Do Students Have the Right to Post Negative Comments Online?
Facebook, Students and Teachers: A Question of Free Speech
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srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/03/3772984885_e453a2cb30.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/03/3772984885_e453a2cb30-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/03/3772984885_e453a2cb30-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch5>By \u003ca title=\"View user profile.\" href=\"http://californiawatch.org/user/corey-g-johnson\">Corey G. Johnson\u003c/a>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>Civil rights groups recently intervened in a free-speech controversy at the San Francisco Unified School District after a school suspended three high school seniors and banned them from graduation and prom over comments they made online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students were suspended from George Washington High School after a teacher learned about postings on a Tumblr page called \"Scumbag Teachers.\" Some of the comments allegedly linked to the students included: \"Teaches Pink Floyd for 3 Weeks; Makes Final Project Due In 3 Days” and “Nags Student Govt About Being On Task; Lags On Everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school principal accused the students of cyberbullying. They were suspended from school for three days, banned from prom and told they couldn't walk with their classmates during graduation. One of the students was kicked off the student council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Asian Law Caucus and ACLU of Northern California \u003ca href=\"http://www.aclunc.org/issues/technology/blog/aclu-nc_and_alc_help_teach_free_speech_civics_lesson_to_local_h.s._principal.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">said they were concerned\u003c/a> that the students' rights were being violated and wrote letters to district officials questioning whether the students and parents were given due process. The district then reinstated the students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district's initial punitive actions prompted student outrage on other Tumblr sites. One student stated:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Find it ironic how Washington led the American Revolution against the British soldiers for freedom from King George, and here you are, sitting in this school trying to control the students the exact same way the king was, by taxing not our goods, but our freedom of\u003c!--more--> speech. Washington himself would be appalled.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Another student wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kind of school environment do we live in where Tumblr allegedly is treated like a weapon?\u003c/strong> Where people are now afraid to write and express their feelings and opinions in a Tumblr community in fear that the adults that are supposed to encourage and teach us the meaning of “freedom” and “free expression” are the ones stamping it down and treating it with a double standard.\u003cstrong>You know what is ironic?\u003c/strong> In school we are going over 1984 by George Orwell and Brave New World by Alduous [sic] Huxley. Both are dystopian novels which express a fear of a future in which individual opinions are banned and people live in an authoritarian rule stripped of freedom and self-expression. What is so different from those novels and this situation in this school?\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The district, the Asian Law Caucus and ACLU of Northern California all declined to name the school and the students involved. California Watch learned the name of the school from online postings and an interview with a student who attends Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angela Chan, an attorney with the Asian Law Caucus, said the students' parents don't speak English. She said the school didn't initially provide translators to help the parents understand the school's decision. And Linda Lye, an attorney with the ACLU, said the Tumblr postings didn't meet the definition of cyberbullying and weren't disruptive to the school environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Speech does not become 'disruptive' just because a teacher doesn’t like it or finds it offensive,\" Lye wrote on the ACLU website. \"In fact, criticism of authority figures is exactly the type of speech the Constitution was designed to protect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gentle Blythe, spokeswoman for San Francisco Unified, said the district swiftly\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>reinstated the students once contacted by the civil rights groups. The disciplinary actions have been removed from the students' records, and they are no longer banned from the prom and graduation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We absolutely recognize and value our students’ right to free speech. We also recognize that we need to educate them about responsible speech,\" Blythe said in an e-mail to California Watch. \"As soon as the district was notified of the school administration’s action, we responded. Part of having authority means recognizing that if you make a mistake you need to correct it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan said her organization and San Francisco Unified will be working to improve district policies to ensure teachers and administrators are better trained to handle future incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2008, California passed \u003ca href=\"http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_0051-0100/ab_86_cfa_20080115_125502_asm_comm.html\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">AB 86\u003c/a>, one of the first laws in the country to deal directly with cyberbullying. The legislation gives school administrators the authority to discipline students for bullying others offline or online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the ACLU intervened at the San Juan Unified School District in Northern California after school administrators at a Citrus Heights-area school suspended a 15-year-old sophomore for cyberbullying. Since then, the organization has responded to at least three separate instances in which different schools have punished students for online writing, Lye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/sf-school-sparks-online-free-speech-battle-15721\">California Watch\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1334166984,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":785},"headData":{"title":"Do