New Fossils Suggest Kelp Forests Have Swayed in the Seas for at Least 32 Million Years
4 Ways Nature Improves Your Mental Health
UC Irvine Researchers Use Mosquito ‘Gene Editing’ in Fight Against Malaria
Meet the Floating Animals That Call the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Home
Here's What We Gain From Preserving Nature's Sounds
Is a Spider's Web a Part of Its Mind?
Wildfire Smoke, Once Considered Sterile, Teems With Life
New Software Can Spot Genetic Mutations Using Photos
Science Summit Denounces Gene-Edited Babies Claim, But Not Future Research
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Prior to joining KQED Science, Sarah worked in a brand new role as Digital Marketing Strategist at WPSU Penn State.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"sarahkmohamad","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"about","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Mohamad | KQED","description":"Engagement Producer and Reporter, KQED Science","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/085f65bb82616965f87e3d12f8550931?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/smohamad"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1991212":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1991212","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1991212","score":null,"sort":[1706040351000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-fossils-suggest-kelp-forests-have-swayed-in-the-seas-for-at-least-32-million-years","title":"New Fossils Suggest Kelp Forests Have Swayed in the Seas for at Least 32 Million Years","publishDate":1706040351,"format":"standard","headTitle":"New Fossils Suggest Kelp Forests Have Swayed in the Seas for at Least 32 Million Years | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The kelp forests that hug the Pacific coastline are an underwater jungle. They’re a thicket of colossal algae intermixed with a pageant of life that includes snails, urchins, sea lions, sea otters, and a host of seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current Pacific kelp forests are the base of very rich shallow marine ecosystems,” says \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/looy/\">Cindy Looy\u003c/a>, a paleobotanist at the University of California at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2317054121\">\u003cem>PNAS\u003c/em>\u003c/a> presents new evidence that the first kelps were much older than we once suspected, dating back 32 million years — well before the arrival of many of their present-day animal inhabitants.[aside postID='science_1973217,science_1976045,science_1952335' label='Related coverage']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that kelp was likely available as a food source for ancient marine mammals. And that the foundation of the ecosystem was already in place when kelp later evolved and grew dramatically in height, providing an even greater range of habitats to the ancestors of the animals we associate with them today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Looy gazes out at the Pacific Ocean from Point Lobos State Natural Reserve in Monterey, California, she knows the kelp forest with all its attendant species pulsates just below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just to think,” she says, “that we now added a little tiny piece of the puzzle of when [the kelps] started and how the ecosystem diversified — that makes me very proud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A lucky find at the beach\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jim Goedert is a retired railroad signal inspector. He lives outside of Tacoma, Washington where, for years, he’s regularly driven up to the north side of the Olympic Peninsula to walk along the rocky shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gray whales and seals come in, and occasionally orcas,” he says. “There are kelp beds offshore.” At low tide, when large swaths of the beach become exposed, Goedert goes in search of fossils including hard, round masses called concretions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would crack these open,” he says. “And sometimes there’s a crab or some other fossil in these rocks. But I would find these little squiggly veins or roots. I couldn’t really tell what they were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, during a break on one of his beach walks, Goedert came across a mound that had washed ashore of kelp holdfasts — the root-like structures that fasten the towering algae to the seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I thought, ‘That’s what that thing is — kelp,'” he says. “It was just an aha moment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goedert packed up some of his best specimens, drove to the post office, and shipped them to Stockholm to a professional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He just kept sending me holdfasts,” recounts \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrm.se/english/researchandcollections/palaeobiology/staffandcontacts/steffenkiel.9003235.html\">Steffen Kiel\u003c/a>, a senior curator at the Swedish Museum of Natural History and a collaborator and friend of Goedert’s. Some of the fossils weren’t that impressive but “sometimes they were, like, wow,” he says. Still, “I just left it alone for a few years because, as usual, I had other things to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991214\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2288px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991214\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2288\" height=\"1626\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2.jpg 2288w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-768x546.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-1536x1092.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-2048x1455.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-1920x1364.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2288px) 100vw, 2288px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fossil showing kelp ‘holdfasts,’ the root-like structures that serve to tether the algae to the seafloor. \u003ccite>(Steffen Kiel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Asking a fossil how old it is\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Kelp fossils are exceedingly rare. “We all know things fossilize — big vertebrates, dinosaurs, things with bones and hard parts,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceridwenfraser.com/\">Ceridwyn Fraser\u003c/a>, a marine scientist at the University of Otago in New Zealand. “But kelp is a very squidgy organism.” Plus, says Kiel, “they quickly rot away because they are eaten up by microbes and various animals. Kelps are essential[ly] edible, nutritious soft tissue.” It all adds up to very little kelp making it into the fossil record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years ago, researchers used a single specimen from California to estimate that complex kelps emerged at least 13 or 14 million years ago. (Complex kelps differ from simple kelps in a few ways, including that they have distinct stems and leaves.) More recently, genetics helped push that date back to at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790319300892\">30 million years\u003c/a>. But there was no fossil evidence to back that number up, which made Kiel wonder whether the samples he’d received from Goedert might offer some insight. So eventually, he took a closer look, cutting into them and polishing their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one, a splotch of root-like tendrils appears to be draped across the rock. “That’s the holdfast,” Kiel says, pointing. “I have various specimens where they were sitting on a bivalve shell, on a clamshell or especially often on barnacles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He took one of those fossilized shells that the kelp had glued itself to and performed a chemical analysis involving strontium isotopes to determine its age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We then knew exactly, pretty much exactly, that these fossils were 32 million years old,” Kiel says. “No doubt about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This result confirms the earlier genetics work, but the fossils are stronger proof that complex kelp dates back to the early Oligocene, a time of dramatic global cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world’s oceans got a hell [of a] lot colder right at that time,” Kiel says. “Kelp like it cold. So that was a perfect fit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why the earlier arrival of kelp matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The fact that complex kelp has been around for so long means a couple of things. First, it helps resolve a puzzle about an ancient vegetarian marine mammal related to today’s manatees called the desmostylian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were wondering what they were actually feeding on 30 million years ago,” Kiel says. “What kind of green fresh food would there be? And now, our kelp fossils show, yeah, hippo-sized desmostylians most likely were happily feeding on this kelp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s logical, Looy says: “Kelps can grow incredibly fast, and those desmostylians are relatively big, and they have to eat a lot to stay alive.” Now that the researchers know that both kelp and desmostylians were alive at the same time, “we can more or less rewrite the history of the kelp ecosystems,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the second insight: “This whole rich ecosystem that we know now must have gradually evolved,” Looy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is, for millions of years, the kelp ecosystem was quite simple, with the kelps themselves being somewhat short, maybe a few feet tall. Then, around 14 million years ago, much taller kelps evolved, forming the underwater forests we know today. And that’s when a thriving hub of biodiversity slowly began to materialize in this new wealth of vertical habitat — “all these animals that characterize modern kelp ecosystems — full with all sorts of life,” says Kiel, from invertebrates to larger grazers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser, the marine scientist, says the findings are exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been approached before by people who thought they had kelp fossils, and I wasn’t convinced,” says Fraser, who wasn’t involved in the study. “But what we’re looking at are very clearly kelp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser studies kelp evolution and how its DNA mutates, something she anchors in time using the fossil record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And the annoying thing about kelp is there’s hardly anything known from the fossil record,” Fraser says. “So this will be a tool that I can use now to better understand how kelps are evolving and what’s happened through time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiel says he’s delighted that, once again, fossils have taught him a familiar yet fundamental lesson about our world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To him, they’re an archive of life throughout Earth’s history — an archive that sometimes washes ashore where all you have to do is look for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+fossils+suggest+kelp+forests+have+swayed+in+the+seas+for+at+least+32+million+years&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study of kelp forests from the coast of Washington state show that kelp forests, which host all manner of marine life, developed tens of millions of years ago. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1706040142,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1332},"headData":{"title":"New Fossils Suggest Kelp Forests Have Swayed in the Seas for at Least 32 Million Years | KQED","description":"A new study of kelp forests from the coast of Washington state show that kelp forests, which host all manner of marine life, developed tens of millions of years ago. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Fossils Suggest Kelp Forests Have Swayed in the Seas for at Least 32 Million Years","datePublished":"2024-01-23T20:05:51.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-23T20:02:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/297147967/ari-daniel\">Ari Daniel\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"NOAA","nprStoryId":"1226146217","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1226146217&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2024/01/23/1226146217/new-fossils-suggest-kelp-forests-have-swayed-in-the-seas-for-at-least-32-million?ft=nprml&f=1226146217","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 23 Jan 2024 05:00:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 23 Jan 2024 05:00:13 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 23 Jan 2024 05:00:13 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1991212/new-fossils-suggest-kelp-forests-have-swayed-in-the-seas-for-at-least-32-million-years","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The kelp forests that hug the Pacific coastline are an underwater jungle. They’re a thicket of colossal algae intermixed with a pageant of life that includes snails, urchins, sea lions, sea otters, and a host of seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current Pacific kelp forests are the base of very rich shallow marine ecosystems,” says \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/looy/\">Cindy Looy\u003c/a>, a paleobotanist at the University of California at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2317054121\">\u003cem>PNAS\u003c/em>\u003c/a> presents new evidence that the first kelps were much older than we once suspected, dating back 32 million years — well before the arrival of many of their present-day animal inhabitants.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1973217,science_1976045,science_1952335","label":"Related coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that kelp was likely available as a food source for ancient marine mammals. And that the foundation of the ecosystem was already in place when kelp later evolved and grew dramatically in height, providing an even greater range of habitats to the ancestors of the animals we associate with them today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Looy gazes out at the Pacific Ocean from Point Lobos State Natural Reserve in Monterey, California, she knows the kelp forest with all its attendant species pulsates just below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just to think,” she says, “that we now added a little tiny piece of the puzzle of when [the kelps] started and how the ecosystem diversified — that makes me very proud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A lucky find at the beach\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jim Goedert is a retired railroad signal inspector. He lives outside of Tacoma, Washington where, for years, he’s regularly driven up to the north side of the Olympic Peninsula to walk along the rocky shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gray whales and seals come in, and occasionally orcas,” he says. “There are kelp beds offshore.” At low tide, when large swaths of the beach become exposed, Goedert goes in search of fossils including hard, round masses called concretions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would crack these open,” he says. “And sometimes there’s a crab or some other fossil in these rocks. But I would find these little squiggly veins or roots. I couldn’t really tell what they were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, during a break on one of his beach walks, Goedert came across a mound that had washed ashore of kelp holdfasts — the root-like structures that fasten the towering algae to the seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I thought, ‘That’s what that thing is — kelp,'” he says. “It was just an aha moment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goedert packed up some of his best specimens, drove to the post office, and shipped them to Stockholm to a professional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He just kept sending me holdfasts,” recounts \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrm.se/english/researchandcollections/palaeobiology/staffandcontacts/steffenkiel.9003235.html\">Steffen Kiel\u003c/a>, a senior curator at the Swedish Museum of Natural History and a collaborator and friend of Goedert’s. Some of the fossils weren’t that impressive but “sometimes they were, like, wow,” he says. Still, “I just left it alone for a few years because, as usual, I had other things to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991214\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2288px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1991214\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2288\" height=\"1626\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2.jpg 2288w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-768x546.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-1536x1092.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-2048x1455.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/01/s169277_fossil_kelp_holdfast_custom-de5c315f6055f703f989b0c2da4d52bba05252a2-1920x1364.