Dealing with test anxiety? Practice quizzes can actually help
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Practice quizzes can actually help","publishDate":1695636049,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Dealing with test anxiety? Practice quizzes can actually help | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In education circles, it’s popular to rail against testing, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61712/do-math-drills-help-children-learn\">especially timed exams\u003c/a>. Tests are stressful and not the best way to measure knowledge, wrote Adam Grant, an organizational psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School in a Sept. 20, 2023 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/opinion/culture/timed-tests-biased-kids.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">New York Times essay\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “You wouldn’t want a surgeon who rushes through a craniectomy, or an accountant who dashes through your taxes.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s tempting to agree. But there’s another side to the testing story, with a lot of evidence behind it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cognitive scientists argue that testing improves learning. They call it “practice retrieval” or “test-enhanced learning.” In layman’s language, that means that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60868/many-students-are-using-study-strategies-that-dont-work-and-better-options-exist\">the brain learns new information and skills by being forced to recall them periodically\u003c/a>. Remembering consolidates information and helps the brain form long-term memories. Of course, testing is not the only way to accomplish this, but it’s easy and efficient in a classroom. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several meta-analyses, which summarize the evidence from many studies, have found \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fbul0000309\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">higher achievement when students take quizzes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> instead of, say, reviewing notes or rereading a book chapter. “There’s decades and decades of research showing that taking practice tests will actually improve your learning,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/people/professor-david-shanks\">David Shanks\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology and deputy dean of the Faculty of Brain Sciences at University College London. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, many students get \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60905/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-bad-test-taker-but-anxiety-is-real\">overwhelmed during tests\u003c/a>. Shanks and a team of four researchers wanted to find out whether quizzes exacerbate test anxiety. The team collected 24 studies that measured students’ test anxiety and found that, on average, practice tests and quizzes not only improved academic achievement, but also ended up reducing test anxiety. Their \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10648-023-09801-w\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">meta-analysis was published in Educational Psychology Review\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in August 2023. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanks says quizzes can be a “gentle” way to help students face challenges. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s not like being thrown into the deep end of a swimming pool,” said Shanks. “It’s like being put very gently into the shallow end. And then the next time a little bit deeper, and then a little bit deeper. And so the possibility of becoming properly afraid just never arises.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Why test anxiety diminishes is unclear. It could be because students are learning to tolerate testing conditions through repeated exposure, as Shanks described. Or it could be because quizzes are helping students master the material and perform better on the final exam. We tend to be less anxious about things we’re good at. Unfortunately, the underlying studies didn’t collect the data that could resolve this academic debate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanks doesn’t think competency alone reduces test anxiety. “We know that many high achieving students get very anxious,” he said. “So it can’t just be that your anxiety goes down as your performance goes up.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To minimize test anxiety, Shanks advises that practice tests be low stakes, either ungraded or ones that students can retake multiple times. He also suggests gamified quizzes to make tests more fun and entertaining. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some of this advice is controversial. Many education experts argue against timed spelling tests or multiplication quizzes, but Shanks recommends both. “We would strongly speculate that there is both a learning benefit from those tests and a beneficial impact on anxiety,” he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanks said a lot more research is needed. Many of the 24 existing studies were small experiments and of uneven quality, and measuring test anxiety through surveys is an inexact science. The underlying studies covered a range of school subjects, from math and science to foreign languages, and took place in both classrooms and laboratory settings, studying students as young as third grade and as old as college. Nearly half the studies took place in the United States with the remainder in the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Nigeria, Iran, Brazil, the Netherlands, China, Singapore and Pakistan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanks cautioned that this meta-analysis should not be seen as a “definitive” pronouncement that tests reduce anxiety, but rather as a summary of early research in a field that is still in its “infancy.” One big issue is that the studies measured average test anxiety for students. There may be a small minority of students who are particularly sensitive to test anxiety and who may be harmed by practice tests. These differences could be the subject of future research. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another issue is the tradeoff between boosting achievement and reducing anxiety. The harder the practice test, the more beneficial it is for learning. But the lower the stakes for a quiz, the better it is for reducing anxiety. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanks dreams of finding a Goldilocks “sweet spot” where “the stakes are not so high that the test begins to provoke anxiety, but the stakes are just high enough to get the full benefit of the testing effect. We’re miles away from having firm answers to subtle questions like that.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-lowering-test-anxiety-in-the-classroom/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">test anxiety\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proof Points\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and other \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletters\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A review of 24 studies finds quizzes improve achievement and reduce test anxiety.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1695416349,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":895},"headData":{"title":"Dealing with test anxiety? Practice quizzes can actually help | KQED","description":"A review of 24 studies finds quizzes improve achievement and reduce test anxiety.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"A review of 24 studies finds quizzes improve achievement and reduce test anxiety."},"nprByline":"Jill Barshay, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/62428/dealing-with-test-anxiety-practice-quizzes-can-actually-help","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In education circles, it’s popular to rail against testing, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61712/do-math-drills-help-children-learn\">especially timed exams\u003c/a>. Tests are stressful and not the best way to measure knowledge, wrote Adam Grant, an organizational psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School in a Sept. 20, 2023 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/opinion/culture/timed-tests-biased-kids.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">New York Times essay\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “You wouldn’t want a surgeon who rushes through a craniectomy, or an accountant who dashes through your taxes.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s tempting to agree. But there’s another side to the testing story, with a lot of evidence behind it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cognitive scientists argue that testing improves learning. They call it “practice retrieval” or “test-enhanced learning.” In layman’s language, that means that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60868/many-students-are-using-study-strategies-that-dont-work-and-better-options-exist\">the brain learns new information and skills by being forced to recall them periodically\u003c/a>. Remembering consolidates information and helps the brain form long-term memories. Of course, testing is not the only way to accomplish this, but it’s easy and efficient in a classroom. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several meta-analyses, which summarize the evidence from many studies, have found \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fbul0000309\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">higher achievement when students take quizzes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> instead of, say, reviewing notes or rereading a book chapter. “There’s decades and decades of research showing that taking practice tests will actually improve your learning,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/people/professor-david-shanks\">David Shanks\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology and deputy dean of the Faculty of Brain Sciences at University College London. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, many students get \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60905/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-bad-test-taker-but-anxiety-is-real\">overwhelmed during tests\u003c/a>. Shanks and a team of four researchers wanted to find out whether quizzes exacerbate test anxiety. The team collected 24 studies that measured students’ test anxiety and found that, on average, practice tests and quizzes not only improved academic achievement, but also ended up reducing test anxiety. Their \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10648-023-09801-w\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">meta-analysis was published in Educational Psychology Review\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in August 2023. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanks says quizzes can be a “gentle” way to help students face challenges. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s not like being thrown into the deep end of a swimming pool,” said Shanks. “It’s like being put very gently into the shallow end. And then the next time a little bit deeper, and then a little bit deeper. And so the possibility of becoming properly afraid just never arises.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Why test anxiety diminishes is unclear. It could be because students are learning to tolerate testing conditions through repeated exposure, as Shanks described. Or it could be because quizzes are helping students master the material and perform better on the final exam. We tend to be less anxious about things we’re good at. Unfortunately, the underlying studies didn’t collect the data that could resolve this academic debate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanks doesn’t think competency alone reduces test anxiety. “We know that many high achieving students get very anxious,” he said. “So it can’t just be that your anxiety goes down as your performance goes up.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To minimize test anxiety, Shanks advises that practice tests be low stakes, either ungraded or ones that students can retake multiple times. He also suggests gamified quizzes to make tests more fun and entertaining. