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","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846163,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":186},"headData":{"title":"Listen to the Sound of Saturn's Tangled Radio Waves | KQED","description":"The magnetic field around Saturn produces radio waves, emissions that were picked up by the Cassini spacecraft on its mission to the planet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Listen to the Sound of Saturn's Tangled Radio Waves","datePublished":"2022-11-03T12:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:22:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Audible Cosmos","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/audiblecosmos","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/7eb67f87-2dc9-42d5-9dcc-af35012c13f0/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/science/1980634/listen-to-the-sound-of-saturns-tangled-radio-waves","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Saturn’s beautiful rings and many moons are an impressive sight to view through a telescope. But as NASA’s Voyager and then\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\"> Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> discovered, as they rocketed close to the planet, Saturn also is surrounded by an invisible web of radio waves that are generated by high-energy particles in the planet’s electromagnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini captured a number of recordings of these radio waves, emissions similar to Earth’s auroral radio emissions, during the more than a decade it orbited the planet, before it plummeted into Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017. In addition to sounding a bit eerie, the radio waves are the cause of\u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/11205-saturn-strange-radio-signals-cassini.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> a mystery about the planet’s rotational rate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this episode of Audible Cosmos, we tune into some of Saturn’s radio emissions picked up by the Cassini spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Hear the \u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/nasa/cassini-saturn-radio-emissions-1?in=nasa/sets/spookyspacesounds\">original sound\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/nasa/cassini-saturn-radio-emissions-2?in=nasa/sets/spookyspacesounds\">Saturn’s radio waves\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zcef943eoiQ&ab_channel=GreshamCollege\">Hear an explanation of the sound of Earth’s auroras — and listen to it.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audible Cosmos is produced and reported by Amanda Font and Lowell Robinson. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1980634/listen-to-the-sound-of-saturns-tangled-radio-waves","authors":["8637","11620"],"categories":["science_28","science_46","science_40","science_4450","science_3947"],"tags":["science_1073","science_5157","science_498","science_501","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1980635","label":"source_science_1980634"},"science_1961943":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1961943","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1961943","score":null,"sort":[1587056627000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation","publishDate":1587056627,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847569,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1290},"headData":{"title":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation | KQED","description":"Enjoy this top ten list of favorite space images selected by an astronomer passing time in isolation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Top 10 All-Time Favorite Space Pics From an Astronomer in Isolation","datePublished":"2020-04-16T17:03:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:46:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Looking for another entertaining, educational thing to do during your stay-at-home confinement? Here’s a list of favorite space images, collected by an astronomer \u003ci>—\u003c/i> me \u003ci>—\u003c/i> passing the time in isolation, like everbody else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Saturn with Super-Vision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vision of NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows us Saturn in a light that human eyesight can never perceive. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7632\">false-colored visual-and-infrared composite\u003c/a> paints the gas giant in color-coded temperatures, including a dazzling crown of auroras, shown in green, rising 600 miles above the cloud tops of Saturn’s southern polar region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13405.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961967 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA13402.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite false-color visible-and-infrared image of Saturn, featuring southern polar auroras (green). Image taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/University of Arizona/VIMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gullies on the Walls of Mars Crater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What may look \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/5355/linear-gullies-inside-russell-crater-mars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deceptively like water-carved gullies\u003c/a> running down the sandy slopes of Russell Crater on Mars are likely caused by the seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice instead. Multiple images of this spot taken at different times in the planet’s seasonal year reveal that these channels form in the Martian winter, when water ice is still frozen, but the more volatile carbon dioxide could be able to flow in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961964 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/40953024715_a5e01d0907_6k.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seasonal gullies carved into the sandy slope of Mars’ Russell Crater, likely caused by thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Swiss cheese’ Terrain at Mars’ Southern Polar Ice Cap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smooth patches of carbon-dioxide ice rise 10 meters above surrounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/20070830-004989_0945.html\">blob-shaped depressions\u003c/a>. This is another of Mars’ unearthly artforms made possible by seasonal temperatures low enough to freeze carbon dioxide from the thin air, which is eaten away as the season warms to form pits and other spectacular features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://hirise-pds.lpl.arizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/PSP/ORB_005000_005099/PSP_005095_0935/PSP_005095_0935_RED.browse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961966 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/32581039467_2646d0211f_4k.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Swiss cheese’ formations at Mars’ south pole, caused by seasonal thawing of carbon dioxide ice. Image taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/UA/HiRISE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jupiter’s Masterpiece of Motion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restless and complex cloud tops and deep atmosphere of Jupiter give Earth’s best artists some serious competition. Wrapped around a circular storm cell, an atmospheric jet stream stirs up magnificent and mind-bending swirls, eddies and vortices for us to behold through the eye of \u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA22944.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961968 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/pia22944.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s clouds stirred by a strong jet stream wrapped around a storm cell in the high northern latitudes. Image taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunset on Pluto\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes after its closest approach to \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pluto\u003c/a>, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft took this image, capturing smooth icy plains and some of the dwarf planet’s mountain ranges. The layers of Pluto’s thin, hazy atmosphere are backlit by the near setting sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961971\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19948.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961971 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/nh-apluto-wide-9-17-15-final_0.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limb of Pluto caught near sunset, 15 minutes after NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the dwarf planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Snaps a Selfie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover paused to take \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8631/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-a-new-selfie-before-record-climb/?site=msl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this selfie \u003c/a>on Feb. 26, 2020, before turning to climb the ridgeline of crumbling rock seen here in the background. Curiosity is alive and well and continuing its climb up Mount Sharp, in Gale Crater, investigating the geology for clues to Mars’ climatic history, and if the planet was ever capable of supporting life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/system/downloadable_items/44678_PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961973 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/PIA23624_hutton_selfie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Selfie’ taken by NASA’s rover Curiosity on February 26, 2020. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnant Fireworks Burst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A supernova observed and recorded by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in A.D. 1054 marks the spot in the sky that telescopes later discovered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-1-the-crab-nebula\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>, a cloud of hot gas expanding outward and dissipating into space. By virtue of that ancient observation, the Crab is the first supernova remnant whose parent star’s explosion was witnessed by human eyes. Below, images captured by different modern observatories were combined to form this stunning composite. A high-resolution visual image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope is layered with a radio image from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and an X-ray image from the Chandra X-ray Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/30064/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961974 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/STSCI-H-p1721a-m-2000x2000.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite visible, radio and X-ray image of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, whose parent star was observed to explode in 1054 CE. Visible image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, radio image by the VLA, and X-ray image by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweeping View of the Cosmos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/panstarrs_release/\">Pan-STARRS observatory\u003c/a> at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii, produced this mosaic map of every part of the sky viewable from the observatory’s latitude, combining a half-million images into one extraordinary view. Contained within this image are over 800 million celestial objects, including the ghostly sweep of the Milky Way galaxy’s stars and an obscuring disk of gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961989 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Pan-STARRS_skySurvey_CMYK400dpi.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic image of the entire sky viewable from the Pan-STARRS observatory on Maui, Hawaii, composed of half a million individual images captured over four years. \u003ccite>(Danny Farrow, Pan-STARRS1 Science Consortium and Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crater on Far Side of Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always hidden from Earth’s gaze, located on the far side of the moon in the southern polar region, is Antoniadi Crater, an impact crater 80 miles in diameter that resides in a much vaster depression. This picture, taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, captures one end of Antoniadi from an oblique angle. The crater wall sweeping across the background \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/898\">rises almost 2.5 miles\u003c/a> above the floor, and the “little” crater in the foreground would engulf the city of San Francisco. Fun fact: The bottom of the small foreground crater contains the lowest point on the moon’s surface, about 4.75 miles below mean surface level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961979 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/M1146021973_LRmos.warp_.str01.60in_26in.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of a portion of the moon’s Antoniadi Crater, captured by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar South Pole Illumination Map\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/991\">unusual looking picture\u003c/a> of the moon’s south pole is a composite map made from images taken \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar-south-pole-atlas/movies/Clementine_spole480.mp4\">every two hours over a full lunar day\u003c/a> (about four weeks on Earth). The brightness of each pixel tells how much sunlight that spot receives in the course of the moon’s day, white representing the most sunlight and black where sunlight never falls. Here at the moon’s south pole, the sun never rises far above the horizon, and sunlight shines across the landscape at a grazing angle. The black areas show places of permanent shadow, where observations have confirmed the presence of water ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1961980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/506629main_pole4x3_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1961980 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/SouthPoleIllumMap_small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illumination map composite image of the moon’s south pole showing total sunlight exposure over a lunar day. Black indicates crater and canyon floors that never receive direct sunlight and are known to harbor water ice. \u003ccite>(NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Your Favorite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multitude of captivating, awe-inspiring, and just plain run-of-the-mill stunning \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">space images available online\u003c/a> is nothing short of astronomical. Browse their image galleries in search of your own collection of faves; you’ll soon find your hours of isolation melting away in breathtaking wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Benjamin Burress has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. Before that he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and was the Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has written over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ben-burress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">300 pieces\u003c/a> on astronomy and space exploration for KQED since 2007. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1961943/top-10-all-time-favorite-space-pics-from-an-astronomer-in-isolation","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_4450"],"tags":["science_498","science_330","science_1056","science_5180","science_5179","science_364","science_351","science_5175","science_501"],"featImg":"science_1961967","label":"source_science_1961943"},"science_1948555":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1948555","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1948555","score":null,"sort":[1570640156000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-wants-to-send-shapeshifting-robots-to-saturn-moon","title":"NASA Wants to Send Shapeshifting Robots to Saturn Moon","publishDate":1570640156,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA Wants to Send Shapeshifting Robots to Saturn Moon | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As they conceive a new generation of robotic “rovers,” NASA engineers are challenging themselves to think outside the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contraptions they envision bear little resemblance to the car-like, six-wheeled cruisers we’ve followed during rolling adventures on Mars. Future space exploration robots may resemble “Transformers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because a robot operating semi-autonomously on very alien turf must be able to negotiate a broad range of terrains and environmental conditions, the likes of which may not exist on Earth. So, how to design – and prepare the rover – for situations engineers may not even anticipate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shapeshifter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To handle one of the more distant and fascinating objects in our solar system – \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/overview/\">Saturn’s moon Titan\u003c/a> – NASA engineers have come up with \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7505\">Shapeshifter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concept drawings and working models of this robot resemble farm equipment- some kind of rolling grain harvester or threshing machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it helps to see past Shapeshifter’s prototype and imagine how engineers might take apart its components and put them back together in different forms to suit different needs, like Lego toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To demonstrate this concept, they built the Shapeshifter mockup from two separate and complementary assemblies: a pair of flight-capable drones housed within their own halves of a pipe-frame cylinder structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined, the prototype can roll like a barrel to easily traverse stretches of flat or mounded terrain. Separately, one half can ascend skyward on propellers, using the other half as a launch pad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More advanced visions for the Shapeshifter stick with the paradigm of smaller robots working together – “co-bots” – that form different configurations, but involve greater numbers of base robot units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1948600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1948600\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/futureshapeshifter-nasa2-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/futureshapeshifter-nasa2-800x451.