already thousands of sunscreen products that do not contain oyxbenzone or octinoxate, with more working their way onto the market.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., there are two basic types of active ingredients in sunscreens: chemical blockers that work with skin to protect against harmful sun rays, and minerals like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that reflect the rays away from skin. The first category contains some of the chemicals of concern to coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried about the potential impact of your sunscreen routine on sea life, look for mineral sunscreens that don’t easily rinse off in the water, suggests Downs. Another choice is to wear swim clothes with sun-blocking fabric, though you should still apply sunscreen to any exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chipps reiterates that it’s vital to wear sunscreen. She says the rate of skin cancers detected is going up, despite greater awareness and usage of sunscreens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important things to look for in a sunscreen, she says, is that it protects against both UVA and UVB rays (typically labeled “broad spectrum”) and that it has an SPF of at least 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to which brands or formulas work best? It’s really a personal preference, says Chipps. “Pick a sunscreen that you like, that you feel good about, that you don’t have qualms about, and that makes you happy,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, you’ll be more likely to use it regularly and reapply often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget the best advice for avoiding sun damage — cover up with hats and long sleeves, and avoid going out during the hottest part of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are concerned about the possible harms to sea life, be aware that oxybenzone is found not only in sunscreens, but also many other consumer products including cosmetics. The Hawaii sunscreen ban applies only to on-island sales of over-the-counter sunscreens. Cosmetics and prescription sunscreens containing these chemicals are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii welcomes about 9 million tourists a year. “Obviously we’re not going to have the beach police writing tickets” for sunscreen violations, says state \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/memberpage.aspx?member=gabbard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sen. Mike Gabbard\u003c/a>, who introduced \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billnumber=2571&billtype=SB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the bill\u003c/a> the governor will sign in the state Senate earlier this year. But he is hopeful that people who visit will think more about the kinds of sunscreen they are using and Hawaii’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s tourism industry — its airlines and tour guides — are on board. They are already handing out samples of sunscreens that do not contain the banned ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Many+Common+Sunscreens+May+Harm+Coral.+Here%27s+What+To+Use+Instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926737/many-common-sunscreens-may-harm-coral-heres-what-to-use-instead","authors":["byline_science_1926737"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_3151","science_39","science_3424","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_1003","science_192","science_324"],"featImg":"science_1926738","label":"source_science_1926737"},"science_99894":{"type":"posts","id":"science_99894","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"99894","score":null,"sort":[1436295621000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"100310","displayName":"Jason Jaacks","firstName":"Jason","lastName":"Jaacks","userLogin":"jason-jaacks","userEmail":"j.jaacks@gmail.com","linkedAccount":"jjacks","website":"","description":"Jason Jaacks is a visual storyteller who focuses on social and environmental issues. His films have documented a range of topics, from the militarization of the U.S.-Mexico border to performance poetry among Native American youth.\r\n\r\nHe has collaborated with PBS POV, Tribeca Film Institute, and Matter.In 2012, Jason was named a National Geographic Explorer for his work on the Elwha River.\r\n\r\nJason is the founder of SplitFrame Media - an integrated media company specializing in sharing the story across multiple media platforms. He holds a Masters of Journalism from UC Berkeley.","userNicename":"jason-jaacks","type":"guest-author","nickname":""}],"slug":"what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser","title":"What Happens When You Zap Coral With The World's Most Powerful X-ray Laser?","publishDate":1436295621,"format":"video","headTitle":"What Happens When You Zap Coral With The World’s Most Powerful X-ray Laser? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Have you ever wondered what the weather was like the day Hamlet premiered? Or what about the week that Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portola and his crew became the first Europeans to lay eyes on San Francisco Bay?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neil Tangri is developing a new way to look for clues about ancient weather. He and his colleagues at the \u003ca href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, also known as SLAC, are using a synchrotron – one of the world’s most powerful X-ray machines – to look deep inside coral skeletons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to get a sense of long term behavior of ocean temperature and precipitation,” Tangri says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corals are unusual creatures. Tiny animals called polyps form an exoskeleton to live in. When one polyp dies, another builds a new home from calcium carbonate right on top of the old one. Beneath lies the abandoned exoskeletons, like an ancient city made of layer upon layer of old dwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coral that Tangri and his colleagues are taking X-rays of is \u003ca href=\"http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0320\">Porites lutea\u003c/a> from American Samoa. In the wild, these helmet-looking coral grow to be very large and very old. The samples that Tangri is imaging are only about 15 inches long, but the original core is 18 feet long and nearly 500 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102042\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers taking a core sample from a mature Porites lutea coral in American Samoa. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-102042\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers taking a core sample from a mature Porites lutea coral in American Samoa. \u003ccite>(Dr. Robert B. Dunbar)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Detailed written weather records have only been around for about 150 years. Since Tangri’s coral sample is much older, he can draw conclusions about the weather long before measurements were being written down. More importantly, Tangri can look for patterns in the data that can help them understand complex issues today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide weather patterns tend to happen in cycles. Take \u003ca href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\">El Niño\u003c/a>, California’s sorely missed rain delivery system, which normally occurs every 2 to 7 years. Or the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/pdo/\">Pacific Decadal Oscillation\u003c/a>, a similar, but long-term phenomenon which cycles roughly every 25 years and can have major affects on the weather. Combing through old weather data can only get you so far, so scientists are increasingly looking at climate proxies – like corals, tree rings and ice cores – to paint a clearer picture of ancient climate. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">\nCorals gather an incredible amount of data and we’re just now figuring out how to unlock it.\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Neil Tangri, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To tease out clues, Tangri is taking advantage of a biological quirk in hard corals. Coral exoskeletons are mostly made of calcium carbonate. But sometimes the polyps incorporate tiny amounts of other elements from the surrounding water, including \u003ca href=\"http://periodictable.com/Elements/038/\">strontium\u003c/a>. Biologists don’t fully understand why polyps absorb strontium, but it’s a phenomenon that happens consistently across the world’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sea surface temperatures are warmer, corals absorb less strontium into their exoskeletons. When they are colder, they absorb more. By comparing the strontium-to-calcium ratio over time, Tangri and his team are able to reconstruct sea surface temperatures. They also can chart long-term cycles that occurred over the lifespan of the coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The advantage of 500-year-old corals is that you can look at many 25-year weather cycles,” Tangri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not the first to X-ray corals, but I believe we’re the first to look at strontium-to-calcium ratio within the exoskeleton,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be able to look for such tiny chemical changes in the coral, Tangri needed to try a new way of looking coral skeletons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s synchrotron works by accelerating particles along a circular track to 99.99% the speed of light. At that speed, electrons whip off of the atoms and form an intense X-ray beam. In fact, it’s one billion times brighter than a hospital X-ray machine. The operation looks like a scene from \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057012/\">Dr. Strangelove\u003c/a>, and has a distinctly Cold War feeling about it. When Neil and his colleague Apurva Mehta are ready to make a scan, they have to go step-by-step through the arming procedure, which includes shutting a large steel door and two keys, to start the X-ray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultra-high resolution of the synchrotron X-ray allows Tangri to see with incredible detail – down to the chemical make up of the exoskeleton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a spatial resolution of about 10 microns,” Tangri says. That means he can see how the coral grew almost down to the week. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tangri’s goal for analyzing corals extends beyond filling in some blanks about ancient weather. He says that he hopes to further refine the imaging process to be able to answer specific questions about weather patterns, like when the monsoons arrive in India. Nearly a billion people there rely on the rain to grow their crops. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find that out, Tangri is looking for an element that indicates precipitation. \u003ca href=\"http://periodictable.com/Elements/056/index.html\">Barium\u003c/a> is commonly found in soils on land. When it rains, soil washes from into the ocean, where the corals absorb some of it into their exoskeletons. If there’s a significant rise in barium, it can indicate when it rained a lot – like a monsoon. He has already been able to chart the arrival of the monsoons in East Africa from another sample taken near Kenya. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corals gather an incredible amount of data and we’re just now figuring out how to unlock it,” Tangri says.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some corals look like undersea gardens, gently blowing in the breeze. Others look like alien brains. But in their skeletons are clues that promise to give scientists a detailed picture of the weather from 500 years ago. Reading these bones? Easy. As long as you have the world's most powerful X-ray laser.