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some of this advice is controversial. Many education experts argue against timed spelling tests or multiplication quizzes, but Shanks recommends both. “We would strongly speculate that there is both a learning benefit from those tests and a beneficial impact on anxiety,” he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanks said a lot more research is needed. Many of the 24 existing studies were small experiments and of uneven quality, and measuring test anxiety through surveys is an inexact science. The underlying studies covered a range of school subjects, from math and science to foreign languages, and took place in both classrooms and laboratory settings, studying students as young as third grade and as old as college. Nearly half the studies took place in the United States with the remainder in the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Nigeria, Iran, Brazil, the Netherlands, China, Singapore and Pakistan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanks cautioned that this meta-analysis should not be seen as a “definitive” pronouncement that tests reduce anxiety, but rather as a summary of early research in a field that is still in its “infancy.” One big issue is that the studies measured average test anxiety for students. There may be a small minority of students who are particularly sensitive to test anxiety and who may be harmed by practice tests. These differences could be the subject of future research. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another issue is the tradeoff between boosting achievement and reducing anxiety. The harder the practice test, the more beneficial it is for learning. But the lower the stakes for a quiz, the better it is for reducing anxiety. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanks dreams of finding a Goldilocks “sweet spot” where “the stakes are not so high that the test begins to provoke anxiety, but the stakes are just high enough to get the full benefit of the testing effect. We’re miles away from having firm answers to subtle questions like that.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-lowering-test-anxiety-in-the-classroom/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">test anxiety\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proof Points\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and other \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletters\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/62428/dealing-with-test-anxiety-practice-quizzes-can-actually-help","authors":["byline_mindshift_62428"],"categories":["mindshift_21504","mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_20589","mindshift_108","mindshift_20556","mindshift_20726","mindshift_21152","mindshift_21541"],"featImg":"mindshift_62430","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_37752":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_37752","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"37752","score":null,"sort":[1413465501000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"studying-with-quizzes-helps-make-sure-the-material-sticks","title":"Studying With Quizzes Helps Make Sure the Material Sticks","publishDate":1413465501,"format":"aside","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38117\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/10/Brain-Information-Retrieval.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/10/Brain-Information-Retrieval-640x360.png\" alt=\"iStock\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-38117\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">iStock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Samara Freemark, \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanradioworks.org/\" target=\"_blank\">American RadioWorks\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Roddy Roediger is a \u003ca href=\"http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/roediger.html\" target=\"_blank\">psychology professor at Washington University in St. Louis\u003c/a> and runs the school's Memory Lab. He’s been obsessed with studying how and why people remember things for four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The actual act of retrieving the information over and over, that's what makes it retrievable when you need it.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About 20 years ago, Roediger was running an experiment on how images help people remember. He separated his subjects into three groups and asked each group to try to memorize 60 pictures. The first group just studied the pictures for 20 minutes. The second studied them for most of that time, but was asked to recall the pictures once during the session. But Roediger tested the third group on the pictures three times over the 20 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Roediger tested the three groups on the pictures a week later, there were huge differences in how much they each remembered. The first group, which had just studied the whole time, remembered 16 of the 60 pictures. The second group did a little better. But the third group, the ones he had tested over and over, did great. They remembered 32 pictures — twice as many as the first group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This phenomenon — testing yourself on an idea or concept to help you remember it — is called the \"testing effect\" or \"retrieval practice.\" People have known about the idea for centuries. Sir Francis Bacon mentioned it, as did the psychologist William James. In 350 BCE, Aristotle wrote that “exercise in repeatedly recalling a thing strengthens the memory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the testing effect had been mostly overlooked in recent years. \"What psychologists interested in learning and memory have always emphasized is the acquisition part. The taking [information] in and getting it into memory,\" Roediger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laypeople — and even experts — tend to think of human memory as a box to be packed with information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"8YREzs866qsFst6zOJHOfEpssG1RrX4w\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What people neglected and didn't think about was the 'getting it out' part,\" Roediger said. \"We don't get information into memory just to have it sit there. We get it in to be able to use it later. … And the actual act of retrieving the information over and over, that's what makes it retrievable when you need it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why does retrieval, or quizzing, slow forgetting and help us remember?