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/futureshapeshifter-nasa2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/futureshapeshifter-nasa2-768x433.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/futureshapeshifter-nasa2.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A more advanced concept of the multiple “co-bot” team whose elements can fly like drones, or assemble into configurations optimized for swimming through liquid or rolling or tumbling across a landscape. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These simplified future co-bots may combine into forms that can swim through a sea of liquid, fly together to lift and carry other equipment, such as a larger “mothership” lander, or roll around almost any terrain by reassembling into a sphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bizarre Environments Call For Bizarre Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2005, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft dropped the European “\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/cassini-huygens/-/55221-huygens-titan-science-highlights\">Huygens\u003c/a>” probe onto the surface of Saturn’s mysterious, cloud-shrouded moon Titan. With a simple plan to descend through the thick nitrogen atmosphere on a parachute and set down on any available surface, hopefully with enough battery power for a few minutes of picture-taking, Huygens offered a brief flash of insight into Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1948601\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA scored with that touchdown. Huygens, and further investigations by Cassini from space, demonstrated that Titan is a world like no other in the solar system, worthy of further exploration. Scientists also learned what a challenging physical environment Titan presents, and recognized the need for a new, super-flexible roving machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Earth’s quiescent airless moon, Titan has a thick, dynamic and extremely cold atmosphere. Unlike the dry desert plains and mountains of Mars, Titan has a liquid cycle, similar to Earth’s water cycle. Titan’s rain, rivers, \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/space/scientists-find-new-surprises-about-titans-lakes\">lakes and seas\u003c/a>, however, are freezing cold liquid methane – a material that exists as a gas on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1948620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-800x720.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the surface of Titan, its high and rugged mountains, surface liquid methane, atmosphere, and Saturn in the hazy sky above.\" width=\"800\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-800x720.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-160x144.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-768x691.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-1020x918.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-1200x1080.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan’s landscapes include vast plains of dunes, high and steep-walled mountains peppered with deep alpine lakes, complex networks of river-carved canyons, and several wide seas of liquid methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some respects, Titan’s physical environment will make it easier for a co-botic transforming Shapeshifter craft to move about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its surface gravity is about one-seventh that of Earth. Titan is also the only moon in the solar system with a thick atmosphere – thicker than Earth’s – so engineers don’t have to reinvent the helicopter propeller to make their Titanian co-bots fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science Fiction Leading the Way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Transformers” isn’t the only example of \u003ca href=\"https://www.hackster.io/news/superball-v2-is-a-huge-tensegrity-robot-that-can-absorb-substantial-impacts-956e025368b5\">unconventional robot designs\u003c/a> in the realm of science fiction that have played with ideas like shapeshifting and flexible configurations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robots TARS and CASE in the movie “Interstellar” looked like awkward rectangular blocks of plastic or metal, but their designers gave them the ability to articulate smaller building-block components into different configurations to walk, run, climb, lift, and even pinwheel through a shallow extraterrestrial sea as the situation demanded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won’t go into the liquid-metal polymorphing robot from “Terminator 2,” but who knows? Engineers are giving shape and motion to blobs of “ferrofluid” with magnetic fields, so it’s not inconceivable that they may one day deploy a fluid “Explorinator” morphing around the surfaces of distant worlds.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA is conceiving a new generation of robotic rovers that will change shape to travel in a range of alien environments. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848242,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":805},"headData":{"title":"NASA Wants to Send Shapeshifting Robots to Saturn Moon | KQED","description":"NASA is conceiving a new generation of robotic rovers that will change shape to travel in a range of alien environments. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA Wants to Send Shapeshifting Robots to Saturn Moon","datePublished":"2019-10-09T16:55:56.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:57:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1948555/nasa-wants-to-send-shapeshifting-robots-to-saturn-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As they conceive a new generation of robotic “rovers,” NASA engineers are challenging themselves to think outside the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contraptions they envision bear little resemblance to the car-like, six-wheeled cruisers we’ve followed during rolling adventures on Mars. Future space exploration robots may resemble “Transformers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because a robot operating semi-autonomously on very alien turf must be able to negotiate a broad range of terrains and environmental conditions, the likes of which may not exist on Earth. So, how to design – and prepare the rover – for situations engineers may not even anticipate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shapeshifter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To handle one of the more distant and fascinating objects in our solar system – \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/overview/\">Saturn’s moon Titan\u003c/a> – NASA engineers have come up with \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7505\">Shapeshifter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concept drawings and working models of this robot resemble farm equipment- some kind of rolling grain harvester or threshing machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it helps to see past Shapeshifter’s prototype and imagine how engineers might take apart its components and put them back together in different forms to suit different needs, like Lego toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To demonstrate this concept, they built the Shapeshifter mockup from two separate and complementary assemblies: a pair of flight-capable drones housed within their own halves of a pipe-frame cylinder structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined, the prototype can roll like a barrel to easily traverse stretches of flat or mounded terrain. Separately, one half can ascend skyward on propellers, using the other half as a launch pad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More advanced visions for the Shapeshifter stick with the paradigm of smaller robots working together – “co-bots” – that form different configurations, but involve greater numbers of base robot units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1948600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1948600\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/futureshapeshifter-nasa2-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/futureshapeshifter-nasa2-800x451.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/futureshapeshifter-nasa2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/futureshapeshifter-nasa2-768x433.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/futureshapeshifter-nasa2.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A more advanced concept of the multiple “co-bot” team whose elements can fly like drones, or assemble into configurations optimized for swimming through liquid or rolling or tumbling across a landscape. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These simplified future co-bots may combine into forms that can swim through a sea of liquid, fly together to lift and carry other equipment, such as a larger “mothership” lander, or roll around almost any terrain by reassembling into a sphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bizarre Environments Call For Bizarre Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2005, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft dropped the European “\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/cassini-huygens/-/55221-huygens-titan-science-highlights\">Huygens\u003c/a>” probe onto the surface of Saturn’s mysterious, cloud-shrouded moon Titan. With a simple plan to descend through the thick nitrogen atmosphere on a parachute and set down on any available surface, hopefully with enough battery power for a few minutes of picture-taking, Huygens offered a brief flash of insight into Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1948601\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/432541main_titan_huygens_big_full.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA scored with that touchdown. Huygens, and further investigations by Cassini from space, demonstrated that Titan is a world like no other in the solar system, worthy of further exploration. Scientists also learned what a challenging physical environment Titan presents, and recognized the need for a new, super-flexible roving machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Earth’s quiescent airless moon, Titan has a thick, dynamic and extremely cold atmosphere. Unlike the dry desert plains and mountains of Mars, Titan has a liquid cycle, similar to Earth’s water cycle. Titan’s rain, rivers, \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/space/scientists-find-new-surprises-about-titans-lakes\">lakes and seas\u003c/a>, however, are freezing cold liquid methane – a material that exists as a gas on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1948620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-800x720.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the surface of Titan, its high and rugged mountains, surface liquid methane, atmosphere, and Saturn in the hazy sky above.\" width=\"800\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-800x720.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-160x144.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-768x691.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-1020x918.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600-1200x1080.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/17704_Titan_Backdrop_1600.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan’s landscapes include vast plains of dunes, high and steep-walled mountains peppered with deep alpine lakes, complex networks of river-carved canyons, and several wide seas of liquid methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some respects, Titan’s physical environment will make it easier for a co-botic transforming Shapeshifter craft to move about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its surface gravity is about one-seventh that of Earth. Titan is also the only moon in the solar system with a thick atmosphere – thicker than Earth’s – so engineers don’t have to reinvent the helicopter propeller to make their Titanian co-bots fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science Fiction Leading the Way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Transformers” isn’t the only example of \u003ca href=\"https://www.hackster.io/news/superball-v2-is-a-huge-tensegrity-robot-that-can-absorb-substantial-impacts-956e025368b5\">unconventional robot designs\u003c/a> in the realm of science fiction that have played with ideas like shapeshifting and flexible configurations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robots TARS and CASE in the movie “Interstellar” looked like awkward rectangular blocks of plastic or metal, but their designers gave them the ability to articulate smaller building-block components into different configurations to walk, run, climb, lift, and even pinwheel through a shallow extraterrestrial sea as the situation demanded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won’t go into the liquid-metal polymorphing robot from “Terminator 2,” but who knows? Engineers are giving shape and motion to blobs of “ferrofluid” with magnetic fields, so it’s not inconceivable that they may one day deploy a fluid “Explorinator” morphing around the surfaces of distant worlds.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1948555/nasa-wants-to-send-shapeshifting-robots-to-saturn-moon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_498","science_460","science_499","science_5175","science_501","science_502"],"featImg":"science_1948813","label":"source_science_1948555"},"science_1920458":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1920458","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1920458","score":null,"sort":[1520004641000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassini-may-be-gone-but-the-adventure-continues","title":"Cassini May Be Gone, But The Adventure Continues","publishDate":1520004641,"format":"image","headTitle":"Cassini May Be Gone, But The Adventure Continues | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Five months after the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini\u003c/a> spacecraft’s fiery burnup in Saturn’s atmosphere, the mission continues to make remarkable discoveries about the gas giant planet and its entourage of fascinating moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trove of data sent back to Earth over Cassini’s productive 13-year career remain as digital unexplored territory that scientists continue to investigate. It will be many years before \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/science/saturn-cassini-return.html\">another Saturn mission\u003c/a> is mounted, and Cassini’s posthumous bequest of data will not only deliver further rewards, it may help shape that next mission’s scientific goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest discovery comes from Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, and adds to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.techtimes.com/articles/62131/20150622/how-similar-is-saturns-moon-titan-to-earth-let-us-count-the-ways-polar-winds-liquid-on-surface-and-more.htm\">impressive list of similarities\u003c/a> between this small world and the planet Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920467 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of possible future missions to Titan, including an orbiter, a "floating" probe designed to drift around Titan's methane seas, and a balloon-borne robotic explorer. \" width=\"580\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl-240x153.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl-375x239.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl-520x332.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of possible future missions to Titan, including an orbiter, a “floating” probe designed to drift around Titan’s methane seas, and a balloon-borne robotic explorer. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qstjFGYeLO0pSJOpXWXFB0OYZU2E1DxO”]Precision measurements of the surface elevations of Titan’s three large liquid-methane seas reveal that they share a common “sea level.” That may not sound remarkable — until you learn that these three seas, unlike the four contiguous oceans on Earth, are not physically connected on the surface, but separated by dry land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Titan’s Liquid Surprises\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound like a page from a far-out science fiction novel, but the fact that there is liquid flowing on Titan’s surface (and falling from its skies) is not new information. Inspiring to the imagination, yes, but not new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Im6Ln0SzC3PeVrYv6PMxj6EysrXSaKmb”]Early in Cassini’s mission following its 2004 arrival at Saturn, the Cassini spacecraft, as well as the European Huygens probe it sent to Titan’s surface, discovered networks of what looked like drainage channels feeding into wide, flat areas — later confirmed to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/cassini-explores-a-methane-sea-on-titan\">lakes and seas\u003c/a>. At Titan’s surface temperature of minus 290 degrees Fahrenheit, it was obvious that these were not rivers and seas of liquid water, but cryogenic liquid hydrocarbons, mainly methane and ethane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920468\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920468\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Sunlight reflecting off of Titan's liquid methane seas, as seen through Cassini. \" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-1020x510.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-1180x590.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-240x120.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-375x188.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-520x260.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunlight reflecting off of Titan’s liquid methane seas, as seen through Cassini. \u003ccite>( NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/University of Idaho)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/18dec_titanglint\">Flashes of sunlight\u003c/a> reflecting from sea surfaces also helped confirm the presence of the surface liquid. Further measurements of Titan’s atmosphere and its thick layer of hydrocarbon haze (natural smog) revealed a complete liquid cycle of precipitation (methane rain!), runoff, and pooling. In addition to the larger lakes and seas, smaller \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/where-else-in-the-universe-can-you-find-fjords-on-this-distant-moon/\">“alpine” lakes\u003c/a> were detected at higher elevations, in Titan’s mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is Titan’s Crust Porous, Like a Sponge?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after over 13 years and 127 flybys of Titan, Cassini has revealed that Titan’s three large seas, Kraken Mare, Ligeia Mare, and Punga Mare, all share a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/cassini-finds-saturn-moon-has-sea-level-like-earth\">common surface sea level\u003c/a>, even though they appear physically separated by dry land—bedrock of water ice and frozen hydrocarbon compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth’s oceans are physically connected at the surface, forming one global body of water whose surface naturally seeks a common “equipotential surface” \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/geoid.html\">shaped by the forces\u003c/a> of Earth’s gravity and rotation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-800x428.jpg\" alt=\"Cassini map of Titan's three large seas, and surrounding smaller lakes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-800x428.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-160x86.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-768x411.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-240x128.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-375x201.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-520x278.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares.jpg 860w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini map of Titan’s three large seas, and surrounding smaller lakes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Explaining Titan’s common sea level requires scratching beneath the surface a bit. Lacking any visible connections on the surface, Titan’s seas must be connected underground, maybe through a system of aquifers or networks of caves. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”OIs0CJLzkJl9od8bvIYzaCNTbmLdN2Sn”]While this liquid-leveling interaction between Titan’s seas may function differently than in Earth’s oceans, there is a connection to be made to some of Earth’s lakes. While lakes can be found at many different elevations above sea level on Earth (and Titan, for that matter), some pairs and groups of adjacent terrestrial lakes share common surface levels by “communicating” with each other through underground caves, aquifers, and ground water tables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So not only has Cassini revealed something new about Titan from beyond the grave, the implications of the discovery tell us something about the composition and structure in Titan’s crust, beneath the surface: it is liquid-permeable over the vast region on which its three large seas rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a reminder that while Titan may \u003ca href=\"http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2018/01/saturns-moon-titan-sports-earth-features\">resemble Earth in several ways\u003c/a>, it’s also a very alien world whose bedrock is water ice and frozen hydrocarbons and whose clouds, rain, rivers, lakes and seas are a frigid liquefied form of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Five months after Cassini's termination, the mission continues to make discoveries about the Saturn system.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928151,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":783},"headData":{"title":"Cassini May Be Gone, But The Adventure Continues | KQED","description":"Five months after Cassini's termination, the mission continues to make discoveries about the Saturn system.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cassini May Be Gone, But The Adventure Continues","datePublished":"2018-03-02T15:30:41.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:09:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1920458/cassini-may-be-gone-but-the-adventure-continues","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Five months after the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini\u003c/a> spacecraft’s fiery burnup in Saturn’s atmosphere, the mission continues to make remarkable discoveries about the gas giant planet and its entourage of fascinating moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trove of data sent back to Earth over Cassini’s productive 13-year career remain as digital unexplored territory that scientists continue to investigate. It will be many years before \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/science/saturn-cassini-return.html\">another Saturn mission\u003c/a> is mounted, and Cassini’s posthumous bequest of data will not only deliver further rewards, it may help shape that next mission’s scientific goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest discovery comes from Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, and adds to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.techtimes.com/articles/62131/20150622/how-similar-is-saturns-moon-titan-to-earth-let-us-count-the-ways-polar-winds-liquid-on-surface-and-more.htm\">impressive list of similarities\u003c/a> between this small world and the planet Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920467 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of possible future missions to Titan, including an orbiter, a "floating" probe designed to drift around Titan's methane seas, and a balloon-borne robotic explorer. \" width=\"580\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl-240x153.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl-375x239.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/possiblefuturemissions-nasajpl-520x332.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of possible future missions to Titan, including an orbiter, a “floating” probe designed to drift around Titan’s methane seas, and a balloon-borne robotic explorer. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Precision measurements of the surface elevations of Titan’s three large liquid-methane seas reveal that they share a common “sea level.” That may not sound remarkable — until you learn that these three seas, unlike the four contiguous oceans on Earth, are not physically connected on the surface, but separated by dry land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Titan’s Liquid Surprises\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound like a page from a far-out science fiction novel, but the fact that there is liquid flowing on Titan’s surface (and falling from its skies) is not new information. Inspiring to the imagination, yes, but not new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Early in Cassini’s mission following its 2004 arrival at Saturn, the Cassini spacecraft, as well as the European Huygens probe it sent to Titan’s surface, discovered networks of what looked like drainage channels feeding into wide, flat areas — later confirmed to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/cassini-explores-a-methane-sea-on-titan\">lakes and seas\u003c/a>. At Titan’s surface temperature of minus 290 degrees Fahrenheit, it was obvious that these were not rivers and seas of liquid water, but cryogenic liquid hydrocarbons, mainly methane and ethane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920468\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920468\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Sunlight reflecting off of Titan's liquid methane seas, as seen through Cassini. \" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-1020x510.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-1180x590.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-240x120.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-375x188.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight-520x260.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/flashesofsunlight.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunlight reflecting off of Titan’s liquid methane seas, as seen through Cassini. \u003ccite>( NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/University of Idaho)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/18dec_titanglint\">Flashes of sunlight\u003c/a> reflecting from sea surfaces also helped confirm the presence of the surface liquid. Further measurements of Titan’s atmosphere and its thick layer of hydrocarbon haze (natural smog) revealed a complete liquid cycle of precipitation (methane rain!), runoff, and pooling. In addition to the larger lakes and seas, smaller \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/where-else-in-the-universe-can-you-find-fjords-on-this-distant-moon/\">“alpine” lakes\u003c/a> were detected at higher elevations, in Titan’s mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is Titan’s Crust Porous, Like a Sponge?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after over 13 years and 127 flybys of Titan, Cassini has revealed that Titan’s three large seas, Kraken Mare, Ligeia Mare, and Punga Mare, all share a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/cassini-finds-saturn-moon-has-sea-level-like-earth\">common surface sea level\u003c/a>, even though they appear physically separated by dry land—bedrock of water ice and frozen hydrocarbon compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth’s oceans are physically connected at the surface, forming one global body of water whose surface naturally seeks a common “equipotential surface” \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/geoid.html\">shaped by the forces\u003c/a> of Earth’s gravity and rotation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-800x428.jpg\" alt=\"Cassini map of Titan's three large seas, and surrounding smaller lakes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-800x428.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-160x86.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-768x411.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-240x128.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-375x201.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares-520x278.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/titans-mares.jpg 860w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini map of Titan’s three large seas, and surrounding smaller lakes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Explaining Titan’s common sea level requires scratching beneath the surface a bit. Lacking any visible connections on the surface, Titan’s seas must be connected underground, maybe through a system of aquifers or networks of caves. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>While this liquid-leveling interaction between Titan’s seas may function differently than in Earth’s oceans, there is a connection to be made to some of Earth’s lakes. While lakes can be found at many different elevations above sea level on Earth (and Titan, for that matter), some pairs and groups of adjacent terrestrial lakes share common surface levels by “communicating” with each other through underground caves, aquifers, and ground water tables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So not only has Cassini revealed something new about Titan from beyond the grave, the implications of the discovery tell us something about the composition and structure in Titan’s crust, beneath the surface: it is liquid-permeable over the vast region on which its three large seas rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a reminder that while Titan may \u003ca href=\"http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2018/01/saturns-moon-titan-sports-earth-features\">resemble Earth in several ways\u003c/a>, it’s also a very alien world whose bedrock is water ice and frozen hydrocarbons and whose clouds, rain, rivers, lakes and seas are a frigid liquefied form of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1920458/cassini-may-be-gone-but-the-adventure-continues","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_498","science_3370","science_5175","science_502"],"featImg":"science_1920622","label":"science"},"science_1915576":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1915576","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1915576","score":null,"sort":[1505281433000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassini-spacecraft-prepares-for-a-fiery-farewell-in-saturns-atmosphere","title":"Cassini Spacecraft Prepares For A Fiery Farewell In Saturn's Atmosphere","publishDate":1505281433,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Cassini Spacecraft Prepares For A Fiery Farewell In Saturn’s Atmosphere | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>After 13 years in orbit around Saturn, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft is about to plunge itself into the planet’s atmosphere and disintegrate. NASA decided to put an end to the mission on Friday because the probe is almost out of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini has provided exquisite details about the second-largest planet in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the hurricanes at Saturn’s poles, for example. “These hurricanes are large enough they’d cover about half the continental United States, about 50 times larger than a typical Earth hurricane,” says Cassini project scientist \u003ca href=\"https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Spilker/\">Linda Spilker\u003c/a> of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the remarkable, hexagonal-shaped jet streams at the north pole. They’ve been there since before Cassini arrived in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have jet streams here on the Earth, but they change almost daily,” Spilker says. “So we’re really puzzled. It’s the only place we know of in our solar system that has a long-lived hexagonal jet stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915578\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915578\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini has observed a strange, hexagonal jet stream at Saturn’s north pole. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spilker’s special interest is Saturn’s rings, and she says Cassini has revealed some unexpected things about them. There are places, for example, where the particles that form the rings clump together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The clumpiness has a unique character. Sometimes it looks kinda clumpy and speckly, other times it looks streaky,” she says. And in other places, the particles float freely and don’t appear to have any structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How you can keep those areas separated?” she says. “That’s an interesting and curious puzzle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all that Cassini has revealed about Saturn, there are still plenty of mysteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little bit embarrassing to confess, but we don’t know how long a day is on Saturn,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/m.dougherty\">Michele Dougherty\u003c/a> of Imperial College in London. She’s the scientist in charge of Cassini’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/magnetometer/\">magnetometer\u003c/a>, an instrument that measures Saturn’s magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways,” she says, “you can almost use a magnetometer to see inside a planet and get a better understanding of its internal structure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s final orbits are taking it closer to the planet than ever before. Dougherty is hoping this will let her instrument see a telltale tilt in the magnetic field that should resolve the uncertainty over the length of a Saturnian day. “If we don’t, we might not be able to work out the exact length of a day is on Saturn,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of Cassini’s most interesting discoveries involve Saturn’s moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/xrGAQCq9BMU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Enceladus is this little moon. It’s about the size of the United Kingdom,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~howett/Howett_SwRI/Home_Page.html\">Carly Howett\u003c/a> of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo. Scientists were amazed to see giant plumes of salty water vapor belching from Enceladus’ south pole, suggesting liquid seas under a frosty crust that could \u003cem>maybe\u003c/em>, \u003cem>possibly\u003c/em>, harbor life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howett’s instrument on Cassini, the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/composite-infrared-spectrometer/\">composite infrared spectrometer\u003c/a>, has revealed that the surface of Enceladus is extremely porous. “Much more porous than freshly fallen snow,” she says. “If you were to put your hand on top of this and push down, your hand would go a long way into the surface. It wouldn’t put up much resistance at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915579\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini has detected jets of water coming from Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Scientists think liquid oceans may lie beneath the surface of the tiny moon. \u003ccite>(Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That Cassini is still functioning so well after 13 years in orbit isn’t a big surprise to JPL mission engineer \u003ca href=\"http://www4.csudh.edu/inauguration/events/womeninstem/speaker-bios/julie-webster\">Julie Webster\u003c/a>. She says the spacecraft came prepared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We carry two computers, two radios, two gyroscopes, two sun sensors, two star scanners, so we had our backups,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good indication of just how well Cassini has worked is the number of times it’s gone into “safe” mode. When a spacecraft detects some type of software or hardware problem on board, it shuts down all nonessential equipment, turns its main antenna toward Earth and basically calls home to ask for instructions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve only done that six times in 20 years, and only twice since 2003,” Webster says. “So most of the ‘safings’ were early as we were learning the spacecraft.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s decision to end the Cassini mission has an interesting back story. It seems mission managers were worried that without fuel to change its orbit, the probe could crash into one of Saturn’s moons sometime in the future. The space agency was loath to let that happen, because it can’t be certain that Cassini isn’t carrying some hardy microbial spores from Earth. There’s good reason to believe that some bacteria could survive 20 years in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last thing NASA would want to do is send a future probe to one of Saturn’s moons, only to find it colonized by bacteria from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end of Cassini is going to be a sad day for the many thousands of scientists, engineers and technical staff who have worked on the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve gone through all the stages of mourning, all the stages of grief,” says Webster, who has worked on the mission since its launch in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to a sad day,” agrees Howett, who has been working on the Cassini mission since 2005. “I’m heavily, emotionally invested in this mission in a way that doesn’t normally happen. It’s basically been the backbone of my career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty says she’ll also be sad to see the last radio signal from Cassini. “But it’s going to a really proud moment, too,” she says. “Because the instruments and the spacecraft are still doing spectacularly well, and so to end in this almost blaze of glory that we’re going to end in I think is the way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cassini+Spacecraft+Prepares+For+A+Fiery+Farewell+In+Saturn%27s+Atmosphere&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's probe has spent the past 13 years orbiting Saturn, making a number of important discoveries along the way. On Friday, it will hurl itself into the planet's atmosphere and disintegrate.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928392,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1087},"headData":{"title":"Cassini Spacecraft Prepares For A Fiery Farewell In Saturn's Atmosphere | KQED","description":"NASA's probe has spent the past 13 years orbiting Saturn, making a number of important discoveries along the way. On Friday, it will hurl itself into the planet's atmosphere and disintegrate.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cassini Spacecraft Prepares For A Fiery Farewell In Saturn's Atmosphere","datePublished":"2017-09-13T05:43:53.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:13:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Joe Palca\u003cbr>NPR","nprImageAgency":"NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute","nprStoryId":"549448180","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=549448180&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/08/549448180/cassini-spacecraft-prepares-for-a-fiery-farewell-in-saturns-atmosphere?ft=nprml&f=549448180","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 12 Sep 2017 17:19:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 11 Sep 2017 13:08:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 12 Sep 2017 16:43:52 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/09/20170912_atc_cassini_spacecraft_prepares_for_a_fiery_farewell_in_saturns_atmosphere.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1026&d=242&p=2&story=549448180&t=progseg&e=550358848&seg=5&ft=nprml&f=549448180","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1550492864-645502.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1026&d=242&p=2&story=549448180&t=progseg&e=550358848&seg=5&ft=nprml&f=549448180","path":"/science/1915576/cassini-spacecraft-prepares-for-a-fiery-farewell-in-saturns-atmosphere","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/09/20170912_atc_cassini_spacecraft_prepares_for_a_fiery_farewell_in_saturns_atmosphere.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1026&d=242&p=2&story=549448180&t=progseg&e=550358848&seg=5&ft=nprml&f=549448180","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After 13 years in orbit around Saturn, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft is about to plunge itself into the planet’s atmosphere and disintegrate. NASA decided to put an end to the mission on Friday because the probe is almost out of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini has provided exquisite details about the second-largest planet in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the hurricanes at Saturn’s poles, for example. “These hurricanes are large enough they’d cover about half the continental United States, about 50 times larger than a typical Earth hurricane,” says Cassini project scientist \u003ca href=\"https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Spilker/\">Linda Spilker\u003c/a> of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the remarkable, hexagonal-shaped jet streams at the north pole. They’ve been there since before Cassini arrived in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have jet streams here on the Earth, but they change almost daily,” Spilker says. “So we’re really puzzled. It’s the only place we know of in our solar system that has a long-lived hexagonal jet stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915578\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915578\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia20513_modest-c327362be46c0e4479b6146f20f7d9734a02a10d.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini has observed a strange, hexagonal jet stream at Saturn’s north pole. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spilker’s special interest is Saturn’s rings, and she says Cassini has revealed some unexpected things about them. There are places, for example, where the particles that form the rings clump together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The clumpiness has a unique character. Sometimes it looks kinda clumpy and speckly, other times it looks streaky,” she says. And in other places, the particles float freely and don’t appear to have any structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How you can keep those areas separated?” she says. “That’s an interesting and curious puzzle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all that Cassini has revealed about Saturn, there are still plenty of mysteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little bit embarrassing to confess, but we don’t know how long a day is on Saturn,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/m.dougherty\">Michele Dougherty\u003c/a> of Imperial College in London. She’s the scientist in charge of Cassini’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/magnetometer/\">magnetometer\u003c/a>, an instrument that measures Saturn’s magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways,” she says, “you can almost use a magnetometer to see inside a planet and get a better understanding of its internal structure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s final orbits are taking it closer to the planet than ever before. Dougherty is hoping this will let her instrument see a telltale tilt in the magnetic field that should resolve the uncertainty over the length of a Saturnian day. “If we don’t, we might not be able to work out the exact length of a day is on Saturn,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of Cassini’s most interesting discoveries involve Saturn’s moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Enceladus.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xrGAQCq9BMU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xrGAQCq9BMU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“Enceladus is this little moon. It’s about the size of the United Kingdom,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~howett/Howett_SwRI/Home_Page.html\">Carly Howett\u003c/a> of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo. Scientists were amazed to see giant plumes of salty water vapor belching from Enceladus’ south pole, suggesting liquid seas under a frosty crust that could \u003cem>maybe\u003c/em>, \u003cem>possibly\u003c/em>, harbor life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howett’s instrument on Cassini, the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/composite-infrared-spectrometer/\">composite infrared spectrometer\u003c/a>, has revealed that the surface of Enceladus is extremely porous. “Much more porous than freshly fallen snow,” she says. “If you were to put your hand on top of this and push down, your hand would go a long way into the surface. It wouldn’t put up much resistance at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915579\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/pia21344-1041_wide-ce68141001dbd2e86bad0cb7de793abddd50c2e3.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini has detected jets of water coming from Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Scientists think liquid oceans may lie beneath the surface of the tiny moon. \u003ccite>(Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That Cassini is still functioning so well after 13 years in orbit isn’t a big surprise to JPL mission engineer \u003ca href=\"http://www4.csudh.edu/inauguration/events/womeninstem/speaker-bios/julie-webster\">Julie Webster\u003c/a>. She says the spacecraft came prepared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We carry two computers, two radios, two gyroscopes, two sun sensors, two star scanners, so we had our backups,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good indication of just how well Cassini has worked is the number of times it’s gone into “safe” mode. When a spacecraft detects some type of software or hardware problem on board, it shuts down all nonessential equipment, turns its main antenna toward Earth and basically calls home to ask for instructions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve only done that six times in 20 years, and only twice since 2003,” Webster says. “So most of the ‘safings’ were early as we were learning the spacecraft.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s decision to end the Cassini mission has an interesting back story. It seems mission managers were worried that without fuel to change its orbit, the probe could crash into one of Saturn’s moons sometime in the future. The space agency was loath to let that happen, because it can’t be certain that Cassini isn’t carrying some hardy microbial spores from Earth. There’s good reason to believe that some bacteria could survive 20 years in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last thing NASA would want to do is send a future probe to one of Saturn’s moons, only to find it colonized by bacteria from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end of Cassini is going to be a sad day for the many thousands of scientists, engineers and technical staff who have worked on the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve gone through all the stages of mourning, all the stages of grief,” says Webster, who has worked on the mission since its launch in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to a sad day,” agrees Howett, who has been working on the Cassini mission since 2005. “I’m heavily, emotionally invested in this mission in a way that doesn’t normally happen. It’s basically been the backbone of my career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty says she’ll also be sad to see the last radio signal from Cassini. “But it’s going to a really proud moment, too,” she says. “Because the instruments and the spacecraft are still doing spectacularly well, and so to end in this almost blaze of glory that we’re going to end in I think is the way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cassini+Spacecraft+Prepares+For+A+Fiery+Farewell+In+Saturn%27s+Atmosphere&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1915576/cassini-spacecraft-prepares-for-a-fiery-farewell-in-saturns-atmosphere","authors":["byline_science_1915576"],"categories":["science_40"],"tags":["science_1073","science_498","science_3370","science_5175","science_813","science_501"],"featImg":"science_1915577","label":"science"},"science_1915056":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1915056","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1915056","score":null,"sort":[1504277626000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassinis-swan-song-greatest-hits-of-the-saturn-system","title":"Cassini's Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System","publishDate":1504277626,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Cassini’s Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>On September 15, NASA’s flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn’s atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6930&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170824-1\">ending a thirteen-year career\u003c/a> of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini readies itself for the dramatic \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">end-of-mission blow-out\u003c/a>, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2984/cassini-top-10-science-highlights-2016/\">remarkable discoveries and achievements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Huygens Probe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini dropped the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens\">European Space Agency’s \u003cem>Huygens\u003c/em> probe\u003c/a> onto the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. This remains the most distant landing in our solar system to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915061\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg\" alt=\"Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-160x319.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-768x1530.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1020x2032.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1180x2351.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-960x1913.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-240x478.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-375x747.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-520x1036.