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931603,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":924},"headData":{"title":"What Happens When You Zap Coral With The World's Most Powerful X-ray Laser? | KQED","description":"Some corals look like undersea gardens, gently blowing in the breeze. Others look like alien brains. But in their skeletons are clues that promise to give scientists a detailed picture of the weather from 500 years ago. Reading these bones? Easy. As long as you have the world's most powerful X-ray laser.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXmCU6IYnsA","source":"Deep Look","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/deep-look/","sticky":false,"path":"/science/99894/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Have you ever wondered what the weather was like the day Hamlet premiered? Or what about the week that Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portola and his crew became the first Europeans to lay eyes on San Francisco Bay?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neil Tangri is developing a new way to look for clues about ancient weather. He and his colleagues at the \u003ca href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, also known as SLAC, are using a synchrotron – one of the world’s most powerful X-ray machines – to look deep inside coral skeletons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to get a sense of long term behavior of ocean temperature and precipitation,” Tangri says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corals are unusual creatures. Tiny animals called polyps form an exoskeleton to live in. When one polyp dies, another builds a new home from calcium carbonate right on top of the old one. Beneath lies the abandoned exoskeletons, like an ancient city made of layer upon layer of old dwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coral that Tangri and his colleagues are taking X-rays of is \u003ca href=\"http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0320\">Porites lutea\u003c/a> from American Samoa. In the wild, these helmet-looking coral grow to be very large and very old. The samples that Tangri is imaging are only about 15 inches long, but the original core is 18 feet long and nearly 500 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102042\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers taking a core sample from a mature Porites lutea coral in American Samoa. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-102042\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/DrDunbarSampling.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers taking a core sample from a mature Porites lutea coral in American Samoa. \u003ccite>(Dr. Robert B. Dunbar)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Detailed written weather records have only been around for about 150 years. Since Tangri’s coral sample is much older, he can draw conclusions about the weather long before measurements were being written down. More importantly, Tangri can look for patterns in the data that can help them understand complex issues today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide weather patterns tend to happen in cycles. Take \u003ca href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\">El Niño\u003c/a>, California’s sorely missed rain delivery system, which normally occurs every 2 to 7 years. Or the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/pdo/\">Pacific Decadal Oscillation\u003c/a>, a similar, but long-term phenomenon which cycles roughly every 25 years and can have major affects on the weather. Combing through old weather data can only get you so far, so scientists are increasingly looking at climate proxies – like corals, tree rings and ice cores – to paint a clearer picture of ancient climate. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">\nCorals gather an incredible amount of data and we’re just now figuring out how to unlock it.\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Neil Tangri, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To tease out clues, Tangri is taking advantage of a biological quirk in hard corals. Coral exoskeletons are mostly made of calcium carbonate. But sometimes the polyps incorporate tiny amounts of other elements from the surrounding water, including \u003ca href=\"http://periodictable.com/Elements/038/\">strontium\u003c/a>. Biologists don’t fully understand why polyps absorb strontium, but it’s a phenomenon that happens consistently across the world’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sea surface temperatures are warmer, corals absorb less strontium into their exoskeletons. When they are colder, they absorb more. By comparing the strontium-to-calcium ratio over time, Tangri and his team are able to reconstruct sea surface temperatures. They also can chart long-term cycles that occurred over the lifespan of the coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The advantage of 500-year-old corals is that you can look at many 25-year weather cycles,” Tangri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not the first to X-ray corals, but I believe we’re the first to look at strontium-to-calcium ratio within the exoskeleton,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be able to look for such tiny chemical changes in the coral, Tangri needed to try a new way of looking coral skeletons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s synchrotron works by accelerating particles along a circular track to 99.99% the speed of light. At that speed, electrons whip off of the atoms and form an intense X-ray beam. In fact, it’s one billion times brighter than a hospital X-ray machine. The operation looks like a scene from \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057012/\">Dr. Strangelove\u003c/a>, and has a distinctly Cold War feeling about it. When Neil and his colleague Apurva Mehta are ready to make a scan, they have to go step-by-step through the arming procedure, which includes shutting a large steel door and two keys, to start the X-ray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultra-high resolution of the synchrotron X-ray allows Tangri to see with incredible detail – down to the chemical make up of the exoskeleton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a spatial resolution of about 10 microns,” Tangri says. That means he can see how the coral grew almost down to the week. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tangri’s goal for analyzing corals extends beyond filling in some blanks about ancient weather. He says that he hopes to further refine the imaging process to be able to answer specific questions about weather patterns, like when the monsoons arrive in India. Nearly a billion people there rely on the rain to grow their crops. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find that out, Tangri is looking for an element that indicates precipitation. \u003ca href=\"http://periodictable.com/Elements/056/index.html\">Barium\u003c/a> is commonly found in soils on land. When it rains, soil washes from into the ocean, where the corals absorb some of it into their exoskeletons. If there’s a significant rise in barium, it can indicate when it rained a lot – like a monsoon. He has already been able to chart the arrival of the monsoons in East Africa from another sample taken near Kenya. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corals gather an incredible amount of data and we’re just now figuring out how to unlock it,” Tangri says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/99894/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser","authors":["100310"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_31","science_98"],"tags":["science_182","science_1003","science_365"],"featImg":"science_100208","label":"source_science_99894"},"science_23057":{"type":"posts","id":"science_23057","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"23057","score":null,"sort":[1415113258000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-amazing-life-of-sand","title":"The Amazing Life of Sand","publishDate":1415113258,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Amazing Life of Sand | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/lrothjohnson/\">Article by Liz Roth-Johnson\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Every grain of sand has a story to tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying the composition and texture of sand, geologists can reconstruct its incredible life history. “There’s just a ton of information out there, and all of it is in the sand,” said Mary McGann, a geologist at the United States Geological Survey in Menlo Park, CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGann recently took part in a comprehensive research project mapping sand’s journey into and throughout San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick Barnard, another USGS geologist who helped oversee the project, said that it will help scientists understand how local beaches are changing over time. In particular, Barnard wants to understand why beaches just south of San Francisco Bay are among the most rapidly eroding beaches in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to sand,” he said. “Where does the sand supply come from to these beaches, and is it being cut off?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Hoover-and-Goeden.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Hoover-and-Goeden.png\" alt=\"Daniel Hoover and Brenda Goeden collect sand samples along the coast of Drakes Bay in California. (Amy Foxgrover/USGS)\" width=\"509\" height=\"678\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23060\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daniel Hoover of the USGS and Brenda Goeden of the SF Bay Conservation and Development Commission collect sand samples along the open coast of Drakes Bay in California. (Amy Foxgrover/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From 2010-2012, Barnard and his team sampled beaches, outcrops, rivers and creeks to track sand’s journey around the bay. They even collected sand from the ocean floor. The researchers then carefully analyzed the samples to characterize the shapes, sizes, and chemical properties of the sand grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnard said the information provides a kind of fingerprint, or signature, for each sample that can then be matched to a potential source. For example, certain minerals may only come from the Sierra Mountains or the Marin Headlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “If we’ve covered all of the potential sources, and we know the unique signature of the sand from these different sources, and we find it on a beach somewhere, then we basically know where it came from,” explained Barnard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 817px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Sand-Grab.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Sand-Grab.png\" alt=\"Jeff Hansen and Daniel Hoover send a “sand grab” into San Pablo Bay to collect sand samples. (Amy Foxgrover/USGS)\" width=\"817\" height=\"613\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23061\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Hansen and Daniel Hoover of the USGS get ready to send a “sand grab” into San Pablo Bay to collect sand samples from the ocean floor. (Amy Foxgrover/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But sometimes this geological information isn’t enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes it’s difficult to say where sand comes from,” said McGann. “Sometimes it’s distinct and comes from different watersheds and people know it. Sometimes it’s not obvious at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGann studies tiny ocean-dwelling organisms called forams and diatoms, which can provide additional information about how sand travels. Because these critters prefer to