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a good question, and we don't know the answer to it,\" said Roediger's colleague Mark McDaniel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One theory is that the act of retrieving information from the vastness of our memory systems poses a challenge to the brain, and retrieval practices that act: in effect, greasing the wheels of memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another theory is that information goes into our brains attached to context. The texture of the book page that we flip as we read; the hum of the air conditioner in the background; the taste of the chips we're snacking on as we study: these all become part of a stored memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Memory is dynamic, and it keeps changing,\" McDaniel said. \"And retrieval helps it change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time a memory is retrieved, it becomes connected to new sensations and contexts. \"The more things you have it connected to, the easier it is to pull it out, because you have lots of different ideas that can lead you to that particular material,\" McDaniel said. \"And the things you retrieve get more accessible later on, and the things you don't retrieve get pushed into the background and become harder to retrieve next time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying using these methods requires a lot of work. Rather than just reading, students have to create little quizzes for themselves. It can feel uncomfortable and inefficient. \"This is a difficult way to study,\" McDaniel admitted. \"I think most people want learning to be easy and effortless. They want a magic bullet for it. And learning is not easy and effortless. It takes work, and it takes effort and time and dedication.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The issue with learning is, no one ever sits down and teaches you how to study.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I didn't know how to study,\" said Sydney Baranovitz, a student studying occupational therapy at Georgia Regents University who credits \"retrieval practice\" for saving her medical career. \"I had the ability; I just didn't know what to focus on. The issue with learning is, no one ever sits down and teaches you [how to study].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark McDaniel agrees. \"One of the gaps or problems in the educational system is that no one ever helps a student figure out how to learn, and yet that's the primary challenge a student is faced with. You’ve got to assist them with how to do that. And that's where I think we're failing somewhat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TEST OFTEN FOR BETTER RESULTS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just that many students are never taught how to study. It’s also that many classes, especially in higher education, are set up to encourage bad study habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Sobel is a professor of international studies at Washington University in St. Louis. He used to teach a freshman introduction to political science class. He structured it in the traditional way, with daily lectures, a midterm exam and a final.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he heard Roddy Roediger give a presentation on the testing effect, and Sobel realized that his students were studying in exactly the wrong way, by rereading their notes the night before his two exams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vastly better model, Sobel thought, would be one where he essentially forced his students to retrieve knowledge over and over again throughout the course.\u003cbr>\nSo, every semester, instead of two exams, he started giving his students nine quizzes. All these little tests would count for a grade, but they would also, Sobel hoped, be a tool for learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Sobel says, his students hated the quizzes. But he was shocked when he realized that by the end of the semester, his students were writing answers to his questions that were comparable to those of his upper division students. \"That had never happened before,\" Sobel said. \"And so the only thing that can explain that, the only thing that varied in there, was the testing structure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sobel has tried to talk to his colleagues about the results he was seeing with quizzing, but he says most of them aren't interested in switching from a few exams to multiple quizzes. “University faculty are considered very smart, but are also very conservative,” Sobel said. “We don’t like to change our ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've always said there was kind of a conspiracy between students and faculty,\" Roediger said. \"Faculty hate making up and grading tests. Students hate taking them. So we pretend they're not very important, and we don't give them. … [Our lab] is arguing for more testing, not less — not standardized tests, but tests that help kids learn.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanradioworks.org/\">American RadioWorks\u003c/a>. Listen to \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanradioworks.org/documentaries/the-science-of-smart/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Science of Smart\"\u003c/a> documentary:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/play/static.php?name=/americanradioworks/2014/sciencesmart_128\" width=\"400px\" height=\"44px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Neuroscientists have known for a long time that regular quizzing on information helps make it stick, but students and teachers don't always know how to apply that research to classroom practice or study habits.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1413466618,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/play/static.php"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1183},"headData":{"title":"Studying With Quizzes Helps Make Sure the Material Sticks | KQED","description":"Neuroscientists have known for a long time that regular quizzing on information helps make it stick, but students and teachers don't always know how to apply that research to classroom practice or study habits.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"37752 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=37752","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/10/16/studying-with-quizzes-helps-make-sure-the-material-sticks/","disqusTitle":"Studying With Quizzes Helps Make Sure the Material Sticks","path":"/mindshift/37752/studying-with-quizzes-helps-make-sure-the-material-sticks","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38117\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/10/Brain-Information-Retrieval.