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2288px) 100vw, 2288px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fossil showing kelp ‘holdfasts,’ the root-like structures that serve to tether the algae to the seafloor. \u003ccite>(Steffen Kiel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Asking a fossil how old it is\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Kelp fossils are exceedingly rare. “We all know things fossilize — big vertebrates, dinosaurs, things with bones and hard parts,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceridwenfraser.com/\">Ceridwyn Fraser\u003c/a>, a marine scientist at the University of Otago in New Zealand. “But kelp is a very squidgy organism.” Plus, says Kiel, “they quickly rot away because they are eaten up by microbes and various animals. Kelps are essential[ly] edible, nutritious soft tissue.” It all adds up to very little kelp making it into the fossil record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years ago, researchers used a single specimen from California to estimate that complex kelps emerged at least 13 or 14 million years ago. (Complex kelps differ from simple kelps in a few ways, including that they have distinct stems and leaves.) More recently, genetics helped push that date back to at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790319300892\">30 million years\u003c/a>. But there was no fossil evidence to back that number up, which made Kiel wonder whether the samples he’d received from Goedert might offer some insight. So eventually, he took a closer look, cutting into them and polishing their surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one, a splotch of root-like tendrils appears to be draped across the rock. “That’s the holdfast,” Kiel says, pointing. “I have various specimens where they were sitting on a bivalve shell, on a clamshell or especially often on barnacles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He took one of those fossilized shells that the kelp had glued itself to and performed a chemical analysis involving strontium isotopes to determine its age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We then knew exactly, pretty much exactly, that these fossils were 32 million years old,” Kiel says. “No doubt about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This result confirms the earlier genetics work, but the fossils are stronger proof that complex kelp dates back to the early Oligocene, a time of dramatic global cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world’s oceans got a hell [of a] lot colder right at that time,” Kiel says. “Kelp like it cold. So that was a perfect fit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why the earlier arrival of kelp matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The fact that complex kelp has been around for so long means a couple of things. First, it helps resolve a puzzle about an ancient vegetarian marine mammal related to today’s manatees called the desmostylian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were wondering what they were actually feeding on 30 million years ago,” Kiel says. “What kind of green fresh food would there be? And now, our kelp fossils show, yeah, hippo-sized desmostylians most likely were happily feeding on this kelp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s logical, Looy says: “Kelps can grow incredibly fast, and those desmostylians are relatively big, and they have to eat a lot to stay alive.” Now that the researchers know that both kelp and desmostylians were alive at the same time, “we can more or less rewrite the history of the kelp ecosystems,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the second insight: “This whole rich ecosystem that we know now must have gradually evolved,” Looy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is, for millions of years, the kelp ecosystem was quite simple, with the kelps themselves being somewhat short, maybe a few feet tall. Then, around 14 million years ago, much taller kelps evolved, forming the underwater forests we know today. And that’s when a thriving hub of biodiversity slowly began to materialize in this new wealth of vertical habitat — “all these animals that characterize modern kelp ecosystems — full with all sorts of life,” says Kiel, from invertebrates to larger grazers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser, the marine scientist, says the findings are exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been approached before by people who thought they had kelp fossils, and I wasn’t convinced,” says Fraser, who wasn’t involved in the study. “But what we’re looking at are very clearly kelp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser studies kelp evolution and how its DNA mutates, something she anchors in time using the fossil record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And the annoying thing about kelp is there’s hardly anything known from the fossil record,” Fraser says. “So this will be a tool that I can use now to better understand how kelps are evolving and what’s happened through time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiel says he’s delighted that, once again, fossils have taught him a familiar yet fundamental lesson about our world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To him, they’re an archive of life throughout Earth’s history — an archive that sometimes washes ashore where all you have to do is look for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+fossils+suggest+kelp+forests+have+swayed+in+the+seas+for+at+least+32+million+years&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1991212/new-fossils-suggest-kelp-forests-have-swayed-in-the-seas-for-at-least-32-million-years","authors":["byline_science_1991212"],"categories":["science_2874","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_323","science_5196","science_349","science_3265","science_2549","science_843","science_1155"],"featImg":"science_1991213","label":"source_science_1991212"},"science_1984534":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984534","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984534","score":null,"sort":[1696849228000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-nature-is-great-for-your-mental-health","title":"4 Ways Nature Improves Your Mental Health","publishDate":1696849228,"format":"standard","headTitle":"4 Ways Nature Improves Your Mental Health | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Nesrin Tarablosi is the founder of \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/adventuremamaof3/\">Adventure Mama of 3\u003c/a>, an Instagram page where she shares her tips for exploring the outdoors with her three kids. Tarablosi has always loved the outdoors, but previously felt like she needed someone with her for protection, a feeling that held her back for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She cherishes her memories of spending time with her father watching a sunrise, or running on the beach. But a few years ago her father suffered a stroke, was in an induced coma for about a month, and never returned to his normal state. This was around the same time Tarablosi gave birth, and was experiencing postpartum depression alongside grief from her father’s condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During this period, at her lowest point, she thought to herself: “There’s no way I can heal from this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She got into her car and decided to embark on a solo hike. She drove from San José to Point Reyes National Seashore. When she arrived, it was close to sunset, and the doubts crept in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember seeing a ranger in the parking lot and I’m just like, ‘Oh my God, what am I doing?’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She decided to proceed and the ranger recommended the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/hike-to-divide-meadow.htm\">Divide Meadows trail\u003c/a>, which meanders from the Bear Valley trailhead to Bear Valley Creek, toward a meadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarablosi recalls asking the ranger: “How do I know what the Divide Meadow trail is?” He said: “Trust me, you’re going to know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we got there, I saw this big opening with the cloud[s] just coming in over the trees, and it just completely took my breath away,” Tarablosi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember coming back from that hike, and I just felt completely uplifted,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/CxDhmlNLfFt/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s hiking a trail or simply sitting on the grass while enjoying a good book, we’ve all experienced that dose of happiness that comes from spending time in nature. What is it about immersing ourselves in nature that makes us feel so good? It turns out, there’s some fascinating science behind those feelings.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the research suggests: Just 20 minutes in blue spaces might do the trick\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Spending time in nature has positive effects on both short-term and long-term mental health outcomes and can improve the quality of life, according to \u003ca href=\"https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/342931/9789289055666-eng.pdf\">researchers at the World Health Organization (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='mindshift_50949,science_1984306,news_11910495' label='Related coverage']In fact, spending time in forests, parks, gardens, or coastlines can even reduce climate anxiety, according to the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other studies have demonstrated that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935120307076?via%3Dihub\">just 20 minutes in blue spaces\u003c/a>, near the water swimming in a lake, soaking in a river, or splashing in the ocean’s waves can positively impact our mental well-being and physical activity levels. Residents living in neighborhoods with parks and other green spaces or along the coast report \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-87675-0\">better overall health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might have heard of nature rituals such as the Japanese practice known as shinrin-yoku or “\u003ca href=\"https://develop.kqed.org/mindshift/50949/suffering-from-nature-deficit-disorder-try-forest-bathing\">forest bathing\u003c/a>,” which involves spending extended periods of time with trees to reap their many health benefits. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6589172/\">Research\u003c/a> has shown that this practice can reduce stress, anxiety, depression and anger.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nature helps your brain relax and restore\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Being out in nature has a restorative effect on individuals living in cities. Bustling urban life \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2\">can lead to mental fatigue\u003c/a>, consume our brain energy, and leave people stressed out, according to Dr. Nooshin Razani, a pediatrician, clinical scientist, and associate professor at UCSF, where she directs the Center for Nature and Health. The organization’s mission is to improve children’s health and well-being through connections with nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature captures our attention effortlessly, helping to relax our brains and, over time, enhance our creativity. Within just minutes of being immersed in a natural environment, many people \u003ca href=\"https://positivepsychology.com/attention-restoration-theory/\">can restore their attention\u003c/a> leading to an improved state of mind. Nature has also been proven to help improve working memory, which helps the brain with tasks like learning, problem-solving and reasoning, according to Razani.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Preethi Chandrasekhar, content creator and founder, Outdoorsy South Asians\"]‘It was magical. It didn’t feel judgmental. It felt very freeing.’[/pullquote]\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/eagertravele/\">Preethi Chandrasekhar\u003c/a>, a content creator and founder of \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/658280768830411/\">Outdoorsy South Asians\u003c/a>, moved to the U.S. as a child and had to grapple with fitting into a new culture and navigating life in the Midwest as a pre-teen at an all-white school. “Because I had been made fun of so much in school for being a different color, I honestly didn’t want to be who I was,” she recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her passion for the outdoors began as an adult, as a way to “get out of my own head,” she said. It all started on a backpacking trip with friends one summer in the Inyo National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/CsEYlmZRF3O/?img_index=2\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While immersing herself in nature, she discovered solace, self-confidence and acceptance. “It was magical. It didn’t feel judgmental. It felt very freeing,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It genuinely allowed me to meet myself for the first time and also learn to start liking myself and then accepting myself just the way that I was,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people are in nature, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700709/full\">feel more connected to natural life cycles\u003c/a> and to animals and plants. “We are part of a larger family and plants and animals are a part of that family,” said Razani. People have reported feeling less lonely and more connected when they are in natural spaces according to Razani.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could even be a connection to yourself, like being more physically present in your body at that time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Happiness hormones are released when we’re in nature\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Being in a natural environment changes our brain chemistry, tweaking chemicals like dopamine and serotonin that affect how we feel, flooding our bodies with positive signals, according to Dr. Leticia Márquez-Magaña, a scientist and professor of biology at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several other factors can also help make a person feel happy, including being with loved ones, or feeling a sense of service, said Márquez-Magaña.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being in nature can also help people \u003ca href=\"https://ggsc.berkeley.edu/images/uploads/GGSC-JTF_White_Paper-Awe_FINAL.pdf\">experience awe (PDF)\u003c/a>. “Being in a state of awe triggers hormonal reactions that are important for well-being,” Márquez-Magaña said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deandre Latour felt that sense of awe as a child when he first experienced snow, hail and sunshine all in a single day during his visit to Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Leslie Hammer, clinical social worker and ecotherapist\"]‘When we are in a relationship with the land, water, sun and the plants we eat, it’s all in our nature. It’s all part of our human history to be that way and to be in those relationships.’[/pullquote]“Being so young and seeing that, not even knowing that those things could happen in one day, had a huge impact on me,” Latour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he first started hiking, he mostly did it alone, which provided him with time to reflect. “When do you really have time to sit back, reflect on things, consider things, and see where you want to head? That’s what nature gave me, the opportunity to sit next to a waterfall or a flowing stream of water. You don’t realize how relaxing and calming that is,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says hiking played a significant role in helping him overcome depression following the loss of his parents. “When I found hiking, it was like I had something to live for all over again,” Latour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people spend a lot of time indoors or get sucked into social media, they can feel isolated and lonely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can increase feelings of depression, according to Bita Shooshani, a queer Iranian therapist based in Oakland. “Just being outside with others breaks that sense of isolation, and isolation is often associated with mental illness,” Shooshani said. “When we’re in nature, our senses are much more engaged.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Latour is the founder of the Bay Area hiking community, \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/melanatedadventures_/\">Melanated Adventures\u003c/a>, a group he started to encourage folks to “discover their capabilities in new and interesting ways.” It’s also a safe space for Black people and people of color looking for a hiking community in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/CsrDOMBJ-lI/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latour started the group in 2021, aiming to share his hiking experiences with others in the community. He loves witnessing people’s reactions when they reach the summit of a hike for the first time. “It is uplifting. It keeps me going,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his experience leading groups of new hikers, he emphasizes the importance of overcoming fear. “It’s not always how you perceive it to be. Yes, it looks impossible from ground zero, ‘we’ll never make it up there.’ And yet, here we are [at the top], standing up here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Being in a relationship with nature helps with mindfulness\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mindfulness — an awareness of your body and connecting to your body and mind is enhanced through nature. It’s a sensory experience that allows you to connect with what you smell, see and hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helps alter our state of mind when we go outside and connect with the greater world around us,” said Leslie Hammer, a clinical social worker and ecotherapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1984360,news_11953853,news_11953794' label='Related coverage']For children, nature provides an excellent landscape for exploration and helps them become mindful when they are playing. It’s valuable for their development, said Razani.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same can be said for how nature benefits adults. Adults need to adopt a child-centric view when they’re in nature, Razani said, adding “Adults need play too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammer emphasizes that having a relationship with nature is a two-way street; as much as we enjoy nature’s benefits, we should also take care of our environment in return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we are in a relationship with the land, water, sun and the plants we eat — it’s all in our nature. It’s all part of our human history. … to be in those relationships,” Hammer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What is it about immersing ourselves in nature that makes us feel so good? It turns out, there's some fascinating science behind those feelings.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845880,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":1802},"headData":{"title":"4 Ways Nature Improves Your Mental Health | KQED","description":"What is it about immersing ourselves in nature that makes us feel so good? It turns out, there's some fascinating science behind those feelings.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"4 Ways Nature Improves Your Mental Health","datePublished":"2023-10-09T11:00:28.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:18:00.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984534/why-nature-is-great-for-your-mental-health","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nesrin Tarablosi is the founder of \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/adventuremamaof3/\">Adventure Mama of 3\u003c/a>, an Instagram page where she shares her tips for exploring the outdoors with her three kids. Tarablosi has always loved the outdoors, but previously felt like she needed someone with her for protection, a feeling that held her back for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She cherishes her memories of spending time with her father watching a sunrise, or running on the beach. But a few years ago her father suffered a stroke, was in an induced coma for about a month, and never returned to his normal state. This was around the same time Tarablosi gave birth, and was experiencing postpartum depression alongside grief from her father’s condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During this period, at her lowest point, she thought to herself: “There’s no way I can heal from this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She got into her car and decided to embark on a solo hike. She drove from San José to Point Reyes National Seashore. When she arrived, it was close to sunset, and the doubts crept in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember seeing a ranger in the parking lot and I’m just like, ‘Oh my God, what am I doing?’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She decided to proceed and the ranger recommended the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/hike-to-divide-meadow.htm\">Divide Meadows trail\u003c/a>, which meanders from the Bear Valley trailhead to Bear Valley Creek, toward a meadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarablosi recalls asking the ranger: “How do I know what the Divide Meadow trail is?” He said: “Trust me, you’re going to know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we got there, I saw this big opening with the cloud[s] just coming in over the trees, and it just completely took my breath away,” Tarablosi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember coming back from that hike, and I just felt completely uplifted,” she said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"instagramLink","attributes":{"named":{"instagramId":"CxDhmlNLfFt"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Whether it’s hiking a trail or simply sitting on the grass while enjoying a good book, we’ve all experienced that dose of happiness that comes from spending time in nature. What is it about immersing ourselves in nature that makes us feel so good? It turns out, there’s some fascinating science behind those feelings.