Students Have the Right to Post Negative Comments Online? | KQED","description":"By Corey G. Johnson Civil rights groups recently intervened in a free-speech controversy at the San Francisco Unified School District after a school suspended three high school seniors and banned them from graduation and prom over comments they made online. The students were suspended from George Washington High School after a teacher learned about postings on","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"20658 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=20658","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2012/04/11/do-students-have-the-right-to-post-negative-comments-online/","disqusTitle":"Do Students Have the Right to Post Negative Comments Online?","path":"/mindshift/20658/do-students-have-the-right-to-post-negative-comments-online","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19566\" class=\"wp-caption center\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2012/03/teaching-and-modeling-good-digital-citizenship/3772984885_e453a2cb30/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-19566\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-19566\" title=\"3772984885_e453a2cb30\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2012/03/3772984885_e453a2cb30.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/03/3772984885_e453a2cb30.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/03/3772984885_e453a2cb30-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/03/3772984885_e453a2cb30-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch5>By \u003ca title=\"View user profile.\" href=\"http://californiawatch.org/user/corey-g-johnson\">Corey G. Johnson\u003c/a>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>Civil rights groups recently intervened in a free-speech controversy at the San Francisco Unified School District after a school suspended three high school seniors and banned them from graduation and prom over comments they made online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students were suspended from George Washington High School after a teacher learned about postings on a Tumblr page called \"Scumbag Teachers.\" Some of the comments allegedly linked to the students included: \"Teaches Pink Floyd for 3 Weeks; Makes Final Project Due In 3 Days” and “Nags Student Govt About Being On Task; Lags On Everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school principal accused the students of cyberbullying. They were suspended from school for three days, banned from prom and told they couldn't walk with their classmates during graduation. One of the students was kicked off the student council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Asian Law Caucus and ACLU of Northern California \u003ca href=\"http://www.aclunc.org/issues/technology/blog/aclu-nc_and_alc_help_teach_free_speech_civics_lesson_to_local_h.s._principal.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">said they were concerned\u003c/a> that the students' rights were being violated and wrote letters to district officials questioning whether the students and parents were given due process. The district then reinstated the students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district's initial punitive actions prompted student outrage on other Tumblr sites. One student stated:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Find it ironic how Washington led the American Revolution against the British soldiers for freedom from King George, and here you are, sitting in this school trying to control the students the exact same way the king was, by taxing not our goods, but our freedom of\u003c!--more--> speech. Washington himself would be appalled.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Another student wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kind of school environment do we live in where Tumblr allegedly is treated like a weapon?\u003c/strong> Where people are now afraid to write and express their feelings and opinions in a Tumblr community in fear that the adults that are supposed to encourage and teach us the meaning of “freedom” and “free expression” are the ones stamping it down and treating it with a double standard.\u003cstrong>You know what is ironic?\u003c/strong> In school we are going over 1984 by George Orwell and Brave New World by Alduous [sic] Huxley. Both are dystopian novels which express a fear of a future in which individual opinions are banned and people live in an authoritarian rule stripped of freedom and self-expression. What is so different from those novels and this situation in this school?\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The district, the Asian Law Caucus and ACLU of Northern California all declined to name the school and the students involved. California Watch learned the name of the school from online postings and an interview with a student who attends Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angela Chan, an attorney with the Asian Law Caucus, said the students' parents don't speak English. She said the school didn't initially provide translators to help the parents understand the school's decision. And Linda Lye, an attorney with the ACLU, said the Tumblr postings didn't meet the definition of cyberbullying and weren't disruptive to the school environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Speech does not become 'disruptive' just because a teacher doesn’t like it or finds it offensive,\" Lye wrote on the ACLU website. \"In fact, criticism of authority figures is exactly the type of speech the Constitution was designed to protect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gentle Blythe, spokeswoman for San Francisco Unified, said the district swiftly\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>reinstated the students once contacted by the civil rights groups. The disciplinary actions have been removed from the students' records, and they are no longer banned from the prom and graduation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We absolutely recognize and value our students’ right to free speech. We also recognize that we need to educate them about responsible speech,\" Blythe said in an e-mail to California Watch. \"As soon as the district was notified of the school administration’s action, we responded. Part of having authority means recognizing that if you make a mistake you need to correct it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan said her organization and San Francisco Unified will be