3 Reasons to be Concerned about the USDA’s Proposed GMO Labeling Rules
USDA Unveils Prototypes For GMO Food Labels, And They're ... Confusing
GMO Yeast Mimics Flavors Of Hops, But Will Craft Brewers Bite?
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How GMOs Cut The Use Of Pesticides — And Perhaps Boosted It Again
Organic Food Fights Back Against 'Non-GMO' Rival
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FM","link":"/"}},"bayareabites_129238":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_129238","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"129238","score":null,"sort":[1530632832000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"3-reasons-to-be-concerned-about-the-usdas-proposed-gmo-labeling-rules","title":"3 Reasons to be Concerned about the USDA’s Proposed GMO Labeling Rules","publishDate":1530632832,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Advocates say the rules raise a number of red flags, and could end up causing more confusion than clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food labels help consumers quickly discern whether their food contains gluten, aspartame, high fructose corn syrup, trans-fats, or MSG. This same right to know should be clearly offered for foods that are genetically engineered (“GE” or “GMO”), especially since \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/976/ge-food-labeling/us-polls-on-ge-food-labeling\">polls consistently show\u003c/a> that Americans overwhelmingly believe they have the right to know if their food is GE, with roughly 90 percent regularly voicing support for mandatory GMO labeling as a result of concerns about health, food safety, and environmental impacts from GE foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) long-awaited proposed regulations for GMO labeling on food are so surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Released in May, the regulations come out of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ216/PLAW-114publ216.pdf\">2016 law\u003c/a> signed by President Obama prohibiting existing state GE labeling laws, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/03/27/471759643/how-little-vermont-got-big-food-companies-to-label-gmos\">Vermont’s\u003c/a>, which required on-package mandatory labeling, and instead created a nationwide standard. Instead of proposing straightforward rules, the 100-page USDA document presents a range of alternatives on a number of key issues, and leaves a handful of questions open for comment, to be decided in the final rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many consumers and influencers in the food movement, the federal GE labeling law has offered a ray of hope for transparency about what’s in our food and how it’s produced. After the 2016 law was passed, food journalist \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/02/opinion/gmo-labeling-law-could-stir-a-revolution.html\">Mark Bittman wrote\u003c/a> that the law “could stir a revolution” of folks wanting to know more about their food, including whether antibiotics or pesticides were used in the production of those foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, for those of us advocating for true transparency of foods produced using genetic engineering, the new USDA rules raise a number of big red flags. Here are the three ways the rules could end up causing more confusion than clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. They Propose Using “Bioengineered,” and the Acronym BE Instead of “Genetically Engineered” or GMO.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term GMO has been used by farmers, food manufacturers, retailers, and the government for over a decade and is widely familiar to many. The National Organic Program, proposed by the USDA in 2000, excluded the use of GMOs in organic production and handling. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/about/history/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a>, founded in 2007, tests food products for the presence of GMOs and has certified thousands of food products in the marketplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA proposes \u003cem>only\u003c/em> allowing the term “bioengineered,” or “BE,” on products produced using genetic engineering, and does not allow other more well-known terms—a scenario that would likely confuse many consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Government-mandated speech such as food labeling should be presented in a neutral way. The 2016 law requires that for purposes of the regulations, “a bioengineered food … shall not be treated as safer than, or not as safe as, a non-bioengineered counterpart.” Yet the symbols proposed to be used on packaging include an image of a sun, and another that uses the letters BE to create a smiley-face—both project an image that these foods are healthy and beneficial for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1.jpg\" alt=\"GMO Labeling -Do these symbols say GMO to you?\" width=\"700\" height=\"324\" class=\"size-full wp-image-129244\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1-160x74.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1-240x111.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1-375x174.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1-520x241.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do these symbols say GMO to you? \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Civil Eats)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. They Propose the Use of Digital QR Codes Instead of On-Package Text Labeling.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency proposes that QR codes (encoded images on a package that must be scanned with a smartphone) be allowed as a substitute for clear, legible language on the package. In 2017, the Center for Food Safety (CFS) \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/5061/victory-usda-releases-gmo-labeling-study\">forced the public disclosure\u003c/a> of the USDA’s own \u003ca href=\"https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/USDADeloitteStudyofElectronicorDigitalDisclosure20170801.pdf\">study\u003c/a> on the efficacy of this labeling, which showed it would not provide adequate disclosure to millions of Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among other things, the study concluded that consumers are: unfamiliar with QR codes or do not know that digital links contain food information; may not have equipment capable of scanning digital links on their own; may be unable to connect to broadband, or connect at a speed that is so slow that they cannot load information; and that technological challenges disproportionately impact low-income earners, rural residents, and Americans over the age of 65. By not mandating on-package text labeling, the proposed rule discriminates against more than 100 million Americans who do not have adequate access to this technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. It Proposes that Highly Refined Foods such as Oils and Candy be Exempt from Labeling.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another big question left unanswered in the proposed rules is whether or not genetically engineered foods such as cooking oil, candy, and soda will get labeled. These are ingredients that are typically derived from GE crops, but they’ve been processed in such a way that the GE content may or may not be detectable by a genetic test in the final product. This puts labeling on thousands of GE products in question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to these big three issues, the USDA’s proposal also seeks comments on how to deal with newer forms of genetic engineering—such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/MSExcludedMethodsNOPFall2017.pdf\">synthetic biology\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GEPlants/ucm537109.htm\">gene-editing\u003c/a>, and CRISPR—and whether or not to include foods produced using this technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA will be \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=AMS_FRDOC_0001-1709\">accepting public comments\u003c/a> on the proposed rule until July 3, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"https://civileats.com/2018/06/22/3-reasons-to-be-concerned-about-the-usdas-proposed-gmo-labeling-rules/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Advocates say the rules raise a number of red flags, and could end up causing more confusion than clarity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1530809243,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":911},"headData":{"title":"3 Reasons to be Concerned about the USDA’s Proposed GMO Labeling Rules | KQED","description":"Advocates say the rules raise a number of red flags, and could end up causing more confusion than clarity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"3 Reasons to be Concerned about the USDA’s Proposed GMO Labeling Rules","datePublished":"2018-07-03T15:47:12.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-05T16:47:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"129238 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=129238","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2018/07/03/3-reasons-to-be-concerned-about-the-usdas-proposed-gmo-labeling-rules/","disqusTitle":"3 Reasons to be Concerned about the USDA’s Proposed GMO Labeling Rules","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://civileats.com/author/rspector/\">Rebecca Spector\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/civileat\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>","path":"/bayareabites/129238/3-reasons-to-be-concerned-about-the-usdas-proposed-gmo-labeling-rules","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Advocates say the rules raise a number of red flags, and could end up causing more confusion than clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food labels help consumers quickly discern whether their food contains gluten, aspartame, high fructose corn syrup, trans-fats, or MSG. This same right to know should be clearly offered for foods that are genetically engineered (“GE” or “GMO”), especially since \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/976/ge-food-labeling/us-polls-on-ge-food-labeling\">polls consistently show\u003c/a> that Americans overwhelmingly believe they have the right to know if their food is GE, with roughly 90 percent regularly voicing support for mandatory GMO labeling as a result of concerns about health, food safety, and environmental impacts from GE foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) long-awaited proposed regulations for GMO labeling on food are so surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Released in May, the regulations come out of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ216/PLAW-114publ216.pdf\">2016 law\u003c/a> signed by President Obama prohibiting existing state GE labeling laws, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/03/27/471759643/how-little-vermont-got-big-food-companies-to-label-gmos\">Vermont’s\u003c/a>, which required on-package mandatory labeling, and instead created a nationwide standard. Instead of proposing straightforward rules, the 100-page USDA document presents a range of alternatives on a number of key issues, and leaves a handful of questions open for comment, to be decided in the final rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many consumers and influencers in the food movement, the federal GE labeling law has offered a ray of hope for transparency about what’s in our food and how it’s produced. After the 2016 law was passed, food journalist \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/02/opinion/gmo-labeling-law-could-stir-a-revolution.html\">Mark Bittman wrote\u003c/a> that the law “could stir a revolution” of folks wanting to know more about their food, including whether antibiotics or pesticides were used in the production of those foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, for those of us advocating for true transparency of foods produced using genetic engineering, the new USDA rules raise a number of big red flags. Here are the three ways the rules could end up causing more confusion than clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. They Propose Using “Bioengineered,” and the Acronym BE Instead of “Genetically Engineered” or GMO.