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the research suggests: Just 20 minutes in blue spaces might do the trick\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Spending time in nature has positive effects on both short-term and long-term mental health outcomes and can improve the quality of life, according to \u003ca href=\"https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/342931/9789289055666-eng.pdf\">researchers at the World Health Organization (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"mindshift_50949,science_1984306,news_11910495","label":"Related coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In fact, spending time in forests, parks, gardens, or coastlines can even reduce climate anxiety, according to the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other studies have demonstrated that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935120307076?via%3Dihub\">just 20 minutes in blue spaces\u003c/a>, near the water swimming in a lake, soaking in a river, or splashing in the ocean’s waves can positively impact our mental well-being and physical activity levels. Residents living in neighborhoods with parks and other green spaces or along the coast report \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-87675-0\">better overall health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might have heard of nature rituals such as the Japanese practice known as shinrin-yoku or “\u003ca href=\"https://develop.kqed.org/mindshift/50949/suffering-from-nature-deficit-disorder-try-forest-bathing\">forest bathing\u003c/a>,” which involves spending extended periods of time with trees to reap their many health benefits. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6589172/\">Research\u003c/a> has shown that this practice can reduce stress, anxiety, depression and anger.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nature helps your brain relax and restore\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Being out in nature has a restorative effect on individuals living in cities. Bustling urban life \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2\">can lead to mental fatigue\u003c/a>, consume our brain energy, and leave people stressed out, according to Dr. Nooshin Razani, a pediatrician, clinical scientist, and associate professor at UCSF, where she directs the Center for Nature and Health. The organization’s mission is to improve children’s health and well-being through connections with nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature captures our attention effortlessly, helping to relax our brains and, over time, enhance our creativity. Within just minutes of being immersed in a natural environment, many people \u003ca href=\"https://positivepsychology.com/attention-restoration-theory/\">can restore their attention\u003c/a> leading to an improved state of mind. Nature has also been proven to help improve working memory, which helps the brain with tasks like learning, problem-solving and reasoning, according to Razani.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘It was magical. It didn’t feel judgmental. It felt very freeing.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Preethi Chandrasekhar, content creator and founder, Outdoorsy South Asians","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/eagertravele/\">Preethi Chandrasekhar\u003c/a>, a content creator and founder of \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/658280768830411/\">Outdoorsy South Asians\u003c/a>, moved to the U.S. as a child and had to grapple with fitting into a new culture and navigating life in the Midwest as a pre-teen at an all-white school. “Because I had been made fun of so much in school for being a different color, I honestly didn’t want to be who I was,” she recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her passion for the outdoors began as an adult, as a way to “get out of my own head,” she said. It all started on a backpacking trip with friends one summer in the Inyo National Forest.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"instagramLink","attributes":{"named":{"instagramId":"CsEYlmZRF3O"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While immersing herself in nature, she discovered solace, self-confidence and acceptance. “It was magical. It didn’t feel judgmental. It felt very freeing,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It genuinely allowed me to meet myself for the first time and also learn to start liking myself and then accepting myself just the way that I was,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people are in nature, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700709/full\">feel more connected to natural life cycles\u003c/a> and to animals and plants. “We are part of a larger family and plants and animals are a part of that family,” said Razani. People have reported feeling less lonely and more connected when they are in natural spaces according to Razani.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could even be a connection to yourself, like being more physically present in your body at that time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Happiness hormones are released when we’re in nature\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Being in a natural environment changes our brain chemistry, tweaking chemicals like dopamine and serotonin that affect how we feel, flooding our bodies with positive signals, according to Dr. Leticia Márquez-Magaña, a scientist and professor of biology at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several other factors can also help make a person feel happy, including being with loved ones, or feeling a sense of service, said Márquez-Magaña.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being in nature can also help people \u003ca href=\"https://ggsc.berkeley.edu/images/uploads/GGSC-JTF_White_Paper-Awe_FINAL.pdf\">experience awe (PDF)\u003c/a>. “Being in a state of awe triggers hormonal reactions that are important for well-being,” Márquez-Magaña said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deandre Latour felt that sense of awe as a child when he first experienced snow, hail and sunshine all in a single day during his visit to Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘When we are in a relationship with the land, water, sun and the plants we eat, it’s all in our nature. It’s all part of our human history to be that way and to be in those relationships.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Leslie Hammer, clinical social worker and ecotherapist","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Being so young and seeing that, not even knowing that those things could happen in one day, had a huge impact on me,” Latour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he first started hiking, he mostly did it alone, which provided him with time to reflect. “When do you really have time to sit back, reflect on things, consider things, and see where you want to head? That’s what nature gave me, the opportunity to sit next to a waterfall or a flowing stream of water. You don’t realize how relaxing and calming that is,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says hiking played a significant role in helping him overcome depression following the loss of his parents. “When I found hiking, it was like I had something to live for all over again,” Latour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people spend a lot of time indoors or get sucked into social media, they can feel isolated and lonely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can increase feelings of depression, according to Bita Shooshani, a queer Iranian therapist based in Oakland. “Just being outside with others breaks that sense of isolation, and isolation is often associated with mental illness,” Shooshani said. “When we’re in nature, our senses are much more engaged.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Latour is the founder of the Bay Area hiking community, \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/melanatedadventures_/\">Melanated Adventures\u003c/a>, a group he started to encourage folks to “discover their capabilities in new and interesting ways.” It’s also a safe space for Black people and people of color looking for a hiking community in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"instagramLink","attributes":{"named":{"instagramId":"CsrDOMBJ-lI"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Latour started the group in 2021, aiming to share his hiking experiences with others in the community. He loves witnessing people’s reactions when they reach the summit of a hike for the first time. “It is uplifting. It keeps me going,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his experience leading groups of new hikers, he emphasizes the importance of overcoming fear. “It’s not always how you perceive it to be. Yes, it looks impossible from ground zero, ‘we’ll never make it up there.’ And yet, here we are [at the top], standing up here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Being in a relationship with nature helps with mindfulness\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mindfulness — an awareness of your body and connecting to your body and mind is enhanced through nature. It’s a sensory experience that allows you to connect with what you smell, see and hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helps alter our state of mind when we go outside and connect with the greater world around us,” said Leslie Hammer, a clinical social worker and ecotherapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1984360,news_11953853,news_11953794","label":"Related coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For children, nature provides an excellent landscape for exploration and helps them become mindful when they are playing. It’s valuable for their development, said Razani.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same can be said for how nature benefits adults. Adults need to adopt a child-centric view when they’re in nature, Razani said, adding “Adults need play too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammer emphasizes that having a relationship with nature is a two-way street; as much as we enjoy nature’s benefits, we should also take care of our environment in return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we are in a relationship with the land, water, sun and the plants we eat — it’s all in our nature. It’s all part of our human history. … to be in those relationships,” Hammer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984534/why-nature-is-great-for-your-mental-health","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_39","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4992","science_856","science_5196","science_254","science_249","science_179","science_4729"],"featImg":"science_1984535","label":"science"},"science_1983569":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1983569","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1983569","score":null,"sort":[1689937737000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"uc-irvine-researchers-use-mosquito-gene-editing-in-fight-against-malaria","title":"UC Irvine Researchers Use Mosquito ‘Gene Editing’ in Fight Against Malaria","publishDate":1689937737,"format":"standard","headTitle":"UC Irvine Researchers Use Mosquito ‘Gene Editing’ in Fight Against Malaria | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Mosquitoes carry malaria, which kills hundreds of thousands of people each year. Now some researchers are trying to use genetic engineering to make the pesky insects into allies in the fight against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is a radical departure from traditional ways of controlling malaria. For years, public health officials have tried to limit the disease by controlling mosquito populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that approach is temporary, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile/?facultyId=2154\">Anthony James\u003c/a>, a professor of molecular biology and genetics at the University of California, Irvine. Because mosquitoes are extremely tough little insects, and their populations can quickly rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" postID=\"science_1982793\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To try to get rid of them, I don’t think it’s possible,” he says. Instead, James and his colleagues want to try a different approach: making mosquitoes themselves into malaria-fighting warriors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how it works, it helps to understand \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html\">the life cycle of malaria\u003c/a>. The malaria pathogen is a parasite that grows inside humans. It’s transmitted via mosquitoes that flit from person to person, sucking blood (the parasites also reproduce inside the guts of skeeters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can make the mosquitoes inhospitable to the pathogens, you know, we can eliminate the threat of getting the disease,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But making mosquitoes uninviting to malaria is a tough job. The malaria parasite doesn’t make mosquitoes sick, so mosquito immune systems don’t fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get around the problem, the team used a gene-editing technique called CRISPR. They started with genes from mice, whose immune systems do fight human malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we did then was engineer those [genes], and give them to the mosquitos,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2221118120\">published this month\u003c/a> in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Sure enough, the gene-edited mosquitos produced malaria-fighting antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those antibodies “worked very well,” says James. “They reduce the number of parasites in the mosquito, most importantly in the salivary gland, which is where they would be before they were transmitted to a human host.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technique also allows the researchers to make the genes spread quickly. That means, rather than having to release swarms of gene-edited mosquitos, they could put out a smaller number. The engineered mosquitoes mate, pass on their genetic code, and that code rapidly fans out across the wild population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But genetically altering wild animals does not sit well with environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no need to engineer a mosquito,” says Dana Perls, senior program manager for the emerging technology program at the non-profit Friends of the Earth. Perls points out that naturally occurring methods for reducing malaria appear to be showing promise, as does a new vaccine against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why take unnecessary risks and release a manipulated species that can’t be recalled once it’s released into the wild?” she asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony James believes the risks would be very low. The mosquitoes are already part of the ecosystem, and the gene alterations wouldn’t affect much other than their response to malaria, he says. Moreover, it’s better than sprays and treatments that control mosquitoes temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is potentially a much more sustainable technology,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab is now working on planning a field trial, which he hopes could be conducted on an island or in another isolated location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mosquitoes+spread+malaria.+These+researchers+want+them+to+fight+it+instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists have used a gene-editing technique to make mosquitos allies in the fight against malaria. Environmentalists are troubled by the idea of genetically modifying wild animals.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845952,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":586},"headData":{"title":"UC Irvine Researchers Use Mosquito ‘Gene Editing’ in Fight Against Malaria | KQED","description":"Scientists have used a gene-editing technique to make mosquitos allies in the fight against malaria. Environmentalists are troubled by the idea of genetically modifying wild animals.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"UC Irvine Researchers Use Mosquito ‘Gene Editing’ in Fight Against Malaria","datePublished":"2023-07-21T11:08:57.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:19:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"James Gathany","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/279612138/geoff-brumfiel\">Geoff Brumfiel\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"1188631213","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1188631213&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/07/20/1188631213/mosquitoes-spread-malaria-these-researchers-want-them-to-fight-it-instead?ft=nprml&f=1188631213","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 20 Jul 2023 07:02:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 20 Jul 2023 05:03:15 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 20 Jul 2023 05:03:15 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2023/07/20230720_me_mosquitoes_spread_malaria_these_researchers_want_them_to_fight_it_instead.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1031&d=173&p=3&story=1188631213&ft=nprml&f=1188631213","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/11188869698-82f4e3.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1031&d=173&p=3&story=1188631213&ft=nprml&f=1188631213","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983569/uc-irvine-researchers-use-mosquito-gene-editing-in-fight-against-malaria","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2023/07/20230720_me_mosquitoes_spread_malaria_these_researchers_want_them_to_fight_it_instead.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1031&d=173&p=3&story=1188631213&ft=nprml&f=1188631213","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mosquitoes carry malaria, which kills hundreds of thousands of people each year. Now some researchers are trying to use genetic engineering to make the pesky insects into allies in the fight against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is a radical departure from traditional ways of controlling malaria. For years, public health officials have tried to limit the disease by controlling mosquito populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that approach is temporary, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile/?facultyId=2154\">Anthony James\u003c/a>, a professor of molecular biology and genetics at the University of California, Irvine. Because mosquitoes are extremely tough little insects, and their populations can quickly rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"related coverage ","postid":"science_1982793"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To try to get rid of them, I don’t think it’s possible,” he says. Instead, James and his colleagues want to try a different approach: making mosquitoes themselves into malaria-fighting warriors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how it works, it helps to understand \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html\">the life cycle of malaria\u003c/a>. The malaria pathogen is a parasite that grows inside humans. It’s transmitted via mosquitoes that flit from person to person, sucking blood (the parasites also reproduce inside the guts of skeeters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can make the mosquitoes inhospitable to the pathogens, you know, we can eliminate the threat of getting the disease,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But making mosquitoes uninviting to malaria is a tough job. The malaria parasite doesn’t make mosquitoes sick, so mosquito immune systems don’t fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get around the problem, the team used a gene-editing technique called CRISPR. They started with genes from mice, whose immune systems do fight human malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we did then was engineer those [genes], and give them to the mosquitos,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2221118120\">published this month\u003c/a> in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Sure enough, the gene-edited mosquitos produced malaria-fighting antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those antibodies “worked very well,” says James. “They reduce the number of parasites in the mosquito, most importantly in the salivary gland, which is where they would be before they were transmitted to a human host.