working to improve district policies to ensure teachers and administrators are better trained to handle future incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2008, California passed \u003ca href=\"http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_0051-0100/ab_86_cfa_20080115_125502_asm_comm.html\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">AB 86\u003c/a>, one of the first laws in the country to deal directly with cyberbullying. The legislation gives school administrators the authority to discipline students for bullying others offline or online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the ACLU intervened at the San Juan Unified School District in Northern California after school administrators at a Citrus Heights-area school suspended a 15-year-old sophomore for cyberbullying. Since then, the organization has responded to at least three separate instances in which different schools have punished students for online writing, Lye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/sf-school-sparks-online-free-speech-battle-15721\">California Watch\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/20658/do-students-have-the-right-to-post-negative-comments-online","authors":["4354"],"categories":["mindshift_194"],"tags":["mindshift_424","mindshift_31","mindshift_694"],"featImg":"mindshift_19566","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_14998":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_14998","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"14998","score":null,"sort":[1314918096000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"facebook-students-and-teachers-a-question-of-free-speech","title":"Facebook, Students and Teachers: A Question of Free Speech","publishDate":1314918096,"format":"aside","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"module image alignright mceTemp\" style=\"width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-15000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2011/09/getty-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-media-credit\">Getty\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch5>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/rob-arcamona/\">Rob Arcamona\u003c/a>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>Last week, a Missouri judge issued a \u003ca href=\"http://www.msta.org/files/resources/publications/injunction.pdf\">preliminary injunction\u003c/a> against the state, suspending part of a law that would have made it illegal for teachers and students to connect via social networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Section 162.069.4 of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.senate.mo.gov/11info/pdf-bill/tat/SB54.pdf\">Amy Hestir Student Protection Act\u003c/a> -- which aims to protect children from sexual predators -- prohibits teachers from establishing, maintaining or using a \"non-work-related Internet site which allows exclusive access with a current or former student.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its face, the law appears to stop teachers from using popular websites and services such as Facebook, Twitter or Gmail -- any site where there is a function allowing a teacher to privately message a student. But the injunction showcases that the law may go much further than that -- into shaky First Amendment territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There is a \"substantial likelihood\" that Section 162 violates educators' First Amendment rights.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In issuing the injunction order, Cole County Circuit Judge Jon Beetem stated that the breadth of this one provision was simply \"staggering.\" The provision, Beetem wrote, creates a \"chilling effect\" on teachers' speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the judge's order, there is a \"substantial likelihood\" that Section 162 violates educators' First Amendment rights. As a result, Beetem temporarily suspended the law while the government and teachers' associations prepare for their next move.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law came under fire from a variety of groups, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/mobiledia/2011/08/22/missouri-teachers-union-sues-over-facebook-friends-law/\">Missouri Teachers Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/22/christina-thomas-missouri_n_933338.html\">American Civil Liberties Union\u003c/a>, which filed separate lawsuits. However, educational groups largely supported the Student Protection Act while it was making its way through the General Assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.molawcenter.com/\">Kent Brown\u003c/a>, the attorney who won the injunction on behalf of the Missouri Teachers Association, said social networking sites can have a distinct pedagogical purpose. These web pages have become a popular way for teachers to share notes, prepare presentations, answer questions, review papers, and communicate with students about coursework outside of the classroom. But, lawmakers fear that allowing teachers to communicate privately with students on the Internet may lead to improper relationships, and possibly sexual abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">People will err on the side of caution and not engage in speech rather than risk being prosecuted for violating an unclear law.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Jane Cunningham, a Republican representing the suburbs of St. Louis and sponsor of the law, said many inappropriate sexual relationships that develop between students and teachers originate from private communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the injunction was issued, Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon \u003ca href=\"http://www.gov.mo.gov/newsroom/2011/Gov_Nixon_to_ask_General_Assembly_to_repeal_provision_of_SB_54_on_teacher_student_communication\">called\u003c/a> for the state General Assembly to repeal Section 162, \"while preserving other vital protections included in the bill\" in a special legislative session. According to Scott Holste, a spokesman for Nixon, Missouri legislators could then reconsider the provision later this year with input from teachers and school administrators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Cunningham does not believe the Assembly needs to wait that long, saying she's confident amended language could be passed in the special session set to begin on Sept. 6. The lawmaker said she has been in contact with a variety of educational groups and other state Assembly members who are \"very supportive of what we're trying to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court order is only a temporary suspension of this one subsection of the Amy Hestir Student Protection Act. The order may become permanent, or be rescinded, once the court has had a chance to more fully consider the constitutional questions at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Balancing Free Speech Against Student Protection\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Public school officials, like state legislators, have a responsibility to protect students from sexual assault, particularly at the hands of teachers or other state employees. In fact, it is hard to imagine a higher interest than protecting students from sexual predators. Yet, the constitution mandates that any law, regardless of the interest it seeks to protect, meet certain criteria. Among these criteria is the requirement that laws not be \"substantially overbroad\" or unconstitutionally \"vague.