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens.jpg 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Huygens parachuted through Titan’s thick nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbon haze, measuring atmospheric pressure, temperature, and composition, as well as recording sounds with a microphone during the nearly 2.5-hour descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huygens captured images of the landscape below as it descended, and pictures from Titan’s surface following its successful landing—the first images from the surface of any object in the outer solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water on Enceladus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2005, Cassini discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/science/saturn-cassini-moon-enceladus.html\">plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> erupting from the tiny moon Enceladus. The gases, emerging from long crevasses near the south pole, included other chemicals, such as nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. In 2008, Cassini also detected propane, acetylene, and formaldehyde in the geyser plumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915062\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg\" alt=\"Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-768x475.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1020x631.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1180x730.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-960x594.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-375x232.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-520x322.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute.jpg 1580w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements from several flybys of the moon fueled the hypothesis that Enceladus possesses a saltwater ocean hidden deep under its icy crust. Even more tantalizing, the evidence suggests that there may exist \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/solar-system/news/a26044/cassini-evidence-hydrothermal-vents-enceladus/\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> spewing hot, mineral-laden water on the ocean’s floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes Enceladus a very hot prospect in the search for locations beyond Earth that could support some form of life. Hydrothermal vents in our own oceans support thriving communities of life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn’s Dynamic Rings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s many years of observations of \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/rings/\">Saturn’s icon rings\u003c/a> have revealed their dynamic nature in ways that single “snapshots,” such as images captured during the brief fly-bys of Voyagers 1 and 2, could not, and in much finer detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only have scientists analyzed the dusty, icy composition of the rings, they have discovered tiny moons, near and even orbiting within the rings, sculpting the ring material into repeating waves, ropey filaments, and other intricate and beautiful patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915063\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg\" alt=\"Vertical structures in Saturn's rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny "moonlet" orbiting within the rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1020x771.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1180x892.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-520x393.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vertical structures in Saturn’s rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting within the rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini has even seen, in some locations, vertical structures rising in rows of feathery, spiky fringe high above the rings. These features are caused by the passage of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting Saturn nearby, which disrupts the ring’s otherwise flat plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An image taken in 2013, showing a bright “knot” within the outermost of Saturn’s bright rings, may prove to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-112\">new moon forming\u003c/a> out of the ring material. If so, then Cassini’s ring observations may tell us something about the formation of some of Saturn’s other small, icy moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Titan: A Cold, Primordial Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most intriguing characters in the Cassini-Huygens mission is \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. Saturn’s largest moon happens to be the only one in the solar system with a thick atmosphere. The Voyager missions, passing through the neighborhood in the 1980s, were the first to see Titan’s atmosphere and its obscuring shroud of hydrocarbon “smog.” Cassini, and the Huygens probe, however, have revealed it in rich detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though cold in the extreme, Titan’s dense nitrogen, hydrocarbon-infused atmosphere has proven to support a liquid cycle, analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but dealing in cryogenic liquid methane and ethane instead. Precipitation collecting in extensive river-like drainage networks feed into \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens/Profile_of_a_methane_sea_on_Titan\">large lakes and seas\u003c/a>, one comparable in surface area to Lake Superior in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \" width=\"800\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Complex hydrocarbons are found on Titan, a product of photo-chemical interactions of sunlight and methane high in the atmosphere. These organic molecules form Titan’s “smog” layer, and precipitate downward to supply the liquid cycle on the surface. Though cold enough to liquefy methane–a gas on Earth–Titan has been likened to a primordial, pre-biotic Earth, and in studying it we may be catching glimpses of our own planet’s beginnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn Scrutinized at Close Range in Cassini’s Grand Finale Tour\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini is now in the final phase of its so-called “Grand Finale” tour, looping through a wildly eccentric polar orbit that sends it \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2966/ring-grazing-orbits/\">skimming repeatedly between Saturn’s rings and cloud-tops\u003c/a>. This final and daring maneuver, Cassini’s “swan song” of Saturn exploration, is giving us our closest, most detailed vistas ever of the gas giant and its famous rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915065\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"An extreme close-up of Saturn's cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing "Grand Finale" passages between the planet and its rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x767.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-960x722.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-520x391.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An extreme close-up of Saturn’s cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing “Grand Finale” passages between the planet and its rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini is also making magnetic and gravitational measurements during each close pass that promise to tell us something about Saturn’s internal structure. And, as it makes its ever-tightening swings closer to the atmosphere, it will ultimately sample the planet’s chemistry directly, becoming the first spacecraft to touch the skies of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Final Plunge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini finally plunges into Saturn, friction with the atmosphere will generate intense heat, and Cassini will be vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s planned incineration is a move by NASA to protect Saturn’s moons from accidental contamination by Earthly microorganisms that could be riding along. (Space agencies NASA and the ESA had also considered the potential for contamination of Titan by the Hugyens probe, but determined that the extremely low temperatures and lack of liquid water made the likelihood practically zero.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 20 years in space (seven years traveling to Saturn and 13 years in orbit), Cassini is running low on the rocket fuel used to adjust its trajectory. Once its fuel is depleted, the spacecraft would otherwise become a derelict that could crash into a moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the possibility of life-friendly environments on at least one or two of Saturn’s moons, NASA’s end-of-mission ethic is to safely dispose of the spacecraft to eliminate that possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farewell, Cassini, and thanks for all the wonders you have brought us!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On September 15, NASA's flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn's atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, ending a thirteen-year career of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons. As we prepare ourselves for Cassini's dramatic end-of-mission blow-out, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most remarkable discoveries and achievements.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928404,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1175},"headData":{"title":"Cassini's Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System | KQED","description":"On September 15, NASA's flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn's atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, ending a thirteen-year career of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons. As we prepare ourselves for Cassini's dramatic end-of-mission blow-out, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most remarkable discoveries and achievements.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cassini's Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System","datePublished":"2017-09-01T14:53:46.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:13:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1915056/cassinis-swan-song-greatest-hits-of-the-saturn-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On September 15, NASA’s flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn’s atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6930&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170824-1\">ending a thirteen-year career\u003c/a> of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini readies itself for the dramatic \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">end-of-mission blow-out\u003c/a>, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2984/cassini-top-10-science-highlights-2016/\">remarkable discoveries and achievements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Huygens Probe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini dropped the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens\">European Space Agency’s \u003cem>Huygens\u003c/em> probe\u003c/a> onto the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. This remains the most distant landing in our solar system to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915061\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg\" alt=\"Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-160x319.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-768x1530.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1020x2032.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1180x2351.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-960x1913.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-240x478.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-375x747.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-520x1036.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens.jpg 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Huygens parachuted through Titan’s thick nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbon haze, measuring atmospheric pressure, temperature, and composition, as well as recording sounds with a microphone during the nearly 2.5-hour descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huygens captured images of the landscape below as it descended, and pictures from Titan’s surface following its successful landing—the first images from the surface of any object in the outer solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water on Enceladus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2005, Cassini discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/science/saturn-cassini-moon-enceladus.html\">plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> erupting from the tiny moon Enceladus. The gases, emerging from long crevasses near the south pole, included other chemicals, such as nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. In 2008, Cassini also detected propane, acetylene, and formaldehyde in the geyser plumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915062\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg\" alt=\"Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-768x475.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1020x631.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1180x730.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-960x594.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-375x232.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-520x322.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute.jpg 1580w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements from several flybys of the moon fueled the hypothesis that Enceladus possesses a saltwater ocean hidden deep under its icy crust. Even more tantalizing, the evidence suggests that there may exist \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/solar-system/news/a26044/cassini-evidence-hydrothermal-vents-enceladus/\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> spewing hot, mineral-laden water on the ocean’s floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes Enceladus a very hot prospect in the search for locations beyond Earth that could support some form of life. Hydrothermal vents in our own oceans support thriving communities of life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn’s Dynamic Rings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s many years of observations of \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/rings/\">Saturn’s icon rings\u003c/a> have revealed their dynamic nature in ways that single “snapshots,” such as images captured during the brief fly-bys of Voyagers 1 and 2, could not, and in much finer detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only have scientists analyzed the dusty, icy composition of the rings, they have discovered tiny moons, near and even orbiting within the rings, sculpting the ring material into repeating waves, ropey filaments, and other intricate and beautiful patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915063\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg\" alt=\"Vertical structures in Saturn's rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny "moonlet" orbiting within the rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1020x771.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1180x892.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-520x393.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vertical structures in Saturn’s rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting within the rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini has even seen, in some locations, vertical structures rising in rows of feathery, spiky fringe high above the rings. These features are caused by the passage of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting Saturn nearby, which disrupts the ring’s otherwise flat plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An image taken in 2013, showing a bright “knot” within the outermost of Saturn’s bright rings, may prove to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-112\">new moon forming\u003c/a> out of the ring material. If so, then Cassini’s ring observations may tell us something about the formation of some of Saturn’s other small, icy moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Titan: A Cold, Primordial Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most intriguing characters in the Cassini-Huygens mission is \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. Saturn’s largest moon happens to be the only one in the solar system with a thick atmosphere. The Voyager missions, passing through the neighborhood in the 1980s, were the first to see Titan’s atmosphere and its obscuring shroud of hydrocarbon “smog.” Cassini, and the Huygens probe, however, have revealed it in rich detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though cold in the extreme, Titan’s dense nitrogen, hydrocarbon-infused atmosphere has proven to support a liquid cycle, analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but dealing in cryogenic liquid methane and ethane instead. Precipitation collecting in extensive river-like drainage networks feed into \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens/Profile_of_a_methane_sea_on_Titan\">large lakes and seas\u003c/a>, one comparable in surface area to Lake Superior in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \" width=\"800\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Complex hydrocarbons are found on Titan, a product of photo-chemical interactions of sunlight and methane high in the atmosphere. These organic molecules form Titan’s “smog” layer, and precipitate downward to supply the liquid cycle on the surface. Though cold enough to liquefy methane–a gas on Earth–Titan has been likened to a primordial, pre-biotic Earth, and in studying it we may be catching glimpses of our own planet’s beginnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn Scrutinized at Close Range in Cassini’s Grand Finale Tour\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini is now in the final phase of its so-called “Grand Finale” tour, looping through a wildly eccentric polar orbit that sends it \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2966/ring-grazing-orbits/\">skimming repeatedly between Saturn’s rings and cloud-tops\u003c/a>. This final and daring maneuver, Cassini’s “swan song” of Saturn exploration, is giving us our closest, most detailed vistas ever of the gas giant and its famous rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915065\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"An extreme close-up of Saturn's cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing "Grand Finale" passages between the planet and its rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x767.