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But as NASA’s Voyager and then\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\"> Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> discovered, as they rocketed close to the planet, Saturn also is surrounded by an invisible web of radio waves that are generated by high-energy particles in the planet’s electromagnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini captured a number of recordings of these radio waves, emissions similar to Earth’s auroral radio emissions, during the more than a decade it orbited the planet, before it plummeted into Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017. 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Monday marks the 45th anniversary of this momentous event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager’s original mission was to photograph Jupiter and Saturn, a 5-year assignment; but the unstoppable spacecraft continued to zip around the solar system and beyond, communicating with NASA and sending back data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1 crossed beyond the heliosphere into interstellar space in 2012. Not long after, it detected something and sent it back. A whistle. 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Monday marks the 45th anniversary of this momentous event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager’s original mission was to photograph Jupiter and Saturn, a 5-year assignment; but the unstoppable spacecraft continued to zip around the solar system and beyond, communicating with NASA and sending back data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1 crossed beyond the heliosphere into interstellar space in 2012. Not long after, it detected something and sent it back. A whistle. And then it picked up another one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this episode of KQED’s Audible Cosmos, we explore what Voyager encountered in that space between stars, and what else it might find on its journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/\">See how far away both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are right now\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIAZWb9_si4&ab_channel=NASAJetPropulsionLaboratory\">Hear the original sound picked up by Voyager 1\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audible Cosmos is produced and reported by Amanda Font and Lowell Robinson, with original scoring by Lowell Robinson. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1980179/listen-to-what-nasas-voyager-1-encountered-in-the-space-between-stars","authors":["8637","11620"],"categories":["science_28","science_46","science_3947"],"tags":["science_5157"],"featImg":"science_1980180","label":"source_science_1980179"},"science_1979614":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979614","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979614","score":null,"sort":[1657004476000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"for-these-black-bayview-hunters-point-residents-reparations-include-safeguarding-against-rising-toxic-contamination","title":"For These Black Bayview-Hunters Point Residents, Reparations Include Safeguarding Against Rising, Toxic Contamination","publishDate":1657004476,"format":"standard","headTitle":"For These Black Bayview-Hunters Point Residents, Reparations Include Safeguarding Against Rising, Toxic Contamination | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of KQED’s series, “Sacrifice Zones: Bay Area Shoreline Communities Reimagining Their Homes in the Face of the Climate Emergency.” The project looks at communities of color facing the worst of rising seas and fighting to thrive. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read more of KQED’s reparations coverage.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arieann Harrison accepted her calling at her mother’s funeral, sitting in St. John Missionary Baptist Church in the San Francisco shoreline community of Bayview-Hunters Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You find out a lot about yourself at a funeral,” said Harrison. Her mother, Marie Harrison, passed away in 2019 at 71 from lung disease. Harrison says her mom believed the illness was tied to pollution from a nearby shipyard, where she once worked and lived close to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At St. John’s, person after person shared reasons why they valued Harrison’s mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She organized, marched and protested for decades, pushing for a shipyard cleanup — even chaining herself to the fence outside the site. Marie Harrison famously said to neighbors, officials and anyone who would listen, “We’ll never surrender.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison realized it was time to stand on her mother’s shoulders, taking on her legacy of advocacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I learned in that moment is that love is an action word,” she said. She’s since launched the \u003ca href=\"https://www.canwelive.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marie Harrison Community Foundation, whose focus is environmental justice\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Arieann Harrison, Marie Harrison Community Foundation']‘We’re just one natural disaster away from something we can never come back from. This is not a game.’[/pullquote]\u003ca href=\"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.Cleanup&id=0902722#bkground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The shipyard is now a Superfund site\u003c/a>, one of the country’s most polluted places. The 866-acre area is a jigsaw slab of concrete docking bays and abandoned buildings jutting out of the southeast shoreline of San Francisco. The site butts up against the community of Bayview-Hunters Point, where more than 35,000 people live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marie Harrison fought for a cleanup. Her daughter’s struggle is arguably more difficult, as climate change and sea level rise threaten to flood the area. Scientists are increasingly sounding the alarm about rising bay water pushing freshwater up from belowground, uncorking chemicals from the shipyard before spilling into homes and businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just one natural disaster away from something we can never come back from,” said Harrison, who lives in the neighborhood and works helping military veterans and unhoused people find housing and recovery programs in San Francisco. “This is not a game.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years after her mother’s death, Harrison, who is in her mid-50s, is pressing officials for the strongest possible cleanup of the site to ensure the community isn’t exposed to toxic waste. She’s helping lead an effort to document how living near the Superfund site may have exposed residents — many of whom are people of color — to toxics, by testing for contaminants in their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979686 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Blue bay water lies in the foreground with white apartments rising up a green hillside. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Apartment buildings in Hunters Point sit behind the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard in San Francisco on March 8, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>People of color, all around the bay and the globe,\u003ca href=\"https://psci.princeton.edu/tips/2020/8/15/racial-disparities-and-climate-change#:~:text=Communities%20of%20color%20are%20disproportionately,waste%20are%20people%20of%20color.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> are disproportionately victimized by the effects of climate change\u003c/a>. Harrison is one of the many Black women who are increasingly focused on climate justice and are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/opinion/black-women-leaders-climate-movement.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading the modern environmental movement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate justice is a real thing. Sea level rise is real,” she said. “This is the opportunity to stand up and do the right thing by the people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her advocacy also now includes a call for reparations for descendants of enslaved people, saying the tendrils of slavery are still very alive today in this historically Black neighborhood. Racist housing policies siloed Black and brown people in this part of San Francisco, where she says they were exposed to contaminants from the Superfund site; repair is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘The worst contaminants you can imagine’\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch5>Bayview-Hunters Point Hazardous Sites and 2100 Sea Level Rise\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">Click the arrow to view the map legend. Use your mouse to move the map. Use the + and – signs to zoom in and out. Click on the dots to view details. Click on the magnifying glass to search for a specific address. Areas marked by circles show the impact of rising seas and groundwater together, while squares show groundwater impacts only. Sources: Climate Central, UCLA, UC Berkeley, USGS.\u003c/i>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Embed/index.html?webmap=a1084b48e926492da63630c2c003ccc6&extent=-122.4351,37.6958,-122.3415,37.7728&home=true&zoom=true&previewImage=false&scale=true&search=true&searchextent=false&details=true&legend=true&active_panel=legend&disable_scroll=true&theme=light\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, communities of color are\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2021-11-30/toxic-tides-sea-level-rise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> five times more likely than the general population to live within a half mile of polluted places\u003c/a> like San Francisco’s shipyard, \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/toxictides/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according to an analysis\u003c/a> by environmental health scientists from UCLA and UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers predict these same spots could flood from rising seas in the coming decades; they launched a statewide mapping project last year called Toxic Tides, to \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/toxictides/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">identify hazardous places along the state’s shoreline\u003c/a>. They’ve studied a less-understood threat: Rising seas flood over the top of the land and also push in underneath, propelling any buried contamination toward the surface. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979092/how-rising-sea-levels-could-push-up-a-toxic-soup-into-bay-area-neighborhoods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Groundwater could rise as far as 3 miles inland from the edge of San Francisco Bay.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers identified as many as 900 power plants, cleanup sites, refineries and other places in California that could experience flooding from sea level rise or groundwater spreading into neighborhoods — sometimes both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/20180314/Item3_Exhibit-A_OPC_SLR_Guidance-rd3.pdf\">California’s latest guidance report on sea level rise\u003c/a> says bay waters may rise more than 10 feet by the end of the century and nearly 3 feet by 2050 in the most extreme scenarios. The leading cause of climate change is humans burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hunters Point Superfund site is one of those hazardous sites. In the middle of the last century, the U.S. Navy decontaminated ships after atomic bomb tests and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/decommissioning/complex/hunters-point-naval-shipyard.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">established the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory at the shipyard\u003c/a>. This process contaminated the soil with radionuclides, heavy metals and petroleum fuels, among other toxic compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area scientists say that before rising tides flood aboveground, bay waters will press inward under the surface of the land, pushing up the groundwater, spreading buried contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size= 'medium' citation='Lonnie Mason, Bayview-Hunters Point resident']‘Our health risks within the community are very deep. It goes way back. We know what time it is when it comes to Hunters Point.’[/pullquote]“The Hunters Point Superfund site is expected to experience monthly flooding by the end of the century,” said UCLA’s Lara Cushing, who created the mapping project with UC Berkeley’s Rachel Morello-Frosch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Superfund site is partially cleaned up. With the oversight of the federal Environmental Protection Agency, the \u003ca href=\"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.redevelop&id=0902722\">Navy is preparing for the eventual development of research institutions, parks and thousands of homes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Morello-Frosch says any cleanup that caps toxic contamination likely won’t be good enough as the bay presses groundwater upward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you start having groundwater encroachment, those caps of legacy sites can be breached,” she noted. “So it can come up, and it can move to different areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cole Burchiel, a field investigator for the environmental watchdog group San Francisco Baykeeper, is worried that rising groundwater levels will harm human and aquatic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re dealing with some of the worst contaminants you can imagine — lead, arsenic, radioactive isotopes,” he said. “They will infiltrate existing infrastructure. We’re talking sewer lines, water supply lines — and that has a direct impact on people’s homes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979625\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tall pine trees fill the foreground, while in the distance is a large, flat industrial area, with cranes in the distance. The top half of the photo is a deep blue sky.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the former Hunters Point Naval Shipyard from the housing development above it on Feb. 25, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘We’re tired of begging for our lives’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/deliverable_documents/2878295719/Final_HPNS%20FYR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Every five years the Navy examines progress on the shipyard’s cleanup.\u003c/a> The last study, completed in 2020, said they “have adequately addressed all exposure pathways that could result in unacceptable risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Mayor London Breed’s office denied multiple requests for an interview for this story. The city said in an emailed statement that it’s conducting a study with Bay Area climate scientists on how sea level rise will affect groundwater, and they’re seeking funding to study how sea level rise could affect known contaminated sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A May report released by the San Francisco Civil Grand Jury reprimands city and Navy officials, saying they have not accounted for the serious risk that rising groundwater could have here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aside from some glimmers of awareness at regulatory agencies, groundwater rise has not yet been meaningfully considered in the cleanup at the Hunters Point Shipyard,” \u003ca href=\"https://civilgrandjury.sfgov.org/2021_2022/2022%20CGJ%20Report_Buried%20Problems%20and%20a%20Buried%20Process%20-%20The%20Hunters%20Point%20Naval%20Shipyard%20in%20a%20Time%20of%20Climate%20Change.pdf\">the grand jury wrote\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Maya Carrasquillo, UC Berkeley']‘What’s actually at stake here are people’s lives. We need to make sure that people are not at the risk of death, if we really say that their lives matter.’[/pullquote]San Francisco Supervisor Shamann Walton, whose district includes Bayview-Hunters Point, \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=5688190&GUID=B80E7D1A-48DC-4E89-96F6-9BF9C8493F1E&Options=Advanced&Search=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">requested a hearing on the jury report\u003c/a>. But his office declined repeated requests for an interview. In an emailed statement, he said he is aware of the longstanding issue of radioactive contamination and is working with all the agencies involved in the cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he acknowledged that “the effect of sea level rise and groundwater rise has not been studied” for the Hunters Point Superfund site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison organized a June rally in front of City Hall to highlight the findings. Wearing a bright purple shirt with “CAN WE LIVE” printed on the front and speaking into a megaphone, she said the city needs to prepare Bayview-Hunters Point for the effects of sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to invite our mayor, who we love, to show us that she loves us back,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said reparations are necessary to create an equitable future for Bayview-Hunters Point and its Black and brown residents who will be disproportionately harmed by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://antievictionmap.com/bayview-hunters-point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Government agencies redlined Black people into the neighborhood now dominated by polluting industries.\u003c/a> As a result, residents live near toxic sites and face potentially deadly impacts from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979753\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979753\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-800x600.jpg\" alt='A Black woman in a red coat and red leggings speaks at a rally, holding up a map showing contaminated areas of the former Hunters Point naval shipyard. To the right of the photo, helping hold up the map, is a Black woman in black leggings, white running shoes and a purple t-shirt reading \"Can We Live.\" In the background is a group of Black people attending the rally, dressed in denim or khaki pants and a range of colors of shirts, from blue to red plaid. The rally is in front of a tall white fence.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Ahimsa Porter Sumchai explains her map of which contaminants are found at which locations at the Hunters Point Superfund site, during a rally on February 12, 2022 in Bayview-Hunters Point. \u003ccite>(Annelise Finney/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re tired of begging for our lives,” Harrison told KQED. “I holla for reparations because that’s paying for crimes against humanity. You can bet your bottom dollar we’re gonna need long-term care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906054/it-means-to-repair-what-you-should-know-about-reparations-for-black-californians\">California’s task force on reparations is deep in a conversation on how to repair the centuries of oppression\u003c/a> endured by descendants of the enslaved on a statewide level. San Francisco’s African American Reparations Advisory Committee is exploring how the city can repair the harm its discriminatory policies have caused to Black homeownership, access to schools and availability of health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayview-Hunters Point residents regularly attend the meetings of San Francisco’s advisory committee to express their concerns. Lonnie Mason said at a January session that the city is not giving enough attention to the historically Black area of San Francisco. He was born and raised in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our health risks within the community are very deep,” he said. “It goes way back. We know what time it is when it comes to Hunters Point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reparations mean preparing for sea level rise\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For longtime Bayview-Hunters Point residents like Tonia Randell, city leaders have taken way too long to demonstrate they value people of color in this neighborhood, \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-40\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one of the most polluted parts of San Francisco, according to a state environmental analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have all the utilities here,” she said, noting the neighborhood is home to \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Recology\u003c/a>; the city’s sewage treatment plant; and other waste facilities. “We still have the garbage dump here. Why is it all in our area? Because they don’t value us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/mcarrasquillo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UC Berkeley professor Maya Carrasquillo\u003c/a> says it’s not unusual for Black people to feel left out of plans to improve residents’ lives, even if they are represented by Black city officials. Carrasquillo, who identifies racially as a Black American and ethnically as an Afro-Latina, is a civil and environmental engineering professor focused on environmental justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says Black people in power would argue they advocate for all Black residents, but decisions made by those in control often center communities of affluence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is still a distinct difference of how we value Black and brown lives across class barriers,” she said. “When we say ‘Black Lives Matter,’ it is all Black lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979619\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979619 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A black woman with a turquoise shirt and hair pulled back into a tight bun. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Ahimsa Porter Sumchai is documenting the toxic load in Bayview-Hunters Point residents. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carrasquillo says Bayview-Hunters Point deserves the same kind of investment that wealthy neighborhoods of San Francisco receive. If that doesn’t happen, lower-income people of color will suffer disproportionately as the world warms and the bay rises. She says San Francisco and other cities should invite the people who will be the most harmed by rising tides to decide their own future by including them in every aspect of climate adaptation plans. That is an act of reparation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s actually at stake here are people’s lives,” she added. “We need to make sure that people are not at the risk of death, if we really say that their lives matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘That set my hair on fire’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To seize the attention of city leaders, residents are documenting their health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A map of Bayview-Hunters Point lies on the wood desk in Dr. Ahimsa Porter Sumchai’s office. It’s filled with red, blue, black, yellow and white pushpins — they look like ants piled up on a piece of food. Each pin represents a person whom she tested and found to have high levels of a toxic chemical in their body at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Toxic chemicals] have no role in the human body, and there is no justification for any of them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979636\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979636 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A map of San Francisco's east side with clusters of yellow, blue, white and red pushpins.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pushpins on a map show where the elements arsenic, gadolinium, manganese and vanadium were found in tests of Bayview-Hunters Point residents. Dr. Ahimsa Porter Sumchai is conducting the urine tests and correlating the results with residents’ illnesses. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2018, the state announced that \u003ca href=\"https://ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/mcarrasquillo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a radioactive object was found near new condos in the community\u003c/a> in an area the city and numerous government agencies said was cleaned up. For Porter Sumchai, that was the last straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, she began testing residents who volunteered to have their urine examined for toxic contaminants. The 70-year-old physician is the founder and medical director of the \u003ca href=\"https://hunters-point-community-biomonitoring-program.business.site/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hunters Point Biomonitoring Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s now tested and retested more than 100 residents for toxic elements like lead, mercury and arsenic, and for elevated levels of natural elements that people need, like iron and zinc. Porter Sumchai said she recently tested a woman in her 40s and found uranium at dangerously high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That set my hair on fire,” she said. “I had never seen anything like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison was tested in 2021. Porter Sumchai found cadmium, copper, manganese and other contaminants in her body at levels she described as “very dangerous.” The contaminants could cause damage to the brain, heart, kidney, liver and lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am retaining fluid, have muscle tightness, tingling in my feet and my hair is falling out of my head like a cancer patient,” she said, pointing to the test results on her office computer. “It doesn’t look like it because my wig is really cute.