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term GMO has been used by farmers, food manufacturers, retailers, and the government for over a decade and is widely familiar to many. The National Organic Program, proposed by the USDA in 2000, excluded the use of GMOs in organic production and handling. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/about/history/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a>, founded in 2007, tests food products for the presence of GMOs and has certified thousands of food products in the marketplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA proposes \u003cem>only\u003c/em> allowing the term “bioengineered,” or “BE,” on products produced using genetic engineering, and does not allow other more well-known terms—a scenario that would likely confuse many consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Government-mandated speech such as food labeling should be presented in a neutral way. The 2016 law requires that for purposes of the regulations, “a bioengineered food … shall not be treated as safer than, or not as safe as, a non-bioengineered counterpart.” Yet the symbols proposed to be used on packaging include an image of a sun, and another that uses the letters BE to create a smiley-face—both project an image that these foods are healthy and beneficial for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1.jpg\" alt=\"GMO Labeling -Do these symbols say GMO to you?\" width=\"700\" height=\"324\" class=\"size-full wp-image-129244\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1-160x74.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1-240x111.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1-375x174.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/07/180622-gmo-labeling-inline-1-520x241.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do these symbols say GMO to you? \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Civil Eats)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. They Propose the Use of Digital QR Codes Instead of On-Package Text Labeling.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency proposes that QR codes (encoded images on a package that must be scanned with a smartphone) be allowed as a substitute for clear, legible language on the package. In 2017, the Center for Food Safety (CFS) \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/5061/victory-usda-releases-gmo-labeling-study\">forced the public disclosure\u003c/a> of the USDA’s own \u003ca href=\"https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/USDADeloitteStudyofElectronicorDigitalDisclosure20170801.pdf\">study\u003c/a> on the efficacy of this labeling, which showed it would not provide adequate disclosure to millions of Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among other things, the study concluded that consumers are: unfamiliar with QR codes or do not know that digital links contain food information; may not have equipment capable of scanning digital links on their own; may be unable to connect to broadband, or connect at a speed that is so slow that they cannot load information; and that technological challenges disproportionately impact low-income earners, rural residents, and Americans over the age of 65. By not mandating on-package text labeling, the proposed rule discriminates against more than 100 million Americans who do not have adequate access to this technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. It Proposes that Highly Refined Foods such as Oils and Candy be Exempt from Labeling.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another big question left unanswered in the proposed rules is whether or not genetically engineered foods such as cooking oil, candy, and soda will get labeled. These are ingredients that are typically derived from GE crops, but they’ve been processed in such a way that the GE content may or may not be detectable by a genetic test in the final product. This puts labeling on thousands of GE products in question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to these big three issues, the USDA’s proposal also seeks comments on how to deal with newer forms of genetic engineering—such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/MSExcludedMethodsNOPFall2017.pdf\">synthetic biology\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GEPlants/ucm537109.htm\">gene-editing\u003c/a>, and CRISPR—and whether or not to include foods produced using this technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA will be \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=AMS_FRDOC_0001-1709\">accepting public comments\u003c/a> on the proposed rule until July 3, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"https://civileats.com/2018/06/22/3-reasons-to-be-concerned-about-the-usdas-proposed-gmo-labeling-rules/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/129238/3-reasons-to-be-concerned-about-the-usdas-proposed-gmo-labeling-rules","authors":["byline_bayareabites_129238"],"categories":["bayareabites_11028","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_12555","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_10771","bayareabites_10787"],"featImg":"bayareabites_129243","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_128290":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_128290","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"128290","score":null,"sort":[1526772307000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"usda-unveils-prototypes-for-gmo-food-labels-and-theyre-confusing","title":"USDA Unveils Prototypes For GMO Food Labels, And They're ... Confusing","publishDate":1526772307,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>Foods that contains genetically modified ingredients will soon have a special label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recently got the first glimpse of what that label might look like, when the U.S. Department of Agriculture \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/05/04/2018-09389/national-bioengineered-food-disclosure-standard\">released its proposed guidelines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2018/05/20180519_wesat_usda_unveils_prototypes_for_gmo_food_labels_and_theyre_confusing.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the product of a decades-long fight between anti-GMO campaigners and Big Agriculture companies, which left neither side completely satisfied, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/07/14/486060866/congress-just-passed-a-gmo-labeling-bill-nobodys-super-happy-about-it\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Congress passed a bill in 2016 requiring labels on foods containing GMO ingredients, the USDA launched a long process to figure out the specifics. When it asked for feedback, it received 112,000 responses from consumers, farmers and manufacturers, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few options, and they look kind of like the labels you'd see on health food. They're brightly colored, with greens and blues and yellows. They feature the letters B-E. Below that, some of them have a curved line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, they look like a little smiley face,\" says George Kimbrell, the legal director for the Center for Food Safety, which has pushed for labeling. \"They're very pro-biotech, cartoonishly so, and to that extent are, you know, not just imparting information but instead are essentially propaganda for the industry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other options include a smiling sun, or a circle with growing plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letters B-E stand for bioengineered — a term critics say is unfamiliar to the U.S. consumer, compared to more commonly used phrases like genetically engineered or GMO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grocery store shelves already have a lot of products with the label non-GMO, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/\">many of which\u003c/a> include an image of a butterfly on a blade of grass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's misleading and confusing to consumers to now switch that up and use a totally different term, bioengineered, that has not been the standard commonplace nomenclature for all of this time,\" says Kimbrell. He says he'd prefer these foods to be labeled with a circle saying \"G\" or \"GMO.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA said it was not able to speak about the labels until they are finalized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And industry representatives such as Nathan Fields, the director of biotechnology and crop inputs at the National Corn Growers Association, say the new term provides a clean slate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's some connotations around some of the terms that have been used that do cast the technology in a negative light,\" says Fields. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx\">More than 90 percent\u003c/a> of the corn grown in the U.S. is genetically engineered, though Fields says he does not expect the labels to negatively impact the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Corn Growers Association \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncga.com/news-and-resources/news-stories/article/2016/07/ncga-thanks-house-urges-presidential-action\">was supportive\u003c/a> when Congress passed the mandatory disclosure standards, in part because states such as Vermont were creating their own rules about labeling genetically engineered foods. Fields says they were concerned about a state-by-state patchwork of laws, preferring a single national standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers have also grown more comfortable over time with the idea of labels, says \u003ca href=\"https://soygrowers.com/boardofdirectors/john-heisdorffer/\">John Heisdorffer\u003c/a>, a soybean producer and the director of the American Soybean Association, which has in the past come out against the idea. Soy, like corn, is also more than 90 percent genetically engineered. \"The product has been around for a long time,\" Heisdorffer says. \"You don't hear of any folks getting sick, or beyond that, through biotech.\u003cstrong>\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although long term risks are hard to pin down, scientists have not found hard evidence that GMO crops are any less healthy for humans to consume than other crops. That's what the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/\">concluded in 2016\u003c/a> after reviewing more than 900 research papers on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the public wants these labels. Polls show that a majority of Americans want to know whether their food is genetically engineered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People make choices about what they eat for many reasons. \"The whole idea that people make decisions about what to put in their mouths simply on the basis of safety is, of course, ludicrous,\" says Glenn Stone, \u003ca href=\"https://anthropology.artsci.wustl.edu/stone_glenn\">a Washington University in St. Louis anthropology professor\u003c/a> who focuses on genetically modified crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fight, he says, is about \"clashing visions of agriculture,\" where people concerned about the practices of powerful corporations such as Monsanto should be able to easily choose not to purchase those products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a crucial point in the broader question about which products are going to be labeled. Genetically modified ingredients, says Kimbrell, are the \"tip of the spear as to the future of our food and the debate as a society that we're having about it, and how we produce it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and other labeling advocates want mandatory disclosures on products that contain \u003cem>highly refined \u003c/em>ingredients made with genetically engineered crops. For example, foods with canola oil or corn starch, where modified genetic material could not ultimately be detected. The USDA is still deciding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kimbrell says that this would allow a huge number of products that use GMO-derived ingredients to not have a label. He says it doesn't matter what's detectable in the final product. It's how it was made to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fields, from the National Corn Growers Association, has a different view. He thinks labeling highly refined products as GMO \"isn't necessarily completely honest, because there's nothing to trace back to bioengineering that occurred with that specific product.