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-960x722.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-520x391.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An extreme close-up of Saturn’s cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing “Grand Finale” passages between the planet and its rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini is also making magnetic and gravitational measurements during each close pass that promise to tell us something about Saturn’s internal structure. And, as it makes its ever-tightening swings closer to the atmosphere, it will ultimately sample the planet’s chemistry directly, becoming the first spacecraft to touch the skies of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Final Plunge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini finally plunges into Saturn, friction with the atmosphere will generate intense heat, and Cassini will be vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s planned incineration is a move by NASA to protect Saturn’s moons from accidental contamination by Earthly microorganisms that could be riding along. (Space agencies NASA and the ESA had also considered the potential for contamination of Titan by the Hugyens probe, but determined that the extremely low temperatures and lack of liquid water made the likelihood practically zero.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 20 years in space (seven years traveling to Saturn and 13 years in orbit), Cassini is running low on the rocket fuel used to adjust its trajectory. Once its fuel is depleted, the spacecraft would otherwise become a derelict that could crash into a moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the possibility of life-friendly environments on at least one or two of Saturn’s moons, NASA’s end-of-mission ethic is to safely dispose of the spacecraft to eliminate that possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farewell, Cassini, and thanks for all the wonders you have brought us!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1915056/cassinis-swan-song-greatest-hits-of-the-saturn-system","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_498","science_503","science_3370","science_499","science_5175","science_501","science_502"],"featImg":"science_1915060","label":"science"},"science_1586143":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1586143","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1586143","score":null,"sort":[1493395257000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-the-eve-of-retirement-cassini-to-deliver-final-images-of-saturn","title":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn","publishDate":1493395257,"format":"standard","headTitle":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Between \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">now and September\u003c/a>, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys of Saturn and its rings yet, passing between the rings’ inner edge and the cloud tops of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Cassini made blockbuster news when NASA scientists announced the detection of life-nourishing chemicals in plumes of water vapor erupting from within the tiny moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>. It comes 13 years after the robot started an epic career exploring the Saturn system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early in Cassini’s tour, a billion miles from the sun, evidence of liquid water on Enceladus has tantalized our curiosity. In 2005, Cassini discovered plumes of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the icy crust of the tiny moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Cassini passed through one of the geyser plumes and detected traces of ammonia, which provided more hints of what’s going on below the outer icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586254\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 487px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1586254 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"Chemical analysis by Cassini of Enceladus' water vapor plumes indicates strongly that there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon's ocean floor. \" width=\"487\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-960x1243.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini’s chemical analysis of Enceladus’ water vapor plumes strongly suggests there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon’s ocean floor. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements suggest that the source of Enceladus’ chemical-tainted “geysers” is probably a hidden ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, the detection of molecular hydrogen in the plumes points to the likelihood that there are hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, spewing out heat and chemicals from the moon’s deeper interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enceladus is too small to have retained molecular hydrogen from its formation in its outermost layers of ice and water, so the source likely comes from supplies trapped deeper within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrothermal vents on the cold, dark floor of Earth’s ocean supply the heat and chemical fuel for thriving communities of lifeforms, so Cassini’s discovery increases the chances that Enceladus might support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cassini’s Swan Song?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news of life-nourishing chemicals on Enceladus comes after Cassini’s final close flyby of the moon, as Cassini steers into a trajectory that brings it daringly close to Saturn and its rings, and toward a planned burn-up in the gas giant’s atmosphere in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is NASA deliberately driving its flagship planet-exploring robot toward a fiery end-of-mission incineration? The answer, in short, is that Cassini’s rocket fuel is almost depleted. Once its fuel tanks run dry, NASA will no longer be able to control the spacecraft’s trajectory, and it would become a derelict, bearing radioactive Plutonium-238 in its electrical generator system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586255\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1586255\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus' southern polar region--dubbed "Tiger Stripes"--are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon's icy crust.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus’ southern polar region–dubbed “Tiger Stripes”–are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon’s icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI/LPI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the possibility that some form of life exists on at least one of Saturn’s moons, NASA is opting to safely destroy Cassini rather than risk it crashing onto a life-bearing world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Cassini’s initial launch from Earth about 20 years ago raised protests from some, who felt that the risk of a launch explosion that would spread Plutonium through Earth’s atmosphere was unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately the launch was a success. Now, two decades later, a burn-up on Saturn will close this chapter of space exploration that includes a plethora of breathtaking discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highlights of Cassini-Huygens’ Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding water and signs of a life-friendly environment on Enceladus are not the only things \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/why-cassini-matters/\">Cassini revealed in the Saturn system\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1586257\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's liquid methane seas. \" width=\"421\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s liquid methane seas. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini deposited the European probe Huygens onto Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/titan/\">Titan\u003c/a>, the first—and so far only—landing on a moon other than Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the atmospheric data collected by Huygens, and optical and infrared pictures taken by Cassini during flybys, Titan has been revealed as a fascinating world. Though its surface and atmosphere are cold in the extreme, Titan possesses an atmosphere of mostly nitrogen that is thicker than our own, with a dense shroud of methane and ethane “smog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more incredible—Titan’s atmosphere supports a cryogenic liquid cycle analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but with rain, rivers and lakes composed of liquid methane. And, deep under Titan’s solid crust there may be an ocean of liquid water. Cassini made its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6825&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170424-1\">last close flyby of Titan\u003c/a> on April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s other accomplishments include investigating Saturn’s varied and unique moons, the complex patterns and icy dust composition of its ring system, and exploring the gas giant Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s atmosphere is a dazzling and complex environment of swirling storm systems, cloud belts, aurora activity, and an enigmatic hexagonal cloud cell centered on its pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586256\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1586256\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular "eye".\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-160x137.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-240x206.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-375x321.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-520x446.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular “eye”. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rich Rewards for the Daring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini enters its final orbits that will carry it within the ring system, through Saturn’s upper atmosphere, and then finally to its terminal plunge through Saturn’s skies, the spacecraft will collect and transmit data to Earth about the rings and atmosphere that could never be achieved from wider, less risky trajectories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope to learn more about Saturn’s magnetic and gravitational fields, which can give insights into Saturn’s interior structure and dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer inspection of the rings will give us a better assessment of how much material they contain, and stronger clues to how they originally formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, we’ll get to see the clouds and storm systems of Saturn’s atmosphere closer than ever before. Who knows what we may see…\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This year, NASA's Cassini spacecraft will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys yet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928797,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":993},"headData":{"title":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn | KQED","description":"This year, NASA's Cassini spacecraft will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys yet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"On the Eve of Retirement, Cassini to Deliver Final Images of Saturn","datePublished":"2017-04-28T16:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:19:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1586143/on-the-eve-of-retirement-cassini-to-deliver-final-images-of-saturn","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Between \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">now and September\u003c/a>, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> will engage in its most daring and breathtaking flybys of Saturn and its rings yet, passing between the rings’ inner edge and the cloud tops of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Cassini made blockbuster news when NASA scientists announced the detection of life-nourishing chemicals in plumes of water vapor erupting from within the tiny moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>. It comes 13 years after the robot started an epic career exploring the Saturn system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early in Cassini’s tour, a billion miles from the sun, evidence of liquid water on Enceladus has tantalized our curiosity. In 2005, Cassini discovered plumes of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the icy crust of the tiny moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Cassini passed through one of the geyser plumes and detected traces of ammonia, which provided more hints of what’s going on below the outer icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586254\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 487px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1586254 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"Chemical analysis by Cassini of Enceladus' water vapor plumes indicates strongly that there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon's ocean floor. \" width=\"487\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-960x1243.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-ocean-nasa-jpl-caltech-sri.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassini’s chemical analysis of Enceladus’ water vapor plumes strongly suggests there may be hydrothermal vents on the moon’s ocean floor. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements suggest that the source of Enceladus’ chemical-tainted “geysers” is probably a hidden ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, the detection of molecular hydrogen in the plumes points to the likelihood that there are hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, spewing out heat and chemicals from the moon’s deeper interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enceladus is too small to have retained molecular hydrogen from its formation in its outermost layers of ice and water, so the source likely comes from supplies trapped deeper within.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrothermal vents on the cold, dark floor of Earth’s ocean supply the heat and chemical fuel for thriving communities of lifeforms, so Cassini’s discovery increases the chances that Enceladus might support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cassini’s Swan Song?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news of life-nourishing chemicals on Enceladus comes after Cassini’s final close flyby of the moon, as Cassini steers into a trajectory that brings it daringly close to Saturn and its rings, and toward a planned burn-up in the gas giant’s atmosphere in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is NASA deliberately driving its flagship planet-exploring robot toward a fiery end-of-mission incineration? The answer, in short, is that Cassini’s rocket fuel is almost depleted. Once its fuel tanks run dry, NASA will no longer be able to control the spacecraft’s trajectory, and it would become a derelict, bearing radioactive Plutonium-238 in its electrical generator system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586255\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1586255\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus' southern polar region--dubbed "Tiger Stripes"--are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon's icy crust.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/enceladus-tigerstripes-nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-lpi.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long, deep crevasses at Enceladus’ southern polar region–dubbed “Tiger Stripes”–are the site where water vapor plumes erupt through the moon’s icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI/LPI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the possibility that some form of life exists on at least one of Saturn’s moons, NASA is opting to safely destroy Cassini rather than risk it crashing onto a life-bearing world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Cassini’s initial launch from Earth about 20 years ago raised protests from some, who felt that the risk of a launch explosion that would spread Plutonium through Earth’s atmosphere was unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately the launch was a success. Now, two decades later, a burn-up on Saturn will close this chapter of space exploration that includes a plethora of breathtaking discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highlights of Cassini-Huygens’ Discoveries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding water and signs of a life-friendly environment on Enceladus are not the only things \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/why-cassini-matters/\">Cassini revealed in the Saturn system\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1586257\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's liquid methane seas. \" width=\"421\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ligiea-mare.