live in very specific environments, their location can offer clues about how ocean currents transport material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGann has found marine diatoms near Pittsburg, in Honker Bay, and ocean floor-dwelling forams near the Dumbarton Bridge. “They wouldn’t normally live there,” she said. “There’s no way those things would live there. It shows us that there’s a pathway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those species aren’t the only things finding their way into the sand. Manmade materials can show up there, too. McGann has found metal welding scraps and tiny glass spheres (commonly sprinkled on highways to make road stripes reflective) in sand samples from around the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23345\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 726px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Foram.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Foram.png\" alt=\"A single foram sits on the “W” of a penny. (Mary McGann/USGS)\" width=\"726\" height=\"521\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23345\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A single foram sits on the “W” of a penny. (Mary McGann/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“All of these things can get washed into our rivers or our creeks, or washed off the road in storm drains,” explained McGann. “Eventually they end up in, for example, San Francisco Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By piecing together all of these clues – the information found in the minerals, biological material and manmade objects that make up sand – the researchers ended up with a pretty clear picture of how sand travels around San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some sands stay close to home. Rocky sand in the Marin Headlands comes from nearby bluffs, never straying far from its source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other sands travel hundreds of miles. Granite from the Sierra Nevada mountains careens down rivers and streams on a century-long sojourn to the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, much of the sand in the Bay Area comes from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, with local watersheds also playing an important role in transporting sand to the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnard said he hopes this research will help Californians realize that the sand they enjoy at the beach has to travel through inland rivers and watersheds to arrive at the coast. By mining and constructing dams, residents could be cutting off sand sources and compromising the sustainability of local beaches, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately we’re potentially cutting off a supply of sand, which is what makes these beaches we enjoy wide to provide storm protection and recreational use,” said Barnard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this project focused on San Francisco Bay, the same techniques could be used to study other coastal systems, he added, revealing the incredible life stories of sand from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There’s a story in every grain of sand: tales of life and death, fire and water. If you scooped up a handful of sand from every beach, you'd have a history of the world sifting through your fingers. From mountain boulders to the shells of tiny ocean creatures, follow the journey that sand takes through thousands of years across entire continents to wind up stuck between your toes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932663,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":829},"headData":{"title":"The Amazing Life of Sand | KQED","description":"There’s a story in every grain of sand: tales of life and death, fire and water. If you scooped up a handful of sand from every beach, you'd have a history of the world sifting through your fingers. From mountain boulders to the shells of tiny ocean creatures, follow the journey that sand takes through thousands of years across entire continents to wind up stuck between your toes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkrQ9QuKprE&autohide=2&rel=0","sticky":false,"path":"/science/23057/the-amazing-life-of-sand","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/lrothjohnson/\">Article by Liz Roth-Johnson\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Every grain of sand has a story to tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying the composition and texture of sand, geologists can reconstruct its incredible life history. “There’s just a ton of information out there, and all of it is in the sand,” said Mary McGann, a geologist at the United States Geological Survey in Menlo Park, CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGann recently took part in a comprehensive research project mapping sand’s journey into and throughout San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick Barnard, another USGS geologist who helped oversee the project, said that it will help scientists understand how local beaches are changing over time. In particular, Barnard wants to understand why beaches just south of San Francisco Bay are among the most rapidly eroding beaches in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to sand,” he said. “Where does the sand supply come from to these beaches, and is it being cut off?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Hoover-and-Goeden.