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also not certain that the USDA will require the label to actually say \"bioengineered.\" The proposal say that companies could simply use a QR code, a kind of barcode that a phone can scan, to disclose info about the product. Industry professionals say they are clear and easy to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say scanning a code would be one more obstacle for people who want to know how their food is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People who aren't in a place where there's good wi-fi won't know if it's a GMO, and people who don't use smartphones won't know if it's a GMO and also people who are in a hurry won't know if it's a GMO,\" says Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2018/05/03/usda-seeks-comments-proposed-rule-national-bioengineered-food\">has until July 3 to submit comments \u003c/a>on the USDA's proposal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\"> NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The labels use the letters BE, for bioengineered, not GMO, which critics say could baffle consumers. One design features a smiling sun that a skeptic calls \"essentially propaganda for the industry.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1526919386,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1040},"headData":{"title":"USDA Unveils Prototypes For GMO Food Labels, And They're ... Confusing | KQED","description":"The labels use the letters BE, for bioengineered, not GMO, which critics say could baffle consumers. One design features a smiling sun that a skeptic calls "essentially propaganda for the industry."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"USDA Unveils Prototypes For GMO Food Labels, And They're ... Confusing","datePublished":"2018-05-19T23:25:07.000Z","dateModified":"2018-05-21T16:16:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"128290 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=128290","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2018/05/19/usda-unveils-prototypes-for-gmo-food-labels-and-theyre-confusing/","disqusTitle":"USDA Unveils Prototypes For GMO Food Labels, And They're ... Confusing","nprByline":"Merrit Kennedy, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"Department of Agriculture ","nprStoryId":"612063389","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=612063389&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/05/19/612063389/usda-unveils-prototypes-for-gmo-food-labels-and-theyre-confusing?ft=nprml&f=612063389","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 19 May 2018 10:44:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 19 May 2018 07:55:39 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 19 May 2018 07:55:39 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2018/05/20180519_wesat_usda_unveils_prototypes_for_gmo_food_labels_and_theyre_confusing.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=193&p=7&story=612063389&ft=nprml&f=612063389","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1612584007-3723b7.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=193&p=7&story=612063389&ft=nprml&f=612063389","path":"/bayareabites/128290/usda-unveils-prototypes-for-gmo-food-labels-and-theyre-confusing","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2018/05/20180519_wesat_usda_unveils_prototypes_for_gmo_food_labels_and_theyre_confusing.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=193&p=7&story=612063389&ft=nprml&f=612063389","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Foods that contains genetically modified ingredients will soon have a special label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recently got the first glimpse of what that label might look like, when the U.S. Department of Agriculture \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/05/04/2018-09389/national-bioengineered-food-disclosure-standard\">released its proposed guidelines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"nprOneAudioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2018/05/20180519_wesat_usda_unveils_prototypes_for_gmo_food_labels_and_theyre_confusing.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the product of a decades-long fight between anti-GMO campaigners and Big Agriculture companies, which left neither side completely satisfied, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/07/14/486060866/congress-just-passed-a-gmo-labeling-bill-nobodys-super-happy-about-it\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Congress passed a bill in 2016 requiring labels on foods containing GMO ingredients, the USDA launched a long process to figure out the specifics. When it asked for feedback, it received 112,000 responses from consumers, farmers and manufacturers, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few options, and they look kind of like the labels you'd see on health food. They're brightly colored, with greens and blues and yellows. They feature the letters B-E. Below that, some of them have a curved line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, they look like a little smiley face,\" says George Kimbrell, the legal director for the Center for Food Safety, which has pushed for labeling. \"They're very pro-biotech, cartoonishly so, and to that extent are, you know, not just imparting information but instead are essentially propaganda for the industry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other options include a smiling sun, or a circle with growing plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letters B-E stand for bioengineered — a term critics say is unfamiliar to the U.S. consumer, compared to more commonly used phrases like genetically engineered or GMO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grocery store shelves already have a lot of products with the label non-GMO, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/\">many of which\u003c/a> include an image of a butterfly on a blade of grass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's misleading and confusing to consumers to now switch that up and use a totally different term, bioengineered, that has not been the standard commonplace nomenclature for all of this time,\" says Kimbrell. He says he'd prefer these foods to be labeled with a circle saying \"G\" or \"GMO.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA said it was not able to speak about the labels until they are finalized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And industry representatives such as Nathan Fields, the director of biotechnology and crop inputs at the National Corn Growers Association, say the new term provides a clean slate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's some connotations around some of the terms that have been used that do cast the technology in a negative light,\" says Fields. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx\">More than 90 percent\u003c/a> of the corn grown in the U.S. is genetically engineered, though Fields says he does not expect the labels to negatively impact the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Corn Growers Association \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncga.com/news-and-resources/news-stories/article/2016/07/ncga-thanks-house-urges-presidential-action\">was supportive\u003c/a> when Congress passed the mandatory disclosure standards, in part because states such as Vermont were creating their own rules about labeling genetically engineered foods. Fields says they were concerned about a state-by-state patchwork of laws, preferring a single national standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers have also grown more comfortable over time with the idea of labels, says \u003ca href=\"https://soygrowers.com/boardofdirectors/john-heisdorffer/\">John Heisdorffer\u003c/a>, a soybean producer and the director of the American Soybean Association, which has in the past come out against the idea. Soy, like corn, is also more than 90 percent genetically engineered. \"The product has been around for a long time,\" Heisdorffer says. \"You don't hear of any folks getting sick, or beyond that, through biotech.\u003cstrong>\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although long term risks are hard to pin down, scientists have not found hard evidence that GMO crops are any less healthy for humans to consume than other crops. That's what the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/\">concluded in 2016\u003c/a> after reviewing more than 900 research papers on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the public wants these labels. Polls show that a majority of Americans want to know whether their food is genetically engineered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People make choices about what they eat for many reasons. \"The whole idea that people make decisions about what to put in their mouths simply on the basis of safety is, of course, ludicrous,\" says Glenn Stone, \u003ca href=\"https://anthropology.artsci.wustl.edu/stone_glenn\">a Washington University in St. Louis anthropology professor\u003c/a> who focuses on genetically modified crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fight, he says, is about \"clashing visions of agriculture,\" where people concerned about the practices of powerful corporations such as Monsanto should be able to easily choose not to purchase those products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a crucial point in the broader question about which products are going to be labeled. Genetically modified ingredients, says Kimbrell, are the \"tip of the spear as to the future of our food and the debate as a society that we're having about it, and how we produce it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and other labeling advocates want mandatory disclosures on products that contain \u003cem>highly refined \u003c/em>ingredients made with genetically engineered crops. For example, foods with canola oil or corn starch, where modified genetic material could not ultimately be detected. The USDA is still deciding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kimbrell says that this would allow a huge number of products that use GMO-derived ingredients to not have a label. He says it doesn't matter what's detectable in the final product. It's how it was made to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fields, from the National Corn Growers Association, has a different view. He thinks labeling highly refined products as GMO \"isn't necessarily completely honest, because there's nothing to trace back to bioengineering that occurred with that specific product.