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On that day she wore long, black braids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the San Francisco Department of Public Health told KQED in an emailed statement that the agency is “committed to protecting and promoting the health of those in the Bayview-Hunters Point” neighborhood, but wouldn’t comment directly on Porter Sumchai’s testing, saying the agency did not have a “subject matter expert.” They deferred comment to state health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979754\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The results of Arieann Harrison’s tests for toxic elements her body is carrying are displayed on her computer in the Bayview on March 2, 2022. Bright red bars show high levels of lead, mercury, cadmium and thallium, among others. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health told KQED in an email that it is “aware” of the community testing, but “has not been directly provided any test results from those samples.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sfenvironment.org/sites/default/files/fliers/files/sfe_ej_sfhh_community_health_status_assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The city conducted a community health survey in 2006\u003c/a> that found “cancer is a major cause of years of life lost in Bayview Hunters Point,” and “African-American women and men have the highest mortality rates of any other racial/ethnic group for several major cancers.” But the city did not look at whether buried toxic contamination at the shipyard contributed to any health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Timur Durrani, a UCSF physician who is not involved with Porter Sumchai’s effort, said the tests are cause for a wider-scale survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/timur.durrani\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Durrani, who provides care for acutely poisoned patients\u003c/a> at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, cautioned that to understand the full extent of the problem, a comprehensive evaluation of the exposure and the community is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it sounds like is the community wants to be heard,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter Sumchai submits her data on cancers and toxic contamination to the California Cancer Registry. She is compiling her own — the Hunters Point Community Toxic Registry — and hopes to gather enough evidence documenting a relationship between illness and toxic exposure to use in a structured legal settlement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more evidence we collect, the more pins we place in this map,” she said. “I do think, ultimately, there is going to be a recovery for this community. It’s just in the stars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But any recovery takes hard work. Porter Sumchai and Harrison’s work is practical, methodical and deliberate. Climate change adds extreme urgency to their effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the June protest on the steps of City Hall, Harrison invited Porter Sumchai to speak on her findings. Rallying the crowd, she called her “a woman who has been fighting since Day One. I like to call her my second mother.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People in Bayview-Hunters Point are being treated like canaries in the coal mine for an impending catastrophe that will impact the entire city,” Porter Sumchai said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayview-Hunters Point residents are facing a life-or-death crisis, she said, but she promised to fight, even if city leaders don’t act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she quoted Marie Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll never surrender,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Annelise Finney contributed reporting to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Rising bay waters will move in under the surface of the land, pushing up groundwater and likely spreading buried toxic contamination to neighborhoods surrounding the Hunters Point Superfund site.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846237,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Embed/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":74,"wordCount":3223},"headData":{"title":"For These Black Bayview-Hunters Point Residents, Reparations Include Safeguarding Against Rising, Toxic Contamination | KQED","description":"Rising bay waters will move in under the surface of the land, pushing up groundwater and likely spreading buried toxic contamination to neighborhoods surrounding the Hunters Point Superfund site.\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Sea Level Rise","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/f143f583-bc69-4e87-8fa5-aeaf01213dbb/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1979614/for-these-black-bayview-hunters-point-residents-reparations-include-safeguarding-against-rising-toxic-contamination","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of KQED’s series, “Sacrifice Zones: Bay Area Shoreline Communities Reimagining Their Homes in the Face of the Climate Emergency.” The project looks at communities of color facing the worst of rising seas and fighting to thrive. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read more of KQED’s reparations coverage.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arieann Harrison accepted her calling at her mother’s funeral, sitting in St. John Missionary Baptist Church in the San Francisco shoreline community of Bayview-Hunters Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You find out a lot about yourself at a funeral,” said Harrison. Her mother, Marie Harrison, passed away in 2019 at 71 from lung disease. Harrison says her mom believed the illness was tied to pollution from a nearby shipyard, where she once worked and lived close to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At St. John’s, person after person shared reasons why they valued Harrison’s mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She organized, marched and protested for decades, pushing for a shipyard cleanup — even chaining herself to the fence outside the site. Marie Harrison famously said to neighbors, officials and anyone who would listen, “We’ll never surrender.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison realized it was time to stand on her mother’s shoulders, taking on her legacy of advocacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I learned in that moment is that love is an action word,” she said. She’s since launched the \u003ca href=\"https://www.canwelive.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marie Harrison Community Foundation, whose focus is environmental justice\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We’re just one natural disaster away from something we can never come back from. This is not a game.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","citation":"Arieann Harrison, Marie Harrison Community Foundation","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.Cleanup&id=0902722#bkground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The shipyard is now a Superfund site\u003c/a>, one of the country’s most polluted places. The 866-acre area is a jigsaw slab of concrete docking bays and abandoned buildings jutting out of the southeast shoreline of San Francisco. The site butts up against the community of Bayview-Hunters Point, where more than 35,000 people live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marie Harrison fought for a cleanup. Her daughter’s struggle is arguably more difficult, as climate change and sea level rise threaten to flood the area. Scientists are increasingly sounding the alarm about rising bay water pushing freshwater up from belowground, uncorking chemicals from the shipyard before spilling into homes and businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just one natural disaster away from something we can never come back from,” said Harrison, who lives in the neighborhood and works helping military veterans and unhoused people find housing and recovery programs in San Francisco. “This is not a game.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years after her mother’s death, Harrison, who is in her mid-50s, is pressing officials for the strongest possible cleanup of the site to ensure the community isn’t exposed to toxic waste. She’s helping lead an effort to document how living near the Superfund site may have exposed residents — many of whom are people of color — to toxics, by testing for contaminants in their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979686 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Blue bay water lies in the foreground with white apartments rising up a green hillside. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/RS54637_024_KQED_BaykeeperBayviewHuntersPoint_03082022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Apartment buildings in Hunters Point sit behind the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard in San Francisco on March 8, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>People of color, all around the bay and the globe,\u003ca href=\"https://psci.princeton.edu/tips/2020/8/15/racial-disparities-and-climate-change#:~:text=Communities%20of%20color%20are%20disproportionately,waste%20are%20people%20of%20color.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> are disproportionately victimized by the effects of climate change\u003c/a>. Harrison is one of the many Black women who are increasingly focused on climate justice and are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/opinion/black-women-leaders-climate-movement.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading the modern environmental movement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate justice is a real thing. Sea level rise is real,” she said. “This is the opportunity to stand up and do the right thing by the people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her advocacy also now includes a call for reparations for descendants of enslaved people, saying the tendrils of slavery are still very alive today in this historically Black neighborhood. Racist housing policies siloed Black and brown people in this part of San Francisco, where she says they were exposed to contaminants from the Superfund site; repair is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘The worst contaminants you can imagine’\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch5>Bayview-Hunters Point Hazardous Sites and 2100 Sea Level Rise\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">Click the arrow to view the map legend. Use your mouse to move the map. Use the + and – signs to zoom in and out. Click on the dots to view details. Click on the magnifying glass to search for a specific address. Areas marked by circles show the impact of rising seas and groundwater together, while squares show groundwater impacts only. Sources: Climate Central, UCLA, UC Berkeley, USGS.\u003c/i>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Embed/index.html?webmap=a1084b48e926492da63630c2c003ccc6&extent=-122.4351,37.6958,-122.3415,37.7728&home=true&zoom=true&previewImage=false&scale=true&search=true&searchextent=false&details=true&legend=true&active_panel=legend&disable_scroll=true&theme=light\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, communities of color are\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2021-11-30/toxic-tides-sea-level-rise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> five times more likely than the general population to live within a half mile of polluted places\u003c/a> like San Francisco’s shipyard, \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/toxictides/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according to an analysis\u003c/a> by environmental health scientists from UCLA and UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers predict these same spots could flood from rising seas in the coming decades; they launched a statewide mapping project last year called Toxic Tides, to \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/toxictides/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">identify hazardous places along the state’s shoreline\u003c/a>. They’ve studied a less-understood threat: Rising seas flood over the top of the land and also push in underneath, propelling any buried contamination toward the surface. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979092/how-rising-sea-levels-could-push-up-a-toxic-soup-into-bay-area-neighborhoods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Groundwater could rise as far as 3 miles inland from the edge of San Francisco Bay.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers identified as many as 900 power plants, cleanup sites, refineries and other places in California that could experience flooding from sea level rise or groundwater spreading into neighborhoods — sometimes both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/20180314/Item3_Exhibit-A_OPC_SLR_Guidance-rd3.pdf\">California’s latest guidance report on sea level rise\u003c/a> says bay waters may rise more than 10 feet by the end of the century and nearly 3 feet by 2050 in the most extreme scenarios. The leading cause of climate change is humans burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hunters Point Superfund site is one of those hazardous sites. In the middle of the last century, the U.S. Navy decontaminated ships after atomic bomb tests and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/decommissioning/complex/hunters-point-naval-shipyard.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">established the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory at the shipyard\u003c/a>. This process contaminated the soil with radionuclides, heavy metals and petroleum fuels, among other toxic compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area scientists say that before rising tides flood aboveground, bay waters will press inward under the surface of the land, pushing up the groundwater, spreading buried contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Our health risks within the community are very deep. It goes way back. We know what time it is when it comes to Hunters Point.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","citation":"Lonnie Mason, Bayview-Hunters Point resident","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The Hunters Point Superfund site is expected to experience monthly flooding by the end of the century,” said UCLA’s Lara Cushing, who created the mapping project with UC Berkeley’s Rachel Morello-Frosch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Superfund site is partially cleaned up. With the oversight of the federal Environmental Protection Agency, the \u003ca href=\"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.redevelop&id=0902722\">Navy is preparing for the eventual development of research institutions, parks and thousands of homes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Morello-Frosch says any cleanup that caps toxic contamination likely won’t be good enough as the bay presses groundwater upward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you start having groundwater encroachment, those caps of legacy sites can be breached,” she noted. “So it can come up, and it can move to different areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cole Burchiel, a field investigator for the environmental watchdog group San Francisco Baykeeper, is worried that rising groundwater levels will harm human and aquatic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re dealing with some of the worst contaminants you can imagine — lead, arsenic, radioactive isotopes,” he said. “They will infiltrate existing infrastructure. We’re talking sewer lines, water supply lines — and that has a direct impact on people’s homes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979625\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tall pine trees fill the foreground, while in the distance is a large, flat industrial area, with cranes in the distance. The top half of the photo is a deep blue sky.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/RS53940_004_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the former Hunters Point Naval Shipyard from the housing development above it on Feb. 25, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘We’re tired of begging for our lives’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/deliverable_documents/2878295719/Final_HPNS%20FYR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Every five years the Navy examines progress on the shipyard’s cleanup.\u003c/a> The last study, completed in 2020, said they “have adequately addressed all exposure pathways that could result in unacceptable risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Mayor London Breed’s office denied multiple requests for an interview for this story. The city said in an emailed statement that it’s conducting a study with Bay Area climate scientists on how sea level rise will affect groundwater, and they’re seeking funding to study how sea level rise could affect known contaminated sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A May report released by the San Francisco Civil Grand Jury reprimands city and Navy officials, saying they have not accounted for the serious risk that rising groundwater could have here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aside from some glimmers of awareness at regulatory agencies, groundwater rise has not yet been meaningfully considered in the cleanup at the Hunters Point Shipyard,” \u003ca href=\"https://civilgrandjury.sfgov.org/2021_2022/2022%20CGJ%20Report_Buried%20Problems%20and%20a%20Buried%20Process%20-%20The%20Hunters%20Point%20Naval%20Shipyard%20in%20a%20Time%20of%20Climate%20Change.pdf\">the grand jury wrote\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘What’s actually at stake here are people’s lives. We need to make sure that people are not at the risk of death, if we really say that their lives matter.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","citation":"Maya Carrasquillo, UC Berkeley","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>San Francisco Supervisor Shamann Walton, whose district includes Bayview-Hunters Point, \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=5688190&GUID=B80E7D1A-48DC-4E89-96F6-9BF9C8493F1E&Options=Advanced&Search=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">requested a hearing on the jury report\u003c/a>. But his office declined repeated requests for an interview. In an emailed statement, he said he is aware of the longstanding issue of radioactive contamination and is working with all the agencies involved in the cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he acknowledged that “the effect of sea level rise and groundwater rise has not been studied” for the Hunters Point Superfund site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison organized a June rally in front of City Hall to highlight the findings. Wearing a bright purple shirt with “CAN WE LIVE” printed on the front and speaking into a megaphone, she said the city needs to prepare Bayview-Hunters Point for the effects of sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to invite our mayor, who we love, to show us that she loves us back,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said reparations are necessary to create an equitable future for Bayview-Hunters Point and its Black and brown residents who will be disproportionately harmed by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://antievictionmap.com/bayview-hunters-point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Government agencies redlined Black people into the neighborhood now dominated by polluting industries.\u003c/a> As a result, residents live near toxic sites and face potentially deadly impacts from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979753\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979753\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-800x600.jpg\" alt='A Black woman in a red coat and red leggings speaks at a rally, holding up a map showing contaminated areas of the former Hunters Point naval shipyard. To the right of the photo, helping hold up the map, is a Black woman in black leggings, white running shoes and a purple t-shirt reading \"Can We Live.\" In the background is a group of Black people attending the rally, dressed in denim or khaki pants and a range of colors of shirts, from blue to red plaid. The rally is in front of a tall white fence.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/IMG_7892-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Ahimsa Porter Sumchai explains her map of which contaminants are found at which locations at the Hunters Point Superfund site, during a rally on February 12, 2022 in Bayview-Hunters Point. \u003ccite>(Annelise Finney/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re tired of begging for our lives,” Harrison told KQED. “I holla for reparations because that’s paying for crimes against humanity. You can bet your bottom dollar we’re gonna need long-term care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906054/it-means-to-repair-what-you-should-know-about-reparations-for-black-californians\">California’s task force on reparations is deep in a conversation on how to repair the centuries of oppression\u003c/a> endured by descendants of the enslaved on a statewide level. San Francisco’s African American Reparations Advisory Committee is exploring how the city can repair the harm its discriminatory policies have caused to Black homeownership, access to schools and availability of health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayview-Hunters Point residents regularly attend the meetings of San Francisco’s advisory committee to express their concerns. Lonnie Mason said at a January session that the city is not giving enough attention to the historically Black area of San Francisco. He was born and raised in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our health risks within the community are very deep,” he said. “It goes way back. We know what time it is when it comes to Hunters Point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reparations mean preparing for sea level rise\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For longtime Bayview-Hunters Point residents like Tonia Randell, city leaders have taken way too long to demonstrate they value people of color in this neighborhood, \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-40\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one of the most polluted parts of San Francisco, according to a state environmental analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have all the utilities here,” she said, noting the neighborhood is home to \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Recology\u003c/a>; the city’s sewage treatment plant; and other waste facilities. “We still have the garbage dump here. Why is it all in our area? Because they don’t value us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/mcarrasquillo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UC Berkeley professor Maya Carrasquillo\u003c/a> says it’s not unusual for Black people to feel left out of plans to improve residents’ lives, even if they are represented by Black city officials. Carrasquillo, who identifies racially as a Black American and ethnically as an Afro-Latina, is a civil and environmental engineering professor focused on environmental justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says Black people in power would argue they advocate for all Black residents, but decisions made by those in control often center communities of affluence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is still a distinct difference of how we value Black and brown lives across class barriers,” she said. “When we say ‘Black Lives Matter,’ it is all Black lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979619\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979619 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A black woman with a turquoise shirt and hair pulled back into a tight bun. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/06/028_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Ahimsa Porter Sumchai is documenting the toxic load in Bayview-Hunters Point residents. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carrasquillo says Bayview-Hunters Point deserves the same kind of investment that wealthy neighborhoods of San Francisco receive. If that doesn’t happen, lower-income people of color will suffer disproportionately as the world warms and the bay rises. She says San Francisco and other cities should invite the people who will be the most harmed by rising tides to decide their own future by including them in every aspect of climate adaptation plans. That is an act of reparation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s actually at stake here are people’s lives,” she added. “We need to make sure that people are not at the risk of death, if we really say that their lives matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘That set my hair on fire’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To seize the attention of city leaders, residents are documenting their health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A map of Bayview-Hunters Point lies on the wood desk in Dr. Ahimsa Porter Sumchai’s office. It’s filled with red, blue, black, yellow and white pushpins — they look like ants piled up on a piece of food. Each pin represents a person whom she tested and found to have high levels of a toxic chemical in their body at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Toxic chemicals] have no role in the human body, and there is no justification for any of them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979636\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1979636 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A map of San Francisco's east side with clusters of yellow, blue, white and red pushpins.