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technique also allows the researchers to make the genes spread quickly. That means, rather than having to release swarms of gene-edited mosquitos, they could put out a smaller number. The engineered mosquitoes mate, pass on their genetic code, and that code rapidly fans out across the wild population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But genetically altering wild animals does not sit well with environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no need to engineer a mosquito,” says Dana Perls, senior program manager for the emerging technology program at the non-profit Friends of the Earth. Perls points out that naturally occurring methods for reducing malaria appear to be showing promise, as does a new vaccine against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why take unnecessary risks and release a manipulated species that can’t be recalled once it’s released into the wild?” she asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony James believes the risks would be very low. The mosquitoes are already part of the ecosystem, and the gene alterations wouldn’t affect much other than their response to malaria, he says. Moreover, it’s better than sprays and treatments that control mosquitoes temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is potentially a much more sustainable technology,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab is now working on planning a field trial, which he hopes could be conducted on an island or in another isolated location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mosquitoes+spread+malaria.+These+researchers+want+them+to+fight+it+instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983569/uc-irvine-researchers-use-mosquito-gene-editing-in-fight-against-malaria","authors":["byline_science_1983569"],"categories":["science_2874","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1120","science_5196","science_1759"],"featImg":"science_1983570","label":"science"},"science_1983512":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1983512","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1983512","score":null,"sort":[1689678768000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"meet-the-floating-animals-that-call-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch-home","title":"Meet the Floating Animals That Call the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Home","publishDate":1689678768,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Meet the Floating Animals That Call the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Home | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Trash from humans is constantly spilling into the ocean — so much so that there are five gigantic garbage patches in the seas. They hang out at the nexus of the world’s ocean currents, changing shape with the waves. The largest is the North Pacific Garbage Patch, known colloquially as the \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/garbagepatch.html\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas were long thought to have been uninhabited, the plastics and fishing gear too harmful to marine life. But researchers have recently uncovered a whole ecosystem of life in this largest collection of trash. “This research has shown me that there is more life than we expected there … a whole ecosystem that are in the middle of the patch,” says marine biologist Fiona Chong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">OMG it literally took someone SWIMMING FROM HAWAII TO CALIFORNIA to discover this, but wow did we find something shocking in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch... [a thread 🧵]…\u003cbr>New study: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/kcbKyYJbXv\">https://t.co/kcbKyYJbXv\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1hVL0YFbDp\">pic.twitter.com/1hVL0YFbDp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Open Ocean Exploration (@RebeccaRHelm) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RebeccaRHelm/status/1654536756493156357?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">May 5, 2023\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Fiona is part of a team of researchers that \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646#\">published a paper in \u003cem>PLOS Biology\u003c/em>\u003c/a> documenting the inhabitants of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch earlier this year. Their most common inhabitants include: \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02sab/logs/aug15/media/porpida_post.html\">\u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (also called “blue button”), a small disc-like animal with “tentacles” radiating outward, closely related to jellyfish; \u003ca href=\"https://sio-legacy.ucsd.edu/zooplanktonguide/species/velella-velella\">\u003cem>Velella \u003c/em>\u003c/a>(also called the “by-the-wind-sailor”), which looks like a flat disc with a kind of “sail” running across the top; and \u003ca href=\"http://sio-legacy.ucsd.edu/zooplanktonguide/species/janthina-janthina\">\u003cem>Janthina\u003c/em>\u003c/a> a violet sea snail that traps bubbles to stay afloat. These and other organisms that float freely atop the water are called \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001046\">neuston\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuston form an \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/ecosystem\">ecosystem\u003c/a> and food web amongst themselves. \u003cem>Janthina\u003c/em> are known to eat both \u003cem>Velella \u003c/em>and \u003cem>Porpita. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140022\">\u003cem>Glaucus atlanticus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003c/em>another neuston observed in very small quantities in the patch, is another predator. Known as the “blue sea dragon,” it prefers to snack on the Portuguese man o’war but has been known to chomp on both \u003cem>Porpita \u003c/em>and \u003cem>Velella\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These marine animals are also are part of a larger ecosystem. Fiona notes that \u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em> are known to sometimes form symbiotic partnerships with small, juvenile fish that are stressed when removed from their individual \u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em>. Plus, animals like the ocean sunfish, seabirds and sea turtles are known to munch on neuston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that us humans have such large impacts in the ocean that, you know, our footprint is so far out,” she laments. “Plastic being in the patch could be harmful for other marine organisms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Fiona, the realization that animals call the Great Pacific Garbage Patch home has made her reconsider efforts aim at indiscriminately cleaning up the trash. She also hopes that the findings will make people and the fishing industry more aware of their footprint and lead to better waste management systems. That’s because for her, one of the most ideal solutions to the ocean debris problem is curbing plastic use. If less is used in the first place, less will eventually make its way to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is probably quite difficult, but we should try it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Fiona and her collaborators’ paper, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646#\">\u003cem>High concentrations of floating neustonic life in the plastic-rich North Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to Short Wave on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/show/2rTT1klKUoQNuaW2Ah19Pa?si=71edcf9163d848f7&nd=1\">\u003cem>Spotify\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1MS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA?utm_campaign=Digital+to+Shortwave&utm_medium=bitly&utm_source=NPRorg+Story+Page\">\u003cem>Apple Podcasts\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/short-wave/id1482575855\">\u003cem>Google Podcasts\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This episode was produced by Carly Rubin and Berly McCoy. It was edited by Rebecca Ramirez. The audio engineer was Maggie Luthar.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+the+floating+animals+that+call+the+Great+Pacific+Garbage+Patch+home&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Trash from humans is constantly spilling into the ocean — so much so that there are five gigantic garbage patches in the seas. They hang out at the nexus of the world's ocean currents, changing shape with the waves.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845954,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":604},"headData":{"title":"Meet the Floating Animals That Call the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Home | KQED","description":"Trash from humans is constantly spilling into the ocean — so much so that there are five gigantic garbage patches in the seas. They hang out at the nexus of the world's ocean currents, changing shape with the waves.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Meet the Floating Animals That Call the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Home","datePublished":"2023-07-18T11:12:48.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:19:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"NPR","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/785481294/rebecca-ramirez\">Rebecca Ramirez\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/767284140/emily-kwong\">Emily Kwong\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/1119266451/carly-rubin\">Carly Rubin\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/985775371/berly-mccoy\">Berly McCoy\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Denis Riek","nprStoryId":"1187761733","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1187761733&profileTypeId=15&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187761733/great-pacific-garbage-patch-neuston-by-the-wind-sailor-velella-porpita?ft=nprml&f=1187761733","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 17 Jul 2023 00:10:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 17 Jul 2023 00:10:48 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 17 Jul 2023 00:10:53 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/dailyscience/2023/07/20230717_dailyscience_d901fc5b-3f64-4781-bccb-dba9471ea428.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=883&p=510351&story=1187761733&t=podcast&e=1187761733&ft=nprml&f=1187761733,https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/dailyscience/2023/07/20230717_dailyscience_07aa916b-7641-4c3d-b2e6-88a9d77b6149_noad.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=883&p=510351&story=1187761733&t=podcast&e=1187761733&ft=nprml&f=1187761733","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/11187911989-b9a0b9.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=883&p=510351&story=1187761733&t=podcast&e=1187761733&ft=nprml&f=1187761733,http://api.npr.org/m3u/11187917309-b639be.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=883&p=510351&story=1187761733&t=podcast&e=1187761733&ft=nprml&f=1187761733","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983512/meet-the-floating-animals-that-call-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch-home","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/dailyscience/2023/07/20230717_dailyscience_d901fc5b-3f64-4781-bccb-dba9471ea428.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=883&p=510351&story=1187761733&t=podcast&e=1187761733&ft=nprml&f=1187761733,https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/dailyscience/2023/07/20230717_dailyscience_07aa916b-7641-4c3d-b2e6-88a9d77b6149_noad.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&d=883&p=510351&story=1187761733&t=podcast&e=1187761733&ft=nprml&f=1187761733","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Trash from humans is constantly spilling into the ocean — so much so that there are five gigantic garbage patches in the seas. They hang out at the nexus of the world’s ocean currents, changing shape with the waves. The largest is the North Pacific Garbage Patch, known colloquially as the \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/garbagepatch.html\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas were long thought to have been uninhabited, the plastics and fishing gear too harmful to marine life. But researchers have recently uncovered a whole ecosystem of life in this largest collection of trash. “This research has shown me that there is more life than we expected there … a whole ecosystem that are in the middle of the patch,” says marine biologist Fiona Chong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">OMG it literally took someone SWIMMING FROM HAWAII TO CALIFORNIA to discover this, but wow did we find something shocking in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch... [a thread 🧵]…\u003cbr>New study: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/kcbKyYJbXv\">https://t.co/kcbKyYJbXv\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1hVL0YFbDp\">pic.twitter.com/1hVL0YFbDp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Open Ocean Exploration (@RebeccaRHelm) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RebeccaRHelm/status/1654536756493156357?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">May 5, 2023\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Fiona is part of a team of researchers that \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646#\">published a paper in \u003cem>PLOS Biology\u003c/em>\u003c/a> documenting the inhabitants of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch earlier this year. Their most common inhabitants include: \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02sab/logs/aug15/media/porpida_post.html\">\u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (also called “blue button”), a small disc-like animal with “tentacles” radiating outward, closely related to jellyfish; \u003ca href=\"https://sio-legacy.ucsd.edu/zooplanktonguide/species/velella-velella\">\u003cem>Velella \u003c/em>\u003c/a>(also called the “by-the-wind-sailor”), which looks like a flat disc with a kind of “sail” running across the top; and \u003ca href=\"http://sio-legacy.ucsd.edu/zooplanktonguide/species/janthina-janthina\">\u003cem>Janthina\u003c/em>\u003c/a> a violet sea snail that traps bubbles to stay afloat. These and other organisms that float freely atop the water are called \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001046\">neuston\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuston form an \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/ecosystem\">ecosystem\u003c/a> and food web amongst themselves. \u003cem>Janthina\u003c/em> are known to eat both \u003cem>Velella \u003c/em>and \u003cem>Porpita. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140022\">\u003cem>Glaucus atlanticus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003c/em>another neuston observed in very small quantities in the patch, is another predator. Known as the “blue sea dragon,” it prefers to snack on the Portuguese man o’war but has been known to chomp on both \u003cem>Porpita \u003c/em>and \u003cem>Velella\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These marine animals are also are part of a larger ecosystem. Fiona notes that \u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em> are known to sometimes form symbiotic partnerships with small, juvenile fish that are stressed when removed from their individual \u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em>. Plus, animals like the ocean sunfish, seabirds and sea turtles are known to munch on neuston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that us humans have such large impacts in the ocean that, you know, our footprint is so far out,” she laments. “Plastic being in the patch could be harmful for other marine organisms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Fiona, the realization that animals call the Great Pacific Garbage Patch home has made her reconsider efforts aim at indiscriminately cleaning up the trash. She also hopes that the findings will make people and the fishing industry more aware of their footprint and lead to better waste management systems. That’s because for her, one of the most ideal solutions to the ocean debris problem is curbing plastic use. If less is used in the first place, less will eventually make its way to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is probably quite difficult, but we should try it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Fiona and her collaborators’ paper, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646#\">\u003cem>High concentrations of floating neustonic life in the plastic-rich North Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to Short Wave on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/show/2rTT1klKUoQNuaW2Ah19Pa?si=71edcf9163d848f7&nd=1\">\u003cem>Spotify\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1MS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA?utm_campaign=Digital+to+Shortwave&utm_medium=bitly&utm_source=NPRorg+Story+Page\">\u003cem>Apple Podcasts\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/short-wave/id1482575855\">\u003cem>Google Podcasts\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This episode was produced by Carly Rubin and Berly McCoy. It was edited by Rebecca Ramirez. The audio engineer was Maggie Luthar.