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also not certain that the USDA will require the label to actually say \"bioengineered.\" The proposal say that companies could simply use a QR code, a kind of barcode that a phone can scan, to disclose info about the product. Industry professionals say they are clear and easy to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say scanning a code would be one more obstacle for people who want to know how their food is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People who aren't in a place where there's good wi-fi won't know if it's a GMO, and people who don't use smartphones won't know if it's a GMO and also people who are in a hurry won't know if it's a GMO,\" says Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2018/05/03/usda-seeks-comments-proposed-rule-national-bioengineered-food\">has until July 3 to submit comments \u003c/a>on the USDA's proposal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\"> NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/128290/usda-unveils-prototypes-for-gmo-food-labels-and-theyre-confusing","authors":["byline_bayareabites_128290"],"categories":["bayareabites_11028","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_12555","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_10802","bayareabites_10787"],"featImg":"bayareabites_128294","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_126407":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_126407","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"126407","score":null,"sort":[1522952025000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gmo-yeast-mimics-flavors-of-hops-but-will-craft-brewers-bite","title":"GMO Yeast Mimics Flavors Of Hops, But Will Craft Brewers Bite?","publishDate":1522952025,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Brewing beer, it is often said, is both an art and a science. New research, however, has some in the beer industry concerned that the science of brewing could be advancing too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of beer-brewing chemists and geneticists in California has created a genetically modified yeast that produces hoppy aromas and flavors without any interaction with the fragrant blossoms themselves. In other words, they've developed a way to make beer hoppy without using hops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brewer \u003ca href=\"https://www.firestonebeer.com/brewery/about-us.php\">Matthew Brynildson\u003c/a> feels the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03293-x\">research\u003c/a>, which was published March 20 in the journal \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>, opens doors that he would just as well see remain closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Craft brewing has always been a GMO-free art form — it was just assumed that we would never cross that line,\" says Brynildson, who has made beer at Firestone Walker Brewing Co. in central California for 17 years. \"If we allow in GMO yeast, well, I could think of a hundred more things that I do or don't want my yeast to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brynildson says he would rather the industry continue developing new yeast strains through the traditional means of selecting and isolating them \"rather than asking a scientist to make one for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists are excited about the prospects for incorporating engineered yeast into the process of brewing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biochemist and hobbyist home brewer \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles_Denby\">Charles Denby\u003c/a> of the University of California, Berkeley, led the modified yeast project. He and his colleagues spliced DNA from mint and basil plants into the genes of brewing yeast. The primary job of yeast in making beer is to turn sugar into alcohol. However, in the process of fermentation, different yeast strains also create a wide range of flavors and aromas. As it turned out, the engineered yeast strain consistently created the grapefruit-like flavors typical of the Cascade hop, a highly valued variety widely grown in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, test batches of the beer — a classic \u003ca href=\"https://www.homebrewersassociation.org/homebrew-recipes/?style=american-ale\">American ale\u003c/a> made using the genetically engineered yeast — tasted hoppier than the control beer during a blind tasting performed at Lagunitas Brewing Company in Petaluma, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Beers produced using these strains are perceived as hoppier than traditionally hopped beers by a sensory panel in a double-blind tasting,\" the scientists say in their paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denby, who spoke with The Salt via email, says he hopes the new yeast strain and perhaps others like it will eventually allow brewers to make better beer more consistently, and with less impact to the environment. Growing hops, after all, requires a lot of water and a great deal of space. The hops are also expensive to buy, and as consumer preferences lean increasingly toward hoppy beers, many hop varieties have become hard for brewers to find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, the flavor profiles and bitterness levels in a given variety of hops can vary from year to year, which creates a challenge for recipe-oriented brewers hoping to replicate beers from batch to batch. For these reasons, a yeast that biosynthesizes the aromas of hops could be a boon to both the environment and brewers, the researchers conclude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brynildson is skeptical. He says he recognizes the environmental pressures of growing hops — especially the water demands — but he isn't convinced of the need to relieve the land of agricultural impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If someone said they had a yeast that made wine flavors, and then winemakers didn't have to use grapes anymore, that would be absurd,\" Brynildson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The craft beer industry is known as an incubator of creativity and innovation. However, even brewer Sam Calagione, whose use of unusual ingredients like masticated corn and live lobsters in his beers has made \u003ca href=\"https://www.dogfish.com/brewery\">Dogfish Head Craft Brewery\u003c/a> in Delaware one of the most successful beer producers in the country, is concerned about how genetic engineering might change the art of making beer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What does it mean for brewing if you can just buy the science to make whatever you want?\" he says. \"I'm all for innovation, but we're going to tread very slowly in this direction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://drinkdrakes.com/the-brewery/the-people/\">John Gillooly\u003c/a> is ready to make beer. He's the brewmaster at Drake's Brewing Co. in San Leandro, Calif., – just a few miles from Denby's lab. Gillooly says his brewery is already in discussions about using the new yeast with the scientists. His plan is to make an IPA without the Cascade hops that would otherwise be needed for their aromatic properties and offer it on tap to brewery customers. He promises to clearly label the beer as one made with a genetically modified organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, Gillooly thinks the new yeast, if it becomes commercially available, will merely be used to complement existing brewing ingredients and practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't see this ever replacing hops,\" he says. \"My sense is we'll be coloring in with the hop flowers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brynildson says seeing a genetically modified yeast become commercially available would make him uneasy, mainly because it would open a door into a new paradigm where the many challenges that brewers have traditionally faced in making good beer could be overcome through bioengineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next thing you know, we might be making beer with water, a drum of the cheapest sugar source you can find, and yeast that makes all the flavors that we used to get from barley and hops. That just wouldn't be fun anymore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denby, who says he hopes to create more flavor-producing yeast strains, says he isn't worried that genetic modification will negatively impact the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our goal is to help brewers create beers that achieve similar flavors and profiles as you can get from conventionally grown hops while reducing the environmental impact of brewing beer,\" he says. \"If anything, this adds to craft brewing. This is another tool brewers can use to make beer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some beer-brewing scientists have developed a genetically modified yeast that produces the same hoppy aromas and flavors beer drinkers like, without the hops. But some craft brewers are skeptical.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1523301321,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":981},"headData":{"title":"GMO Yeast Mimics Flavors Of Hops, But Will Craft Brewers Bite? | KQED","description":"Some beer-brewing scientists have developed a genetically modified yeast that produces the same hoppy aromas and flavors beer drinkers like, without the hops. But some craft brewers are skeptical.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"GMO Yeast Mimics Flavors Of Hops, But Will Craft Brewers Bite?","datePublished":"2018-04-05T18:13:45.000Z","dateModified":"2018-04-09T19:15:21.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"126407 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=126407","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2018/04/05/gmo-yeast-mimics-flavors-of-hops-but-will-craft-brewers-bite/","disqusTitle":"GMO Yeast Mimics Flavors Of Hops, But Will Craft Brewers Bite?","source":"Beer","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/category/beer","nprImageCredit":"Mint Images","nprByline":"Alastair Bland, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images/Mint Images RF","nprStoryId":"599147983","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=599147983&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/04/04/599147983/gmo-yeast-mimics-flavors-of-hops-but-will-craft-brewers-bite?ft=nprml&f=599147983","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 04 Apr 2018 19:35:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 04 Apr 2018 08:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 04 Apr 2018 19:35:22 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/126407/gmo-yeast-mimics-flavors-of-hops-but-will-craft-brewers-bite","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Brewing beer, it is often said, is both an art and a science. New research, however, has some in the beer industry concerned that the science of brewing could be advancing too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of beer-brewing chemists and geneticists in California has created a genetically modified yeast that produces hoppy aromas and flavors without any interaction with the fragrant blossoms themselves. In other words, they've developed a way to make beer hoppy without using hops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brewer \u003ca href=\"https://www.firestonebeer.com/brewery/about-us.php\">Matthew Brynildson\u003c/a> feels the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03293-x\">research\u003c/a>, which was published March 20 in the journal \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>, opens doors that he would just as well see remain closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Craft brewing has always been a GMO-free art form — it was just assumed that we would never cross that line,\" says Brynildson, who has made beer at