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The First Amendment overbreadth principle originates from the 1973 Supreme Court case, \u003ca href=\"http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15763855873494372375&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr\">Broadrick v. Oklahoma\u003c/a>. According to this doctrine, state and federal legislatures may not enact laws that are so broad in scope that they prohibit substantially more speech than necessary to achieve the law's purpose. In banning teachers from \"establish[ing], maintain[ing] or us[ing]\" a website that \"allows access with a current or former student,\" the Student Protection Act may do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Brown, the law prohibits a teacher from using any website that has a function allowing educators to privately contact students. \"On its face, the law prohibits use, period,\" Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Brown is correct, teachers would be prohibited from simply having a Facebook or Gmail account, regardless of whether they attempt to contact students, because these websites facilitate private messaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Cunningham disputes this reading, claiming that the law only stops teachers from privately messaging students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the law is read as the state senator suggests, however, Section 162 still restricts proper pedagogical uses of the Internet as currently written. For instance, the law would prohibit a teacher from sending a Gchat message to a student reminding him or her that a homework assignment is due. As Judge Beetem noted, the law would also prohibit a parent who is also a teacher from communicating on websites with their own children who are students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to completely stop teachers from having any private contact with students on the Internet, the state would need to meet the most stringent form of judicial review. Namely, Missouri attorneys would have to put forth a \"compelling\" rationale for the wholesale ban and demonstrate how it is the least speech-restrictive means available to protect students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Sen. Cunningham, completely blocking private Internet messages between students and teachers, even those relating to schoolwork, is needed. \"A lot of sexual relationships start with the most innocent text message: 'How do I do this math problem?' or 'I'm going to be late for practice,'\" \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/missouri-facebook-law-injunction-granted-law-ban-teachers/story?id=14388569\">Cunningham said\u003c/a>. To the state senator, this ban is nothing more than a way to avoid parents being \"cut out\" of student-teacher contact and protect both teachers and students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question a court will have to answer, if the law is not amended, is two-fold: First, a judge would have to determine whether the law only prohibits private messaging or whether it stops educators from using social networks at all; second, if the former reading is accepted, a judge will have to determine whether a blanket ban on private messaging is truly the \"least restrictive means\" to protect students.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>But What Does It Mean?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There is yet another constitutional issue raised by restricting teachers' ability to \"establish, maintain, or use\" a website that \"allows exclusive access with a current or former student.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under First Amendment principles, a law will be held unconstitutional if it is \"vague.\" The Supreme Court has stated that laws are \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/vagueness_doctrine\">void for vagueness\u003c/a> when a \"would be law-abiding\" citizen cannot tell what conduct or speech is permitted, and what is prohibited. Such vague laws chill speech -- people will err on the side of caution and not engage in speech rather than risk being prosecuted for violating an unclear law.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A judge will have to determine whether a blanket ban on private messaging is truly the \"least restrictive means\" to protect students.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The primary vagueness issue raised by Section 162 relates to the terms \"establish,\" \"maintain\" and \"use.\" By Sen. Cunningham's reading, the law is not overbroad because it only applies to private communications between teachers and students, and does not stop a teacher from simply using certain websites. But nowhere in the text of the law does it actually say that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This issue came up from teachers who identified the main problem as not being able to tell what is allowed and what is prohibited under the law,\" Brown said. This, Brown said, is the hallmark of vagueness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a court finds that a reasonable person would not know what conduct is prohibited under the Act, the provision will be stricken for its unconstitutional chilling effect on free speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Beetem has ordered a scheduling conference for this case on Oct. 14. If the provision has not been repealed by the General Assembly by then, the court will be forced to conclude whether the law is substantially overbroad or unconstitutionally vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A New Law With The Same Problems\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>As it is currently drafted, Section 162 of the Amy Hestir Student Protection Act has some substantial constitutional problems. But lawmakers are currently working to amend the section in early September, raising a new constitutional question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Cunningham is actively working to amend the enjoined provision and \"clear up any ambiguities that people might see in it,\" she said. Likely, what will result is new language that clearly prohibits teachers from privately messaging students through electronic communications. This, however, still might not pass constitutional muster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a state employee, such as a public school teacher, makes \"statements pursuant to their official duties, the employees are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate their communications from employer discipline,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2005/2005_04_473\">the Supreme Court has said\u003c/a>. Thus, if the General Assembly wished to ban a teacher from privately messaging a student regarding homework or a book report, they would have some constitutional precedent in their sails. Although, this is \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0461_0138_ZS.html\">certainly not\u003c/a> an open-and-shut case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, any amended language is likely to do more -- a lot more. The law we could see come from the General Assembly would completely prohibit non-work related speech. If it does, the state would need to show, with some particularity and rigor, just why a total ban is absolutely necessary to protect students. The legislature could do this though affidavits, hearings, in-depth studies, and statements from Assembly members on the State House floor. And, even then, a court could simply disagree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem the General Assembly will face is that given Judge Beetem's injunction, the constitutional problems Section 162 is currently facing, and the national media spotlight focused on this law, every free-speech advocate in the country will have an eye on what the General Assembly passes, possibly making a lawsuit difficult to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rob Arcamona is a legal fellow at the Student Press Law Center. He graduated from The George Washington University Law School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/09/facebook-students-and-teachers-a-question-of-free-speech/pbs-mediashift-logo-final-5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15002\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-15002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2011/09/pbs-mediashift-logo-final-140x140.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"63\" height=\"63\">\u003c/a>This story was originally published by\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2011/05/childrens-magazines-cater-to-true-early-adopters-with-mobile-apps137.html\"> PBS MediaShift\u003c/a>, covering the intersection of \u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003cem>media and technology. Follow \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#%21/pbsmediashift\">@PBSMediaShift\u003c/a> for Twitter updates, or join us on \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/mediashift\">Facebook\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1314918106,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1735},"headData":{"title":"Facebook, Students and Teachers: A Question of Free Speech | KQED","description":"Getty By Rob Arcamona Last week, a Missouri judge issued a preliminary injunction against the state, suspending part of a law that would have made it illegal for teachers and students to connect via social networks. Section 162.069.4 of the Amy Hestir Student Protection Act -- which aims to protect children from sexual predators --","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"14998 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=14998","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/09/01/facebook-students-and-teachers-a-question-of-free-speech/","disqusTitle":"Facebook, Students and Teachers: A Question of Free Speech","path":"/mindshift/14998/facebook-students-and-teachers-a-question-of-free-speech","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"module image alignright mceTemp\" style=\"width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-15000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2011/09/getty-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-media-credit\">Getty\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch5>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/rob-arcamona/\">Rob Arcamona\u003c/a>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>Last week, a Missouri judge issued a \u003ca href=\"http://www.msta.org/files/resources/publications/injunction.pdf\">preliminary injunction\u003c/a> against the state, suspending part of a law that would have made it illegal for teachers and students to connect via social networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Section 162.069.4 of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.senate.mo.gov/11info/pdf-bill/tat/SB54.pdf\">Amy Hestir Student Protection Act\u003c/a> -- which aims to protect children from sexual predators -- prohibits teachers from establishing, maintaining or using a \"non-work-related Internet site which allows exclusive access with a current or former student.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its face, the law appears to stop teachers from using popular websites and services such as Facebook, Twitter or Gmail -- any site where there is a function allowing a teacher to privately message a student. But the injunction showcases that the law may go much further than that -- into shaky First Amendment territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There is a \"substantial likelihood\" that Section 162 violates educators' First Amendment rights.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In issuing the injunction order, Cole County Circuit Judge Jon Beetem stated that the breadth of this one provision was simply \"staggering.\" The provision, Beetem wrote, creates a \"chilling effect\" on teachers' speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the judge's order, there is a \"substantial likelihood\" that Section 162 violates educators' First Amendment rights. As a result, Beetem temporarily suspended the law while the government and teachers' associations prepare for their next move.