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/012_KQED_BayviewBloodTesting_02252022.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pushpins on a map show where the elements arsenic, gadolinium, manganese and vanadium were found in tests of Bayview-Hunters Point residents. Dr. Ahimsa Porter Sumchai is conducting the urine tests and correlating the results with residents’ illnesses. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2018, the state announced that \u003ca href=\"https://ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/mcarrasquillo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a radioactive object was found near new condos in the community\u003c/a> in an area the city and numerous government agencies said was cleaned up. For Porter Sumchai, that was the last straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, she began testing residents who volunteered to have their urine examined for toxic contaminants. The 70-year-old physician is the founder and medical director of the \u003ca href=\"https://hunters-point-community-biomonitoring-program.business.site/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hunters Point Biomonitoring Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s now tested and retested more than 100 residents for toxic elements like lead, mercury and arsenic, and for elevated levels of natural elements that people need, like iron and zinc. Porter Sumchai said she recently tested a woman in her 40s and found uranium at dangerously high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That set my hair on fire,” she said. “I had never seen anything like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison was tested in 2021. Porter Sumchai found cadmium, copper, manganese and other contaminants in her body at levels she described as “very dangerous.” The contaminants could cause damage to the brain, heart, kidney, liver and lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am retaining fluid, have muscle tightness, tingling in my feet and my hair is falling out of my head like a cancer patient,” she said, pointing to the test results on her office computer. “It doesn’t look like it because my wig is really cute.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On that day she wore long, black braids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the San Francisco Department of Public Health told KQED in an emailed statement that the agency is “committed to protecting and promoting the health of those in the Bayview-Hunters Point” neighborhood, but wouldn’t comment directly on Porter Sumchai’s testing, saying the agency did not have a “subject matter expert.” They deferred comment to state health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979754\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/06/RS54031_004_KQED_BayviewAriannHarrison_03022022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The results of Arieann Harrison’s tests for toxic elements her body is carrying are displayed on her computer in the Bayview on March 2, 2022. Bright red bars show high levels of lead, mercury, cadmium and thallium, among others. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health told KQED in an email that it is “aware” of the community testing, but “has not been directly provided any test results from those samples.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sfenvironment.org/sites/default/files/fliers/files/sfe_ej_sfhh_community_health_status_assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The city conducted a community health survey in 2006\u003c/a> that found “cancer is a major cause of years of life lost in Bayview Hunters Point,” and “African-American women and men have the highest mortality rates of any other racial/ethnic group for several major cancers.” But the city did not look at whether buried toxic contamination at the shipyard contributed to any health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Timur Durrani, a UCSF physician who is not involved with Porter Sumchai’s effort, said the tests are cause for a wider-scale survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/timur.durrani\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Durrani, who provides care for acutely poisoned patients\u003c/a> at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, cautioned that to understand the full extent of the problem, a comprehensive evaluation of the exposure and the community is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it sounds like is the community wants to be heard,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter Sumchai submits her data on cancers and toxic contamination to the California Cancer Registry. She is compiling her own — the Hunters Point Community Toxic Registry — and hopes to gather enough evidence documenting a relationship between illness and toxic exposure to use in a structured legal settlement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more evidence we collect, the more pins we place in this map,” she said. “I do think, ultimately, there is going to be a recovery for this community. It’s just in the stars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But any recovery takes hard work. Porter Sumchai and Harrison’s work is practical, methodical and deliberate. Climate change adds extreme urgency to their effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the June protest on the steps of City Hall, Harrison invited Porter Sumchai to speak on her findings. Rallying the crowd, she called her “a woman who has been fighting since Day One. I like to call her my second mother.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People in Bayview-Hunters Point are being treated like canaries in the coal mine for an impending catastrophe that will impact the entire city,” Porter Sumchai said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayview-Hunters Point residents are facing a life-or-death crisis, she said, but she promised to fight, even if city leaders don’t act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she quoted Marie Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll never surrender,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Annelise Finney contributed reporting to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979614/for-these-black-bayview-hunters-point-residents-reparations-include-safeguarding-against-rising-toxic-contamination","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_46","science_31","science_40","science_43","science_4450"],"tags":["science_182","science_4417","science_4414","science_206"],"featImg":"science_1979622","label":"source_science_1979614"},"science_1979262":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979262","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979262","score":null,"sort":[1651884074000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-giant-isopods-to-glowing-jellies-this-new-monterey-bay-aquarium-exhibit-features-deep-sea-creatures-never-seen-before","title":"From Giant Isopods to Glowing Jellies, This New Monterey Bay Aquarium Exhibit Features Deep-Sea Creatures Never Seen Before","publishDate":1651884074,"format":"image","headTitle":"From Giant Isopods to Glowing Jellies, This New Monterey Bay Aquarium Exhibit Features Deep-Sea Creatures Never Seen Before | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The midnight zone begins half a mile beneath the ocean, and is an area so deep that no sunlight can reach it. Few humans have seen the animals who live there — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A groundbreaking exhibit at the Monterey Bay Aquarium is bringing deep-sea animals from the midnight zone up to the surface and into public view for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really cool about this exhibit is that we are the only humans on Earth right now that are likely looking at some of these animals,” said Allen Protasio, exhibit guide at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' citation='Samantha Muka, aquarium historian and professor, Stevens Institute of Technology']‘We should be completely astounded by the technological things that they’ve done. It probably couldn’t have been done even 10 or 15 years ago. It’s that cutting-edge.’[/pullquote]The midnight zone is cold and dark, and can only be explored by remote operating vehicles (ROVs) controlled by pilots in submarines. The deep sea is rich with strange and often bioluminescent creatures, many of them delicate and unable to withstand the drastic transition to the low pressure, bright lights and high temperatures at the surface. Monterey Bay researchers have experimented for over a decade with ways to bring elusive deep-sea life safely up from the depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit takes visitors on a descending tour of the abyss, starting with a model of Monterey Bay’s underwater canyon. Some parts of the canyon are more than a mile deep, and the canyon comes remarkably close to shore. Visitors can meander through a darkened gallery of tanks displaying gelatinous creatures from the shallower end of the midnight zone, known as the midwater, which ranges from 650 feet to 3,300 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979270\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A rust-colored crab with an oval body and white markings on its shell and legs rises up on four legs, two legs extended out above and in front of its body like an orchestra conductor. The crab is on a sandy floor inside an aquarium, with models of whale bones on the ground and looming in the background.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Japanese spider crab is the size of a small dog. \u003ccite>(Tyson V. Rininger/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the midwater gallery, screens show dazzling ROV footage of shimmering bioluminescence. A goopy string adorned with stingers — a creature known as a siphonophore — floats suspended in its tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tommy Knowles, a jellyfish expert and one of the scientists who developed the exhibit, described his favorite midwater creature — a crimson dome bedazzled with ridges of strobing rainbow lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the bloody belly comb jelly, Lampocteis,” Knowles said. “It’s one of the most delicate jellies in the world. It’s like a sparkly bowl of Jell-O.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowles and other scientists tinkered with the acidity, light and temperature to achieve conditions that were just right for each deep-sea animal on display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be completely astounded by the technological things that they’ve done,” said Samantha Muka, aquarium historian and professor at the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey. “It probably couldn’t have been done even 10 or 15 years ago. It’s that cutting-edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the deep sea is known for its high pressures, the aquarium scientists found that some deep-sea creatures could survive the ascent if they were given time to acclimate to the lower pressure and higher temperatures, not unlike the delicacy required when human divers return from high-pressure depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Inside a deep sea exhibit, black boulders looking like pieces of charcoal, pocked with lines and small holes line the ground. Growing on these boulders are tall, pale orange corals with trunks like a tree and branches like a curved fan. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2.jpg 1044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corals and sponges that grow on underwater mountains, or “seamounts” develop so slowly that damaged habitats could take centuries to recover. Drilling, mining, and fishing can put corals, sponges, and the animals they shelter at risk. \u003ccite>(Tyson V. Rininger/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re the only people right now that know how you can push these animals, like the plasticity of their pressure needs at the moment,” said Muka. “They already know more about those deep-sea animals than we’ve ever known about them ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it took years of trial and error to figure out each deep-sea creature’s specific requirements, achieving low-enough oxygen levels proved to be a particular challenge. Many deep-sea creatures from an area known as the oxygen minimum zone need as little as 5% of the oxygen found at the ocean’s surface to survive. Some displays required developing new methods to strip oxygen out of seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to use equipment that I don’t think has ever been used in aquariums before,” Knowles said. “It was used in food production, for stripping gasses out of liquids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is more than a technological marvel or a way to show off exotic animals. In addition to educating the public, it serves as a reconstructed ecological system that allows scientists to study deep-sea environments without the expense and difficulty of submarine voyages. This combination of public outreach and basic science is a hallmark of the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re basically setting up a long-term laboratory for those scientists to be able to study those organisms,” Muka said. “In some sense, it is the ultimate reason for the public aquarium to exist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it is so challenging to access and study, deep-sea biology is still in its infancy. Although scientists are only beginning to understand deep-sea environments, those environments are already under threat from human influence, such as deep-sea drilling, mining operations, climate change and microplastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep-sea creatures feed on marine snow, tiny flecks of rotten flesh and other debris that drift down and eventually reach the sunless depths. But now, much of that snow is made up of tiny bits of microplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To demonstrate how microplastic pollution affects deep-sea animals, the exhibit includes an interactive game that shows how hard it is for these animals to survive. Players take control of different deep-sea creatures and must avoid getting eaten or stung, all while chasing down and gobbling up bits of marine snow. If a player survives the game, the screen displays the percentage of plastic they consumed along with their marine snow meals — often more than half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As those plastics break down smaller and smaller, they get into the food chain,” said Protasio. “And these deep-sea critters may not be able to distinguish between what’s marine snow and what’s microplastic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the deep end of the exhibit, visitors reach the muddy plains of the sea floor, studded with microhabitats. In one seafloor tank, spiny Japanese spider crabs the size of small dogs crawl over a model of a sperm whale skeleton settled into the mud. Cartilaginous ghost sharks lurk, and elephant fish probe for food with their long snouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' citation='Tommy Knowles, jellyfish expert, Monterey Bay Aquarium']‘In one sense they’re so foreign to us, they’re very alien. But in another sense, they are earthlings.’[/pullquote]While every other animal in the exhibit lives behind glass, giant deep-sea isopods with 14 legs huddle in a touch tank. They look like roly-polys from your garden, except they’re ghostly pale and as big as bread loaves. Isopods can thrive in a vast range of depths and environments, from just 550 feet below the surface to as deep as 7,000 feet. They can switch between crawling along the muddy plains of the seafloor to swimming with muscular flaps called pleopods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the deep sea is so different from what we’re used to, it can seem far away, and has often been compared to another planet. The creatures who call it home, with their many limbs and glowing, gelatinous bodies, might strike some visitors as otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In one sense they’re so foreign to us, they’re very alien. But in another sense, they are earthlings,” said Knowles. “I feel like the alien, coming in with my submarine with bright lights. They’re probably wondering, ‘What is that?!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Bay Aquarium has successfully brought a glimpse of the midnight zone into the light. The exhibit provides scientists with new tools to keep learning about the earthlings who call it home, and reminds us just how close we are to our deep, dark neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The midnight zone begins half a mile beneath the ocean and is an area so deep that no sunlight can reach it. Few humans have seen the animals who live there — until now.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846265,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1389},"headData":{"title":"From Giant Isopods to Glowing Jellies, This New Monterey Bay Aquarium Exhibit Features Deep-Sea Creatures Never Seen Before | KQED","description":"The midnight zone begins half a mile beneath the ocean and is an area so deep that no sunlight can reach it. Few humans have seen the animals who live there — until now.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Oceans","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/44e7dfc5-3e1e-466c-a06e-ae7b0129cf16/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Guananí Gómez-Van Cortright ","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1979262/from-giant-isopods-to-glowing-jellies-this-new-monterey-bay-aquarium-exhibit-features-deep-sea-creatures-never-seen-before","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The midnight zone begins half a mile beneath the ocean, and is an area so deep that no sunlight can reach it. Few humans have seen the animals who live there — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A groundbreaking exhibit at the Monterey Bay Aquarium is bringing deep-sea animals from the midnight zone up to the surface and into public view for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really cool about this exhibit is that we are the only humans on Earth right now that are likely looking at some of these animals,” said Allen Protasio, exhibit guide at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We should be completely astounded by the technological things that they’ve done. It probably couldn’t have been done even 10 or 15 years ago. It’s that cutting-edge.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","citation":"Samantha Muka, aquarium historian and professor, Stevens Institute of Technology","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The midnight zone is cold and dark, and can only be explored by remote operating vehicles (ROVs) controlled by pilots in submarines. The deep sea is rich with strange and often bioluminescent creatures, many of them delicate and unable to withstand the drastic transition to the low pressure, bright lights and high temperatures at the surface. Monterey Bay researchers have experimented for over a decade with ways to bring elusive deep-sea life safely up from the depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit takes visitors on a descending tour of the abyss, starting with a model of Monterey Bay’s underwater canyon. Some parts of the canyon are more than a mile deep, and the canyon comes remarkably close to shore. Visitors can meander through a darkened gallery of tanks displaying gelatinous creatures from the shallower end of the midnight zone, known as the midwater, which ranges from 650 feet to 3,300 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979270\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A rust-colored crab with an oval body and white markings on its shell and legs rises up on four legs, two legs extended out above and in front of its body like an orchestra conductor. The crab is on a sandy floor inside an aquarium, with models of whale bones on the ground and looming in the background.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Whalefall_Japanese_crab_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Japanese spider crab is the size of a small dog. \u003ccite>(Tyson V. Rininger/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the midwater gallery, screens show dazzling ROV footage of shimmering bioluminescence. A goopy string adorned with stingers — a creature known as a siphonophore — floats suspended in its tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tommy Knowles, a jellyfish expert and one of the scientists who developed the exhibit, described his favorite midwater creature — a crimson dome bedazzled with ridges of strobing rainbow lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the bloody belly comb jelly, Lampocteis,” Knowles said. “It’s one of the most delicate jellies in the world. It’s like a sparkly bowl of Jell-O.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowles and other scientists tinkered with the acidity, light and temperature to achieve conditions that were just right for each deep-sea animal on display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be completely astounded by the technological things that they’ve done,” said Samantha Muka, aquarium historian and professor at the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey. “It probably couldn’t have been done even 10 or 15 years ago. It’s that cutting-edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the deep sea is known for its high pressures, the aquarium scientists found that some deep-sea creatures could survive the ascent if they were given time to acclimate to the lower pressure and higher temperatures, not unlike the delicacy required when human divers return from high-pressure depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Inside a deep sea exhibit, black boulders looking like pieces of charcoal, pocked with lines and small holes line the ground. Growing on these boulders are tall, pale orange corals with trunks like a tree and branches like a curved fan. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/05/Deep_sea_Tyson-V.-Rininger-resize2.jpg 1044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corals and sponges that grow on underwater mountains, or “seamounts” develop so slowly that damaged habitats could take centuries to recover. Drilling, mining, and fishing can put corals, sponges, and the animals they shelter at risk. \u003ccite>(Tyson V. Rininger/Monterey Bay Aquarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re the only people right now that know how you can push these animals, like the plasticity of their pressure needs at the moment,” said Muka. “They already know more about those deep-sea animals than we’ve ever known about them ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it took years of trial and error to figure out each deep-sea creature’s specific requirements, achieving low-enough oxygen levels proved to be a particular challenge. Many deep-sea creatures from an area known as the oxygen minimum zone need as little as 5% of the oxygen found at the ocean’s surface to survive. Some displays required developing new methods to strip oxygen out of seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to use equipment that I don’t think has ever been used in aquariums before,” Knowles said. “It was used in food production, for stripping gasses out of liquids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is more than a technological marvel or a way to show off exotic animals. In addition to educating the public, it serves as a reconstructed ecological system that allows scientists to study deep-sea environments without the expense and difficulty of submarine voyages. This combination of public outreach and basic science is a hallmark of the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re basically setting up a long-term laboratory for those scientists to be able to study those organisms,” Muka said. “In some sense, it is the ultimate reason for the public aquarium to exist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it is so challenging to access and study, deep-sea biology is still in its infancy. Although scientists are only beginning to understand deep-sea environments, those environments are already under threat from human influence, such as deep-sea drilling, mining operations, climate change and microplastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep-sea creatures feed on marine snow, tiny flecks of rotten flesh and other debris that drift down and eventually reach the sunless depths. But now, much of that snow is made up of tiny bits of microplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To demonstrate how microplastic pollution affects deep-sea animals, the exhibit includes an interactive game that shows how hard it is for these animals to survive. Players take control of different deep-sea creatures and must avoid getting eaten or stung, all while chasing down and gobbling up bits of marine snow. If a player survives the game, the screen displays the percentage of plastic they consumed along with their marine snow meals — often more than half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As those plastics break down smaller and smaller, they get into the food chain,” said Protasio. “And these deep-sea critters may not be able to distinguish between what’s marine snow and what’s microplastic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the deep end of the exhibit, visitors reach the muddy plains of the sea floor, studded with microhabitats. In one seafloor tank, spiny Japanese spider crabs the size of small dogs crawl over a model of a sperm whale skeleton settled into the mud. Cartilaginous ghost sharks lurk, and elephant fish probe for food with their long snouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘In one sense they’re so foreign to us, they’re very alien. But in another sense, they are earthlings.