Firestone Walker Brewing Co. in central California for 17 years. \"If we allow in GMO yeast, well, I could think of a hundred more things that I do or don't want my yeast to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brynildson says he would rather the industry continue developing new yeast strains through the traditional means of selecting and isolating them \"rather than asking a scientist to make one for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists are excited about the prospects for incorporating engineered yeast into the process of brewing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biochemist and hobbyist home brewer \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles_Denby\">Charles Denby\u003c/a> of the University of California, Berkeley, led the modified yeast project. He and his colleagues spliced DNA from mint and basil plants into the genes of brewing yeast. The primary job of yeast in making beer is to turn sugar into alcohol. However, in the process of fermentation, different yeast strains also create a wide range of flavors and aromas. As it turned out, the engineered yeast strain consistently created the grapefruit-like flavors typical of the Cascade hop, a highly valued variety widely grown in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, test batches of the beer — a classic \u003ca href=\"https://www.homebrewersassociation.org/homebrew-recipes/?style=american-ale\">American ale\u003c/a> made using the genetically engineered yeast — tasted hoppier than the control beer during a blind tasting performed at Lagunitas Brewing Company in Petaluma, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Beers produced using these strains are perceived as hoppier than traditionally hopped beers by a sensory panel in a double-blind tasting,\" the scientists say in their paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denby, who spoke with The Salt via email, says he hopes the new yeast strain and perhaps others like it will eventually allow brewers to make better beer more consistently, and with less impact to the environment. Growing hops, after all, requires a lot of water and a great deal of space. The hops are also expensive to buy, and as consumer preferences lean increasingly toward hoppy beers, many hop varieties have become hard for brewers to find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, the flavor profiles and bitterness levels in a given variety of hops can vary from year to year, which creates a challenge for recipe-oriented brewers hoping to replicate beers from batch to batch. For these reasons, a yeast that biosynthesizes the aromas of hops could be a boon to both the environment and brewers, the researchers conclude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brynildson is skeptical. He says he recognizes the environmental pressures of growing hops — especially the water demands — but he isn't convinced of the need to relieve the land of agricultural impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If someone said they had a yeast that made wine flavors, and then winemakers didn't have to use grapes anymore, that would be absurd,\" Brynildson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The craft beer industry is known as an incubator of creativity and innovation. However, even brewer Sam Calagione, whose use of unusual ingredients like masticated corn and live lobsters in his beers has made \u003ca href=\"https://www.dogfish.com/brewery\">Dogfish Head Craft Brewery\u003c/a> in Delaware one of the most successful beer producers in the country, is concerned about how genetic engineering might change the art of making beer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What does it mean for brewing if you can just buy the science to make whatever you want?\" he says. \"I'm all for innovation, but we're going to tread very slowly in this direction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://drinkdrakes.com/the-brewery/the-people/\">John Gillooly\u003c/a> is ready to make beer. He's the brewmaster at Drake's Brewing Co. in San Leandro, Calif., – just a few miles from Denby's lab. Gillooly says his brewery is already in discussions about using the new yeast with the scientists. His plan is to make an IPA without the Cascade hops that would otherwise be needed for their aromatic properties and offer it on tap to brewery customers. He promises to clearly label the beer as one made with a genetically modified organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, Gillooly thinks the new yeast, if it becomes commercially available, will merely be used to complement existing brewing ingredients and practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't see this ever replacing hops,\" he says. \"My sense is we'll be coloring in with the hop flowers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brynildson says seeing a genetically modified yeast become commercially available would make him uneasy, mainly because it would open a door into a new paradigm where the many challenges that brewers have traditionally faced in making good beer could be overcome through bioengineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next thing you know, we might be making beer with water, a drum of the cheapest sugar source you can find, and yeast that makes all the flavors that we used to get from barley and hops. That just wouldn't be fun anymore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denby, who says he hopes to create more flavor-producing yeast strains, says he isn't worried that genetic modification will negatively impact the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our goal is to help brewers create beers that achieve similar flavors and profiles as you can get from conventionally grown hops while reducing the environmental impact of brewing beer,\" he says. \"If anything, this adds to craft brewing. This is another tool brewers can use to make beer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/126407/gmo-yeast-mimics-flavors-of-hops-but-will-craft-brewers-bite","authors":["byline_bayareabites_126407"],"categories":["bayareabites_301","bayareabites_13306","bayareabites_11028","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_13480","bayareabites_10771","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_11563"],"featImg":"bayareabites_126408","label":"source_bayareabites_126407"},"bayareabites_116810":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_116810","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"116810","score":null,"sort":[1492181846000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation","title":"Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation?","publishDate":1492181846,"format":"image","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>When the CEOs of both Monsanto and Bayer met with Donald Trump to talk about their potential merger just three days before the inauguration, they made some \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-01-17/bayer-to-invest-8-billion-and-add-3-000-jobs-trump-aide-says\">big promises\u003c/a>. If the union between the world’s largest seed company and the German multinational chemical, pharmaceutical, and life-sciences company is blessed by antitrust regulators, the companies have pledged to add 3,000 high-tech American jobs and to combine—rather than consolidate and trim—their R&D budgets to the tune of $16 billion over the next six years, or $2.7 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two companies have been locked in a dance since May 2016, when Monsanto \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/monsanto-rejects-bayer-merger-offer-says-its-open-to-talks-1464110057\">rejected\u003c/a> Bayer’s initial $62 billion offer. Then, last fall, the merger reappeared in the news in a noteworthy chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 14, Bayer upped its offer to $66 billion and Monsanto accepted, putting a third major seed company merger on the table, beside ChemChina’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/chemchina-offers-more-than-43-billion-for-syngenta-1454480529\">$43 billion takeover\u003c/a> of Syngenta and Dow Chemical’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-24/dupont-earnings-top-estimates-on-sales-of-plastics-to-carmakers\">intended merger\u003c/a> with DuPont. On the day it was announced, the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2016/09/14/bayer-and-monsanto-merge-in-mega-deal-aimed-at-domi-worlds-food-supply/?utm_term=.70f457ae8a04\">called the Bayer-Monsanto deal\u003c/a> the “mega-deal that could reshape [the] world’s food supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a week later, spokespeople for the companies behind all three mergers were asked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/consolidation-and-competition-in-the-us-seed-and-agrochemical-industry\">testify\u003c/a> before the senate judiciary committee, on what senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) called a “\u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/05fc5120c295442fbc7c0f2a11ce19cd/senate-panel-scrutinize-proposed-bayer-monsanto-merger\">merger tsunami\u003c/a>.” Then, just two days later, Monsanto \u003ca href=\"http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-announces-global-licensing-agreement-broad-institute-key-genome-edi\">announced\u003c/a> it had licensed the rights to use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing—a technology that has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/the-gene-hackers\">called\u003c/a> the “Model T of genetics” for its power to change the way we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rapid-fire timing may have been a coincidence, but it also may be a sign of what’s to come. And it’s just one of many indications that CRISPR/Cas9 and other next-generation gene editing technologies will likely be at the forefront of the seed industry in the years ahead. Some even see gene editing, which is said to be simpler, less expensive, and more consumer-friendly than traditional genetic engineering, as one factor \u003ca href=\"http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2162211-why-crispr-is-key-to-massive-agribusiness-consolidations/\">driving\u003c/a> the mergers. And while that’s up for debate, it’s clearly an important part of the strategy for companies looking to control, and profit from, the world’s seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the European Union \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/business/syngenta-chemchina-takeover.html?mwrsm=Email&_r=0\">cleared the way\u003c/a> for the ChemChina–Syngenta takeover, suggesting the other two mergers may be imminent. If that happens, the resulting three companies would control nearly 60 percent of global seedstocks (including as much as 80 percent of U.S. corn seeds) and 70 percent of the global pesticide market. And these companies are also making a bid to control much more than seeds and pesticides. Monsanto, for example, is already making a play to control many other facets of modern agriculture—including tools for precision planting and high-tech \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/02/monsanto-acquires-weather-big-data-company-climate-corporation-for-930m/\">weather prediction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/\">media coverage\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crispr-the-new-tool-1702114381\">gene editing\u003c/a> has pointed to its potential to break molds and change the genetic playing field, when it comes to agriculture, it will likely follow a more familiar path: CRISPR and other similar technology will most likely be used by scientists mainly to continue developing seeds that withstand consistent doses of pesticides on large, industrialized farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto has been conducting research with genome-editing techniques for years, and