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law came under fire from a variety of groups, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/mobiledia/2011/08/22/missouri-teachers-union-sues-over-facebook-friends-law/\">Missouri Teachers Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/22/christina-thomas-missouri_n_933338.html\">American Civil Liberties Union\u003c/a>, which filed separate lawsuits. However, educational groups largely supported the Student Protection Act while it was making its way through the General Assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.molawcenter.com/\">Kent Brown\u003c/a>, the attorney who won the injunction on behalf of the Missouri Teachers Association, said social networking sites can have a distinct pedagogical purpose. These web pages have become a popular way for teachers to share notes, prepare presentations, answer questions, review papers, and communicate with students about coursework outside of the classroom. But, lawmakers fear that allowing teachers to communicate privately with students on the Internet may lead to improper relationships, and possibly sexual abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">People will err on the side of caution and not engage in speech rather than risk being prosecuted for violating an unclear law.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Jane Cunningham, a Republican representing the suburbs of St. Louis and sponsor of the law, said many inappropriate sexual relationships that develop between students and teachers originate from private communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the injunction was issued, Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon \u003ca href=\"http://www.gov.mo.gov/newsroom/2011/Gov_Nixon_to_ask_General_Assembly_to_repeal_provision_of_SB_54_on_teacher_student_communication\">called\u003c/a> for the state General Assembly to repeal Section 162, \"while preserving other vital protections included in the bill\" in a special legislative session. According to Scott Holste, a spokesman for Nixon, Missouri legislators could then reconsider the provision later this year with input from teachers and school administrators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Cunningham does not believe the Assembly needs to wait that long, saying she's confident amended language could be passed in the special session set to begin on Sept. 6. The lawmaker said she has been in contact with a variety of educational groups and other state Assembly members who are \"very supportive of what we're trying to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court order is only a temporary suspension of this one subsection of the Amy Hestir Student Protection Act. The order may become permanent, or be rescinded, once the court has had a chance to more fully consider the constitutional questions at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Balancing Free Speech Against Student Protection\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Public school officials, like state legislators, have a responsibility to protect students from sexual assault, particularly at the hands of teachers or other state employees. In fact, it is hard to imagine a higher interest than protecting students from sexual predators. Yet, the constitution mandates that any law, regardless of the interest it seeks to protect, meet certain criteria. Among these criteria is the requirement that laws not be \"substantially overbroad\" or unconstitutionally \"vague.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The First Amendment overbreadth principle originates from the 1973 Supreme Court case, \u003ca href=\"http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15763855873494372375&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr\">Broadrick v. Oklahoma\u003c/a>. According to this doctrine, state and federal legislatures may not enact laws that are so broad in scope that they prohibit substantially more speech than necessary to achieve the law's purpose. In banning teachers from \"establish[ing], maintain[ing] or us[ing]\" a website that \"allows access with a current or former student,\" the Student Protection Act may do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Brown, the law prohibits a teacher from using any website that has a function allowing educators to privately contact students. \"On its face, the law prohibits use, period,\" Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Brown is correct, teachers would be prohibited from simply having a Facebook or Gmail account, regardless of whether they attempt to contact students, because these websites facilitate private messaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Cunningham disputes this reading, claiming that the law only stops teachers from privately messaging students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the law is read as the state senator suggests, however, Section 162 still restricts proper pedagogical uses of the Internet as currently written. For instance, the law would prohibit a teacher from sending a Gchat message to a student reminding him or her that a homework assignment is due. As Judge Beetem noted, the law would also prohibit a parent who is also a teacher from communicating on websites with their own children who are students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to completely stop teachers from having any private contact with students on the Internet, the state would need to meet the most stringent form of judicial review. Namely, Missouri attorneys would have to put forth a \"compelling\" rationale for the wholesale ban and demonstrate how it is the least speech-restrictive means available to protect students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Sen. Cunningham, completely blocking private Internet messages between students and teachers, even those relating to schoolwork, is needed. \"A lot of sexual relationships start with the most innocent text message: 'How do I do this math problem?' or 'I'm going to be late for practice,'\" \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/missouri-facebook-law-injunction-granted-law-ban-teachers/story?id=14388569\">Cunningham said\u003c/a>. To the state senator, this ban is nothing more than a way to avoid parents being \"cut out\" of student-teacher contact and protect both teachers and students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question a court will have to answer, if the law is not amended, is two-fold: First, a judge would have to determine whether the law only prohibits private messaging or whether it stops educators from using social networks at all; second, if the former reading is accepted, a judge will have to determine whether a blanket ban on private messaging is truly the \"least restrictive means\" to protect students.