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/10/Brain-Information-Retrieval-640x360.png\" alt=\"iStock\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-38117\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">iStock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Samara Freemark, \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanradioworks.org/\" target=\"_blank\">American RadioWorks\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Roddy Roediger is a \u003ca href=\"http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/roediger.html\" target=\"_blank\">psychology professor at Washington University in St. Louis\u003c/a> and runs the school's Memory Lab. He’s been obsessed with studying how and why people remember things for four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The actual act of retrieving the information over and over, that's what makes it retrievable when you need it.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About 20 years ago, Roediger was running an experiment on how images help people remember. He separated his subjects into three groups and asked each group to try to memorize 60 pictures. The first group just studied the pictures for 20 minutes. The second studied them for most of that time, but was asked to recall the pictures once during the session. But Roediger tested the third group on the pictures three times over the 20 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Roediger tested the three groups on the pictures a week later, there were huge differences in how much they each remembered. The first group, which had just studied the whole time, remembered 16 of the 60 pictures. The second group did a little better. But the third group, the ones he had tested over and over, did great. They remembered 32 pictures — twice as many as the first group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This phenomenon — testing yourself on an idea or concept to help you remember it — is called the \"testing effect\" or \"retrieval practice.\" People have known about the idea for centuries. Sir Francis Bacon mentioned it, as did the psychologist William James. In 350 BCE, Aristotle wrote that “exercise in repeatedly recalling a thing strengthens the memory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the testing effect had been mostly overlooked in recent years. \"What psychologists interested in learning and memory have always emphasized is the acquisition part. The taking [information] in and getting it into memory,\" Roediger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laypeople — and even experts — tend to think of human memory as a box to be packed with information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What people neglected and didn't think about was the 'getting it out' part,\" Roediger said. \"We don't get information into memory just to have it sit there. We get it in to be able to use it later. … And the actual act of retrieving the information over and over, that's what makes it retrievable when you need it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why does retrieval, or quizzing, slow forgetting and help us remember?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a good question, and we don't know the answer to it,\" said Roediger's colleague Mark McDaniel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One theory is that the act of retrieving information from the vastness of our memory systems poses a challenge to the brain, and retrieval practices that act: in effect, greasing the wheels of memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another theory is that information goes into our brains attached to context. The texture of the book page that we flip as we read; the hum of the air conditioner in the background; the taste of the chips we're snacking on as we study: these all become part of a stored memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Memory is dynamic, and it keeps changing,\" McDaniel said. \"And retrieval helps it change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time a memory is retrieved, it becomes connected to new sensations and contexts. \"The more things you have it connected to, the easier it is to pull it out, because you have lots of different ideas that can lead you to that particular material,\" McDaniel said. \"And the things you retrieve get more accessible later on, and the things you don't retrieve get pushed into the background and become harder to retrieve next time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying using these methods requires a lot of work. Rather than just reading, students have to create little quizzes for themselves. It can feel uncomfortable and inefficient. \"This is a difficult way to study,\" McDaniel admitted. \"I think most people want learning to be easy and effortless. They want a magic bullet for it. And learning is not easy and effortless. It takes work, and it takes effort and time and dedication.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The issue with learning is, no one ever sits down and teaches you how to study.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I didn't know how to study,\" said Sydney Baranovitz, a student studying occupational therapy at Georgia Regents University who credits \"retrieval practice\" for saving her medical career. \"I had the ability; I just didn't know what to focus on. The issue with learning is, no one ever sits down and teaches you [how to study].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark McDaniel agrees. \"One of the gaps or problems in the educational system is that no one ever helps a student figure out how to learn, and yet that's the primary challenge a student is faced with. You’ve got to assist them with how to do that. And that's where I think we're failing somewhat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TEST OFTEN FOR BETTER RESULTS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just that many students are never taught how to study. It’s also that many classes, especially in higher education, are set up to encourage bad study habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Sobel is a professor of international studies at Washington University in St. Louis. He used to teach a freshman introduction to political science class. He structured it in the traditional way, with daily lectures, a midterm exam and a final.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he heard Roddy Roediger give a presentation on the testing effect, and Sobel realized that his students were studying in exactly the wrong way, by rereading their notes the night before his two exams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vastly better model, Sobel thought, would be one where he essentially forced his students to retrieve knowledge over and over again throughout the course.