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Hoover-and-Goeden.png\" alt=\"Daniel Hoover and Brenda Goeden collect sand samples along the coast of Drakes Bay in California. (Amy Foxgrover/USGS)\" width=\"509\" height=\"678\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23060\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daniel Hoover of the USGS and Brenda Goeden of the SF Bay Conservation and Development Commission collect sand samples along the open coast of Drakes Bay in California. (Amy Foxgrover/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From 2010-2012, Barnard and his team sampled beaches, outcrops, rivers and creeks to track sand’s journey around the bay. They even collected sand from the ocean floor. The researchers then carefully analyzed the samples to characterize the shapes, sizes, and chemical properties of the sand grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnard said the information provides a kind of fingerprint, or signature, for each sample that can then be matched to a potential source. For example, certain minerals may only come from the Sierra Mountains or the Marin Headlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “If we’ve covered all of the potential sources, and we know the unique signature of the sand from these different sources, and we find it on a beach somewhere, then we basically know where it came from,” explained Barnard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 817px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Sand-Grab.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Sand-Grab.png\" alt=\"Jeff Hansen and Daniel Hoover send a “sand grab” into San Pablo Bay to collect sand samples. (Amy Foxgrover/USGS)\" width=\"817\" height=\"613\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23061\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Hansen and Daniel Hoover of the USGS get ready to send a “sand grab” into San Pablo Bay to collect sand samples from the ocean floor. (Amy Foxgrover/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But sometimes this geological information isn’t enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes it’s difficult to say where sand comes from,” said McGann. “Sometimes it’s distinct and comes from different watersheds and people know it. Sometimes it’s not obvious at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGann studies tiny ocean-dwelling organisms called forams and diatoms, which can provide additional information about how sand travels. Because these critters prefer to live in very specific environments, their location can offer clues about how ocean currents transport material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGann has found marine diatoms near Pittsburg, in Honker Bay, and ocean floor-dwelling forams near the Dumbarton Bridge. “They wouldn’t normally live there,” she said. “There’s no way those things would live there. It shows us that there’s a pathway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those species aren’t the only things finding their way into the sand. Manmade materials can show up there, too. McGann has found metal welding scraps and tiny glass spheres (commonly sprinkled on highways to make road stripes reflective) in sand samples from around the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23345\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 726px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Foram.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Foram.png\" alt=\"A single foram sits on the “W” of a penny. (Mary McGann/USGS)\" width=\"726\" height=\"521\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23345\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A single foram sits on the “W” of a penny. (Mary McGann/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“All of these things can get washed into our rivers or our creeks, or washed off the road in storm drains,” explained McGann. “Eventually they end up in, for example, San Francisco Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By piecing together all of these clues – the information found in the minerals, biological material and manmade objects that make up sand – the researchers ended up with a pretty clear picture of how sand travels around San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some sands stay close to home. Rocky sand in the Marin Headlands comes from nearby bluffs, never straying far from its source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other sands travel hundreds of miles. Granite from the Sierra Nevada mountains careens down rivers and streams on a century-long sojourn to the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, much of the sand in the Bay Area comes from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, with local watersheds also playing an important role in transporting sand to the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnard said he hopes this research will help Californians realize that the sand they enjoy at the beach has to travel through inland rivers and watersheds to arrive at the coast. By mining and constructing dams, residents could be cutting off sand sources and compromising the sustainability of local beaches, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately we’re potentially cutting off a supply of sand, which is what makes these beaches we enjoy wide to provide storm protection and recreational use,” said Barnard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this project focused on San Francisco Bay, the same techniques could be used to study other coastal systems, he added, revealing the incredible life stories of sand from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/23057/the-amazing-life-of-sand","authors":["6219","6569"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_35","science_38","science_86"],"tags":["science_1602","science_1003","science_1970","science_64","science_218","science_843","science_325","science_309","science_1999"],"featImg":"science_23384","label":"science_1935"},"science_11309":{"type":"posts","id":"science_11309","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"11309","score":null,"sort":[1385065351000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"arctic-algae-offer-new-insights-on-prehistoric-climate-data","title":"Arctic Algae Offer New Insights on Prehistoric Climate Data","publishDate":1385065351,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Arctic Algae Offer New Insights on Prehistoric Climate Data | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/clathromorphum-compactum.