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>But What Does It Mean?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There is yet another constitutional issue raised by restricting teachers' ability to \"establish, maintain, or use\" a website that \"allows exclusive access with a current or former student.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under First Amendment principles, a law will be held unconstitutional if it is \"vague.\" The Supreme Court has stated that laws are \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/vagueness_doctrine\">void for vagueness\u003c/a> when a \"would be law-abiding\" citizen cannot tell what conduct or speech is permitted, and what is prohibited. Such vague laws chill speech -- people will err on the side of caution and not engage in speech rather than risk being prosecuted for violating an unclear law.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A judge will have to determine whether a blanket ban on private messaging is truly the \"least restrictive means\" to protect students.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The primary vagueness issue raised by Section 162 relates to the terms \"establish,\" \"maintain\" and \"use.\" By Sen. Cunningham's reading, the law is not overbroad because it only applies to private communications between teachers and students, and does not stop a teacher from simply using certain websites. But nowhere in the text of the law does it actually say that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This issue came up from teachers who identified the main problem as not being able to tell what is allowed and what is prohibited under the law,\" Brown said. This, Brown said, is the hallmark of vagueness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a court finds that a reasonable person would not know what conduct is prohibited under the Act, the provision will be stricken for its unconstitutional chilling effect on free speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Beetem has ordered a scheduling conference for this case on Oct. 14. If the provision has not been repealed by the General Assembly by then, the court will be forced to conclude whether the law is substantially overbroad or unconstitutionally vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A New Law With The Same Problems\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>As it is currently drafted, Section 162 of the Amy Hestir Student Protection Act has some substantial constitutional problems. But lawmakers are currently working to amend the section in early September, raising a new constitutional question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Cunningham is actively working to amend the enjoined provision and \"clear up any ambiguities that people might see in it,\" she said. Likely, what will result is new language that clearly prohibits teachers from privately messaging students through electronic communications. This, however, still might not pass constitutional muster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a state employee, such as a public school teacher, makes \"statements pursuant to their official duties, the employees are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate their communications from employer discipline,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2005/2005_04_473\">the Supreme Court has said\u003c/a>. Thus, if the General Assembly wished to ban a teacher from privately messaging a student regarding homework or a book report, they would have some constitutional precedent in their sails. Although, this is \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0461_0138_ZS.html\">certainly not\u003c/a> an open-and-shut case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, any amended language is likely to do more -- a lot more. The law we could see come from the General Assembly would completely prohibit non-work related speech. If it does, the state would need to show, with some particularity and rigor, just why a total ban is absolutely necessary to protect students. The legislature could do this though affidavits, hearings, in-depth studies, and statements from Assembly members on the State House floor. And, even then, a court could simply disagree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem the General Assembly will face is that given Judge Beetem's injunction, the constitutional problems Section 162 is currently facing, and the national media spotlight focused on this law, every free-speech advocate in the country will have an eye on what the General Assembly passes, possibly making a lawsuit difficult to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rob Arcamona is a legal fellow at the Student Press Law Center. He graduated from The George Washington University Law School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/09/facebook-students-and-teachers-a-question-of-free-speech/pbs-mediashift-logo-final-5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15002\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-15002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2011/09/pbs-mediashift-logo-final-140x140.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"63\" height=\"63\">\u003c/a>This story was originally published by\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2011/05/childrens-magazines-cater-to-true-early-adopters-with-mobile-apps137.html\"> PBS MediaShift\u003c/a>, covering the intersection of \u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003cem>media and technology. Follow \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#%21/pbsmediashift\">@PBSMediaShift\u003c/a> for Twitter updates, or join us on \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/mediashift\">Facebook\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/14998/facebook-students-and-teachers-a-question-of-free-speech","authors":["180"],"categories":["mindshift_194"],"tags":["mindshift_31","mindshift_694"],"featImg":"mindshift_15000","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. 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No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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