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","citation":"Tommy Knowles, jellyfish expert, Monterey Bay Aquarium","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While every other animal in the exhibit lives behind glass, giant deep-sea isopods with 14 legs huddle in a touch tank. They look like roly-polys from your garden, except they’re ghostly pale and as big as bread loaves. Isopods can thrive in a vast range of depths and environments, from just 550 feet below the surface to as deep as 7,000 feet. They can switch between crawling along the muddy plains of the seafloor to swimming with muscular flaps called pleopods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the deep sea is so different from what we’re used to, it can seem far away, and has often been compared to another planet. The creatures who call it home, with their many limbs and glowing, gelatinous bodies, might strike some visitors as otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In one sense they’re so foreign to us, they’re very alien. But in another sense, they are earthlings,” said Knowles. “I feel like the alien, coming in with my submarine with bright lights. They’re probably wondering, ‘What is that?!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Bay Aquarium has successfully brought a glimpse of the midnight zone into the light. The exhibit provides scientists with new tools to keep learning about the earthlings who call it home, and reminds us just how close we are to our deep, dark neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979262/from-giant-isopods-to-glowing-jellies-this-new-monterey-bay-aquarium-exhibit-features-deep-sea-creatures-never-seen-before","authors":["byline_science_1979262"],"categories":["science_2874","science_46","science_40","science_2873","science_43"],"tags":["science_4414","science_2698","science_324"],"featImg":"science_1979272","label":"source_science_1979262"},"science_1979155":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1979155","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1979155","score":null,"sort":[1649764835000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"newsom-hailed-this-critical-wildfire-prevention-program-two-years-on-it-hasnt-completed-a-single-project","title":"Newsom Hailed This 'Critical' Wildfire-Prevention Program. Two Years On, It Hasn't Completed a Single Project","publishDate":1649764835,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Newsom Hailed This ‘Critical’ Wildfire-Prevention Program. Two Years On, It Hasn’t Completed a Single Project | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the foothills of Mendocino County, where stretches of flat grazing land give way to thick brush and towering conifers, sits the community of Brooktrails.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Idyllic, picturesque — and primed for burning. Most of its 3,800 residents fled their homes in 2020 when the Oak Fire ignited north of town. Evacuees funneled onto Sherwood Road, the only route down the hillside and away from the flames.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote size='medium' citation='Gov. Gavin Newsom']‘The scale of the wildfire crisis in California is unprecedented, and we need a response to match the scale and severity of this challenge.’[/pullquote]Residents fear the next blaze could burn straight across the community and the town’s only evacuation route won’t be enough. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the people of Brooktrails don’t need to fear being trapped. For two years, a local wildfire safety nonprofit, Sherwood Firewise Communities, has sought to clear a series of old, overgrown logging and emergency access roads that could provide alternative paths out of town. The roads also would allow fire engines into the community, easing congestion on existing evacuation routes. In March 2020, months before the Oak Fire, the nonprofit secured a grant from Cal Fire for over $447,000 to complete the project. But as of March, only four of the 20-plus miles of planned evacuation and access roads have been cleared. Most of the project is still waiting on paperwork and approvals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Area residents, who had to evacuate before, are worried about \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the slow progress.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It makes me very angry, very cynical, [and] frustrated,” said Brooktrails retiree Luis Celaya, 85. “This is something that is so important and the potential is so high that a fire could happen.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A monthslong investigation by CapRadio and The California Newsroom found that projects across the state, like the one in Brooktrails, are encountering a bureaucratic bottleneck before shovels can even break ground. The state’s byzantine environmental approval process, required under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), is slowing projects from Mendocino County to the Sierra Nevada to the Central Coast. The landmark environmental law was intended to protect ecologically and environmentally sensitive landscapes. But foresters worry that the glacial pace of environmental approvals under CEQA may lead to a much worse outcome — extreme wildfires obliterating these areas. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To combat this, Gov. Gavin Newsom’s administration launched a program more than two years ago that promised to break the logjam, by fast-tracking environmental reviews. But that program, called the California Vegetation Treatment Program (CalVTP), hasn’t led to the completion of a single project so far. This stands in stark contrast to projections by the state Board of Forestry and Fire Protection, which anticipated CalVTP would lead to 45,000 acres of completed work in its first year. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979163\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979163\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A huge pile of bent and twisted metal fills the image, with blackened tree trunks in the background. A rusty, once-white car is behind the remains of a huge storage building. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just a few yards off Highway 101, a huge storage building was reduced to ash and twisted metal on Oct. 5, 2020. Property owner Rochelle Harn barely escaped the flames. \u003ccite>(Mathew Caine/Willits Weekly)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Keith Rutledge, project manager for Sherwood Firewise Communities in Brooktrails, told CapRadio and The California Newsroom that he had never heard of CalVTP. The nonprofit instead used the established system to satisfy CEQA to clear the first few miles of road, which took over a year. When they later asked a Cal Fire representative about using CalVTP on the rest of the project, the representative discouraged them from using the new program, cautioning it would be even more burdensome, according to multiple sources familiar with the matter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other experienced foresters said they didn’t know how to use the new system, which includes many new bureaucratic processes. The Board of Forestry did not respond to inquiries about its outreach and training for CalVTP; the earliest training webinar available on the board’s website is dated more than a year after the program’s launch. As a result, many foresters use the sluggish CEQA system they already understand.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Money is not the problem. The state set aside roughly \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/business-health-fires-climate-california-eec48e6279099449851b3c7f150cda33\">$1.5 billion for fire mitigation and forest resilience\u003c/a> last year. Cal Fire is \u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4495\">scrambling to get this money out the door\u003c/a>, and many projects across the state are funded. But the clock is ticking. Without the green light to complete prescribed burns, fuel breaks and vegetation thinning, nearby communities are at the mercy of another wildfire season that threatens to be just as devastating as the last two, which burned nearly 7 million acres combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though not a single CalVTP project has been completed, Lisa Lien-Mager, deputy secretary for communications at the California Natural Resources Agency, claimed in a series of emails that the state’s efforts to speed up environmental reviews have shown early signs of success. She declined repeated requests for an interview. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Newsom did not respond to an interview request, though a spokesperson acknowledged receiving the inquiry. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>New program, same problems\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2020, Newsom signed an agreement with the U.S. Forest Service, in which \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/8.12.20-CA-Shared-Stewardship-MOU.pdf\">USFS and California each promised to perform 500,000 acres of fire prevention\u003c/a> and forest management work in the state every year by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To help meet the state’s responsibility, the Newsom administration launched CalVTP in late 2019. The program promised to streamline the time-consuming environmental approval process for forest management projects. CalVTP completed a massive environmental review on more than 20 million acres in California. The idea was for new projects to cut through red tape by using this existing environmental review template instead of starting from scratch. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the program launched, \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/12/31/california-certifies-statewide-programmatic-environmental-impact-review-to-protect-californians-from-catastrophic-wildfires/\">Newsom hailed it\u003c/a> as a way to “increase the pace and scale of critical vegetation treatment in a way that safely and responsibly protects our environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The scale of the wildfire crisis in California is unprecedented, and we need a response to match the scale and severity of this challenge,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Board of Forestry projected CalVTP’s output would skyrocket after its first year, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">setting a goal of accomplishing approximately 250,000 acres through CalVTP — half the state’s annual target — every year by 2024. Achieving this lofty target would mean completing hundreds of projects annually, according to the board’s estimates.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But more than two years into the program, it hasn’t resulted in a single completed project. A handful of local groups have begun projects using CalVTP, but it’s unclear how much progress they’ve made, because the Board of Forestry only collects data on a project when it’s finished. As of late March, the Natural Resources Agency said only 26 projects had been approved and another 45 proposals were being reviewed. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The agency did not provide current figures on the number of project acres approved through CalVTP. In December, it told CapRadio and The California Newsroom that the program had approved 28,000 acres. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is not enough by any stretch of the imagination,” said Char Miller, professor of environmental analysis and history at Pomona College, who has monitored the development of CalVTP. He says California has millions of acres in desperate need of forest management and fuel reduction. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nevertheless, officials in the Newsom administration have continued to gloss over CalVTP falling dramatically short of its goals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The California Vegetation Treatment Program, this one-stop shop for permitting … is now in action,” said Wade Crowfoot, California Natural Resources Agency secretary, at a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.assembly.ca.gov/media/assembly-budget-subcommittee-3-20220202/video\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">legislative oversight hearing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in early February. “And it’s starting to be used.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lien-Mager, with the Natural Resources Agency, did not address specific requests for comment regarding Crowfoot’s remarks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In interviews, foresters and fire prevention experts around the state said they still don’t fully understand how the program is supposed to work. Others were turned off by the large amount of unfamiliar paperwork required under the program. \u003ca href=\"https://bof.fire.ca.gov/media/extnp0al/psa-flow-chart_ada.pdf\">CalVTP’s official workflow template\u003c/a>, published\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on the Board of Forestry and Fire Protection’s website\u003c/span>\u003cb>, \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">includes a dizzying decision tree of acronyms.\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979165\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart-800x688.png\" alt='A green rectangle named \"Planned Project\" starts off a decision tree with 9 layers of approvals and multiple arrows categorizing the project status, ending at the bottom with a green rectangle called \"Completed Projects.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"688\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart-800x688.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart-160x138.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart-768x660.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart.png 814w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CalVTP’s official workflow template, published on the Board of Forestry and Fire Protection’s website, includes nine layers of decision-making and marks the process with multiple arrows. \u003ccite>(Board of Forestry and Fire Protection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fire prevention project managers who’ve tried to use the program have faced unforeseen hurdles. For example, the Central Coast Prescribed Burn Association wanted to use a single CalVTP application for a series of controlled burns across Santa Cruz, San Benito and Monterey counties. The 10 prescribed burn sites would help protect homes and ecologically sensitive habitats, including freshwater wetlands. The threat of fire isn’t hypothetical in this area — just two years ago, the 48,000-acre \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/16/river-fire/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">River Fire\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> burned within 15 miles of one project site.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the projects straddle two Cal Fire units, according to Nadia Hamey, a forester and environmental consultant working with the burn association. She said each unit wanted a separate CalVTP application for the proposed burns in their area. Completing two versions of the new, unfamiliar paperwork proved too burdensome.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So the burn association decided to use the traditional environmental review process. That required 10 separate project applications. As of this winter, two burns had been completed, with the rest moving through the development and approval process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hamey said she would love to use CalVTP — “if it was a straightforward path for the projects we’re trying to do.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A few projects breaking ground\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an email, Lien-Mager said the number of projects approved is not the best way to gauge CalVTP’s success.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The measure of CalVTP’s success is the time it takes to get projects cleared and on the ground,” she said. “The physical work of fuels treatment is an entirely separate exercise.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Based on the early data available, CalVTP has significantly expedited projects,” she added. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That claim is at odds with an initial review by the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We didn’t find clear data showing that it had significantly expedited projects,” Helen Kerstein, an analyst with the LAO, told lawmakers during a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/12/07/after-long-delay-california-lawmakers-hold-wildfire-oversight-hearing/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">wildfire oversight hearing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> late last year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although two years had passed since Newsom formally launched the program, Kerstein told lawmakers that “it’s very early days” for CalVTP. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are other potential complications. A \u003ca href=\"https://bof.fire.ca.gov/media/dannit4m/calvtp-faqs.pdf\">lawsuit brought by two groups opposed to CalVTP’s expedited environmental review\u003c/a> — the California Chaparral Institute and the Endangered Habitats League — could invalidate CalVTP completely or introduce more burdensome and timely hoops for forest managers to jump through, according to a \u003c/span>memo\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the Board of Forestry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the lawsuit isn’t preventing any projects from moving forward right now, the board memo cautions that project managers should consider the “uncertainty” posed by the litigation before using CalVTP.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some people using the new program say it is accomplishing what it set out to do. While no CalVTP project has been completed, a few are making progress on the ground. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">JoAnna Lessard, manager of the Yuba Water Agency’s Watershed Resilience and Forest Health Program, said CalVTP “allowed us to get out there in the field probably a year faster than we would have otherwise.” The program has helped expedite \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.yubawater.org/337/Yuba-Foothills-Healthy-Forest-Project%5D\">a 5,400-acre project in Yuba County\u003c/a>, she said. So far, about 3,000 acres of vegetation thinning and removal have been completed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wood chippers have started thinning ladder fuels between stands of looming trees in the Yuba River watershed in the Sierra foothills, north of Sacramento. Prescribed burning also is planned to help reintroduce low-intensity fire to the landscape. The project aims to protect an essential ecological feature of the foothills, as well as surrounding communities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Yuba Water Agency hired the same consulting firm that crafted the giant environmental review document for CalVTP. Lessard said that decision also helped the agency navigate the new approval process. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We had the money, we had the people — we just needed the ability to get out there by completing environmental compliance,” Lessard said. “And [CalVTP] really did streamline that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wolfy Rougle, forest health watershed coordinator for the Butte County Resource Conservation District, also is using CalVTP for a roughly 1,200-acre prescribed burn.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an email, Rougle said that the program helped save the district $2,000 in fees. And she believes it could be useful for “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">smaller organizations [without] experience or confidence creating their own” projects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But, in an email, she noted that “it’s not *necessarily* faster” than the traditional project review process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Still waiting for approval\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, most project managers are using the old environmental review process. And even relatively simple, low-impact projects can get bogged down. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in the Mendocino County community of Brooktrails, workers have started clearing brush on a few miles of planned access and evacuation routes. But most roads remain overgrown and impassable.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979162\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979162\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Five men in work clothes and blue hardhats clear brush and saw small tree trunks. They are working on a hillside, with larger trees in the background.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1.jpg 1248w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California Conservation Corps crew works on mitigating small-diameter trees and branches off Spring Creek Road near Brooktrails atop the ridge in the Sherwood Corridor, in February 2022. The work will help provide a safe exit to Highway 101 in case Sherwood Road becomes impassible. \u003ccite>(Mathew Caine/Willits Weekly)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After awarding the grant nearly two years ago, Cal Fire advised Sherwood Firewise Communities that the project’s environmental impact was likely so minimal that it could apply for a “notice of exemption” — what is supposed to be the most efficient way of satisfying CEQA under the established system. The nonprofit would still have to clear a few hurdles, such as a plant survey and archaeological review — but that process, for only the first part of the project, took over a year. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They’re now preparing the notice of exemption paperwork for the second leg of the project — after Cal Fire discouraged them from using CalVTP.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rutledge, the project manager, said he understands that approvals for fire prevention projects can’t be completed overnight. But he added that he’d like to see the state “step up and streamline their process” for environmental review, especially as it pumps more money into proposed projects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “Our No. 1 goal,” he said, “is to try to keep people from dying.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Newsroom is a collaboration of public radio stations, NPR and CalMatters.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In late 2019, Gov. Gavin Newsom announced a new program to dramatically speed up the state's wildfire prevention work. But a monthslong investigation found that a bureaucratic bottleneck is holding up projects before shovels can even break ground.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846272,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":53,"wordCount":2462},"headData":{"title":"Newsom Hailed This 'Critical' Wildfire-Prevention Program. Two Years On, It Hasn't Completed a Single Project | KQED","description":"In late 2019, Gov. Gavin Newsom announced a new program to dramatically speed up the state's wildfire prevention work. But a monthslong investigation found that a bureaucratic bottleneck is holding up projects before shovels can even break ground.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfires","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/6a38f528-7751-4f6d-bd24-ae7500f1e219/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Scott Rodd, CapRadio","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1979155/newsom-hailed-this-critical-wildfire-prevention-program-two-years-on-it-hasnt-completed-a-single-project","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the foothills of Mendocino County, where stretches of flat grazing land give way to thick brush and towering conifers, sits the community of Brooktrails.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Idyllic, picturesque — and primed for burning. Most of its 3,800 residents fled their homes in 2020 when the Oak Fire ignited north of town. Evacuees funneled onto Sherwood Road, the only route down the hillside and away from the flames.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘The scale of the wildfire crisis in California is unprecedented, and we need a response to match the scale and severity of this challenge.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","citation":"Gov. Gavin Newsom","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Residents fear the next blaze could burn straight across the community and the town’s only evacuation route won’t be enough. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the people of Brooktrails don’t need to fear being trapped. For two years, a local wildfire safety nonprofit, Sherwood Firewise Communities, has sought to clear a series of old, overgrown logging and emergency access roads that could provide alternative paths out of town. The roads also would allow fire engines into the community, easing congestion on existing evacuation routes. In March 2020, months before the Oak Fire, the nonprofit secured a grant from Cal Fire for over $447,000 to complete the project. But as of March, only four of the 20-plus miles of planned evacuation and access roads have been cleared. Most of the project is still waiting on paperwork and approvals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Area residents, who had to evacuate before, are worried about \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the slow progress.