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s liquid methane seas. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini deposited the European probe Huygens onto Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/titan/\">Titan\u003c/a>, the first—and so far only—landing on a moon other than Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the atmospheric data collected by Huygens, and optical and infrared pictures taken by Cassini during flybys, Titan has been revealed as a fascinating world. Though its surface and atmosphere are cold in the extreme, Titan possesses an atmosphere of mostly nitrogen that is thicker than our own, with a dense shroud of methane and ethane “smog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more incredible—Titan’s atmosphere supports a cryogenic liquid cycle analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but with rain, rivers and lakes composed of liquid methane. And, deep under Titan’s solid crust there may be an ocean of liquid water. Cassini made its \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6825&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170424-1\">last close flyby of Titan\u003c/a> on April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s other accomplishments include investigating Saturn’s varied and unique moons, the complex patterns and icy dust composition of its ring system, and exploring the gas giant Saturn itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s atmosphere is a dazzling and complex environment of swirling storm systems, cloud belts, aurora activity, and an enigmatic hexagonal cloud cell centered on its pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1586256\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1586256\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular "eye".\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-160x137.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-240x206.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-375x321.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/saturn_pole_nasa-jpl-caltech-ssi-520x446.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s pole is encircled by an enigmatic hexagonal cloud system, punctuated at the center by a circular “eye”. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/SSI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rich Rewards for the Daring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini enters its final orbits that will carry it within the ring system, through Saturn’s upper atmosphere, and then finally to its terminal plunge through Saturn’s skies, the spacecraft will collect and transmit data to Earth about the rings and atmosphere that could never be achieved from wider, less risky trajectories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope to learn more about Saturn’s magnetic and gravitational fields, which can give insights into Saturn’s interior structure and dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer inspection of the rings will give us a better assessment of how much material they contain, and stronger clues to how they originally formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, we’ll get to see the clouds and storm systems of Saturn’s atmosphere closer than ever before. Who knows what we may see…\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1586143/on-the-eve-of-retirement-cassini-to-deliver-final-images-of-saturn","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_498","science_503","science_1216","science_499","science_5175","science_502"],"featImg":"science_1586253","label":"science"},"science_1147097":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1147097","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1147097","score":null,"sort":[1478828248000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vapor-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa-show-new-evidence-of-water","title":"Vapor Plumes on Jupiter's Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water","publishDate":1478828248,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Vapor Plumes on Jupiter’s Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The possibility of an ocean under the frozen surface of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, has tantalized scientists for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2016/09/26/hubble-possible-water-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa\">are reporting\u003c/a> further evidence of that ocean’s existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On at least three out of ten separate occasions in 2014, scientists at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore report they spotted plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon’s icy surface. The first ever observation of these suspected plumes was in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1150687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1150687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet Hubble images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-800x266.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-768x256.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-960x320.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-240x80.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-375x125.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-520x173.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> Hubble telescope images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface (outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk.) \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/W. Sparks (STScI))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is exciting news. If the water plumes are real, and supplied by the ocean believed to be hidden under Europa’s icy crust, they may offer a way to probe and analyze the ocean’s composition directly. That could also pave the way for detecting any evidence of life deep below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likely existence of water on Europa makes it one of NASA’s hotspots in the quest to discover extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Direct exploration of a distant and deep ocean buried beneath layers of ice is currently beyond our capabilities, but missions to send probes through the plumes erupting from Jupiter’s moon are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">NASA’s Europa mission\u003c/a> is set to launch in the 2020’s and the European “\u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/juice/\">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer” (JUICE)\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147103\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2101px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147103\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the European Space Agency's "JUICE" mission to explore Jupiter's icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \" width=\"2101\" height=\"1620\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg 2101w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-800x617.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-768x592.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1020x786.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1920x1480.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1180x910.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-960x740.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-520x401.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2101px) 100vw, 2101px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the European Space Agency’s “JUICE” mission to explore Jupiter’s icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/cassini-plunged-into-icy-plumes-of-enceladus/\">NASA’s Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> has already flown through and analyzed similar plumes of water vapor spewing from Saturn’s moon, Enceladus. That’s another hotspot location in NASA’s quest to discover whether life exists elsewhere in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Evidence of Wate\u003c/strong>r\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists first speculated about the existence of an ocean on Europa when they observed the icy composition of its surface in the late 1970’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, pictures taken by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft of Europa’s so-called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2011/3266.html\">chaos terrain\u003c/a>” showed a peculiar jumbling of cracks and streaks in the ice. These were interpreted as being formed by an icy crust floating atop a deep liquid water ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147104\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg\" alt=\"Image of "chaos terrain" in Europa's icy crust--visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-800x354.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-768x339.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-960x424.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-240x106.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-375x166.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-520x230.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of “chaos terrain” in Europa’s icy crust–visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \u003ccite>(Galileo/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An even stronger piece of evidence for a hidden ocean comes from NASA’s Galileo mission, which detected a disturbance in Jupiter’s magnetic field coming from Europa. The disturbance could be explained by the interaction of Jupiter’s magnetic field with an electrically conductive fluid inside Europa–such as a saltwater ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Possibility of Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With what’s believed to be a salty ocean thirty or more miles deep and containing two or three times the water of Earth’s oceans, Europa may have the conditions needed to sustain life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png\" alt=\"Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa's icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-768x576.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-375x281.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa’s icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it’s not a huge stretch to imagine an environment similar to certain places on Earth where life forms thrive under extremely harsh conditions. We call those organisms “\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">extremophiles\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether in the coldest bottoms of Antarctic or alpine lakes, or in the scalding hot and toxic waters of geothermal pools, or in pitch blackness on the ocean floor surrounding hydro-thermal vents, Earth’s “extremophiles” have proven they can flourish under extreme conditions that could mirror those on Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Arthur C. Clarke’s 2010: Odyssey 2, involving a mission to Jupiter and a side-trip to Europa?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movie\u003cem> \u003c/em>version gave us a brief glimpse of something green emerging from Europa’s ice — the enormous tendril-like vines described in the book that pulled a doomed Chinese spacecraft into the cold dark depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark’s science fiction account of Europa made some of us thirsty to explore the moon’s mysterious ocean depths. Yet today, almost thirty-five years later, direct exploration of those waters–say with some form of ice-boring submarine robot–isn’t on the horizon. But scientists \u003cem>are\u003c/em> zeroing in on a better understanding of what lies beneath Europa’s frozen surface. As NASA’s life-searching mantra goes, “Follow the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists have dipped another toe into the mysterious dark waters of Jupiter's moon Europa. Observations made using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have turned up strong evidence of the existence of plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon's icy surface.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929427,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":831},"headData":{"title":"Vapor Plumes on Jupiter's Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water | KQED","description":"Scientists have dipped another toe into the mysterious dark waters of Jupiter's moon Europa. Observations made using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have turned up strong evidence of the existence of plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon's icy surface.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Vapor Plumes on Jupiter's Moon, Europa, Show New Evidence of Water","datePublished":"2016-11-11T01:37:28.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:30:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1147097/vapor-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa-show-new-evidence-of-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The possibility of an ocean under the frozen surface of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, has tantalized scientists for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2016/09/26/hubble-possible-water-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa\">are reporting\u003c/a> further evidence of that ocean’s existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On at least three out of ten separate occasions in 2014, scientists at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore report they spotted plumes of water vapor spouting from the southern polar region of the moon’s icy surface. The first ever observation of these suspected plumes was in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1150687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1150687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet Hubble images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-800x266.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-768x256.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-960x320.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-240x80.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-375x125.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa_edited-520x173.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> Hubble telescope images of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, captured on three separate days, showing possible water plumes erupting from its surface (outside the bottom edge of the moon’s disk.) \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA/W. Sparks (STScI))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is exciting news. If the water plumes are real, and supplied by the ocean believed to be hidden under Europa’s icy crust, they may offer a way to probe and analyze the ocean’s composition directly. That could also pave the way for detecting any evidence of life deep below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likely existence of water on Europa makes it one of NASA’s hotspots in the quest to discover extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Direct exploration of a distant and deep ocean buried beneath layers of ice is currently beyond our capabilities, but missions to send probes through the plumes erupting from Jupiter’s moon are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-mission/\">NASA’s Europa mission\u003c/a> is set to launch in the 2020’s and the European “\u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/juice/\">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer” (JUICE)\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147103\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2101px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147103\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the European Space Agency's "JUICE" mission to explore Jupiter's icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \" width=\"2101\" height=\"1620\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1.jpg 2101w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-800x617.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-768x592.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1020x786.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1920x1480.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-1180x910.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-960x740.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/JUICE_Image1-520x401.