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11310\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11310\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/clathromorphum-compactum.jpg\" alt=\"Clathromorphum compactum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Clathromorphum compactum\u003c/em> records centuries of climatic data in its thin annual layers. Images courtesy Walter Adey, Smithsonian Institution\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As scientists work on better climate models to help us deal with global warming, there are only two places to gather more data: the present and the past. The present crawls along at its usual pace, producing its daily trickle of information, but the past promises to yield buckets of data in the right archives. A new paper has opened up a long-needed archive for the high northern ocean, recorded in the annual “tree rings” of red coralline algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tropical corals most of us are familar with are stony structures, built out of the dissolved minerals in seawater, that are occupied by colonies of tiny animals. But outside the tropics, coral-like structures are built by various species of algae—colonies of one-celled plants. The red coralline alga \u003cem>Clathromorphum compactum\u003c/em> lives on the cold shallow seafloors around the Arctic Ocean and slowly but steadily puts on annual layers as reliably as treetrunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/11/13/1313775110.abstract\">A paper published this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> reports a record of annual sea ice in northeastern Canada, based on \u003cem>C. compactum\u003c/em> layers, that goes back 646 years. This organism joins a select list of “climate proxy” species that include tropical corals, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge\">sclerosponges\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonic.net/bristlecone/intro.html\">bristlecones\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ltrr.arizona.edu/\">other trees\u003c/a>. Along with annual-scale records from other climate proxies, including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/\">lake sediments\u003c/a> and ice from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/07/where-should-we-look-for-the-worlds-oldest-ice/\">polar ice caps\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/\">tropical glaciers\u003c/a>, we can splice together pictures of prehistoric climate that are accurate enough to use in detailed climate modeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every climate proxy has its own quirks that can be turned into information. Tree rings vary with the species, the region, and the individual seasons of each year. Glacier ice captures dust from the air, and bubbles of the ancient air itself. In the case of \u003cem>C. compactum\u003c/em>, which lives at 20-meter depths all around the northern seas, the red alga grows at a rate that responds closely to water temperature. Not just the growth rate, but the chemistry of its mineral layer correlates with temperature—more magnesium enters the calcium-carbonate material during warmer weather. And then when sea ice forms, the alga shuts down entirely, thus its annual layers are also a sensitive indicator of the icy season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tree rings are usually wide enough to measure with calipers under a low-power microscope, the coralline algae layers are measured in microns. The paper’s authors used electron microscopic techniques to image the layers and analyze their chemistry. They also collected many specimens ranging from Maine to Arctic Bay, at the north end of Baffin Island, and painstakingly assembled a year-by-year record of ice cover in these waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/algaelayers.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11311\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11311\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/algaelayers.gif\" alt=\"annual layers in arctic algae\" width=\"500\" height=\"347\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in another coralline alga species. The dots are reproductive structures called conceptacles\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ice record matches what we know and what we suspect from other sources. Notably, during the “little ice age” period from about 1450 to about 1850, thick and long-lasting sea ice corresponded with the spread of cultures based on seal hunting. Since 1850, the sea ice has undergone “a long-term decline distinctly steeper than at any time since the 14th century.” Throughout this time period, sea ice has been highly variable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so long ago, there was a lot of chatter each year about the fluctuations of the annual Antarctic ozone hole, and then the world took action against the chlorofluorocarbons that were eroding it. Since then the ozone hole has been recovering, gradually and with wide variations, without a lot of discussion. It’s worth remembering as we watch the Arctic sea ice today through satellite imagery. Instead of cheering or bemoaning the state of the ice every year, we would do better to keep our eye on the long-term trend—and long-term action.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The short list of climate proxy species gains a new member in the critical Arctic Ocean region, a crusty red alga named \u003ci>Clathromorphum compactum\u003c/i>.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934657,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":658},"headData":{"title":"Arctic Algae Offer New Insights on Prehistoric Climate Data | KQED","description":"The short list of climate proxy species gains a new member in the critical Arctic Ocean region, a crusty red alga named Clathromorphum compactum.