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+the+floating+animals+that+call+the+Great+Pacific+Garbage+Patch+home&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983512/meet-the-floating-animals-that-call-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch-home","authors":["byline_science_1983512"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5196","science_2549","science_2409","science_843","science_1155"],"featImg":"science_1983513","label":"source_science_1983512"},"science_1978710":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1978710","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1978710","score":null,"sort":[1647262847000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"heres-what-we-gain-from-preserving-natures-sounds","title":"Here's What We Gain From Preserving Nature's Sounds","publishDate":1647262847,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Here’s What We Gain From Preserving Nature’s Sounds | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>From birdsong and crashing waves to the whisper of the wind in the trees, the natural world is brimming with diverse soundscapes. But according to author and biologist David George Haskell, many of Earth’s soundscapes are in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noise pollution from mining and industrial shipping in the oceans has become so loud that aquatic creatures struggle to communicate with each other. Birds and insects that fill the night with chirps and caws are steadily decreasing. Scientists talk about biodiversity of species all the time, but what about sonic diversity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new book, “\u003ca href=\"https://dghaskell.com/sounds-wild-and-broken/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds Wild and Broken: Sonic Marvels, Evolution’s Creativity, and the Crisis of Sensory Extinction\u003c/a>,” Haskell writes that the world’s soundscapes are at risk, threatened by human noise pollution and habitat destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that if people continue to ignore, destroy and smother the world’s sounds, we threaten our ability to connect with the natural world, as well as endangering even more species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Mina Kim spoke with Haskell, a biology professor at Sewanee in Tennessee, about his book, the acoustic crisis and the power of listening closely to our own neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been lightly edited for length and clarity. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101888111/david-george-haskell-on-preserving-the-earths-sonic-diversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">listen to the full Forum segment\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MINA KIM\u003c/strong>: One of the things I was really struck by as I was reading your book, and also hearing the examples given to us by listeners, was how many people said that their favorite sounds were made by birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as you remind us in the book, a third of North American songbirds have disappeared in the last half century. And so this is in part what you mean, when you say the diverse sounds of the world are now in crisis?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DAVID GEORGE HASKELL\u003c/strong>: Birds are a good way into this. Certainly, in my own journey, I started listening to birds and identifying species, and then individuals, and then came to understand all the nuances of the landscape and the seasons through them. Many people have this connection. Birds are very much like us in their sensory systems. They’re acoustic and visual, and listening to them, of course, brings us great joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it also teaches us that we live in an age of diminishment. Listening is a way of discerning that decline. For example, when scientists go out to survey birds, almost 90% — and in tropical areas, it’s more like 99% — of the birds that you would count in your survey you get through your ears, because you’re in, for example, dense forest, where you can’t see the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve said if there’s an acoustic hell, it’s in today’s oceans. Why do you say that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans live in this place that is beyond our senses. If you’re standing on the ocean shore, you won’t hear it unless it’s very, very loud. Most sound waves that come up from the deep ocean hit the surface and bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when we are close to the ocean, we have a sensory disconnection from what’s happening below the waves. And over the last several decades, shipping noise has vastly increased — [there’s] lots of sonar, particularly from military vessels, and also seismic exploration of the oceans, where air guns are used. They blast off every few seconds, over weeks and months, and turn the ocean into this tumult of sound that is almost unsurpassed in any terrestrial environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the particular problem for ocean creatures is that this isn’t just annoying, or an inconvenience. This destroys their ability to communicate with one another. And sometimes the sound is loud enough that it’s actually destroying them from the inside physiologically, because sound in the ocean flows through the skin into the watery bodies of creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If we care about maintaining and expanding sonic diversity at this stage, where Earth is rapidly changing, what can we do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of things we can do. One of the things I tried to do with my students over the years is open our senses to the stories that are present around us every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound is an invitation into appreciation of the diversity of life, the many voices of other species. It’s also a great teacher about problems of environmental injustice and environmental racism. Why is it that certain neighborhoods and cities have highways routed through them, and are exposed to higher levels of urban noise and traffic noise and air pollution than others? By listening to our own neighborhoods — both for the beauty, but also the brokenness around us — we can get a sense of, “What can my gifts and talents do to mesh with the world to produce productive change in my own community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You talk about how sound has the power to evoke memories and emotions, but you also say that sound is generative. Can you explain what you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that stunned me while researching for this book: going back in time and realizing how much sonic connection from one creature to another — or from one nonliving entity to another — has been a creative force in biological evolution and cultural change. But also in the makeup of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very first sound waves passed through the hot plasma of the universe when it was a compact, blazing little ball of heat. As the universe expanded, the plasma cooled, and those sound waves still run through the universe today as the microwave background radiation that astronomers can pick up with … their instruments. The peaks of those little sound waves became the first clusters of atoms around which the stars and galaxies formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sound waves of the universe seeded the stars and the galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once life evolved on planet Earth, sound became a way for creatures to connect. All sorts of amazing beauty and diversity emerges because of the sonic connection from one being to another.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Soundscapes around the world are at risk from noise pollution and habitat destruction.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846300,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1031},"headData":{"title":"Here's What We Gain From Preserving Nature's Sounds | KQED","description":"Soundscapes around the world are at risk from noise pollution and habitat destruction.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Here's What We Gain From Preserving Nature's Sounds","datePublished":"2022-03-14T13:00:47.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:25:00.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Guananí Gómez-Van Cortright ","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1978710/heres-what-we-gain-from-preserving-natures-sounds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From birdsong and crashing waves to the whisper of the wind in the trees, the natural world is brimming with diverse soundscapes. But according to author and biologist David George Haskell, many of Earth’s soundscapes are in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noise pollution from mining and industrial shipping in the oceans has become so loud that aquatic creatures struggle to communicate with each other. Birds and insects that fill the night with chirps and caws are steadily decreasing. Scientists talk about biodiversity of species all the time, but what about sonic diversity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new book, “\u003ca href=\"https://dghaskell.com/sounds-wild-and-broken/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds Wild and Broken: Sonic Marvels, Evolution’s Creativity, and the Crisis of Sensory Extinction\u003c/a>,” Haskell writes that the world’s soundscapes are at risk, threatened by human noise pollution and habitat destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that if people continue to ignore, destroy and smother the world’s sounds, we threaten our ability to connect with the natural world, as well as endangering even more species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Mina Kim spoke with Haskell, a biology professor at Sewanee in Tennessee, about his book, the acoustic crisis and the power of listening closely to our own neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been lightly edited for length and clarity. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101888111/david-george-haskell-on-preserving-the-earths-sonic-diversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">listen to the full Forum segment\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MINA KIM\u003c/strong>: One of the things I was really struck by as I was reading your book, and also hearing the examples given to us by listeners, was how many people said that their favorite sounds were made by birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as you remind us in the book, a third of North American songbirds have disappeared in the last half century. And so this is in part what you mean, when you say the diverse sounds of the world are now in crisis?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DAVID GEORGE HASKELL\u003c/strong>: Birds are a good way into this. Certainly, in my own journey, I started listening to birds and identifying species, and then individuals, and then came to understand all the nuances of the landscape and the seasons through them. Many people have this connection. Birds are very much like us in their sensory systems. They’re acoustic and visual, and listening to them, of course, brings us great joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it also teaches us that we live in an age of diminishment. Listening is a way of discerning that decline. For example, when scientists go out to survey birds, almost 90% — and in tropical areas, it’s more like 99% — of the birds that you would count in your survey you get through your ears, because you’re in, for example, dense forest, where you can’t see the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve said if there’s an acoustic hell, it’s in today’s oceans. Why do you say that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans live in this place that is beyond our senses. If you’re standing on the ocean shore, you won’t hear it unless it’s very, very loud. Most sound waves that come up from the deep ocean hit the surface and bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when we are close to the ocean, we have a sensory disconnection from what’s happening below the waves. And over the last several decades, shipping noise has vastly increased — [there’s] lots of sonar, particularly from military vessels, and also seismic exploration of the oceans, where air guns are used. They blast off every few seconds, over weeks and months, and turn the ocean into this tumult of sound that is almost unsurpassed in any terrestrial environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the particular problem for ocean creatures is that this isn’t just annoying, or an inconvenience. This destroys their ability to communicate with one another. And sometimes the sound is loud enough that it’s actually destroying them from the inside physiologically, because sound in the ocean flows through the skin into the watery bodies of creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If we care about maintaining and expanding sonic diversity at this stage, where Earth is rapidly changing, what can we do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of things we can do. One of the things I tried to do with my students over the years is open our senses to the stories that are present around us every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound is an invitation into appreciation of the diversity of life, the many voices of other species. It’s also a great teacher about problems of environmental injustice and environmental racism. Why is it that certain neighborhoods and cities have highways routed through them, and are exposed to higher levels of urban noise and traffic noise and air pollution than others? By listening to our own neighborhoods — both for the beauty, but also the brokenness around us — we can get a sense of, “What can my gifts and talents do to mesh with the world to produce productive change in my own community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You talk about how sound has the power to evoke memories and emotions, but you also say that sound is generative. Can you explain what you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that stunned me while researching for this book: going back in time and realizing how much sonic connection from one creature to another — or from one nonliving entity to another — has been a creative force in biological evolution and cultural change. But also in the makeup of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very first sound waves passed through the hot plasma of the universe when it was a compact, blazing little ball of heat. As the universe expanded, the plasma cooled, and those sound waves still run through the universe today as the microwave background radiation that astronomers can pick up with … their instruments. The peaks of those little sound waves became the first clusters of atoms around which the stars and galaxies formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sound waves of the universe seeded the stars and the galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once life evolved on planet Earth, sound became a way for creatures to connect. All sorts of amazing beauty and diversity emerges because of the sonic connection from one being to another.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1978710/heres-what-we-gain-from-preserving-natures-sounds","authors":["byline_science_1978710"],"categories":["science_2874","science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1120","science_5196","science_260","science_4414"],"featImg":"science_1978770","label":"source_science_1978710"},"science_1969661":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1969661","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1969661","score":null,"sort":[1600693209000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-a-spiders-web-a-part-of-its-mind","title":"Is a Spider's Web a Part of Its Mind?","publishDate":1600693209,"format":"video","headTitle":"Is a Spider’s Web a Part of Its Mind? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Next time you see a big spider sitting in the middle of its web, before you scream, run away or squash it, maybe pause and consider for a moment all of the wondrous things it can do with that itsy-bitsy brain. Most spiders have a brain no larger than a poppy seed, but with this modest cerebral endowment, they not only construct intricate insect traps, they expertly expand their senses far beyond the limits of their bodies, using their webs as a physical extension of their perceptual abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if you were able to extend microphones out, radiating from your ears, extending the capability of your hearing,” said Francis Windram, a Ph.D. candidate and expert in spider foraging at Imperial College London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more than 48,000 spider species have done well for themselves, evolutionarily speaking. They create a wide variety of web styles, though some — like jumping spiders — don’t spin webs at all. There are over 4,000 different species of orb weaver spiders alone; these are the eight-legged spinners that create the famous spiral-shaped webs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969756\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969756\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_juvenile_cross_orb_weaver.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile cross orb weaver. Even though they are extremely small, orb weavers are born with the ability to spin intricate, spiral-shaped webs. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anyone who’s watched orb weavers in action has seen them use their exquisite creations to deftly ensnare flying insects. Impressive as this, the webs function as much more than deadly traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly nocturnal, orb weavers also happen to be almost completely blind. These species are only able to see light, dark and a little movement, but they are somehow able to quickly navigate their webs, pinpointing their unlucky victims and binding them in silk, a meal saved for later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webs play an integral role in everything an orb weaver does. Many species every day eat their silk, recycle it inside their body, and reconstruct the web overnight. When spiders are hungry, they can tighten the web’s strands and even adjust its size and shape, depending on what size of prey they’re in the mood for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that beetles and moths use pheromones to communicate, UC Berkeley Ph.D. candidate Ashley Adams wondered whether spiders could use chemical cues to distinguish the webs of their own species from those of other types of spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make sure they weren’t just checking the web by feel, she soaked cotton threads in solutions made from extracts of webs spun by different species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male long-jawed orb weaver spiders in her lab consistently chose the threads treated with extracts from their own species, avoiding those doused with web extracts from other kinds of spiders, suggesting they do sense chemicals with their legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969753\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1969753\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult cross orb weaver spider lying in wait at the center of its web. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adams’ soon-to-be-published study adds to the already impressive list of complex behaviors for these tiny-brained animals. We know that many mammals and birds seem to be able to construct a mental representation of space, but it’s rare for invertebrates (bees, octopuses and cuttlefish are exceptions). Orb weavers can do so much with their miniscule brains, some researchers ask the question: Is a spider’s web an extension of its mind?