\u003cbr>\nSo, every semester, instead of two exams, he started giving his students nine quizzes. All these little tests would count for a grade, but they would also, Sobel hoped, be a tool for learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Sobel says, his students hated the quizzes. But he was shocked when he realized that by the end of the semester, his students were writing answers to his questions that were comparable to those of his upper division students. \"That had never happened before,\" Sobel said. \"And so the only thing that can explain that, the only thing that varied in there, was the testing structure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sobel has tried to talk to his colleagues about the results he was seeing with quizzing, but he says most of them aren't interested in switching from a few exams to multiple quizzes. “University faculty are considered very smart, but are also very conservative,” Sobel said. “We don’t like to change our ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've always said there was kind of a conspiracy between students and faculty,\" Roediger said. \"Faculty hate making up and grading tests. Students hate taking them. So we pretend they're not very important, and we don't give them. … [Our lab] is arguing for more testing, not less — not standardized tests, but tests that help kids learn.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanradioworks.org/\">American RadioWorks\u003c/a>. Listen to \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanradioworks.org/documentaries/the-science-of-smart/\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Science of Smart\"\u003c/a> documentary:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/play/static.php?name=/americanradioworks/2014/sciencesmart_128\" width=\"400px\" height=\"44px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/37752/studying-with-quizzes-helps-make-sure-the-material-sticks","authors":["4354"],"categories":["mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_767","mindshift_1040","mindshift_20556","mindshift_46","mindshift_20726"],"featImg":"mindshift_38117","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_37304":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_37304","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"37304","score":null,"sort":[1408975205000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quiz-yourself-how-good-are-you-at-teaching-the-art-of-learning","title":"Quiz Yourself: How Good Are You at Teaching the Art of Learning?","publishDate":1408975205,"format":"aside","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>By Benedict Carey, author of \"\u003ca href=\"http://benedictjcarey.com/?page_id=8\">How We Learn\u003c/a>: The Surprising Truth about When, Where, and Why It Happens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/how-does-the-brain-learn-best-smart-studying-strategies/\" target=\"_blank\">MindShift's article\u003c/a> about the book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1) You have assigned students to write an essay on \"How Neurons Communicate,\" based on reading a book chapter, but you know many of them will squirm. They may try to focus, but find the material will not yield. What to advise them, if they get stuck?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. Tough it out, nobody said this was easy.\u003cbr>\nB. Get out of the house, and take the book with you: to the coffee shop, the park, the library. Put on some music. Have at it.\u003cbr>\nC. Eliminate all distractions from your work space. Concentrate.\u003cbr>\nD. Quit for now, and come back to it later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ANSWER: B. There’s a large body of research showing that changing \"context\" while you’re learning -- and this includes location, time of day, mood, environment, even background music -- deepens learning. It also allows you to put your restlessness to good use.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2) You have scheduled a Spanish test one week from today, and you’ve advised students to allot four hours to study. How best can they use that time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. Put in one concentrated, four-hour study session three days before the test.\u003cbr>\nB. Stay up late, cramming, the night before the exam so the material is fresh.\u003cbr>\nC. Study one hour a night for four consecutive nights in the coming week.\u003cbr>\nD. Do two hours tonight and two tomorrow night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ANSWER: D. Distributing or \"spacing\" study time can double the amount of material we retain. For a test in a week, the ideal schedule is: tonight and tomorrow, or tonight and the day after tomorrow. The optimal interval depends on when the test is.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3) Your (mostly) diligent 16-year-old daughter is stuck on a problem set. She asks you if she can take a break and jump on her computer. You respond by:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. Making her push on, until a breakthrough occurs.\u003cbr>\nB. Suggesting she call a friend for help.\u003cbr>\nC. Letting her do what she wants.\u003cbr>\nD. Rolling your eyes, complaining about her generation’s addiction to technology and wondering aloud what will become of the world when the devices take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ANSWER: C. A little dose of distraction -- 15 to 20 minutes, scrolling through Facebook or going for a run -- actually helps us re-engage problems in a new way. It also increases the likelihood, by about 20 percent, that your daughter will find a solution to the problem she’s stuck on.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4) Your students each have an important class presentation to make in the coming days, and they need to memorize some material by heart. How much time should they spend studying and how much time practicing from memory?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. A third of the time reading, two-thirds practicing from memory.\u003cbr>\nB. 90 percent studying the text -- and 10 percent practicing from memory at the end.\u003cbr>\nC. 50 percent reading, 50 percent practicing.\u003cbr>\nD. Just read it a few times and sleep on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ANSWER: A. Research shows that \"self-testing\" -- i.e., performing as practice -- is much more effective than re-reading the text, by a ratio of about 2 to 1.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5) Quizzing overworked and sleep-deprived teachers on a book by Benedict Carey that they haven't even had the chance to read yet is:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A. A waste of time.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> B. A cruel, dirty trick.