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It makes me very angry, very cynical, [and] frustrated,” said Brooktrails retiree Luis Celaya, 85. “This is something that is so important and the potential is so high that a fire could happen.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A monthslong investigation by CapRadio and The California Newsroom found that projects across the state, like the one in Brooktrails, are encountering a bureaucratic bottleneck before shovels can even break ground. The state’s byzantine environmental approval process, required under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), is slowing projects from Mendocino County to the Sierra Nevada to the Central Coast. The landmark environmental law was intended to protect ecologically and environmentally sensitive landscapes. But foresters worry that the glacial pace of environmental approvals under CEQA may lead to a much worse outcome — extreme wildfires obliterating these areas. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To combat this, Gov. Gavin Newsom’s administration launched a program more than two years ago that promised to break the logjam, by fast-tracking environmental reviews. But that program, called the California Vegetation Treatment Program (CalVTP), hasn’t led to the completion of a single project so far. This stands in stark contrast to projections by the state Board of Forestry and Fire Protection, which anticipated CalVTP would lead to 45,000 acres of completed work in its first year. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979163\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979163\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A huge pile of bent and twisted metal fills the image, with blackened tree trunks in the background. A rusty, once-white car is behind the remains of a huge storage building. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails2.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just a few yards off Highway 101, a huge storage building was reduced to ash and twisted metal on Oct. 5, 2020. Property owner Rochelle Harn barely escaped the flames. \u003ccite>(Mathew Caine/Willits Weekly)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Keith Rutledge, project manager for Sherwood Firewise Communities in Brooktrails, told CapRadio and The California Newsroom that he had never heard of CalVTP. The nonprofit instead used the established system to satisfy CEQA to clear the first few miles of road, which took over a year. When they later asked a Cal Fire representative about using CalVTP on the rest of the project, the representative discouraged them from using the new program, cautioning it would be even more burdensome, according to multiple sources familiar with the matter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other experienced foresters said they didn’t know how to use the new system, which includes many new bureaucratic processes. The Board of Forestry did not respond to inquiries about its outreach and training for CalVTP; the earliest training webinar available on the board’s website is dated more than a year after the program’s launch. As a result, many foresters use the sluggish CEQA system they already understand.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Money is not the problem. The state set aside roughly \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/business-health-fires-climate-california-eec48e6279099449851b3c7f150cda33\">$1.5 billion for fire mitigation and forest resilience\u003c/a> last year. Cal Fire is \u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4495\">scrambling to get this money out the door\u003c/a>, and many projects across the state are funded. But the clock is ticking. Without the green light to complete prescribed burns, fuel breaks and vegetation thinning, nearby communities are at the mercy of another wildfire season that threatens to be just as devastating as the last two, which burned nearly 7 million acres combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though not a single CalVTP project has been completed, Lisa Lien-Mager, deputy secretary for communications at the California Natural Resources Agency, claimed in a series of emails that the state’s efforts to speed up environmental reviews have shown early signs of success. She declined repeated requests for an interview. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Newsom did not respond to an interview request, though a spokesperson acknowledged receiving the inquiry. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>New program, same problems\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2020, Newsom signed an agreement with the U.S. Forest Service, in which \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/8.12.20-CA-Shared-Stewardship-MOU.pdf\">USFS and California each promised to perform 500,000 acres of fire prevention\u003c/a> and forest management work in the state every year by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To help meet the state’s responsibility, the Newsom administration launched CalVTP in late 2019. The program promised to streamline the time-consuming environmental approval process for forest management projects. CalVTP completed a massive environmental review on more than 20 million acres in California. The idea was for new projects to cut through red tape by using this existing environmental review template instead of starting from scratch. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the program launched, \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/12/31/california-certifies-statewide-programmatic-environmental-impact-review-to-protect-californians-from-catastrophic-wildfires/\">Newsom hailed it\u003c/a> as a way to “increase the pace and scale of critical vegetation treatment in a way that safely and responsibly protects our environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The scale of the wildfire crisis in California is unprecedented, and we need a response to match the scale and severity of this challenge,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Board of Forestry projected CalVTP’s output would skyrocket after its first year, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">setting a goal of accomplishing approximately 250,000 acres through CalVTP — half the state’s annual target — every year by 2024. Achieving this lofty target would mean completing hundreds of projects annually, according to the board’s estimates.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But more than two years into the program, it hasn’t resulted in a single completed project. A handful of local groups have begun projects using CalVTP, but it’s unclear how much progress they’ve made, because the Board of Forestry only collects data on a project when it’s finished. As of late March, the Natural Resources Agency said only 26 projects had been approved and another 45 proposals were being reviewed. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The agency did not provide current figures on the number of project acres approved through CalVTP. In December, it told CapRadio and The California Newsroom that the program had approved 28,000 acres. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is not enough by any stretch of the imagination,” said Char Miller, professor of environmental analysis and history at Pomona College, who has monitored the development of CalVTP. He says California has millions of acres in desperate need of forest management and fuel reduction. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nevertheless, officials in the Newsom administration have continued to gloss over CalVTP falling dramatically short of its goals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The California Vegetation Treatment Program, this one-stop shop for permitting … is now in action,” said Wade Crowfoot, California Natural Resources Agency secretary, at a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.assembly.ca.gov/media/assembly-budget-subcommittee-3-20220202/video\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">legislative oversight hearing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in early February. “And it’s starting to be used.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lien-Mager, with the Natural Resources Agency, did not address specific requests for comment regarding Crowfoot’s remarks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In interviews, foresters and fire prevention experts around the state said they still don’t fully understand how the program is supposed to work. Others were turned off by the large amount of unfamiliar paperwork required under the program. \u003ca href=\"https://bof.fire.ca.gov/media/extnp0al/psa-flow-chart_ada.pdf\">CalVTP’s official workflow template\u003c/a>, published\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on the Board of Forestry and Fire Protection’s website\u003c/span>\u003cb>, \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">includes a dizzying decision tree of acronyms.\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979165\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart-800x688.png\" alt='A green rectangle named \"Planned Project\" starts off a decision tree with 9 layers of approvals and multiple arrows categorizing the project status, ending at the bottom with a green rectangle called \"Completed Projects.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"688\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart-800x688.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart-160x138.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart-768x660.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/CalVTP_flowchart.png 814w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CalVTP’s official workflow template, published on the Board of Forestry and Fire Protection’s website, includes nine layers of decision-making and marks the process with multiple arrows. \u003ccite>(Board of Forestry and Fire Protection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fire prevention project managers who’ve tried to use the program have faced unforeseen hurdles. For example, the Central Coast Prescribed Burn Association wanted to use a single CalVTP application for a series of controlled burns across Santa Cruz, San Benito and Monterey counties. The 10 prescribed burn sites would help protect homes and ecologically sensitive habitats, including freshwater wetlands. The threat of fire isn’t hypothetical in this area — just two years ago, the 48,000-acre \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/16/river-fire/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">River Fire\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> burned within 15 miles of one project site.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the projects straddle two Cal Fire units, according to Nadia Hamey, a forester and environmental consultant working with the burn association. She said each unit wanted a separate CalVTP application for the proposed burns in their area. Completing two versions of the new, unfamiliar paperwork proved too burdensome.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So the burn association decided to use the traditional environmental review process. That required 10 separate project applications. As of this winter, two burns had been completed, with the rest moving through the development and approval process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hamey said she would love to use CalVTP — “if it was a straightforward path for the projects we’re trying to do.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A few projects breaking ground\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an email, Lien-Mager said the number of projects approved is not the best way to gauge CalVTP’s success.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The measure of CalVTP’s success is the time it takes to get projects cleared and on the ground,” she said. “The physical work of fuels treatment is an entirely separate exercise.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Based on the early data available, CalVTP has significantly expedited projects,” she added. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That claim is at odds with an initial review by the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We didn’t find clear data showing that it had significantly expedited projects,” Helen Kerstein, an analyst with the LAO, told lawmakers during a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/12/07/after-long-delay-california-lawmakers-hold-wildfire-oversight-hearing/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">wildfire oversight hearing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> late last year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although two years had passed since Newsom formally launched the program, Kerstein told lawmakers that “it’s very early days” for CalVTP. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are other potential complications. A \u003ca href=\"https://bof.fire.ca.gov/media/dannit4m/calvtp-faqs.pdf\">lawsuit brought by two groups opposed to CalVTP’s expedited environmental review\u003c/a> — the California Chaparral Institute and the Endangered Habitats League — could invalidate CalVTP completely or introduce more burdensome and timely hoops for forest managers to jump through, according to a \u003c/span>memo\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the Board of Forestry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the lawsuit isn’t preventing any projects from moving forward right now, the board memo cautions that project managers should consider the “uncertainty” posed by the litigation before using CalVTP.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some people using the new program say it is accomplishing what it set out to do. While no CalVTP project has been completed, a few are making progress on the ground. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">JoAnna Lessard, manager of the Yuba Water Agency’s Watershed Resilience and Forest Health Program, said CalVTP “allowed us to get out there in the field probably a year faster than we would have otherwise.” The program has helped expedite \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.yubawater.org/337/Yuba-Foothills-Healthy-Forest-Project%5D\">a 5,400-acre project in Yuba County\u003c/a>, she said. So far, about 3,000 acres of vegetation thinning and removal have been completed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wood chippers have started thinning ladder fuels between stands of looming trees in the Yuba River watershed in the Sierra foothills, north of Sacramento. Prescribed burning also is planned to help reintroduce low-intensity fire to the landscape. The project aims to protect an essential ecological feature of the foothills, as well as surrounding communities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Yuba Water Agency hired the same consulting firm that crafted the giant environmental review document for CalVTP. Lessard said that decision also helped the agency navigate the new approval process. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We had the money, we had the people — we just needed the ability to get out there by completing environmental compliance,” Lessard said. “And [CalVTP] really did streamline that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wolfy Rougle, forest health watershed coordinator for the Butte County Resource Conservation District, also is using CalVTP for a roughly 1,200-acre prescribed burn.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an email, Rougle said that the program helped save the district $2,000 in fees. And she believes it could be useful for “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">smaller organizations [without] experience or confidence creating their own” projects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But, in an email, she noted that “it’s not *necessarily* faster” than the traditional project review process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Still waiting for approval\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, most project managers are using the old environmental review process. And even relatively simple, low-impact projects can get bogged down. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in the Mendocino County community of Brooktrails, workers have started clearing brush on a few miles of planned access and evacuation routes. But most roads remain overgrown and impassable.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1979162\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1979162\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Five men in work clothes and blue hardhats clear brush and saw small tree trunks. They are working on a hillside, with larger trees in the background.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/04/Brooktrails1.jpg 1248w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California Conservation Corps crew works on mitigating small-diameter trees and branches off Spring Creek Road near Brooktrails atop the ridge in the Sherwood Corridor, in February 2022. The work will help provide a safe exit to Highway 101 in case Sherwood Road becomes impassible. \u003ccite>(Mathew Caine/Willits Weekly)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After awarding the grant nearly two years ago, Cal Fire advised Sherwood Firewise Communities that the project’s environmental impact was likely so minimal that it could apply for a “notice of exemption” — what is supposed to be the most efficient way of satisfying CEQA under the established system. The nonprofit would still have to clear a few hurdles, such as a plant survey and archaeological review — but that process, for only the first part of the project, took over a year. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They’re now preparing the notice of exemption paperwork for the second leg of the project — after Cal Fire discouraged them from using CalVTP.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rutledge, the project manager, said he understands that approvals for fire prevention projects can’t be completed overnight. But he added that he’d like to see the state “step up and streamline their process” for environmental review, especially as it pumps more money into proposed projects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “Our No. 1 goal,” he said, “is to try to keep people from dying.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Newsroom is a collaboration of public radio stations, NPR and CalMatters.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1979155/newsom-hailed-this-critical-wildfire-prevention-program-two-years-on-it-hasnt-completed-a-single-project","authors":["byline_science_1979155"],"categories":["science_46","science_40","science_43","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_113"],"featImg":"science_1979164","label":"source_science_1979155"},"science_1978941":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1978941","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1978941","score":null,"sort":[1649163640000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-fires-intensify-psychologists-are-concerned-about-suicide-risk-among-firefighters","title":"As Fires Intensify, Psychologists Are Concerned About Suicide Risk Among Firefighters","publishDate":1649163640,"format":"standard","headTitle":"As Fires Intensify, Psychologists Are Concerned About Suicide Risk Among Firefighters | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As climate change fuels \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020GL089858\">more severe wildfires\u003c/a> that burn through larger swaths of forestland and homes each year, firefighters are facing increasingly unpredictable, catastrophic blazes, leading many to speak out about suicide among their ranks, an occupational hazard they once kept to themselves. But a dearth of studies investigating the psychological costs of battling these blazes is hindering efforts to provide firefighters with help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters routinely endure treacherous, emotionally taxing conditions. But those conditions have become increasingly untenable as fires grow bigger and fiercer, and keep firefighters battling erratic blazes with no relief for weeks on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current federal wildland fire workforce is understaffed and overworked,” Riva Duncan, a retired U.S. Forest Service fire staff officer and executive secretary of the nonprofit Grassroots Wildland Firefighters, testified before the House Natural Resources Committee last April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small']\u003cem>If you or someone you love is having thoughts of suicide, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-TALK (8255) or text 741741 to connect with a trained crisis counselor.\u003c/em>[/pullquote]People are “at their breaking point,” Duncan said, “leaving a wake of mental health issues, suicides, high divorce rates and very concerning numbers surrounding high incidences of cancer and cardiovascular disease, all from a career of undocumented exposure to smoke, particulate matter and other effects from hazardous conditions we face every operational shift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires across the West Coast reached historic proportions during the 2020 fire season, burning an unprecedented 4 million acres in California and leaving a dozen Oregon counties battling “\u003ca href=\"https://www.oregon.gov/gov/policies/Documents/sep2020-wildfires-aar-execsumm-050521.pdf\">conflagrations\u003c/a>” during a single day. That year, Duncan testified, “I had more firefighters reach out for help with thoughts of suicide, depression and traumatic events than at any other time in my career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, despite anecdotal reports of a rising mental health crisis among wildland firefighters, surprisingly few studies have investigated suicide risk among the people who put their lives on the line to fight increasingly devastating infernos. In a \u003ca href=\"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/2/e051227\">small survey of wildland firefighters\u003c/a> in British Columbia, published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/\">BMJ Open\u003c/a> in February, 78% of respondents identified mental health risks associated with their job as one of the most important research priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have hard numbers on completed suicides among wildland firefighters,” said Patricia O’Brien, an Oregon psychologist who worked as a wildland firefighter for 15 years, including a decade with the specially trained Lolo “\u003ca href=\"https://gacc.nifc.gov/swcc/dc/nmsdc/documents/Crews/NMSDC_Hotshot_Crew_History_2013.pdf\">hotshots\u003c/a>” in Missoula, Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Studying a quiet epidemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason it’s hard to get accurate numbers, said Marilyn Wooley, a California psychologist who specializes in treating first responders, is because there’s still a “huge stigma” around suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stigma persists partly because of enduring misperceptions surrounding suicide, including the notion that it’s a weak or selfish act, when in fact people who take their own lives often believe the world would be better off without them. These myths make people reluctant to seek help and prevent some families from reporting a loved one’s suicide. “There may be a lot of suicides that nobody knows about,” Wooley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"small\" citation=\"Patricia O'Brien, psychologist and former 'hotshot' firefighter\"]‘It’s a job skill to be able to manage personal discomfort, physical discomfort, emotional discomfort and stress while working in high-demand, high-consequence occupations. But it can be really difficult to shift gears and switch that off.’[/pullquote]A large body of research on other first responders, including police officers, urban firefighters and emergency medical technicians, \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26719976/\">reveals an elevated risk for suicide\u003c/a>. More than half of the firefighters who responded in a \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29573853/#:~:text=A%20total%20of%201.8%25%20(n,burdensomeness%2C%20statistically%20explained%20this%20link.\">2018 study\u003c/a> said they’d considered suicide, but only 20 wildland firefighters participated in that survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nature of wildland firefighting makes it difficult to study the people who risk their lives to keep communities safe. Wildland firefighters are employed by numerous federal, state, local and tribal agencies whose crews expand and contract in response to need over the fire season. Many are seasonal workers or volunteers. As a result, no one knows exactly how many people fight wildfires in a given year, though estimates range from 35,000 to 50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a population that’s really hard to track, to describe, even just to get some numbers on,” said O’Brien.