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams agrees that “at least from a neurological perspective, [the web] is this extremely effective extension of their senses that has helped them succeed in the environment and become so prevalent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, like biologist Hilton Japyassú of the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, takes this idea a step further, suggesting that orb weavers use their webs as a form of extended cognition, outsourcing advanced mental tasks like problem-solving and memory. For example, once they have killed and wrapped their prey, a spider can store the prey for later, then easily find it again. The way they relocate the insects they have killed looks an awful lot like they are remembering, Japyassú says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, he and his colleagues set up an experiment in which they manipulated the web and removed prey the spider had wrapped up in silk to see how the spider reacted. By limiting the way the animals sensed the world around them, the scientists were able to directly test the “thinking web” idea. They found that when the webs were manipulated, the spiders changed their behavior. For one, they searched for the prey taken by the researchers. Also, if their webs were altered, or they encountered different-sized prey, they could adjust their foraging behavior by changing their capturing technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers concluded that this two-way connection between the web and the spider’s behavior suggests that the web is indeed a way for the spider to process information\u003cb>, \u003c/b>reserving precious brain power for other necessary and complex tasks like the actual capture of prey. For tasks that are more memory-intensive, like navigating or relocating prey, they don’t need to remember every single thread they have spun — just a few previous steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969758\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969758\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver_prey_capture2.gif\" alt=\"Cross orb weaver prey capture\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross orb weaver spider quickly wraps its prey after paralyzing it with a dose of venom. Orb weavers are mostly blind, but they use their webs to help remember where they keep their wrapped-up food. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea of extended cognition — that tools like writing, computers, or phones are extensions of our thought processes — is not new to philosophers or scientists. But if you start defining cognition in the traditional sense, “there is no possibility to expand [it] to anywhere else outside of human experience,” Japyassú said. “I prefer to define it in a very simple way; that … cognition helps you to survive, and it’s related to information processing.” By this definition, the web is an extension of the spider’s thought processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t all fully agree that the webs actually are a part of a spider’s thinking. How do you tell that the spider has an actual plan, or if it is just exhibiting instinctual behavior when it builds its web? With current technology, we can’t see inside the tiny working brain of the orb weaver, so we are left with what behavioral observation can tell us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some philosophers have a problem with the idea that an animal has a mind at all, Japyassú says scientists researching animal cognition “are more open-minded because they can observe such different ways of thinking in other animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spider researchers, said Japyassú, “see these spiders doing things that would seem impossible for a tiny animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, he says, the logical place to look for where all that thinking is happening is in the web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969757\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_orb_web_sunlight.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The signature spiral-shaped webs of the orb weaver extend the senses of a spider far beyond the limits of its body. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Most spiders have a brain no larger than a poppy seed, but with this modest cerebral endowment, they not only construct intricate insect traps, they expertly expand their senses far beyond the limits of their bodies.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847037,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1177},"headData":{"title":"Is a Spider's Web a Part of Its Mind? | KQED","description":"Orb weaver spiders build exquisite spiral webs not only to catch insects, but to extend their senses. Once they shrink-wrap their prey with silk, the nearly blind spiders can store them for later, and read their web's silky strands as a kind of memory map to guide them back.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Orb weaver spiders build exquisite spiral webs not only to catch insects, but to extend their senses. Once they shrink-wrap their prey with silk, the nearly blind spiders can store them for later, and read their web's silky strands as a kind of memory map to guide them back.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is a Spider's Web a Part of Its Mind?","datePublished":"2020-09-21T13:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:37:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/rpwkgMX4IlQ","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1969661/is-a-spiders-web-a-part-of-its-mind","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Next time you see a big spider sitting in the middle of its web, before you scream, run away or squash it, maybe pause and consider for a moment all of the wondrous things it can do with that itsy-bitsy brain. Most spiders have a brain no larger than a poppy seed, but with this modest cerebral endowment, they not only construct intricate insect traps, they expertly expand their senses far beyond the limits of their bodies, using their webs as a physical extension of their perceptual abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if you were able to extend microphones out, radiating from your ears, extending the capability of your hearing,” said Francis Windram, a Ph.D. candidate and expert in spider foraging at Imperial College London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more than 48,000 spider species have done well for themselves, evolutionarily speaking. They create a wide variety of web styles, though some — like jumping spiders — don’t spin webs at all. There are over 4,000 different species of orb weaver spiders alone; these are the eight-legged spinners that create the famous spiral-shaped webs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969756\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969756\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_juvenile_cross_orb_weaver.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile cross orb weaver. Even though they are extremely small, orb weavers are born with the ability to spin intricate, spiral-shaped webs. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anyone who’s watched orb weavers in action has seen them use their exquisite creations to deftly ensnare flying insects. Impressive as this, the webs function as much more than deadly traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly nocturnal, orb weavers also happen to be almost completely blind. These species are only able to see light, dark and a little movement, but they are somehow able to quickly navigate their webs, pinpointing their unlucky victims and binding them in silk, a meal saved for later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webs play an integral role in everything an orb weaver does. Many species every day eat their silk, recycle it inside their body, and reconstruct the web overnight. When spiders are hungry, they can tighten the web’s strands and even adjust its size and shape, depending on what size of prey they’re in the mood for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that beetles and moths use pheromones to communicate, UC Berkeley Ph.D. candidate Ashley Adams wondered whether spiders could use chemical cues to distinguish the webs of their own species from those of other types of spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make sure they weren’t just checking the web by feel, she soaked cotton threads in solutions made from extracts of webs spun by different species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male long-jawed orb weaver spiders in her lab consistently chose the threads treated with extracts from their own species, avoiding those doused with web extracts from other kinds of spiders, suggesting they do sense chemicals with their legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969753\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1969753\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver5-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult cross orb weaver spider lying in wait at the center of its web. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adams’ soon-to-be-published study adds to the already impressive list of complex behaviors for these tiny-brained animals. We know that many mammals and birds seem to be able to construct a mental representation of space, but it’s rare for invertebrates (bees, octopuses and cuttlefish are exceptions). Orb weavers can do so much with their miniscule brains, some researchers ask the question: Is a spider’s web an extension of its mind?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams agrees that “at least from a neurological perspective, [the web] is this extremely effective extension of their senses that has helped them succeed in the environment and become so prevalent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, like biologist Hilton Japyassú of the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, takes this idea a step further, suggesting that orb weavers use their webs as a form of extended cognition, outsourcing advanced mental tasks like problem-solving and memory. For example, once they have killed and wrapped their prey, a spider can store the prey for later, then easily find it again. The way they relocate the insects they have killed looks an awful lot like they are remembering, Japyassú says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, he and his colleagues set up an experiment in which they manipulated the web and removed prey the spider had wrapped up in silk to see how the spider reacted. By limiting the way the animals sensed the world around them, the scientists were able to directly test the “thinking web” idea. They found that when the webs were manipulated, the spiders changed their behavior. For one, they searched for the prey taken by the researchers. Also, if their webs were altered, or they encountered different-sized prey, they could adjust their foraging behavior by changing their capturing technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers concluded that this two-way connection between the web and the spider’s behavior suggests that the web is indeed a way for the spider to process information\u003cb>, \u003c/b>reserving precious brain power for other necessary and complex tasks like the actual capture of prey. For tasks that are more memory-intensive, like navigating or relocating prey, they don’t need to remember every single thread they have spun — just a few previous steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969758\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969758\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_cross_orb_weaver_prey_capture2.gif\" alt=\"Cross orb weaver prey capture\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross orb weaver spider quickly wraps its prey after paralyzing it with a dose of venom. Orb weavers are mostly blind, but they use their webs to help remember where they keep their wrapped-up food. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea of extended cognition — that tools like writing, computers, or phones are extensions of our thought processes — is not new to philosophers or scientists. But if you start defining cognition in the traditional sense, “there is no possibility to expand [it] to anywhere else outside of human experience,” Japyassú said. “I prefer to define it in a very simple way; that … cognition helps you to survive, and it’s related to information processing.” By this definition, the web is an extension of the spider’s thought processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t all fully agree that the webs actually are a part of a spider’s thinking. How do you tell that the spider has an actual plan, or if it is just exhibiting instinctual behavior when it builds its web? With current technology, we can’t see inside the tiny working brain of the orb weaver, so we are left with what behavioral observation can tell us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some philosophers have a problem with the idea that an animal has a mind at all, Japyassú says scientists researching animal cognition “are more open-minded because they can observe such different ways of thinking in other animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spider researchers, said Japyassú, “see these spiders doing things that would seem impossible for a tiny animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, he says, the logical place to look for where all that thinking is happening is in the web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969757\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL716_orb_web_sunlight.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The signature spiral-shaped webs of the orb weaver extend the senses of a spider far beyond the limits of its body. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1969661/is-a-spiders-web-a-part-of-its-mind","authors":["11095"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_5196","science_4414","science_157"],"featImg":"science_1969673","label":"science_1935"},"science_1951474":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1951474","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1951474","score":null,"sort":[1576021899000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wildfire-smoke-once-considered-sterile-teems-with-life","title":"Wildfire Smoke, Once Considered Sterile, Teems With Life","publishDate":1576021899,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Wildfire Smoke, Once Considered Sterile, Teems With Life | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Wildfire smoke can transport ash, dust and pollution over hundreds of miles. Fire scientists are finding it can also transport living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire ecologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.uidaho.edu/cnr/faculty/kobziar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Leda Kobziar\u003c/a> had just learned some snow-making machines use bacteria to seed ice crystals when she went on a prescribed burn with her University of Florida students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I just started thinking about the smoke in a new way and just wondering if there might be anything living in it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kobziar, now with the University of Idaho, \u003ca href=\"https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm19/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/559426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">presented the research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/fall-meeting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Geophysical Union conference\u003c/a> this week in San Francisco. She and colleagues sampled the living contents of smoke during fires by leaving open Petri dishes and flying drones through smoke at varying distances. Then they compared what was collected to the contents of ambient (non-smoky) air. They sampled for abundance and diversity by culturing colonies and analyzing DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out a surprising amount and diversity of bacterial cells and fungal spores gets lofted into wildfire smoke during a fire. The more severe the burn, the more cells it transports. This is a newly emerging area of research, but Kobziar thinks these microbes have the potential to affect human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are numerous allergens that we’ve found in the smoke. And so it may be that some people who are sensitive to smoke have that sensitivity, not only because of the particulate matter and the smoke, but also because there are some biological organisms in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She believes these microbes are also affecting precipitation, as the cells can act as nuclei around which ice crystals can form more effectively than they can around dust. Possibly, she says, wildfire smoke has been a driving factor in the global distribution of microbial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that the role that wildland fire is playing in transporting organisms through smoke has probably had some influence on the evolution of species as well and development of communities,” Kobziar said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New research indicates that wildfire smoke transports living microbes, along with ash, dust and pollution.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848042,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":333},"headData":{"title":"Wildfire Smoke, Once Considered Sterile, Teems With Life | KQED","description":"New research indicates that wildfire smoke transports living microbes, along with ash, dust and pollution.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Wildfire Smoke, Once Considered Sterile, Teems With Life","datePublished":"2019-12-10T23:51:39.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:54:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Wildfire ","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2019/12/VentonFiresmoke.