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> C. A pandering gimmick.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> D. By far the best way to become familiar with the project.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>ANSWER: D. New research suggests that “pre-testing” -- testing yourself on material before you’ve even studied it -- tunes the brain for subsequent learning. The process of guessing at answers forces you to mentally bookmark material and concepts in a way that increases the likelihood you'll recognize -- and remember -- them later.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Test how well you know some of these counterintuitive study tips.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1409005383,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":657},"headData":{"title":"Quiz Yourself: How Good Are You at Teaching the Art of Learning? | KQED","description":"Test how well you know some of these counterintuitive study tips.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"37304 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=37304","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/25/quiz-yourself-how-good-are-you-at-teaching-the-art-of-learning/","disqusTitle":"Quiz Yourself: How Good Are You at Teaching the Art of Learning?","path":"/mindshift/37304/quiz-yourself-how-good-are-you-at-teaching-the-art-of-learning","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By Benedict Carey, author of \"\u003ca href=\"http://benedictjcarey.com/?page_id=8\">How We Learn\u003c/a>: The Surprising Truth about When, Where, and Why It Happens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/how-does-the-brain-learn-best-smart-studying-strategies/\" target=\"_blank\">MindShift's article\u003c/a> about the book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1) You have assigned students to write an essay on \"How Neurons Communicate,\" based on reading a book chapter, but you know many of them will squirm. They may try to focus, but find the material will not yield. What to advise them, if they get stuck?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. Tough it out, nobody said this was easy.\u003cbr>\nB. Get out of the house, and take the book with you: to the coffee shop, the park, the library. Put on some music. Have at it.\u003cbr>\nC. Eliminate all distractions from your work space. Concentrate.\u003cbr>\nD. Quit for now, and come back to it later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ANSWER: B. There’s a large body of research showing that changing \"context\" while you’re learning -- and this includes location, time of day, mood, environment, even background music -- deepens learning. It also allows you to put your restlessness to good use.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2) You have scheduled a Spanish test one week from today, and you’ve advised students to allot four hours to study. How best can they use that time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. Put in one concentrated, four-hour study session three days before the test.\u003cbr>\nB. Stay up late, cramming, the night before the exam so the material is fresh.\u003cbr>\nC. Study one hour a night for four consecutive nights in the coming week.\u003cbr>\nD. Do two hours tonight and two tomorrow night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ANSWER: D. Distributing or \"spacing\" study time can double the amount of material we retain. For a test in a week, the ideal schedule is: tonight and tomorrow, or tonight and the day after tomorrow. The optimal interval depends on when the test is.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3) Your (mostly) diligent 16-year-old daughter is stuck on a problem set. She asks you if she can take a break and jump on her computer. You respond by:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. Making her push on, until a breakthrough occurs.\u003cbr>\nB. Suggesting she call a friend for help.\u003cbr>\nC. Letting her do what she wants.\u003cbr>\nD. Rolling your eyes, complaining about her generation’s addiction to technology and wondering aloud what will become of the world when the devices take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ANSWER: C. A little dose of distraction -- 15 to 20 minutes, scrolling through Facebook or going for a run -- actually helps us re-engage problems in a new way. It also increases the likelihood, by about 20 percent, that your daughter will find a solution to the problem she’s stuck on.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4) Your students each have an important class presentation to make in the coming days, and they need to memorize some material by heart. How much time should they spend studying and how much time practicing from memory?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. A third of the time reading, two-thirds practicing from memory.\u003cbr>\nB. 90 percent studying the text -- and 10 percent practicing from memory at the end.\u003cbr>\nC. 50 percent reading, 50 percent practicing.\u003cbr>\nD. Just read it a few times and sleep on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ANSWER: A. Research shows that \"self-testing\" -- i.e., performing as practice -- is much more effective than re-reading the text, by a ratio of about 2 to 1.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5) Quizzing overworked and sleep-deprived teachers on a book by Benedict Carey that they haven't even had the chance to read yet is:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A. A waste of time.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> B. A cruel, dirty trick.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> C. A pandering gimmick.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> D. By far the best way to become familiar with the project.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>ANSWER: D. New research suggests that “pre-testing” -- testing yourself on material before you’ve even studied it -- tunes the brain for subsequent learning. The process of guessing at answers forces you to mentally bookmark material and concepts in a way that increases the likelihood you'll recognize -- and remember -- them later.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/37304/quiz-yourself-how-good-are-you-at-teaching-the-art-of-learning","authors":["4354"],"categories":["mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_767","mindshift_20726"],"featImg":"mindshift_37471","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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