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Skip to: \u003ca href=\"#legislation\">A bill proposing mental health services for federal wildland firefighters\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of firefighters killed in the line of duty fighting fires in forests and grasslands averaged around 13 per year between 2010 and 2019, according to the U.S. Fire Administration. At some point, suicides seemed to surpass that, said Charles Palmer, a University of Montana professor who worked nearly two decades as a wildland firefighter. If the number of people who died doing the job is now lower than the number of individuals who took their own lives, Palmer said, “that should be extremely well publicized, well researched and validated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Palmer hasn’t seen the type of investments needed to determine whether the data support what has become conventional wisdom. If it were any other problem related to wildland firefighting, he said, it would be well funded and researched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer attributes the dearth of data partly to the way suicide is treated in general. “It’s just this elephant in the room that nobody seems to want to talk about,” he said. “It touches everyone in some way, yet we seem reluctant to sit down and figure out a plan to address it, to find out more about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if researchers never get accurate numbers on how many wildland firefighters are taking their own lives, O’Brien said, it’s clear that they’re exposed to trauma and other factors that increase risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s safe to assume that as climate change drives higher-intensity fires, more frequent fires and longer fire seasons, firefighters will experience changes in their working conditions that affect how much time they can spend with family and doing things that are important to them “outside of fire,” she said. “And it’s those kinds of family connections and community involvement that buffer people from negative mental health experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Understanding risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People are attracted to wildland firefighting for “a multitude of different reasons,” Palmer said, but the quick bonds people forge working in high-risk, remote environments is part of the allure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a brotherhood and a sisterhood,” said Palmer, who spent several years parachuting from planes into fire zones as part of a rarified cadre of highly trained “smokejumpers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer loved going to work “every single day,” even when he got banged up. He recalled one jump when he steered his parachute into a fire north of Yellowstone National Park. “I made some mistakes on my flight,” he said. His right side crashed into a log, followed by his ribs and leg. “The log didn’t give,” Palmer said. “My body did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first Palmer didn’t let on that he was hurt. “I limped myself up the hill with my gear, then realized I had done more damage than I thought,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer alerted one of his “brothers,” who had trained as an emergency medical technician, that he needed help. The EMT did what he could and radioed for an emergency evacuation, but they were in such a remote area that the medivac didn’t reach Palmer until the middle of the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most wildland firefighters, Palmer relied on an iron will and steely resolve to get through his ordeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a job skill to be able to manage personal discomfort, physical discomfort, emotional discomfort and stress while working in high-demand, high-consequence occupations,” O’Brien said. “But it can be really difficult to shift gears and switch that off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same ability to bury distress that helps firefighters manage emergency situations can prove counterproductive in the long run, especially when traumatic events, persistent injuries and chronic illnesses from the job begin to take a psychological toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what may be the largest study of its kind, O’Brien surveyed more than 2,600 wildland firefighters about factors related to physical and mental health. Although O’Brien’s research, completed in 2019 as part of her doctoral program, has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal, it remains \u003ca href=\"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11445/\">the most extensive investigation of wildland firefighters’ health and psychological challenges\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters are at increased risk of heart disease, so a primary aim of O’Brien’s work was to identify risk factors for those illnesses. But she also wanted to gauge the prevalence of mental health problems and unhealthy behaviors that could increase cardiovascular risk, including depression, poor diet and substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that binge-drinking rates for wildland firefighters were twice as high as those reported in the general population, while smokeless tobacco use was 10 times higher. Depression, anxiety and PTSD, all risk factors for suicide, were common among her survey respondents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 1 in 5 firefighters had “probable” depression — that is, they had not been diagnosed but reported feeling down and having trouble sleeping and concentrating, among other symptoms. That’s about twice the rate observed in the general population, O’Brien said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that there’s so much undiagnosed depression is concerning because it’s treatable, she said. And wildland firefighters, at least those working in federal agencies, can access treatment through programs like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/resources/taking-care-of-our-own/employee-assistance-program\">Employee Assistance Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly a third of O’Brien’s respondents had considered killing themselves since starting to work as a wildland firefighter. Close to 40% reported knowing someone well in the wildland fire service who died by suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation now in Congress would provide mental health education and services for federal wildland firefighters. \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5631/text?r=1&s=1\">HR 5631\u003c/a>, co-sponsored by five California Democrats, is currently in the Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry and would include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>mental health education and training;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>a peer-to-peer mental health support network for firefighters and their families;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>services from skilled mental health professionals who are readily available to firefighters and their families; and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>seven days of mental health leave for federal firefighters.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A call for support\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Palmer lost a fellow smokejumper to suicide in 2017. Ian Pohowsky was 42 years old when he took his life. He was the fifth smokejumper to die by suicide in the seven years prior. Only two smokejumpers died on the job over the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ian was unbelievably talented,” Palmer said. “He was extremely interested in giving back and helping young firefighters develop. He was a beautiful person, as are too many of the people that end up taking their own lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tight-knit world of wildland firefighters, when someone dies or gets injured, Palmer said, “it strikes the community hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First responders are naturally resilient, said Wooley, the California psychologist. “But with these epic fires, they’re out for weeks, they don’t see their families and they’re just exhausted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some firefighters who feel suicidal told her they’ve lost hope. They feel like they’ve “been in hell forever,” said Wooley, who survived the Carr Fire “tornado” that incinerated two California towns in 2018. Then they go home, and it’s hard to adjust to the mundane rhythms of daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it gets to the point that they’re feeling isolated and exhausted, and engaging in behaviors that alienate people, that’s when they can feel suicidal, Wooley said: “And they stop seeing other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s time for suicide to move from being “the elephant in the room” to something that’s recognized as a risk to the workforce and finally gets the attention and resources it deserves, Palmer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There should be a slot on crews for people trained to provide psychological support just like there is for EMTs, he said. “We’ve been trying hard to get an athletic trainer for every crew,” he said, referring to someone who’s trained to prevent injuries. “But even that hasn’t happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Brien said that even though she’s seen a shift in willingness in talk about suicide, “I don’t really know of any formalized interventions that have been done with wildland firefighters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She would like to see programs that focus on depression, anxiety, PTSD and substance abuse treated as if they’re no different from firefighters’ physical drills. And firefighting crew members need to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/warning-signs-of-suicide\">trained to spot warning signs\u003c/a>, such as colleagues’ increasing use of alcohol or drugs, sleeping issues or talking about being a burden to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The psychological demands of the job will only grow as warmer, drier conditions fuel more severe, unpredictable fires, experts say. And the boom in destructive wildfires is increasing the demand for wildland firefighters, even as agencies scramble to fill vacancies, placing an even greater burden on crews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet researchers are just starting to understand wildland firefighters’ unique mental health challenges, O’Brien said. Because people volunteered in her study and self-reported their symptoms, the results could be skewed based on who responded. “But it’s the best data that we have at this point,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s worrying that 20% of those who responded reported having thoughts of suicide in the past year. “That alone, whether it’s worse or lower than anyone else,” she said, “is worthy of attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you or someone you love is having thoughts of suicide, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-TALK (8255) or text 741741 to connect with a trained crisis counselor.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Amid reports of rising suicides, researchers say there's an urgent need to assess the risks facing an understudied population.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846284,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":49,"wordCount":2426},"headData":{"title":"As Fires Intensify, Psychologists Are Concerned About Suicide Risk Among Firefighters | KQED","description":"Amid reports of rising suicides, researchers say there's an urgent need to assess the risks facing an understudied population.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Inside Climate News","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/ff7ffbaf-1717-46bc-935d-ae750131a5de/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Liza Gross, Inside Climate News","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/science/1978941/as-fires-intensify-psychologists-are-concerned-about-suicide-risk-among-firefighters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As climate change fuels \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020GL089858\">more severe wildfires\u003c/a> that burn through larger swaths of forestland and homes each year, firefighters are facing increasingly unpredictable, catastrophic blazes, leading many to speak out about suicide among their ranks, an occupational hazard they once kept to themselves. But a dearth of studies investigating the psychological costs of battling these blazes is hindering efforts to provide firefighters with help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters routinely endure treacherous, emotionally taxing conditions. But those conditions have become increasingly untenable as fires grow bigger and fiercer, and keep firefighters battling erratic blazes with no relief for weeks on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current federal wildland fire workforce is understaffed and overworked,” Riva Duncan, a retired U.S. Forest Service fire staff officer and executive secretary of the nonprofit Grassroots Wildland Firefighters, testified before the House Natural Resources Committee last April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"\u003cem>If you or someone you love is having thoughts of suicide, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-TALK (8255) or text 741741 to connect with a trained crisis counselor.\u003c/em>","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>People are “at their breaking point,” Duncan said, “leaving a wake of mental health issues, suicides, high divorce rates and very concerning numbers surrounding high incidences of cancer and cardiovascular disease, all from a career of undocumented exposure to smoke, particulate matter and other effects from hazardous conditions we face every operational shift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires across the West Coast reached historic proportions during the 2020 fire season, burning an unprecedented 4 million acres in California and leaving a dozen Oregon counties battling “\u003ca href=\"https://www.oregon.gov/gov/policies/Documents/sep2020-wildfires-aar-execsumm-050521.pdf\">conflagrations\u003c/a>” during a single day. That year, Duncan testified, “I had more firefighters reach out for help with thoughts of suicide, depression and traumatic events than at any other time in my career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, despite anecdotal reports of a rising mental health crisis among wildland firefighters, surprisingly few studies have investigated suicide risk among the people who put their lives on the line to fight increasingly devastating infernos. In a \u003ca href=\"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/2/e051227\">small survey of wildland firefighters\u003c/a> in British Columbia, published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/\">BMJ Open\u003c/a> in February, 78% of respondents identified mental health risks associated with their job as one of the most important research priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have hard numbers on completed suicides among wildland firefighters,” said Patricia O’Brien, an Oregon psychologist who worked as a wildland firefighter for 15 years, including a decade with the specially trained Lolo “\u003ca href=\"https://gacc.nifc.gov/swcc/dc/nmsdc/documents/Crews/NMSDC_Hotshot_Crew_History_2013.pdf\">hotshots\u003c/a>” in Missoula, Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Studying a quiet epidemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason it’s hard to get accurate numbers, said Marilyn Wooley, a California psychologist who specializes in treating first responders, is because there’s still a “huge stigma” around suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stigma persists partly because of enduring misperceptions surrounding suicide, including the notion that it’s a weak or selfish act, when in fact people who take their own lives often believe the world would be better off without them. These myths make people reluctant to seek help and prevent some families from reporting a loved one’s suicide. “There may be a lot of suicides that nobody knows about,” Wooley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘It’s a job skill to be able to manage personal discomfort, physical discomfort, emotional discomfort and stress while working in high-demand, high-consequence occupations. But it can be really difficult to shift gears and switch that off.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"small","citation":"Patricia O'Brien, psychologist and former 'hotshot' firefighter","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A large body of research on other first responders, including police officers, urban firefighters and emergency medical technicians, \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26719976/\">reveals an elevated risk for suicide\u003c/a>. More than half of the firefighters who responded in a \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29573853/#:~:text=A%20total%20of%201.8%25%20(n,burdensomeness%2C%20statistically%20explained%20this%20link.\">2018 study\u003c/a> said they’d considered suicide, but only 20 wildland firefighters participated in that survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nature of wildland firefighting makes it difficult to study the people who risk their lives to keep communities safe. Wildland firefighters are employed by numerous federal, state, local and tribal agencies whose crews expand and contract in response to need over the fire season. Many are seasonal workers or volunteers. As a result, no one knows exactly how many people fight wildfires in a given year, though estimates range from 35,000 to 50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a population that’s really hard to track, to describe, even just to get some numbers on,” said O’Brien.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Skip to: \u003ca href=\"#legislation\">A bill proposing mental health services for federal wildland firefighters\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of firefighters killed in the line of duty fighting fires in forests and grasslands averaged around 13 per year between 2010 and 2019, according to the U.S. Fire Administration. At some point, suicides seemed to surpass that, said Charles Palmer, a University of Montana professor who worked nearly two decades as a wildland firefighter. If the number of people who died doing the job is now lower than the number of individuals who took their own lives, Palmer said, “that should be extremely well publicized, well researched and validated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Palmer hasn’t seen the type of investments needed to determine whether the data support what has become conventional wisdom. If it were any other problem related to wildland firefighting, he said, it would be well funded and researched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer attributes the dearth of data partly to the way suicide is treated in general. “It’s just this elephant in the room that nobody seems to want to talk about,” he said. “It touches everyone in some way, yet we seem reluctant to sit down and figure out a plan to address it, to find out more about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if researchers never get accurate numbers on how many wildland firefighters are taking their own lives, O’Brien said, it’s clear that they’re exposed to trauma and other factors that increase risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s safe to assume that as climate change drives higher-intensity fires, more frequent fires and longer fire seasons, firefighters will experience changes in their working conditions that affect how much time they can spend with family and doing things that are important to them “outside of fire,” she said. “And it’s those kinds of family connections and community involvement that buffer people from negative mental health experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Understanding risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People are attracted to wildland firefighting for “a multitude of different reasons,” Palmer said, but the quick bonds people forge working in high-risk, remote environments is part of the allure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a brotherhood and a sisterhood,” said Palmer, who spent several years parachuting from planes into fire zones as part of a rarified cadre of highly trained “smokejumpers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer loved going to work “every single day,” even when he got banged up. He recalled one jump when he steered his parachute into a fire north of Yellowstone National Park. “I made some mistakes on my flight,” he said. His right side crashed into a log, followed by his ribs and leg. “The log didn’t give,” Palmer said. “My body did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first Palmer didn’t let on that he was hurt. “I limped myself up the hill with my gear, then realized I had done more damage than I thought,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palmer alerted one of his “brothers,” who had trained as an emergency medical technician, that he needed help. The EMT did what he could and radioed for an emergency evacuation, but they were in such a remote area that the medivac didn’t reach Palmer until the middle of the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most wildland firefighters, Palmer relied on an iron will and steely resolve to get through his ordeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a job skill to be able to manage personal discomfort, physical discomfort, emotional discomfort and stress while working in high-demand, high-consequence occupations,” O’Brien said. “But it can be really difficult to shift gears and switch that off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same ability to bury distress that helps firefighters manage emergency situations can prove counterproductive in the long run, especially when traumatic events, persistent injuries and chronic illnesses from the job begin to take a psychological toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what may be the largest study of its kind, O’Brien surveyed more than 2,600 wildland firefighters about factors related to physical and mental health. Although O’Brien’s research, completed in 2019 as part of her doctoral program, has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal, it remains \u003ca href=\"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11445/\">the most extensive investigation of wildland firefighters’ health and psychological challenges\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters are at increased risk of heart disease, so a primary aim of O’Brien’s work was to identify risk factors for those illnesses. But she also wanted to gauge the prevalence of mental health problems and unhealthy behaviors that could increase cardiovascular risk, including depression, poor diet and substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that binge-drinking rates for wildland firefighters were twice as high as those reported in the general population, while smokeless tobacco use was 10 times higher. Depression, anxiety and PTSD, all risk factors for suicide, were common among her survey respondents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 1 in 5 firefighters had “probable” depression — that is, they had not been diagnosed but reported feeling down and having trouble sleeping and concentrating, among other symptoms. That’s about twice the rate observed in the general population, O’Brien said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that there’s so much undiagnosed depression is concerning because it’s treatable, she said. And wildland firefighters, at least those working in federal agencies, can access treatment through programs like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/resources/taking-care-of-our-own/employee-assistance-program\">Employee Assistance Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly a third of O’Brien’s respondents had considered killing themselves since starting to work as a wildland firefighter. Close to 40% reported knowing someone well in the wildland fire service who died by suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation now in Congress would provide mental health education and services for federal wildland firefighters. \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5631/text?r=1&s=1\">HR 5631\u003c/a>, co-sponsored by five California Democrats, is currently in the Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry and would include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>mental health education and training;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>a peer-to-peer mental health support network for firefighters and their families;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>services from skilled mental health professionals who are readily available to firefighters and their families; and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>seven days of mental health leave for federal firefighters.