we are excited to be integrating additional technology from licensing partners in to this body of work,” Tom Adams, biotechnology lead for Monsanto, said in an email. Over the past year, the company has announced several licensing agreements that will allow it to access gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 (which is said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14406\">more precise\u003c/a>), as well as a tool from Dow AgroScience called EXZACT™ Precision Technology\u003csup>®\u003c/sup> Platform\u003cu>,\u003c/u> among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Adams said this work is still in its early days, he added, “we believe that genome-editing techniques have great potential to improve and unlock capabilities across our leading germplasm and genome libraries to enable a wide variety of improvements across crop systems.” However, he added, “We do not view it as a replacement for plant biotechnology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEED: The Untold Story will premiere on the PBS series \u003ci>Independent Lens\u003c/i> on \u003cspan class=\"aBn\" tabindex=\"0\" data-term=\"goog_1829742120\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">April 17, 2017 at 10PM\u003c/span>\u003c/span>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/seed-the-untold-story/\">Learn more\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/3ys0fgZ7hmA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gene Editing vs. Genetic Engineering\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1996, Monsanto has released a series of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant seeds, beginning with Roundup Ready soybeans in 1996, and moving on to corn, cotton, sugar beets, canola, and more. Today, Roundup Ready crops account for over \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx\">94 percent of the soybeans and 89 percent of the corn\u003c/a> grown in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As these products have come to dominate the farm landscape, weeds have also become resistant to Roundup. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Fact-Sheet-on-Superweeds_16-Sep-2014.pdf\">Weed Science Society of America\u003c/a>, “overreliance on herbicides with a single mechanism of action to control certain weeds has led to the selection of weeds resistant to that mechanism of action.” Similarly, incidents of pesticide resistance have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/limits-sought-on-gmo-corn-as-pest-resistance-grows-1425587078\">been on the rise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_116814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg\" alt=\"Roundup\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roundup \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeepersmedia/26673445341\">Mike Mozart\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers often find themselves on what critics call a \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/gmos-pesticides-profit/pesticide-treadmill\">pesticide treadmill\u003c/a>, where each new form of resistance requires a more powerful solution. Companies have spent the last several years working on seeds with “stacked traits,” which combine two or more genes of interest into a single plant. In the case of Monsanto, that has meant, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/09/03/are-you-ready-for-monsantos-1-billion-herbicide-fa.aspx\">breeding seeds\u003c/a> that tolerate both glyphosate and a second herbicide called dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main difference between gene editing and classical genetic engineering is that the former allows scientists to manipulate the genetic makeup of an organism—by changing or “knocking out” the function of a gene—without introducing genes from other organisms. This last part is key, because it’s often the combination of parts of various organisms—such as genes from bacteria added to corn to create herbicide resistance or genes from an arctic flounder added to strawberries to make them able to withstand cold weather—that has made the public wary of GMOs in their food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the image of CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing tools as an “entirely pristine” technology that rules out all foreign DNA isn’t entirely accurate, says Maywa Montenegro, a Ph.D. candidate in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They aren’t wrong in saying CRISPR doesn’t need to introduce foreign DNA, but it absolutely can. That’s what it’s very good at,” she said. “But it’s also important for people to understand that you can create huge, impactful changes in a plant’s functioning without introducing anything foreign.” De-activating, or knocking out, a gene function, can significantly change the plants and animals involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n9/full/nbt.2969.html\">mildew-resistant wheat\u003c/a> developed in China, for instance, scientists were able to introduce “targeted mutations” using CRISPR/Cas9 without inserting new genes. In another example, Cibus, a San Diego-based startup, has produced (and commercialized) an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cibus.com/\">herbicide-resistant canola\u003c/a> using another early gene-editing technique called Rapid Trait Development System (RTDS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"http://www.agriculture.com/technology/how-gene-editing-will-change-agriculture\">says\u003c/a> it has other crops, such as herbicide-resistant rice and flax seeds, in the pipeline. DuPont is also working with the Berkeley-based start-up Caribou Biosciences (founded by \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/02/18/caribou-biosciences-co-founded-campus-researcher-jennifer-doudna-receives-intellectual-property-rights-crispr-technology/\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, one of the founders and patent-holders of CRISPR/Cas9 technology) to develop gene-edited, drought-resistant corn and wheat varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most widely discussed food produced using gene editing today is a \u003ca href=\"http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2016/fall-winter/a-crispr-mushroom\">non-browning mushroom\u003c/a> developed using CRISPR/Cas9 at Pennsylvania State University. The mushroom received a great deal of media attention last spring, when the Penn State scientists received \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) informing them that the agency would not be regulating its field testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, a number of media outlets reported that the mushroom had “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/gene-edited-crispr-mushroom-escapes-us-regulation-1.19754\">escaped regulation\u003c/a>,” suggesting that gene editing was not only remarkably different than tradition genetic engineering in crucial ways, but that it also might be the key to avoiding government oversight. But on both accounts, the reality may be less cut and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Gene-Edited Seeds be Regulated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Gurian-Sherman, director of sustainable agriculture and senior scientist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/\">Center for Food Safety\u003c/a> (CFS), says the letter USDA sent to Penn State about the non-browning mushroom was just one of over 30 that went out at that time in response to requests by a variety of entities working with gene-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the USDA did clearly mention the fact that the mushroom didn’t contain any foreign DNA in its response, that wasn’t the only reason it abdicated its regulatory authority. Just as important, it seems, is the fact that the mushroom was not in any way considered a “plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, when it comes to regulating GMO crops, plant pests have been at the heart of the USDA’s regulation approach; all other genetically engineered products fall under the auspices of either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (A document from the Pew Charitable Trusts includes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/food_and_biotechnology/hhsbiotech0901pdf.pdf\">handy chart\u003c/a> detailing which agency is supposed to regulate what types of organisms.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> sent to Penn State concluded with this sentence: “Please be advised that the white button mushroom variety described in your letter may still be subject to other regulatory authorities such as the FDA or EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So gene editing was by no means the only factor at hand. “As soon as they put genes in from any plant pest they would immediately become regulated by USDA,” said Gurian-Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, exactly how the FDA plans to regulate gene editing is yet to be seen. Since January, the agency has been \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2017-00840.pdf\">seeking public input\u003c/a> on the topic in both medical research and agriculture. One core question at hand is whether gene editing will be considered “genetic engineering.” And at a time when a growing number of consumers want to know exactly what’s in their food—and around \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=97567&page=1\">90 percent\u003c/a> of Americans say they want to see genetically engineered ingredients in food labeled—this is as much a question of consumer demand as it is a question of regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already see lots of people who are supportive of genetic engineering, calling [gene editing] ‘advanced breeding,’” said Gurian-Sherman. But, he added, “In terms of most of the legal definitions of genetic engineering that are out there right now, it applies. I think it is a legitimate area for argument whether this is generally safer or not or more acceptable, but they clearly don’t want to label it genetic engineering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Michael Hansen, senior staff scientist at Consumers Union, “the FDA’s documents now \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ucm059098.htm\">clearly say\u003c/a> their definition of bioengineering is the same as the \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/04/10/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/definition%2520of%2520modern%2520biotechnolgy\">definition\u003c/a> of modern biotechnology held by \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/\">Codex Alimentarius\u003c/a>.” That’s the “Food Code” established by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The Codex definition refers to any organism made using “the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques.” And since gene editing does precisely that, Hansen believes the answer is clear: Gene editing should be seen as genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone agrees. In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v48/n2/full/ng.3505.html\">editorial\u003c/a> last January, for instance, the editors of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> endorsed “the principle of transparency in the production of genome-edited crops and livestock…with no further need for regulation or distinction of these goods from the products of traditional breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.C. Berkeley’s Montenegro describes CRISPR/Cas9 as a kind of Swiss army knife with the potential to be paradigm-shifting. But, she adds that, for that reason, it calls for a lot more scrutiny and regulatory oversight\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen agrees. Using gene editing, he said, “You can identify a key sequence you want to cut. But wherever that sequence occurs in the genome, you would get a