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2101px) 100vw, 2101px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the European Space Agency’s “JUICE” mission to explore Jupiter’s icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/cassini-plunged-into-icy-plumes-of-enceladus/\">NASA’s Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> has already flown through and analyzed similar plumes of water vapor spewing from Saturn’s moon, Enceladus. That’s another hotspot location in NASA’s quest to discover whether life exists elsewhere in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Evidence of Wate\u003c/strong>r\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists first speculated about the existence of an ocean on Europa when they observed the icy composition of its surface in the late 1970’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, pictures taken by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft of Europa’s so-called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2011/3266.html\">chaos terrain\u003c/a>” showed a peculiar jumbling of cracks and streaks in the ice. These were interpreted as being formed by an icy crust floating atop a deep liquid water ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147104\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg\" alt=\"Image of "chaos terrain" in Europa's icy crust--visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-800x354.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-768x339.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-960x424.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-240x106.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-375x166.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/europa-chaos-terrain-520x230.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of “chaos terrain” in Europa’s icy crust–visual evidence of the strong possibility that a deep watery ocean exist beneath. \u003ccite>(Galileo/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An even stronger piece of evidence for a hidden ocean comes from NASA’s Galileo mission, which detected a disturbance in Jupiter’s magnetic field coming from Europa. The disturbance could be explained by the interaction of Jupiter’s magnetic field with an electrically conductive fluid inside Europa–such as a saltwater ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Possibility of Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With what’s believed to be a salty ocean thirty or more miles deep and containing two or three times the water of Earth’s oceans, Europa may have the conditions needed to sustain life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1147101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1147101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png\" alt=\"Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa's icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-768x576.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-375x281.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/731656main_pia16826-full_full-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept showing a cross section of Europa’s icy crust floating atop the suspected water, with crevasses spewing the ocean waters through the surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it’s not a huge stretch to imagine an environment similar to certain places on Earth where life forms thrive under extremely harsh conditions. We call those organisms “\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">extremophiles\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether in the coldest bottoms of Antarctic or alpine lakes, or in the scalding hot and toxic waters of geothermal pools, or in pitch blackness on the ocean floor surrounding hydro-thermal vents, Earth’s “extremophiles” have proven they can flourish under extreme conditions that could mirror those on Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Arthur C. Clarke’s 2010: Odyssey 2, involving a mission to Jupiter and a side-trip to Europa?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movie\u003cem> \u003c/em>version gave us a brief glimpse of something green emerging from Europa’s ice — the enormous tendril-like vines described in the book that pulled a doomed Chinese spacecraft into the cold dark depths below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark’s science fiction account of Europa made some of us thirsty to explore the moon’s mysterious ocean depths. Yet today, almost thirty-five years later, direct exploration of those waters–say with some form of ice-boring submarine robot–isn’t on the horizon. But scientists \u003cem>are\u003c/em> zeroing in on a better understanding of what lies beneath Europa’s frozen surface. As NASA’s life-searching mantra goes, “Follow the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1147097/vapor-plumes-on-jupiters-moon-europa-show-new-evidence-of-water","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_2356","science_498","science_1064","science_5175","science_843","science_833","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1147099","label":"science"},"science_923355":{"type":"posts","id":"science_923355","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"923355","score":null,"sort":[1471629839000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"where-else-in-the-universe-can-you-find-fjords-on-this-distant-moon","title":"Where Else in the Universe Can You Find Fjords? On This Distant Moon","publishDate":1471629839,"format":"image","headTitle":"Where Else in the Universe Can You Find Fjords? On This Distant Moon | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Still orbiting Saturn after twelve years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini\u003c/a> continues to surprise and delight us with its discoveries. Findings by the NASA spacecraft suggest that Saturn’s moon Titan contains deep, liquid-flooded canyons that may resemble fjords and alpine lakes on Earth. Titan is arguably one of the most interesting moons in the solar system, the only one with a thick atmosphere, in fact made of nitrogen and thicker than Earth’s!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2013, Cassini made a close flyby of Titan, focusing its attention on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia16197.html\">Vid Flumina\u003c/a>, a Nile-like river valley, connected to the sea \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia20021/mystery-feature-evolves-in-titans-ligeia-mare\">Ligeia Mare\u003c/a>. Apparent drainage networks have been seen in many areas on Titan, mostly in connection with a lake or sea. However, Vid Flumina is a system of narrow, deep and steep-walled canyons. Some sections are 1,870 feet deep with walls sloped at 40 degrees — even steeper than San Francisco’s famous \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_Street_(San_Francisco)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lombard Street\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s radar took \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6589&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160809-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the measurements\u003c/a>, although normally it creates images of Titan’s surface, pinging the moon with radio pulses and composing pictures based on the signal strength bouncing off the topography. Areas with varying amounts of slope and degrees of smoothness appear different in the radar data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn's moon, Titan.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn’s moon, Titan. \u003ccite>(JPL/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The radar imaging technique has given us wonderful birds-eye views of Titan’s landscape hidden from Cassini’s visible-light cameras under a thick shroud of hydrocarbon haze. For years we have enjoyed scenes of high and rugged mountainous terrain, vast plains of dunes, dendritic networks of river-like channel systems and the wide, flat, incredibly smooth surfaces of numerous lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, during the May 2013 flyby, Cassini’s radar worked as an altimeter, measuring the elevations of terrain in and around the Vid Flumina complex. This “echolocation” method not only revealed the steepness of the canyon walls and the depth of the channels, but in a number of spots it also revealed “flashes” or glints of sharply reflected radar as if the radio waves were reflecting from a very smooth, very flat and level surface — like a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This detection is the first direct evidence of pooled liquid in any canyon or drainage channel system on this cold and dynamic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still more, the measured altitude of the liquid surfaces in some of these canyons was at sea level, while in other canyons they were hundreds of feet higher. Might the sea-level liquid channels in the deep, steep-walled canyons resemble Norway’s fjords, and the higher-altitude pockets the pooling of alpine lakes in deep river canyons on Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923358\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923358\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/PIA20021-16.gif\" alt=\"Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"788\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What a sight they must be! The only direct images we have from Titan’s surface came from the short-lived \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Highlights/Ten_years_at_Titan\">Huygens probe\u003c/a> in 2005, and tantalizing as that glimpse was, the terrain at the probe’s landing site was flat and dry. I will not say boring, it was anything but!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The depth of these likely liquid-carved canyons tells us that they were either carved by erosion over a long period of time, or were cut quickly by processes we don’t yet fully understand. Scientists are considering several possible means for their formation, including uplifted land or a changing sea level — or possibly both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is one of the only bodies in the solar system, moon or planet, with an active liquid cycle on its surface. It’s a version of Earth’s water cycle, but at freezing temperatures where water is like solid rock, and hydrocarbons like methane and ethane play the role of liquid. And more and more, it appears that Titan’s topographical features in many cases bear a strong resemblance to terrains found on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini may give us only a few more glimpses of Titan, as well as Saturn and some of its other fascinating moons, before the mission is terminated next year when Cassini will be driven deliberately into Saturn’s atmosphere in an incinerating blaze of glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t want to leave a piece of derelict space junk with decaying plutonium power cells flying around the Saturn system, which for all we know may be home to \u003ca href=\"https://astronomynow.com/2015/03/01/life-not-as-we-know-it-possible-on-saturns-moon-titan/\">some form of life\u003c/a> — especially those moons, like Enceladus, where we have detected the presence of liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Cassini spacecraft is still exploring Saturn's moon Titan and has found topographical features that resemblance those found on Earth.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929747,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":808},"headData":{"title":"Where Else in the Universe Can You Find Fjords? On This Distant Moon | KQED","description":"NASA's Cassini spacecraft is still exploring Saturn's moon Titan and has found topographical features that resemblance those found on Earth.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Where Else in the Universe Can You Find Fjords? On This Distant Moon","datePublished":"2016-08-19T18:03:59.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:35:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/923355/where-else-in-the-universe-can-you-find-fjords-on-this-distant-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Still orbiting Saturn after twelve years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini\u003c/a> continues to surprise and delight us with its discoveries. Findings by the NASA spacecraft suggest that Saturn’s moon Titan contains deep, liquid-flooded canyons that may resemble fjords and alpine lakes on Earth. Titan is arguably one of the most interesting moons in the solar system, the only one with a thick atmosphere, in fact made of nitrogen and thicker than Earth’s!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2013, Cassini made a close flyby of Titan, focusing its attention on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia16197.html\">Vid Flumina\u003c/a>, a Nile-like river valley, connected to the sea \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia20021/mystery-feature-evolves-in-titans-ligeia-mare\">Ligeia Mare\u003c/a>. Apparent drainage networks have been seen in many areas on Titan, mostly in connection with a lake or sea. However, Vid Flumina is a system of narrow, deep and steep-walled canyons. Some sections are 1,870 feet deep with walls sloped at 40 degrees — even steeper than San Francisco’s famous \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_Street_(San_Francisco)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lombard Street\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s radar took \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6589&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160809-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the measurements\u003c/a>, although normally it creates images of Titan’s surface, pinging the moon with radio pulses and composing pictures based on the signal strength bouncing off the topography. Areas with varying amounts of slope and degrees of smoothness appear different in the radar data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn's moon, Titan.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn’s moon, Titan. \u003ccite>(JPL/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The radar imaging technique has given us wonderful birds-eye views of Titan’s landscape hidden from Cassini’s visible-light cameras under a thick shroud of hydrocarbon haze. For years we have enjoyed scenes of high and rugged mountainous terrain, vast plains of dunes, dendritic networks of river-like channel systems and the wide, flat, incredibly smooth surfaces of numerous lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, during the May 2013 flyby, Cassini’s radar worked as an altimeter, measuring the elevations of terrain in and around the Vid Flumina complex. This “echolocation” method not only revealed the steepness of the canyon walls and the depth of the channels, but in a number of spots it also revealed “flashes” or glints of sharply reflected radar as if the radio waves were reflecting from a very smooth, very flat and level surface — like a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This detection is the first direct evidence of pooled liquid in any canyon or drainage channel system on this cold and dynamic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still more, the measured altitude of the liquid surfaces in some of these canyons was at sea level, while in other canyons they were hundreds of feet higher. Might the sea-level liquid channels in the deep, steep-walled canyons resemble Norway’s fjords, and the higher-altitude pockets the pooling of alpine lakes in deep river canyons on Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923358\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923358\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/PIA20021-16.gif\" alt=\"Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"788\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What a sight they must be! The only direct images we have from Titan’s surface came from the short-lived \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Highlights/Ten_years_at_Titan\">Huygens probe\u003c/a> in 2005, and tantalizing as that glimpse was, the terrain at the probe’s landing site was flat and dry. I will not say boring, it was anything but!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The depth of these likely liquid-carved canyons tells us that they were either carved by erosion over a long period of time, or were cut quickly by processes we don’t yet fully understand. Scientists are considering several possible means for their formation, including uplifted land or a changing sea level — or possibly both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is one of the only bodies in the solar system, moon or planet, with an active liquid cycle on its surface. It’s a version of Earth’s water cycle, but at freezing temperatures where water is like solid rock, and hydrocarbons like methane and ethane play the role of liquid. And more and more, it appears that Titan’s topographical features in many cases bear a strong resemblance to terrains found on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini may give us only a few more glimpses of Titan, as well as Saturn and some of its other fascinating moons, before the mission is terminated next year when Cassini will be driven deliberately into Saturn’s atmosphere in an incinerating blaze of glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t want to leave a piece of derelict space junk with decaying plutonium power cells flying around the Saturn system, which for all we know may be home to \u003ca href=\"https://astronomynow.com/2015/03/01/life-not-as-we-know-it-possible-on-saturns-moon-titan/\">some form of life\u003c/a> — especially those moons, like Enceladus, where we have detected the presence of liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/923355/where-else-in-the-universe-can-you-find-fjords-on-this-distant-moon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_498","science_499","science_5175","science_502"],"featImg":"science_923361","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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