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A call for support\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Palmer lost a fellow smokejumper to suicide in 2017. Ian Pohowsky was 42 years old when he took his life. He was the fifth smokejumper to die by suicide in the seven years prior. Only two smokejumpers died on the job over the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ian was unbelievably talented,” Palmer said. “He was extremely interested in giving back and helping young firefighters develop. He was a beautiful person, as are too many of the people that end up taking their own lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tight-knit world of wildland firefighters, when someone dies or gets injured, Palmer said, “it strikes the community hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First responders are naturally resilient, said Wooley, the California psychologist. “But with these epic fires, they’re out for weeks, they don’t see their families and they’re just exhausted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some firefighters who feel suicidal told her they’ve lost hope. They feel like they’ve “been in hell forever,” said Wooley, who survived the Carr Fire “tornado” that incinerated two California towns in 2018. Then they go home, and it’s hard to adjust to the mundane rhythms of daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it gets to the point that they’re feeling isolated and exhausted, and engaging in behaviors that alienate people, that’s when they can feel suicidal, Wooley said: “And they stop seeing other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s time for suicide to move from being “the elephant in the room” to something that’s recognized as a risk to the workforce and finally gets the attention and resources it deserves, Palmer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There should be a slot on crews for people trained to provide psychological support just like there is for EMTs, he said. “We’ve been trying hard to get an athletic trainer for every crew,” he said, referring to someone who’s trained to prevent injuries. “But even that hasn’t happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Brien said that even though she’s seen a shift in willingness in talk about suicide, “I don’t really know of any formalized interventions that have been done with wildland firefighters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She would like to see programs that focus on depression, anxiety, PTSD and substance abuse treated as if they’re no different from firefighters’ physical drills. And firefighting crew members need to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/warning-signs-of-suicide\">trained to spot warning signs\u003c/a>, such as colleagues’ increasing use of alcohol or drugs, sleeping issues or talking about being a burden to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The psychological demands of the job will only grow as warmer, drier conditions fuel more severe, unpredictable fires, experts say. And the boom in destructive wildfires is increasing the demand for wildland firefighters, even as agencies scramble to fill vacancies, placing an even greater burden on crews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet researchers are just starting to understand wildland firefighters’ unique mental health challenges, O’Brien said. Because people volunteered in her study and self-reported their symptoms, the results could be skewed based on who responded. “But it’s the best data that we have at this point,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s worrying that 20% of those who responded reported having thoughts of suicide in the past year. “That alone, whether it’s worse or lower than anyone else,” she said, “is worthy of attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you or someone you love is having thoughts of suicide, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-TALK (8255) or text 741741 to connect with a trained crisis counselor.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1978941/as-fires-intensify-psychologists-are-concerned-about-suicide-risk-among-firefighters","authors":["byline_science_1978941"],"categories":["science_46","science_40","science_43","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_4414","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1978966","label":"source_science_1978941"},"science_1973217":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1973217","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1973217","score":null,"sort":[1615850446000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-central-california-sea-otters-feast-on-purple-urchins-and-thats-good-for-kelp","title":"Kelp, Sea Otters and Urchins. Who's Eating Who in Monterey Bay","publishDate":1615850446,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Kelp, Sea Otters and Urchins. Who’s Eating Who in Monterey Bay | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">Marine scientists have observed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949757/massive-california-kelp-decline-linked-to-ocean-heat-wave-voracious-sea-urchins\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">massive decline\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of California’s underwater kelp forests in recent years. Studies have linked the die-off to a host of factors including an ocean heat wave, a deadly sea star virus, and an influx of voracious kelp-eating sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Kelp’s long flat leaves and bulbous stems provide habitat for marine mammals, fish and invertebrates in tidal regions along California’s coast. In many regions where kelp once flourished, the ocean floor is now carpeted with spiny purple sea urchins and there’s no kelp to be found. Scientists call these zones the urchin barrens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">A new study out of UC Santa Cruz reveals more about the disappearance of California’s kelp forests, finding the leafy green seaweed is faring better in places where sea otters, a natural urchin predator, are thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973221\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of the kelp forest ecosystem in Northern California has been replaced by urchin barrens dominated by purple sea urchins. \u003ccite>(Katie Sowul/CDFW)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Several studies have documented the collapse of the kelp ecosystem in California. The story goes something like this: A giant, warm-water “blob” first observed by scientists off the Washington coast in 2013 combined with an El Nino weather event from the south resulted in a prolonged marine heatwave in California from 2014-16. Kelp thrives in colder tidal waters, which have the nutrients it needs to survive. Faced with warmer water, the kelp essentially starved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The historically hardy plant, which can grow up to 2 feet per day, could have bounced back from the heat wave, but for a disease that that nearly eradicated sunflower stars along the West Coast. This large, 24-limbed starfish feeds on purple sea urchins; without stars around, urchin populations swelled and changed their typical hunting behavior. Instead of merely grazing on fallen kelp leaves, the urchins began gobbling up the kelp’s stalks and seed pods as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In Northern California, satellite images have revealed a roughly 95% decline in kelp forest canopy as a result of these events. But in Central California waters, kelp has fared somewhat better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Central Coast saw a similar urchin outbreak in 2014, says Joshua Smith, a Ph.D. candidate and kelp forest researcher at UC Santa Cruz. “But what was different here was that instead of having this widespread kelp deforestation, we actually had this patchy mosaic of kelp forests interspersed with these patches of sea urchin barrens\u003ci>,” \u003c/i>he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973227\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973227\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A healthy forest of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, in Monterey Bay. \u003ccite>(Michael Langhans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Smith says this unique phenomenon gave his group an opportunity to look closer at the factors driving the kelp decline and its potential for recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/118/11/e2012493118\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, published this week in \u003cspan class=\"s2\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/span>, links the presence of sea otters in Monterey Bay to patches of lush, healthy kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Smith called Monterey Bay “sea otter country,” pointing out more of the species inhabited the area than any other in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>This is a sea otter country,” Smith said. “We have the highest abundance of sea otters here in Monterey Bay than anywhere else in the state\u003ci>.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Sea otters, like sunflower stars, are a natural predator of sea urchins. \u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“The key finding of what this actually means is that otters are so important for this ecosystem because they are maintaining these remnant patches of kelp forests,” Smith said, “And those patches of kelp are the ultimate source populations to help replenish those barren patches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The study shows that the sea otter population in Monterey Bay grew in the wake of the urchin boom, with an increased survival rate for pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">While scientists can’t say for sure, the lack of sea otters and other urchin predators north of the San Francisco Bay may help explain why Northern California’s kelp forests have suffered more than on other parts of the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973226\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins feeding on kelp. \u003ccite>(Michael Langhans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Sea otters haven’t been spotted on the North Coast since the 1800s, says Meredith McPherson, a UC Santa Cruz marine scientist who recently published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-01827-6\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">a separate study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> on Northern California’s kelp decline. “From what we observed in the satellite data from the last 35 years, the kelp had been doing well without sea otters as long as we still had sunflower stars. Once they were gone, there were no urchin predators left in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Without natural predators, McPherson says, scuba divers are helping maintain what’s left of the region’s kelp forests by plucking out interloping urchins. But while ocean temperatures and nutrient levels have normalized some since the 2014-16 heat waves, she says kelp haven’t seen any significant rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“There seems to be some evidence that some patches of kelp have reemerged in certain areas, but it’s nothing to the extent that we would expect from the historical data,” she said. “The concentrations of urchins are still really high and [are] creating the strong grazing pressure on any kind of recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">McPherson says while the urchin barrens persist, a full-scale kelp recovery is unlikely. Even without kelp to eat, urchins have shown resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“That’s where some people have used the term zombie urchin,” Smith said. “These urchins are remarkable in that they can persist in this starved state in the sea urchin barrens for years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Smith’s study revealed that otters largely ignore urchins in the barrens, as they lack the nutritional value of those that have kelp to forage on. Scientists say another environmental event will likely be needed to reduce urchin populations and tip the scales in favor of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“A number of things could take out the urchins.” Smith said. “It could be urchin disease or it could be a bottom-scouring swell that physically wipes sea urchins off the reef.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">In the meantime, otters may be key to kelp’s chance for a long-term recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's underwater kelp forests are suffering massive declines. But a new study shows that sea otters are helping to preserve kelp off the Central Coast.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846718,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":2,"wordCount":1032},"headData":{"title":"Kelp, Sea Otters and Urchins. Who's Eating Who in Monterey Bay | KQED","description":"California's underwater kelp forests are suffering massive declines. But a new study shows that sea otters are helping to preserve kelp off the Central Coast.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Oceans","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/d251c616-163b-4359-bf5c-ace6012b11a8/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1973217/in-central-california-sea-otters-feast-on-purple-urchins-and-thats-good-for-kelp","audioDuration":281000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">Marine scientists have observed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949757/massive-california-kelp-decline-linked-to-ocean-heat-wave-voracious-sea-urchins\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">massive decline\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of California’s underwater kelp forests in recent years. Studies have linked the die-off to a host of factors including an ocean heat wave, a deadly sea star virus, and an influx of voracious kelp-eating sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Kelp’s long flat leaves and bulbous stems provide habitat for marine mammals, fish and invertebrates in tidal regions along California’s coast. In many regions where kelp once flourished, the ocean floor is now carpeted with spiny purple sea urchins and there’s no kelp to be found. Scientists call these zones the urchin barrens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">A new study out of UC Santa Cruz reveals more about the disappearance of California’s kelp forests, finding the leafy green seaweed is faring better in places where sea otters, a natural urchin predator, are thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973221\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/urchin-barren-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of the kelp forest ecosystem in Northern California has been replaced by urchin barrens dominated by purple sea urchins. \u003ccite>(Katie Sowul/CDFW)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Several studies have documented the collapse of the kelp ecosystem in California. The story goes something like this: A giant, warm-water “blob” first observed by scientists off the Washington coast in 2013 combined with an El Nino weather event from the south resulted in a prolonged marine heatwave in California from 2014-16. Kelp thrives in colder tidal waters, which have the nutrients it needs to survive. Faced with warmer water, the kelp essentially starved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The historically hardy plant, which can grow up to 2 feet per day, could have bounced back from the heat wave, but for a disease that that nearly eradicated sunflower stars along the West Coast. This large, 24-limbed starfish feeds on purple sea urchins; without stars around, urchin populations swelled and changed their typical hunting behavior. Instead of merely grazing on fallen kelp leaves, the urchins began gobbling up the kelp’s stalks and seed pods as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In Northern California, satellite images have revealed a roughly 95% decline in kelp forest canopy as a result of these events. But in Central California waters, kelp has fared somewhat better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Central Coast saw a similar urchin outbreak in 2014, says Joshua Smith, a Ph.D. candidate and kelp forest researcher at UC Santa Cruz. “But what was different here was that instead of having this widespread kelp deforestation, we actually had this patchy mosaic of kelp forests interspersed with these patches of sea urchin barrens\u003ci>,” \u003c/i>he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973227\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973227\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Healthy-Kelp-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A healthy forest of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, in Monterey Bay. \u003ccite>(Michael Langhans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Smith says this unique phenomenon gave his group an opportunity to look closer at the factors driving the kelp decline and its potential for recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/118/11/e2012493118\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, published this week in \u003cspan class=\"s2\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/span>, links the presence of sea otters in Monterey Bay to patches of lush, healthy kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Smith called Monterey Bay “sea otter country,” pointing out more of the species inhabited the area than any other in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>This is a sea otter country,” Smith said. “We have the highest abundance of sea otters here in Monterey Bay than anywhere else in the state\u003ci>.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Sea otters, like sunflower stars, are a natural predator of sea urchins. \u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“The key finding of what this actually means is that otters are so important for this ecosystem because they are maintaining these remnant patches of kelp forests,” Smith said, “And those patches of kelp are the ultimate source populations to help replenish those barren patches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The study shows that the sea otter population in Monterey Bay grew in the wake of the urchin boom, with an increased survival rate for pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">While scientists can’t say for sure, the lack of sea otters and other urchin predators north of the San Francisco Bay may help explain why Northern California’s kelp forests have suffered more than on other parts of the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1973226\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1973226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/03/Urchin-on-Kelp-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins feeding on kelp. \u003ccite>(Michael Langhans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Sea otters haven’t been spotted on the North Coast since the 1800s, says Meredith McPherson, a UC Santa Cruz marine scientist who recently published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-01827-6\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">a separate study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> on Northern California’s kelp decline. “From what we observed in the satellite data from the last 35 years, the kelp had been doing well without sea otters as long as we still had sunflower stars. Once they were gone, there were no urchin predators left in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Without natural predators, McPherson says, scuba divers are helping maintain what’s left of the region’s kelp forests by plucking out interloping urchins. But while ocean temperatures and nutrient levels have normalized some since the 2014-16 heat waves, she says kelp haven’t seen any significant rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“There seems to be some evidence that some patches of kelp have reemerged in certain areas, but it’s nothing to the extent that we would expect from the historical data,” she said. “The concentrations of urchins are still really high and [are] creating the strong grazing pressure on any kind of recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">McPherson says while the urchin barrens persist, a full-scale kelp recovery is unlikely. Even without kelp to eat, urchins have shown resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“That’s where some people have used the term zombie urchin,” Smith said. “These urchins are remarkable in that they can persist in this starved state in the sea urchin barrens for years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Smith’s study revealed that otters largely ignore urchins in the barrens, as they lack the nutritional value of those that have kelp to forage on. Scientists say another environmental event will likely be needed to reduce urchin populations and tip the scales in favor of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“A number of things could take out the urchins.” Smith said. “It could be urchin disease or it could be a bottom-scouring swell that physically wipes sea urchins off the reef.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">In the meantime, otters may be key to kelp’s chance for a long-term recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1973217/in-central-california-sea-otters-feast-on-purple-urchins-and-thats-good-for-kelp","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_2874","science_46","science_31","science_35","science_40","science_2873","science_43","science_4450","science_3423"],"tags":["science_194","science_371","science_3265","science_324","science_3266"],"featImg":"science_1973220","label":"source_science_1973217"},"science_1971791":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1971791","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1971791","score":null,"sort":[1608250412000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"only-2000-monarch-butterflies-remain-in-california-but-they-still-dont-have-protection","title":"Only 2,000 Monarch Butterflies Remain in California. But They Still Don’t Have Protection","publishDate":1608250412,"format":"image","headTitle":"Only 2,000 Monarch Butterflies Remain in California. But They Still Don’t Have Protection | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Federal wildlife officials announced this week that monarch butterflies qualify to be protected as an endangered species. But, the iconic insect won’t be receiving that status under the Endangered Species Act due to a backlog of other species in line for protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, where monarchs west of the Rocky Mountains mostly flock for the winter, numbers have dipped to a record low. Last year, the state’s annual Thanksgiving monarch count revealed less than 30,000 butterflies, down from millions in the 1980s. Early projections from the 2020 survey put the California population at a mere 2,000, approximately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re at 99.9 percent decline in the population. It’s kind of shocking even for us,” said Emma Pelton, a conservation biologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://xerces.org/western-monarch-call-to-action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Xerces Society\u003c/a>, the nonprofit that runs the count. Pelton says a combination of habitat loss, pesticides, climate change and wildfire is driving the collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely an example of death by a thousand cuts,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monarch can’t be protected under the California Endangered Species Act, because a Sacramento Superior Court judge \u003ca href=\"https://www.xerces.org/blog/court-decision-undermines-state-of-californias-ability-to-protect-insects-under-its-endangered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ruled in November\u003c/a> that the act does not cover insects. Pelton says that makes federal protection critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would really be kind of a lifeline to Western monarchs,” she said. “And I think at this point, that’s absolutely what we need\u003ci>.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State provides a safe haven for the orange- and black-winged butterfly to escape harsh temperatures while \u003ca href=\"https://monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/monarch-migration/overwintering\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">overwintering\u003c/a> in coastal forest groves. In the spring, monarchs give birth to the next generation of butterflies, laying their eggs on native milkweed plants. Pelton says protecting this habitat is key for the insect’s survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A status assessment conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service found that the Western population of monarchs has a 60% or more chance of going extinct within the next decade. While the Eastern migratory population has fared somewhat better, it’s experienced a 70% decline since the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Wildlife published the \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/12/17/2020-27523/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-12-month-finding-for-the-monarch-butterfly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">results of its assessment\u003c/a>, which don’t account for this year’s precipitous drop in Western monarch populations, in the Federal Register on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We conducted an intensive, thorough review, using a rigorous, transparent science-based process and found that the monarch meets listing criteria under the Endangered Species Act,” said agency Director Aurelia Skipwith in a statement. “However, before we can propose listing, we must focus resources on our higher-priority listing actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/5-Year%20Listing%20Workplan%20May%20Version.