cut. And you will also get a cut at sequences that look similar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen also points to the fact that scientists have experienced at least some \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.13586/full\">off-target effects\u003c/a> with most gene editing technology to date. He points to the case of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/hiv-overcomes-crispr-gene-editing-attack-1.19712\">effort to destroy the HIV virus\u003c/a> with CRISPR/Cas9. Although scientists engineered T-cells with CRISPR to recognize and destroy HIV, he said, “it took the HIV just a couple of weeks to evolve resistance to CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent effort to \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Ostrov_Church_2016.pdf\">artificially synthesize\u003c/a> a new genome for \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a group of scientists decided not to use gene editing because, they wrote, “these strategies…likely would introduce off-target mutations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, CFS’s Gurian-Sherman says there are big questions about how regulatory bodies under the Trump administration will choose to respond to the technology. For one, he says, gene editing could be much harder to test for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Detecting [transgenic] engineered changes, for a molecular biologist is really, really easy,” he said. But some of these [gene edits] are not going to leave much of a fingerprint, if at all, and they’re going to be very hard to trace,” he said. “So something like the kind of testing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a> does probably wouldn’t be possible in foods edited with CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Monsanto appears to be preparing for the possibility of regulation. When Lux Research, an independent technology research and advisory firm, looked into the Monsanto-Bayer merger in December, they surmised that gene editing was an important part of Monsanto’s appeal to Bayer, but that it was by no means the only technology they’re banking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto’s advantage in the space is that they’re super diverse and they have their hands in all the cookie jars,” said Laura Lee, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://members.luxresearchinc.com/research/report/21808\">Lux’s report\u003c/a>. “So they’d be able to advance traits using CRISPR, or if the regulatory bodies step in and decide to classify CRISPR as genetic modification or put a harmful label on it, they’ll have of other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“More Accessible” Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CRISPR and other gene editing tools are seen as more affordable and more efficient, they’re also being touted as more accessible than traditional genetic engineering—and they are already being used in small private laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think the fact that this science is accessible to and being explored by many researchers across the public and private sectors is exciting—and will only improve the types of products that will ultimately be accessible to farmers,” said Monsanto’s Tom Adams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most traditional genetically engineered traits take years and cost millions to produce (an average of $\u003ca href=\"https://croplife.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf_files/Getting-a-Biotech-Crop-to-Market-Phillips-McDougall-Study.pdf\">136 million\u003c/a> to be exact). So bringing that number down could bring more constituents into the fold, despite the consolidation at the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But seeds produced this way will still be subject to strict intellectual property fines, says Gurian-Sherman. “[CRISPR] won’t be as controllable by the big companies, but the patenting (or lack thereof) could really be a limiting factor for smaller companies,” he said. Case in point, a non-exclusive license to use CRISPR/Cas9 is valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsherkow/2017/02/21/how-much-is-a-crispr-patent-license-worth/#141d34066b77\">$265 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if that license is used to create a handful of seed traits, it could be more than worth the investment for a company like Monsanto—particularly if it can deliver on sought-after traits such as drought tolerance. And it might lead one to deduce that a newly merged company such as Monsanto-Bayer would use gene editing to bring down its overall R&D budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not necessarily the case, says Montenegro. In addition to facing pressure from the Trump Administration to spend mightily in the U.S., she points to an economic phenomenon called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox\">Jevons paradox\u003c/a>, wherein technology makes a process more efficient, but that efficiency ends up leading to increasing demand. (Jevon first observed the phenomenon while observing the coal industry of the 19th Century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important question is whether this more accessible technology will be put to use to create seeds designed for alternative or more sustainable farming systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro says she has heard from one plant breeder at the University of Minnesota who was interested in using CRISPR/Cas9 for \u003ca href=\"http://open-pollinated-seeds.org.uk/participatory-plant-breeding/\">participatory plant breeding\u003c/a>—a tactic involving farmers that is often used in the developing world—and to breed plants that could be amenable to diversified organic farming systems. But she says it’s not likely that a wider playing field will change the basic premise of the bulk of the work done using gene-editing technology—which is to engineer seeds used on large-scale industrial farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While I don’t want to foreclose the possibility of using CRISPR for agroecology, [companies and institutions] are underinvesting and undercutting basic agroecology research to such a large degree that even the lower-hanging fruit hasn’t yet been picked,” Montenegro said. This “massive asymmetry” makes her doubtful that the technology will help researchers tread new paths when it comes to sustainable practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurian-Sherman is no more optimistic. “There are ways you can breed or adapt crops for sustainable agricultural systems that don’t rely on inputs like fertilizers and pesticides as much,” he said. “You can breed crops that attract natural enemies, or take advantage of the slower release of organic nutrients from cover crops and manure. I can go on and on about traits that are valuable to sustainable farming. But that’s not going to be of interest to these companies because they’re actually antithetical to their business models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union’s Hansen says the current excitement about gene editing reminds him of the very early days or genetic engineering. “In the late 80s and early 90s, they were saying they’d be able to do everything with GE. Thirty years later, all you have is herbicide-tolerant plants and Bt plants. Or that’s the vast majority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was created in partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://itvs.org/\">ITVS\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTwilight Greenaway is the Managing Editor of Civil Eats. Her articles about food and farming have appeared in The New York Times, NPR.org, The Guardian, TakePart, Modern Farmer, Gastronomica and on Grist, where she served as the food editor from 2011-2012. See more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.twilightgreenaway.com/\">TwilightGreenaway.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Gene editing technology is being heralded as a game-changer, but it raises serious questions as five of the Big Six agriculture and chemical companies seek to merge.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1492181846,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":55,"wordCount":3177},"headData":{"title":"Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation? | KQED","description":"Gene editing technology is being heralded as a game-changer, but it raises serious questions as five of the Big Six agriculture and chemical companies seek to merge.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation?","datePublished":"2017-04-14T14:57:26.000Z","dateModified":"2017-04-14T14:57:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"116810 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=116810","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2017/04/14/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/","disqusTitle":"Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation?","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/author/tgreenaway/\">Twilight Greenaway\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/civileat/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>","path":"/bayareabites/116810/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the CEOs of both Monsanto and Bayer met with Donald Trump to talk about their potential merger just three days before the inauguration, they made some \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-01-17/bayer-to-invest-8-billion-and-add-3-000-jobs-trump-aide-says\">big promises\u003c/a>. If the union between the world’s largest seed company and the German multinational chemical, pharmaceutical, and life-sciences company is blessed by antitrust regulators, the companies have pledged to add 3,000 high-tech American jobs and to combine—rather than consolidate and trim—their R&D budgets to the tune of $16 billion over the next six years, or $2.7 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two companies have been locked in a dance since May 2016, when Monsanto \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/monsanto-rejects-bayer-merger-offer-says-its-open-to-talks-1464110057\">rejected\u003c/a> Bayer’s initial $62 billion offer. Then, last fall, the merger reappeared in the news in a noteworthy chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 14, Bayer upped its offer to $66 billion and Monsanto accepted, putting a third major seed company merger on the table, beside ChemChina’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/chemchina-offers-more-than-43-billion-for-syngenta-1454480529\">$43 billion takeover\u003c/a> of Syngenta and Dow Chemical’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-24/dupont-earnings-top-estimates-on-sales-of-plastics-to-carmakers\">intended merger\u003c/a> with DuPont. On the day it was announced, the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2016/09/14/bayer-and-monsanto-merge-in-mega-deal-aimed-at-domi-worlds-food-supply/?utm_term=.70f457ae8a04\">called the Bayer-Monsanto deal\u003c/a> the “mega-deal that could reshape [the] world’s food supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a week later, spokespeople for the companies behind all three mergers were asked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/consolidation-and-competition-in-the-us-seed-and-agrochemical-industry\">testify\u003c/a> before the senate judiciary committee, on what senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) called a “\u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/05fc5120c295442fbc7c0f2a11ce19cd/senate-panel-scrutinize-proposed-bayer-monsanto-merger\">merger tsunami\u003c/a>.” Then, just two days later, Monsanto \u003ca href=\"http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-announces-global-licensing-agreement-broad-institute-key-genome-edi\">announced\u003c/a> it had licensed the rights to