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/11309/arctic-algae-offer-new-insights-on-prehistoric-climate-data","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/clathromorphum-compactum.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11310\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11310\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/clathromorphum-compactum.jpg\" alt=\"Clathromorphum compactum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Clathromorphum compactum\u003c/em> records centuries of climatic data in its thin annual layers. Images courtesy Walter Adey, Smithsonian Institution\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As scientists work on better climate models to help us deal with global warming, there are only two places to gather more data: the present and the past. The present crawls along at its usual pace, producing its daily trickle of information, but the past promises to yield buckets of data in the right archives. A new paper has opened up a long-needed archive for the high northern ocean, recorded in the annual “tree rings” of red coralline algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tropical corals most of us are familar with are stony structures, built out of the dissolved minerals in seawater, that are occupied by colonies of tiny animals. But outside the tropics, coral-like structures are built by various species of algae—colonies of one-celled plants. The red coralline alga \u003cem>Clathromorphum compactum\u003c/em> lives on the cold shallow seafloors around the Arctic Ocean and slowly but steadily puts on annual layers as reliably as treetrunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/11/13/1313775110.abstract\">A paper published this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> reports a record of annual sea ice in northeastern Canada, based on \u003cem>C. compactum\u003c/em> layers, that goes back 646 years. This organism joins a select list of “climate proxy” species that include tropical corals, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge\">sclerosponges\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonic.net/bristlecone/intro.html\">bristlecones\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ltrr.arizona.edu/\">other trees\u003c/a>. Along with annual-scale records from other climate proxies, including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/\">lake sediments\u003c/a> and ice from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/07/where-should-we-look-for-the-worlds-oldest-ice/\">polar ice caps\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/\">tropical glaciers\u003c/a>, we can splice together pictures of prehistoric climate that are accurate enough to use in detailed climate modeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every climate proxy has its own quirks that can be turned into information. Tree rings vary with the species, the region, and the individual seasons of each year. Glacier ice captures dust from the air, and bubbles of the ancient air itself. In the case of \u003cem>C. compactum\u003c/em>, which lives at 20-meter depths all around the northern seas, the red alga grows at a rate that responds closely to water temperature. Not just the growth rate, but the chemistry of its mineral layer correlates with temperature—more magnesium enters the calcium-carbonate material during warmer weather. And then when sea ice forms, the alga shuts down entirely, thus its annual layers are also a sensitive indicator of the icy season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tree rings are usually wide enough to measure with calipers under a low-power microscope, the coralline algae layers are measured in microns. The paper’s authors used electron microscopic techniques to image the layers and analyze their chemistry. They also collected many specimens ranging from Maine to Arctic Bay, at the north end of Baffin Island, and painstakingly assembled a year-by-year record of ice cover in these waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/algaelayers.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11311\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11311\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/algaelayers.gif\" alt=\"annual layers in arctic algae\" width=\"500\" height=\"347\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in another coralline alga species. The dots are reproductive structures called conceptacles\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ice record matches what we know and what we suspect from other sources. Notably, during the “little ice age” period from about 1450 to about 1850, thick and long-lasting sea ice corresponded with the spread of cultures based on seal hunting. Since 1850, the sea ice has undergone “a long-term decline distinctly steeper than at any time since the 14th century.” Throughout this time period, sea ice has been highly variable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so long ago, there was a lot of chatter each year about the fluctuations of the annual Antarctic ozone hole, and then the world took action against the chlorofluorocarbons that were eroding it. Since then the ozone hole has been recovering, gradually and with wide variations, without a lot of discussion. It’s worth remembering as we watch the Arctic sea ice today through satellite imagery. Instead of cheering or bemoaning the state of the ice every year, we would do better to keep our eye on the long-term trend—and long-term action.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/11309/arctic-algae-offer-new-insights-on-prehistoric-climate-data","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_38"],"tags":["science_323","science_1000","science_1003"],"featImg":"science_11310","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. 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No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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