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 160 species\u003c/a> in front of the monarch in line for listing, according to the agency. Officials attribute the delay to workload constraints and the critical status of other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives no protection. That’s I think the biggest takeaway,” Pelton said of the decision. “It’s saying that we don’t have the capacity to deal with this right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without legal protections, the survival of monarchs will, for now, hinge on grassroots conservation efforts from groups like the Xerces Society and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>A little bit of a silver lining with monarchs is that all of the efforts to conserve the species across North America have made and continue to make a big difference,” said Charlie Wooley, Fish and Wildlife director for the Great Lakes region, at a press conference Tuesday. “We are just so impressed with the way the American public have raised their hands, gotten engaged in planting milkweed on their private properties in their backyards, developing wildflower gardens that help monarchs and other pollinators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless the species rebounds, wildlife officials say, monarchs could receive endangered status in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Federal wildlife officials say that monarch butterflies qualify to be protected as an endangered species but won't be receiving that protection for now.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846872,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":630},"headData":{"title":"Only 2,000 Monarch Butterflies Remain in California. But They Still Don’t Have Protection | KQED","description":"Federal wildlife officials say that monarch butterflies qualify to be protected as an endangered species but won't be receiving that protection for now.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Endangered Species","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/3dc1b252-32d5-46b0-94eb-ac9301227309/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/science/1971791/only-2000-monarch-butterflies-remain-in-california-but-they-still-dont-have-protection","audioDuration":105000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal wildlife officials announced this week that monarch butterflies qualify to be protected as an endangered species. But, the iconic insect won’t be receiving that status under the Endangered Species Act due to a backlog of other species in line for protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, where monarchs west of the Rocky Mountains mostly flock for the winter, numbers have dipped to a record low. Last year, the state’s annual Thanksgiving monarch count revealed less than 30,000 butterflies, down from millions in the 1980s. Early projections from the 2020 survey put the California population at a mere 2,000, approximately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re at 99.9 percent decline in the population. It’s kind of shocking even for us,” said Emma Pelton, a conservation biologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://xerces.org/western-monarch-call-to-action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Xerces Society\u003c/a>, the nonprofit that runs the count. Pelton says a combination of habitat loss, pesticides, climate change and wildfire is driving the collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely an example of death by a thousand cuts,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monarch can’t be protected under the California Endangered Species Act, because a Sacramento Superior Court judge \u003ca href=\"https://www.xerces.org/blog/court-decision-undermines-state-of-californias-ability-to-protect-insects-under-its-endangered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ruled in November\u003c/a> that the act does not cover insects. Pelton says that makes federal protection critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would really be kind of a lifeline to Western monarchs,” she said. “And I think at this point, that’s absolutely what we need\u003ci>.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State provides a safe haven for the orange- and black-winged butterfly to escape harsh temperatures while \u003ca href=\"https://monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/monarch-migration/overwintering\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">overwintering\u003c/a> in coastal forest groves. In the spring, monarchs give birth to the next generation of butterflies, laying their eggs on native milkweed plants. Pelton says protecting this habitat is key for the insect’s survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A status assessment conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service found that the Western population of monarchs has a 60% or more chance of going extinct within the next decade. While the Eastern migratory population has fared somewhat better, it’s experienced a 70% decline since the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Wildlife published the \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/12/17/2020-27523/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-12-month-finding-for-the-monarch-butterfly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">results of its assessment\u003c/a>, which don’t account for this year’s precipitous drop in Western monarch populations, in the Federal Register on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We conducted an intensive, thorough review, using a rigorous, transparent science-based process and found that the monarch meets listing criteria under the Endangered Species Act,” said agency Director Aurelia Skipwith in a statement. “However, before we can propose listing, we must focus resources on our higher-priority listing actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/5-Year%20Listing%20Workplan%20May%20Version.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 160 species\u003c/a> in front of the monarch in line for listing, according to the agency. Officials attribute the delay to workload constraints and the critical status of other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives no protection. That’s I think the biggest takeaway,” Pelton said of the decision. “It’s saying that we don’t have the capacity to deal with this right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without legal protections, the survival of monarchs will, for now, hinge on grassroots conservation efforts from groups like the Xerces Society and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>A little bit of a silver lining with monarchs is that all of the efforts to conserve the species across North America have made and continue to make a big difference,” said Charlie Wooley, Fish and Wildlife director for the Great Lakes region, at a press conference Tuesday. “We are just so impressed with the way the American public have raised their hands, gotten engaged in planting milkweed on their private properties in their backyards, developing wildflower gardens that help monarchs and other pollinators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless the species rebounds, wildlife officials say, monarchs could receive endangered status in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1971791/only-2000-monarch-butterflies-remain-in-california-but-they-still-dont-have-protection","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_46","science_35","science_4450","science_3423"],"tags":["science_194","science_261","science_4414","science_157","science_2053"],"featImg":"science_1971798","label":"source_science_1971791"},"science_1970742":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1970742","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1970742","score":null,"sort":[1603972830000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-could-do-better-to-ease-the-burdens-of-wildfires-if-we-knew-how-much-they-actually-cost","title":"What Is the True Cost of California Wildfires? No One Really Knows","publishDate":1603972830,"format":"audio","headTitle":"What Is the True Cost of California Wildfires? No One Really Knows | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amid a record-breaking fire year, a new report out Thursday says the state lacks a grasp on the true costs of wildfires. The report is from the California Council on Science and Technology, an independent nonprofit organization established to offer state leaders objective advice from scientists and research institutions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ahead of the CCST’s \u003ca href=\"https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/9016038414555/WN_bdEg68enQUKNqLirfujFog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">public briefing\u003c/a>, set for today at 12:30 p.m., KQED spoke with Michael Wara, director of Stanford’s Climate and Energy Policy Program. Wara led the team that assessed wildfire costs in the state. \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This interview is edited for length and clarity.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why did the council want to look at wildfire costs?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Michael Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Our fire problem is getting worse. Rapidly worse. So we need to figure out as a state what to do about this, but it’s very hard to know what to do about it if your view is kind of partially blocked, if you’re blind in one eye, and that’s kind of where we are with this problem. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">No one is collecting the whole budget and trying to understand what our expenditures really are to then compare them to our losses and say, “Is this the right amount? Are we spending too little? Are we spending too much?” And that’s the best way to develop policies — with good information. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How do you get a grasp on the true cost of wildfires in the state? By looking at budget spreadsheets? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It’s actually surprisingly difficult. We can do that for Cal Fire’s budget, but not for other costs to the state. We thought this would be a much simpler problem. Even framing the costs becomes a conceptual problem. For example, to many people, insurance appears like a cost. But you could argue insurance is just moving money around — who pays for a fee, basically. We thought there would be some sort of thorny conceptual issues, but we did not understand when we first started the work, that there were so many places that we aren’t actually measuring the costs. And we didn’t understand, I think, how large the costs were in areas that are not well measured.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where are we not measuring the costs?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> There are two big areas. The first and arguably the most important is in terms of the public health impacts; the most important of those is the smoke impacts. The morbidity and mortality impacts, deaths and sickness, from wildfire smoke are an incredibly important public health issue for the state of California. They’re not systematically measured. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is an area of developing science, but what we uncovered leads us to believe that there are many, many people dying from smoke-related causes due to wildfire in California, and probably many more people being admitted to emergency rooms with respiratory distress or other health-related problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another place where we really don’t have a good systematic look, but we’re increasingly concerned, relates to the ecosystem impacts of fire. Wildfires at the scale that we’re experiencing now in California have big impacts on aspects of ecosystems that we depend on very heavily for our well-being in society. In particular, impacts on water resources are large, but not well accounted for. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some of these problems are very complex. Do you think truly tracking the cumulative and comprehensive costs of wildfires is possible?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think we can do much better. And I think it’s going to change the politics of taking action to reduce risk. That’s because if you’re having a conversation about, say, fuels management, it’s one conversation when you’re talking about the private landowners in question, the fire agencies, and maybe environmentalists who are concerned about trees and ecosystems. It becomes a different conversation when you’re talking about the health of 40 million Californians. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why is it important to know all of the costs of factors we haven’t considered before? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The reason to fully value the cost is it gives us a sense for what we should be willing to spend to avoid these harms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Is the second part of that, that we should be spending a lot more than we are currently?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I think everyone on the report steering committee would say, “Yes.” But we shouldn’t necessarily be spending it in the same way. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same time as we maintain our commitment to having the best firefighting agency in, frankly, the world — Cal Fire is an amazing organization — we need to grow our spending on the aspects of the problem that will make it easier for firefighters to gain the upper hand when fires inevitably occur. That has to do with fuels management, building safer communities, using land as a tool to reduce risk, and “home hardening” — reducing the chances of home ignition. That makes it easier for firefighters to fight fire and also easier for communities to recover afterward.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>I’ve heard of benzene getting into water from plastic pipes after a fire. What are some of the broad impacts on water quality? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ash is a big issue, as is runoff from burned landscapes where there were developments, vehicles and houses that burned. If ash gets into the surface water flow and contaminates streams and reservoirs it becomes a huge issue. When you burn down a house, you’re creating a pretty toxic mixture of ash, and if that isn’t managed well, runoff can be really deleterious to water quality. Sediment, erosion and landslides also become big problems. A landscape may retain less water after a bad fire, contributing to drought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But we don’t really understand these impacts very well. Typically there might be a study on sediment for, say, \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">this\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> fire. And there’ll be a study on salmon habitat for \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> fire. But we don’t, in any systematic way, look at the impacts on water quality, quantity or the movement of water within watersheds from all big fires. However, we know enough to be seriously concerned given the scale of wildfires that the state has experienced since 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What are some of the key recommendations of the report that you would like people to know about?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A key conclusion of the report is that public health impacts from smoke are a big part of the picture, so we should think about wildfire not just as a problem for people who live in the wildland urban interface, but as a statewide problem. It has important equity impacts as well. The smoke impacts people most who have to work outdoors, who live in older housing that’s not as tightly sealed as newer, more efficient buildings. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another key takeaway from the report is that there is no one-size-fits-all solution for wildfire. So we need to think about regional solutions in a state as big as California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The other thing I would say is that climate change is a big factor in driving what is happening in California, but so are many other things. And that’s actually a good thing because it means that there are many things under the state’s control that we can do to make this problem better. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So, if a problem has multiple causes, then there are multiple ways to address it as well.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> That’s right. Exactly.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"'There are many things under the state's control that we can do to make this problem better,' said Michael Wara, who led the team assessing wildfire costs. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846969,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1292},"headData":{"title":"What Is the True Cost of California Wildfires? No One Really Knows | KQED","description":"'There are many things under the state's control that we can do to make this problem better,' said Michael Wara, who led the team assessing wildfire costs. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Wildfire","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/b2e70d1d-6190-4177-9c17-ac63010a5fa5/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1970742/california-could-do-better-to-ease-the-burdens-of-wildfires-if-we-knew-how-much-they-actually-cost","audioDuration":145000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amid a record-breaking fire year, a new report out Thursday says the state lacks a grasp on the true costs of wildfires. The report is from the California Council on Science and Technology, an independent nonprofit organization established to offer state leaders objective advice from scientists and research institutions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ahead of the CCST’s \u003ca href=\"https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/9016038414555/WN_bdEg68enQUKNqLirfujFog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">public briefing\u003c/a>, set for today at 12:30 p.m., KQED spoke with Michael Wara, director of Stanford’s Climate and Energy Policy Program. Wara led the team that assessed wildfire costs in the state. \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This interview is edited for length and clarity.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why did the council want to look at wildfire costs?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Michael Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Our fire problem is getting worse. Rapidly worse. So we need to figure out as a state what to do about this, but it’s very hard to know what to do about it if your view is kind of partially blocked, if you’re blind in one eye, and that’s kind of where we are with this problem. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">No one is collecting the whole budget and trying to understand what our expenditures really are to then compare them to our losses and say, “Is this the right amount? Are we spending too little? Are we spending too much?” And that’s the best way to develop policies — with good information. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How do you get a grasp on the true cost of wildfires in the state? By looking at budget spreadsheets? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It’s actually surprisingly difficult. We can do that for Cal Fire’s budget, but not for other costs to the state. We thought this would be a much simpler problem. Even framing the costs becomes a conceptual problem. For example, to many people, insurance appears like a cost. But you could argue insurance is just moving money around — who pays for a fee, basically. We thought there would be some sort of thorny conceptual issues, but we did not understand when we first started the work, that there were so many places that we aren’t actually measuring the costs. And we didn’t understand, I think, how large the costs were in areas that are not well measured.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where are we not measuring the costs?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> There are two big areas. The first and arguably the most important is in terms of the public health impacts; the most important of those is the smoke impacts. The morbidity and mortality impacts, deaths and sickness, from wildfire smoke are an incredibly important public health issue for the state of California. They’re not systematically measured. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is an area of developing science, but what we uncovered leads us to believe that there are many, many people dying from smoke-related causes due to wildfire in California, and probably many more people being admitted to emergency rooms with respiratory distress or other health-related problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another place where we really don’t have a good systematic look, but we’re increasingly concerned, relates to the ecosystem impacts of fire. Wildfires at the scale that we’re experiencing now in California have big impacts on aspects of ecosystems that we depend on very heavily for our well-being in society. In particular, impacts on water resources are large, but not well accounted for. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some of these problems are very complex. Do you think truly tracking the cumulative and comprehensive costs of wildfires is possible?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think we can do much better. And I think it’s going to change the politics of taking action to reduce risk. That’s because if you’re having a conversation about, say, fuels management, it’s one conversation when you’re talking about the private landowners in question, the fire agencies, and maybe environmentalists who are concerned about trees and ecosystems. It becomes a different conversation when you’re talking about the health of 40 million Californians. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why is it important to know all of the costs of factors we haven’t considered before? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The reason to fully value the cost is it gives us a sense for what we should be willing to spend to avoid these harms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Is the second part of that, that we should be spending a lot more than we are currently?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I think everyone on the report steering committee would say, “Yes.” But we shouldn’t necessarily be spending it in the same way. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same time as we maintain our commitment to having the best firefighting agency in, frankly, the world — Cal Fire is an amazing organization — we need to grow our spending on the aspects of the problem that will make it easier for firefighters to gain the upper hand when fires inevitably occur. That has to do with fuels management, building safer communities, using land as a tool to reduce risk, and “home hardening” — reducing the chances of home ignition. That makes it easier for firefighters to fight fire and also easier for communities to recover afterward.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>I’ve heard of benzene getting into water from plastic pipes after a fire. What are some of the broad impacts on water quality? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ash is a big issue, as is runoff from burned landscapes where there were developments, vehicles and houses that burned. If ash gets into the surface water flow and contaminates streams and reservoirs it becomes a huge issue. When you burn down a house, you’re creating a pretty toxic mixture of ash, and if that isn’t managed well, runoff can be really deleterious to water quality. Sediment, erosion and landslides also become big problems. A landscape may retain less water after a bad fire, contributing to drought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But we don’t really understand these impacts very well. Typically there might be a study on sediment for, say, \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">this\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> fire. And there’ll be a study on salmon habitat for \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> fire. But we don’t, in any systematic way, look at the impacts on water quality, quantity or the movement of water within watersheds from all big fires. However, we know enough to be seriously concerned given the scale of wildfires that the state has experienced since 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What are some of the key recommendations of the report that you would like people to know about?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A key conclusion of the report is that public health impacts from smoke are a big part of the picture, so we should think about wildfire not just as a problem for people who live in the wildland urban interface, but as a statewide problem. It has important equity impacts as well. The smoke impacts people most who have to work outdoors, who live in older housing that’s not as tightly sealed as newer, more efficient buildings. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another key takeaway from the report is that there is no one-size-fits-all solution for wildfire. So we need to think about regional solutions in a state as big as California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The other thing I would say is that climate change is a big factor in driving what is happening in California, but so are many other things. And that’s actually a good thing because it means that there are many things under the state’s control that we can do to make this problem better. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So, if a problem has multiple causes, then there are multiple ways to address it as well.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> That’s right. Exactly.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1970742/california-could-do-better-to-ease-the-burdens-of-wildfires-if-we-knew-how-much-they-actually-cost","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_46","science_40","science_43","science_4450","science_3423","science_3730"],"tags":["science_4414","science_113"],"featImg":"science_1970744","label":"source_science_1970742"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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