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":96,"path":"/science/1951474/wildfire-smoke-once-considered-sterile-teems-with-life","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildfire smoke can transport ash, dust and pollution over hundreds of miles. Fire scientists are finding it can also transport living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire ecologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.uidaho.edu/cnr/faculty/kobziar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Leda Kobziar\u003c/a> had just learned some snow-making machines use bacteria to seed ice crystals when she went on a prescribed burn with her University of Florida students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I just started thinking about the smoke in a new way and just wondering if there might be anything living in it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kobziar, now with the University of Idaho, \u003ca href=\"https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm19/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/559426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">presented the research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/fall-meeting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Geophysical Union conference\u003c/a> this week in San Francisco. She and colleagues sampled the living contents of smoke during fires by leaving open Petri dishes and flying drones through smoke at varying distances. Then they compared what was collected to the contents of ambient (non-smoky) air. They sampled for abundance and diversity by culturing colonies and analyzing DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out a surprising amount and diversity of bacterial cells and fungal spores gets lofted into wildfire smoke during a fire. The more severe the burn, the more cells it transports. This is a newly emerging area of research, but Kobziar thinks these microbes have the potential to affect human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are numerous allergens that we’ve found in the smoke. And so it may be that some people who are sensitive to smoke have that sensitivity, not only because of the particulate matter and the smoke, but also because there are some biological organisms in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She believes these microbes are also affecting precipitation, as the cells can act as nuclei around which ice crystals can form more effectively than they can around dust. Possibly, she says, wildfire smoke has been a driving factor in the global distribution of microbial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that the role that wildland fire is playing in transporting organisms through smoke has probably had some influence on the evolution of species as well and development of communities,” Kobziar said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1951474/wildfire-smoke-once-considered-sterile-teems-with-life","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_40","science_3730"],"tags":["science_5196","science_3370","science_113","science_3693"],"featImg":"science_1934475","label":"source_science_1951474"},"science_1936401":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1936401","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1936401","score":null,"sort":[1546890876000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-software-can-spot-genetic-mutations-using-photos","title":"New Software Can Spot Genetic Mutations Using Photos","publishDate":1546890876,"format":"standard","headTitle":"New Software Can Spot Genetic Mutations Using Photos | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>[dropcap]S[/dropcap]ome people’s faces — or even just a photo of them — hint at the genes they carry. And now, an algorithm can predict not only whether they carry a genetic mutation, but which genes were mutated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0279-0\">study\u003c/a>, published Monday in Nature Medicine, is the latest from a Boston-based company called FDNA, one of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/10/facial-recognition-genetic-disorders/\">few organizations creating software\u003c/a> that can help physicians diagnose genetic syndromes based just on a face — and may serve an important validation of the company’s technology, said Yaron Gurovich, the company’s chief technology officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went for this high-impact journal to prove beyond any doubt that this technology is good, it performs as we say, we can stand behind it, and now it opens a lot of doors to publish more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study itself is a collection of experiments testing how the results of algorithms — FDNA refers to them as DeepGestalt — stack up against clinicians’ diagnoses. In one of the experiments, DeepGestalt’s performance was better than random chance when picking which of five genetic mutations might be causing a condition called Noonan syndrome. It was correct 64 percent of the time, far more than the 20 percent success rate that would be expected from guesswork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is new — we’ve never published something like this before,” Gurovich said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurovich is quick to say that the tool isn’t specifically or only for Noonan syndrome. His team chose the condition because there are already published studies about how well humans can distinguish between the various faces associated with it. FDNA is already working on another paper Gurovich said will show that the tool can be used more broadly. It’s going through the peer review process, he said, but a \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/11/21/473306\">preprint version\u003c/a> is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is new — we’ve never published something like this before.’\u003ccite>Yaron Gurovich, FDNA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One expert on Noonan syndrome, Dr. Bruce Gelb, the director of the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and a professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, cautioned that being able to pick apart a person’s genotype based on facial features is not generally going to be useful for people with the condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noonan syndrome comes with a variety of symptoms, including difficulty learning, facial appearance, short stature, and heart issues — including issues with valves or the muscles of the heart itself. A few have a very high risk of leukemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some children with Noonan syndrome attend special education classes; others develop typically and can attend mainstream classes. Many can live independently when they’re adults. “It varies a lot,” Gelb said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic cause of Noonan syndrome can vary, too. Mutations in a few different genes can lead to the condition; some mutations cause more serious problems than others. All of the genes, however, are linked to one vital biochemical pathway. Gelb and his research group \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng772.epdf?referrer_access_token=pyqbUoC1N6pu4ONrbf7p-dRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N_aEXfBZJ5UdikqtmfwCNXtbaW16rct1gXy0ybOILq30HDNTADZng2FuE6EIQ5rZUCeTxb0IcHHWK4FYeWQUzl1RC37x8AUQ5VhWgJ_gCtuexxd6Hbv9Jdi_kTnCSJ58A%3D&tracking_referrer=www.statnews.com\">have discovered\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1939.epdf?referrer_access_token=YGvl4Y4X_QshFYTfu2YjQ9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Mrh-TZl36dLirUZe-74nzZOxlFsdIHF50ddu1dNrJfeaq9wkfjaVZoRTGs8sbI39nA6vpr1CpXKLQdwf7hvAQbSEiKx9tRYNbP-HvhG0GxWgTtRX2Ai6LzUREdlZecehg%3D&tracking_referrer=www.statnews.com\">some of them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, children whose RAS1 gene is mutated almost always get hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the muscles of the heart get thick, making it difficult for the heart to pump normally. Children with mutations in a gene called KRAS have some of the most severe forms of the syndrome and some of the worst neurological and heart outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t any drugs to treat Noonan syndrome, or many other developmental syndromes like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how a child with Noonan syndrome will develop can help health care providers figure out what medical problems they may face, Gelb said. But the algorithm isn’t likely to replace a genetic test, he said — which doctors can undertake easily if they notice something off in a particular region of a fetus’ neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know why they undertook this, exactly,” he said of FDNA’s work. “It’s inconceivable to me that one wouldn’t send off the panel testing and figure out which one it actually is.” Even in low-resource countries — at least in those with a medical geneticist — such genetic testing is becoming more widely available, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gelb also pointed out that the paper only used a set of images of young children — a choice that may have set the algorithm up for success. “The facial features are most obvious in a toddler or young child, and it can kind of melt away in adolescence by the time they hit adulthood,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged that the algorithm’s success rate, however, is “impressive” and could be especially useful for clinicians who don’t have hyper-specialized knowledge about a given genetic condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using a tool like FDNA’s could show clinicians what genes they should ask labs to test, Gurovich suggested. “If you consider the phenotype properly, you are able to increase your odds of a diagnosis,” he said — something that he said humans can’t quite do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are geneticists that have tried to do this. They couldn’t. We can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/01/07/algorithm-spot-genetic-mutation-photo/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some people’s faces, or even just a photo of them, hint at the genes they carry. According to a study out today, a new algorithm can predict not only whether they carry a genetic mutation, but which genes were mutated.\r\n\r\nThe study, published Monday in Nature Medicin","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927220,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":905},"headData":{"title":"New Software Can Spot Genetic Mutations Using Photos | KQED","description":"Some people’s faces, or even just a photo of them, hint at the genes they carry. According to a study out today, a new algorithm can predict not only whether they carry a genetic mutation, but which genes were mutated.\r\n\r\nThe study, published Monday in Nature Medicin","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Software Can Spot Genetic Mutations Using Photos","datePublished":"2019-01-07T19:54:36.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:53:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Science","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Kate Sheridan\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/science/1936401/new-software-can-spot-genetic-mutations-using-photos","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>ome people’s faces — or even just a photo of them — hint at the genes they carry. And now, an algorithm can predict not only whether they carry a genetic mutation, but which genes were mutated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0279-0\">study\u003c/a>, published Monday in Nature Medicine, is the latest from a Boston-based company called FDNA, one of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/10/facial-recognition-genetic-disorders/\">few organizations creating software\u003c/a> that can help physicians diagnose genetic syndromes based just on a face — and may serve an important validation of the company’s technology, said Yaron Gurovich, the company’s chief technology officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went for this high-impact journal to prove beyond any doubt that this technology is good, it performs as we say, we can stand behind it, and now it opens a lot of doors to publish more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study itself is a collection of experiments testing how the results of algorithms — FDNA refers to them as DeepGestalt — stack up against clinicians’ diagnoses. In one of the experiments, DeepGestalt’s performance was better than random chance when picking which of five genetic mutations might be causing a condition called Noonan syndrome. It was correct 64 percent of the time, far more than the 20 percent success rate that would be expected from guesswork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is new — we’ve never published something like this before,” Gurovich said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurovich is quick to say that the tool isn’t specifically or only for Noonan syndrome. His team chose the condition because there are already published studies about how well humans can distinguish between the various faces associated with it. FDNA is already working on another paper Gurovich said will show that the tool can be used more broadly. It’s going through the peer review process, he said, but a \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/11/21/473306\">preprint version\u003c/a> is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is new — we’ve never published something like this before.’\u003ccite>Yaron Gurovich, FDNA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One expert on Noonan syndrome, Dr. Bruce Gelb, the director of the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and a professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, cautioned that being able to pick apart a person’s genotype based on facial features is not generally going to be useful for people with the condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noonan syndrome comes with a variety of symptoms, including difficulty learning, facial appearance, short stature, and heart issues — including issues with valves or the muscles of the heart itself. A few have a very high risk of leukemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some children with Noonan syndrome attend special education classes; others develop typically and can attend mainstream classes. Many can live independently when they’re adults. “It varies a lot,” Gelb said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic cause of Noonan syndrome can vary, too. Mutations in a few different genes can lead to the condition; some mutations cause more serious problems than others. All of the genes, however, are linked to one vital biochemical pathway. Gelb and his research group \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng772.epdf?referrer_access_token=pyqbUoC1N6pu4ONrbf7p-dRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N_aEXfBZJ5UdikqtmfwCNXtbaW16rct1gXy0ybOILq30HDNTADZng2FuE6EIQ5rZUCeTxb0IcHHWK4FYeWQUzl1RC37x8AUQ5VhWgJ_gCtuexxd6Hbv9Jdi_kTnCSJ58A%3D&tracking_referrer=www.statnews.com\">have discovered\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1939.epdf?referrer_access_token=YGvl4Y4X_QshFYTfu2YjQ9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Mrh-TZl36dLirUZe-74nzZOxlFsdIHF50ddu1dNrJfeaq9wkfjaVZoRTGs8sbI39nA6vpr1CpXKLQdwf7hvAQbSEiKx9tRYNbP-HvhG0GxWgTtRX2Ai6LzUREdlZecehg%3D&tracking_referrer=www.statnews.com\">some of them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, children whose RAS1 gene is mutated almost always get hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the muscles of the heart get thick, making it difficult for the heart to pump normally. Children with mutations in a gene called KRAS have some of the most severe forms of the syndrome and some of the worst neurological and heart outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t any drugs to treat Noonan syndrome, or many other developmental syndromes like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how a child with Noonan syndrome will develop can help health care providers figure out what medical problems they may face, Gelb said. But the algorithm isn’t likely to replace a genetic test, he said — which doctors can undertake easily if they notice something off in a particular region of a fetus’ neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know why they undertook this, exactly,” he said of FDNA’s work. “It’s inconceivable to me that one wouldn’t send off the panel testing and figure out which one it actually is.” Even in low-resource countries — at least in those with a medical geneticist — such genetic testing is becoming more widely available, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gelb also pointed out that the paper only used a set of images of young children — a choice that may have set the algorithm up for success. “The facial features are most obvious in a toddler or young child, and it can kind of melt away in adolescence by the time they hit adulthood,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged that the algorithm’s success rate, however, is “impressive” and could be especially useful for clinicians who don’t have hyper-specialized knowledge about a given genetic condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using a tool like FDNA’s could show clinicians what genes they should ask labs to test, Gurovich suggested. “If you consider the phenotype properly, you are able to increase your odds of a diagnosis,” he said — something that he said humans can’t quite do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are geneticists that have tried to do this. They couldn’t. We can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/01/07/algorithm-spot-genetic-mutation-photo/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1936401/new-software-can-spot-genetic-mutations-using-photos","authors":["byline_science_1936401"],"categories":["science_30","science_3151","science_39","science_16","science_3424","science_40"],"tags":["science_3663","science_5196","science_5181","science_3838"],"featImg":"science_1936411","label":"source_science_1936401"},"science_1935019":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1935019","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1935019","score":null,"sort":[1543528310000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-summit-denounces-gene-edited-babies-claim-but-rejects-moratorium","title":"Science Summit Denounces Gene-Edited Babies Claim, But Not Future Research","publishDate":1543528310,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Science Summit Denounces Gene-Edited Babies Claim, But Not Future Research | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A Chinese scientist’s claims that he created the world’s first gene-edited babies is a “deeply disturbing” and “irresponsible” violation of international scientific norms, according to a formal conclusion issued Thursday by organizers of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/2nd_summit/index.htm\">Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing\u003c/a> in Hong Kong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the summit rejected calls for a blanket moratorium on such research, saying that the work could eventually lead to new ways to prevent a long list of serious genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos could allow parents carrying disease-causing mutation have healthy genetically related children,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/history-leadership/board-scientific-counselors/bios/david-baltimore-phd\">David Baltimore\u003c/a>, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist who chaired the summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit was jolted by scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He Jiankui’s \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/26/670752865/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-genetically-edit-babies\">surprise and unverified claims\u003c/a> earlier this week that he had edited the genes of twin girls who were born last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He, \u003c/a>of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, claims he modified the embryos of the twins with the gene-editing technique \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> so that they would be immune to the AIDS virus. His claims remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, hundreds of scientists from dozens of countries were engrossed by his claims as they gathered for the three-day summit, which was organized by the Academy of Sciences of Hong Kong, the Royal Society of London, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Academy of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to reach a global scientific consensus on how scientists might some day ethically use powerful new gene-editing techniques such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to edit the human genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A question of ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summit’s closing \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11282018b\">statement\u003c/a> released early Thursday, the organizers called for an investigation to verify or refute He’s claims. But regardless of whether it is true, the organizers said the researcher’s experiment was premature, deeply flawed and unethical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935027\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935027\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinese scientist He Jiankui speaks at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong on November 28, 2018. \u003ccite>(ANTHONY WALLACE/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Its flaws include an inadequate medical indication, a poorly designed study protocol, a failure to meet ethical standards for protecting the welfare of research subjects, and a lack of transparency in the development, review, and conduct of the clinical procedures,” said Baltimore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more research is needed before anyone tries to prevent diseases by editing human embryos, the organizers concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos … could allow parents who carry disease-causing mutations to have healthy, genetically related children,” Baltimore said. “However, heritable genome editing of … embryos … poses risks that remain difficult to evaluate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enough scientific advances have been made since the last summit in 2015 to begin plotting a course for how that could happen some day, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Progress over the last three years and the discussions at the current summit, … suggest that it is time to define a rigorous, responsible … pathway toward such trials,” said Baltimore, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In doing this, the organizers rejected calls for a moratorium on such research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baltimore said “draconian bans would be antithetical to the goals of science,” and unnecessarily hinder the advancement of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo\">R. Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a University of Wisconsin bioethicist who helped organize the summit, argued that just because one scientist violated scientific norms, doesn’t necessarily mean the scientific system is flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the failure was his, not the failure of the scientific community,” Charo said. “You can’t expect to have perfection. What you can try to do is minimize these incidents with the constant effort of conversation and oversight and ultimately enforcement measures that will discourage rogue behavior that goes outside international norms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns and possible benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making changes to the DNA in human embryos has long been considered taboo because of safety concerns and fears it could lead to “designer babies” — children whose traits are picked to make supposedly genetically superior people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists have now become convinced that it may be ethical someday to edit human embryos to prevent genetic disorders, such as Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. And several scientists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/18/543769759/a-first-look-inside-the-lab-where-scientists-are-editing-dna-in-human-embryos\">already edited\u003c/a> human embryos in their labs to try to determine the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientist and bioethicists agree that it is far too early to try to make babies from edited human embryos — primarily because safety protocols for the technique remain unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA editing may inadvertently cause genetic mutations that could cause health problems for any babies created this way and cause new health problems that would then be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some oppose all efforts to create genetically modified babies, saying it will be extremely difficult to draw a clear line between medical uses and attempts to create genetically enhanced individuals. And that could lead to a world of genetic haves and have-nots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Varied regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While gene-editing experiments on human embryos is \u003ca href=\"https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-12-108\">prohibited\u003c/a> in many countries, it has not been barred in many others. And scientist have long relied on self-regulation to prevent new technologies from being abused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit statement came amid a growing call for governments around the world to impose enforceable moratoriums on any future experiments. While such experiments are prohibited in some countries, previous scientific policing has largely relied on scientists to follow guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the summit opened, \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/feng-zhang\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a>, an MIT scientist who helped develop CRISPR, immediately \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/crispr-pioneers-feng-zhang-and-david-liu-respond-report-embryo-editing-china\">called\u003c/a> for a moratorium on such experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the current early state of genome editing technology, I’m in favor of a moratorium on implantation of edited embryos … until we have come up with a thoughtful set of safety requirements first,” Zhang wrote in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the summit, Zhang said he agreed with the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than focusing on criticizing what has happened, we should learn the lessons that it has taught us,” Feng wrote in an email. “There is a lot of potential for using gene editing to alleviate disease suffering, and providing a productive path forward is the best way to ensure that patient’s hopes will get realized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last day of the summit was getting underway, more than 100 activists, bioethicists, scientists and other released a joint \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/internal-content/civil-society-statement-organizers-second-international-summit-human-genome\">statement \u003c/a>calling for the summit to call on governments and the United Nations to adopt moratoriums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the organizers of this week’s summit in Hong Kong wish to demonstrate that science is not out of control, and is worthy of public trust, now is the time for them and the rest of the international scientific community to act,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It noted that when He \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/28/671375070/facing-backlash-chinese-scientist-defends-gene-editing-research-on-babies\">defended his experiment\u003c/a> at the summit, he justified his experiment in part on a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24623/human-genome-editing-science-ethics-and-governance\">report\u003c/a> from the National Academies of Sciences. That report concluded that clinical trials “might be permitted” after laboratory studies show it would be safe and then only for “compelling medical reasons in the absence of reasonable alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment was echoed by the Berkeley, Calif., based Center for Genetics and Society, which accused the summit organizers of “complicity” in He’s rogue research, saying the recommendations of the National Academies and the \u003ca href=\"http://nuffieldbioethics.org/about\">Nuttfield Council of Bioethics\u003c/a> had been interpreted as a “green light” by He.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their closing statement, the summit organizers “all but said outright that nothing will get in their way: not laws in dozens of countries or an international treaty, not widespread public and civil society opposition, not deep concern among their own scientific community, and not a grandstanding researcher,” CGS said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a> of Human Genetics Alert, brought up the specter of “[the] horrifying history of eugenics in the 20th century,” and warned of the “disastrous consequences of going down this path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It should act immediately to prohibit such experiments, and ensure that He Jiankui is prosecuted as a warning to others,” King said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing issues a consensus on how scientists might responsibly move forward to create gene-edited babies in the wake of a rogue scientist's claims.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927276,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1386},"headData":{"title":"Science Summit Denounces Gene-Edited Babies Claim, But Not Future Research | KQED","description":"The Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing issues a consensus on how scientists might responsibly move forward to create gene-edited babies in the wake of a rogue scientist's claims.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science Summit Denounces Gene-Edited Babies Claim, But Not Future 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class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A Chinese scientist’s claims that he created the world’s first gene-edited babies is a “deeply disturbing” and “irresponsible” violation of international scientific norms, according to a formal conclusion issued Thursday by organizers of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/2nd_summit/index.htm\">Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing\u003c/a> in Hong Kong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the summit rejected calls for a blanket moratorium on such research, saying that the work could eventually lead to new ways to prevent a long list of serious genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos could allow parents carrying disease-causing mutation have healthy genetically related children,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/history-leadership/board-scientific-counselors/bios/david-baltimore-phd\">David Baltimore\u003c/a>, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist who chaired the summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit was jolted by scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He Jiankui’s \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/26/670752865/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-genetically-edit-babies\">surprise and unverified claims\u003c/a> earlier this week that he had edited the genes of twin girls who were born last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He, \u003c/a>of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, claims he modified the embryos of the twins with the gene-editing technique \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> so that they would be immune to the AIDS virus. His claims remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, hundreds of scientists from dozens of countries were engrossed by his claims as they gathered for the three-day summit, which was organized by the Academy of Sciences of Hong Kong, the Royal Society of London, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Academy of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to reach a global scientific consensus on how scientists might some day ethically use powerful new gene-editing techniques such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to edit the human genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A question of ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summit’s closing \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11282018b\">statement\u003c/a> released early Thursday, the organizers called for an investigation to verify or refute He’s claims. But regardless of whether it is true, the organizers said the researcher’s experiment was premature, deeply flawed and unethical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935027\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935027\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinese scientist He Jiankui speaks at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong on November 28, 2018. \u003ccite>(ANTHONY WALLACE/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Its flaws include an inadequate medical indication, a poorly designed study protocol, a failure to meet ethical standards for protecting the welfare of research subjects, and a lack of transparency in the development, review, and conduct of the clinical procedures,” said Baltimore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more research is needed before anyone tries to prevent diseases by editing human embryos, the organizers concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos … could allow parents who carry disease-causing mutations to have healthy, genetically related children,” Baltimore said. “However, heritable genome editing of … embryos … poses risks that remain difficult to evaluate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enough scientific advances have been made since the last summit in 2015 to begin plotting a course for how that could happen some day, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Progress over the last three years and the discussions at the current summit, … suggest that it is time to define a rigorous, responsible … pathway toward such trials,” said Baltimore, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In doing this, the organizers rejected calls for a moratorium on such research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baltimore said “draconian bans would be antithetical to the goals of science,” and unnecessarily hinder the advancement of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo\">R. Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a University of Wisconsin bioethicist who helped organize the summit, argued that just because one scientist violated scientific norms, doesn’t necessarily mean the scientific system is flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the failure was his, not the failure of the scientific community,” Charo said. “You can’t expect to have perfection. What you can try to do is minimize these incidents with the constant effort of conversation and oversight and ultimately enforcement measures that will discourage rogue behavior that goes outside international norms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns and possible benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making changes to the DNA in human embryos has long been considered taboo because of safety concerns and fears it could lead to “designer babies” — children whose traits are picked to make supposedly genetically superior people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists have now become convinced that it may be ethical someday to edit human embryos to prevent genetic disorders, such as Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. And several scientists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/18/543769759/a-first-look-inside-the-lab-where-scientists-are-editing-dna-in-human-embryos\">already edited\u003c/a> human embryos in their labs to try to determine the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientist and bioethicists agree that it is far too early to try to make babies from edited human embryos — primarily because safety protocols for the technique remain unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA editing may inadvertently cause genetic mutations that could cause health problems for any babies created this way and cause new health problems that would then be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some oppose all efforts to create genetically modified babies, saying it will be extremely difficult to draw a clear line between medical uses and attempts to create genetically enhanced individuals. And that could lead to a world of genetic haves and have-nots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Varied regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While gene-editing experiments on human embryos is \u003ca href=\"https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-12-108\">prohibited\u003c/a> in many countries, it has not been barred in many others. And scientist have long relied on self-regulation to prevent new technologies from being abused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit statement came amid a growing call for governments around the world to impose enforceable moratoriums on any future experiments. While such experiments are prohibited in some countries, previous scientific policing has largely relied on scientists to follow guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the summit opened, \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/feng-zhang\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a>, an MIT scientist who helped develop CRISPR, immediately \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/crispr-pioneers-feng-zhang-and-david-liu-respond-report-embryo-editing-china\">called\u003c/a> for a moratorium on such experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the current early state of genome editing technology, I’m in favor of a moratorium on implantation of edited embryos … until we have come up with a thoughtful set of safety requirements first,” Zhang wrote in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the summit, Zhang said he agreed with the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than focusing on criticizing what has happened, we should learn the lessons that it has taught us,” Feng wrote in an email. “There is a lot of potential for using gene editing to alleviate disease suffering, and providing a productive path forward is the best way to ensure that patient’s hopes will get realized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last day of the summit was getting underway, more than 100 activists, bioethicists, scientists and other released a joint \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/internal-content/civil-society-statement-organizers-second-international-summit-human-genome\">statement \u003c/a>calling for the summit to call on governments and the United Nations to adopt moratoriums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the organizers of this week’s summit in Hong Kong wish to demonstrate that science is not out of control, and is worthy of public trust, now is the time for them and the rest of the international scientific community to act,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It noted that when He \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/28/671375070/facing-backlash-chinese-scientist-defends-gene-editing-research-on-babies\">defended his experiment\u003c/a> at the summit, he justified his experiment in part on a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24623/human-genome-editing-science-ethics-and-governance\">report\u003c/a> from the National Academies of Sciences. That report concluded that clinical trials “might be permitted” after laboratory studies show it would be safe and then only for “compelling medical reasons in the absence of reasonable alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment was echoed by the Berkeley, Calif., based Center for Genetics and Society, which accused the summit organizers of “complicity” in He’s rogue research, saying the recommendations of the National Academies and the \u003ca href=\"http://nuffieldbioethics.org/about\">Nuttfield Council of Bioethics\u003c/a> had been interpreted as a “green light” by He.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their closing statement, the summit organizers “all but said outright that nothing will get in their way: not laws in dozens of countries or an international treaty, not widespread public and civil society opposition, not deep concern among their own scientific community, and not a grandstanding researcher,” CGS said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a> of Human Genetics Alert, brought up the specter of “[the] horrifying history of eugenics in the 20th century,” and warned of the “disastrous consequences of going down this path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It should act immediately to prohibit such experiments, and ensure that He Jiankui is prosecuted as a warning to others,” King said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1935019/science-summit-denounces-gene-edited-babies-claim-but-rejects-moratorium","authors":["byline_science_1935019"],"categories":["science_30","science_39","science_40"],"tags":["science_5196","science_1287","science_5181"],"featImg":"science_1935034","label":"source_science_1935019"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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