use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing—a technology that has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/the-gene-hackers\">called\u003c/a> the “Model T of genetics” for its power to change the way we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rapid-fire timing may have been a coincidence, but it also may be a sign of what’s to come. And it’s just one of many indications that CRISPR/Cas9 and other next-generation gene editing technologies will likely be at the forefront of the seed industry in the years ahead. Some even see gene editing, which is said to be simpler, less expensive, and more consumer-friendly than traditional genetic engineering, as one factor \u003ca href=\"http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2162211-why-crispr-is-key-to-massive-agribusiness-consolidations/\">driving\u003c/a> the mergers. And while that’s up for debate, it’s clearly an important part of the strategy for companies looking to control, and profit from, the world’s seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the European Union \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/business/syngenta-chemchina-takeover.html?mwrsm=Email&_r=0\">cleared the way\u003c/a> for the ChemChina–Syngenta takeover, suggesting the other two mergers may be imminent. If that happens, the resulting three companies would control nearly 60 percent of global seedstocks (including as much as 80 percent of U.S. corn seeds) and 70 percent of the global pesticide market. And these companies are also making a bid to control much more than seeds and pesticides. Monsanto, for example, is already making a play to control many other facets of modern agriculture—including tools for precision planting and high-tech \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/02/monsanto-acquires-weather-big-data-company-climate-corporation-for-930m/\">weather prediction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/\">media coverage\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crispr-the-new-tool-1702114381\">gene editing\u003c/a> has pointed to its potential to break molds and change the genetic playing field, when it comes to agriculture, it will likely follow a more familiar path: CRISPR and other similar technology will most likely be used by scientists mainly to continue developing seeds that withstand consistent doses of pesticides on large, industrialized farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto has been conducting research with genome-editing techniques for years, and we are excited to be integrating additional technology from licensing partners in to this body of work,” Tom Adams, biotechnology lead for Monsanto, said in an email. Over the past year, the company has announced several licensing agreements that will allow it to access gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 (which is said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14406\">more precise\u003c/a>), as well as a tool from Dow AgroScience called EXZACT™ Precision Technology\u003csup>®\u003c/sup> Platform\u003cu>,\u003c/u> among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Adams said this work is still in its early days, he added, “we believe that genome-editing techniques have great potential to improve and unlock capabilities across our leading germplasm and genome libraries to enable a wide variety of improvements across crop systems.” However, he added, “We do not view it as a replacement for plant biotechnology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEED: The Untold Story will premiere on the PBS series \u003ci>Independent Lens\u003c/i> on \u003cspan class=\"aBn\" tabindex=\"0\" data-term=\"goog_1829742120\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">April 17, 2017 at 10PM\u003c/span>\u003c/span>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/seed-the-untold-story/\">Learn more\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/3ys0fgZ7hmA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/3ys0fgZ7hmA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gene Editing vs. Genetic Engineering\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1996, Monsanto has released a series of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant seeds, beginning with Roundup Ready soybeans in 1996, and moving on to corn, cotton, sugar beets, canola, and more. Today, Roundup Ready crops account for over \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx\">94 percent of the soybeans and 89 percent of the corn\u003c/a> grown in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As these products have come to dominate the farm landscape, weeds have also become resistant to Roundup. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Fact-Sheet-on-Superweeds_16-Sep-2014.pdf\">Weed Science Society of America\u003c/a>, “overreliance on herbicides with a single mechanism of action to control certain weeds has led to the selection of weeds resistant to that mechanism of action.” Similarly, incidents of pesticide resistance have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/limits-sought-on-gmo-corn-as-pest-resistance-grows-1425587078\">been on the rise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_116814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg\" alt=\"Roundup\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roundup \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeepersmedia/26673445341\">Mike Mozart\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers often find themselves on what critics call a \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/gmos-pesticides-profit/pesticide-treadmill\">pesticide treadmill\u003c/a>, where each new form of resistance requires a more powerful solution. Companies have spent the last several years working on seeds with “stacked traits,” which combine two or more genes of interest into a single plant. In the case of Monsanto, that has meant, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/09/03/are-you-ready-for-monsantos-1-billion-herbicide-fa.aspx\">breeding seeds\u003c/a> that tolerate both glyphosate and a second herbicide called dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main difference between gene editing and classical genetic engineering is that the former allows scientists to manipulate the genetic makeup of an organism—by changing or “knocking out” the function of a gene—without introducing genes from other organisms. This last part is key, because it’s often the combination of parts of various organisms—such as genes from bacteria added to corn to create herbicide resistance or genes from an arctic flounder added to strawberries to make them able to withstand cold weather—that has made the public wary of GMOs in their food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the image of CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing tools as an “entirely pristine” technology that rules out all foreign DNA isn’t entirely accurate, says Maywa Montenegro, a Ph.D. candidate in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They aren’t wrong in saying CRISPR doesn’t need to introduce foreign DNA, but it absolutely can. That’s what it’s very good at,” she said. “But it’s also important for people to understand that you can create huge, impactful changes in a plant’s functioning without introducing anything foreign.” De-activating, or knocking out, a gene function, can significantly change the plants and animals involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n9/full/nbt.2969.html\">mildew-resistant wheat\u003c/a> developed in China, for instance, scientists were able to introduce “targeted mutations” using CRISPR/Cas9 without inserting new genes. In another example, Cibus, a San Diego-based startup, has produced (and commercialized) an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cibus.com/\">herbicide-resistant canola\u003c/a> using another early gene-editing technique called Rapid Trait Development System (RTDS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"http://www.agriculture.com/technology/how-gene-editing-will-change-agriculture\">says\u003c/a> it has other crops, such as herbicide-resistant rice and flax seeds, in the pipeline. DuPont is also working with the Berkeley-based start-up Caribou Biosciences (founded by \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/02/18/caribou-biosciences-co-founded-campus-researcher-jennifer-doudna-receives-intellectual-property-rights-crispr-technology/\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, one of the founders and patent-holders of CRISPR/Cas9 technology) to develop gene-edited, drought-resistant corn and wheat varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most widely discussed food produced using gene editing today is a \u003ca href=\"http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2016/fall-winter/a-crispr-mushroom\">non-browning mushroom\u003c/a> developed using CRISPR/Cas9 at Pennsylvania State University. The mushroom received a great deal of media attention last spring, when the Penn State scientists received \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) informing them that the agency would not be regulating its field testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, a number of media outlets reported that the mushroom had “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/gene-edited-crispr-mushroom-escapes-us-regulation-1.19754\">escaped regulation\u003c/a>,” suggesting that gene editing was not only remarkably different than tradition genetic engineering in crucial ways, but that it also might be the key to avoiding government oversight. But on both accounts, the reality may be less cut and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Gene-Edited Seeds be Regulated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Gurian-Sherman, director of sustainable agriculture and senior scientist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/\">Center for Food Safety\u003c/a> (CFS), says the letter USDA sent to Penn State about the non-browning mushroom was just one of over 30 that went out at that time in response to requests by a variety of entities working with gene-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the USDA did clearly mention the fact that the mushroom didn’t contain any foreign DNA in its response, that wasn’t the only reason it abdicated its regulatory authority. Just as important, it seems, is the fact that the mushroom was not in any way considered a “plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, when it comes to regulating GMO crops, plant pests have been at the heart of the USDA’s regulation approach; all other genetically engineered products fall under the auspices of either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (A document from the Pew Charitable Trusts includes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/food_and_biotechnology/hhsbiotech0901pdf.pdf\">handy chart\u003c/a> detailing which agency is supposed to regulate what types of organisms.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> sent to Penn State concluded with this sentence: “Please be advised that the white button mushroom variety described in your letter may still be subject to other regulatory authorities such as the FDA or EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So gene editing was by no means the only factor at hand. “As soon as they put genes in from any plant pest they would immediately become regulated by USDA,” said Gurian-Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, exactly how the FDA plans to regulate gene editing is yet to be seen. Since January, the agency has been \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2017-00840.pdf\">seeking public input\u003c/a> on the topic in both medical research and agriculture. One core question at hand is whether gene editing will be considered “genetic engineering.” And at a time when a growing number of consumers want to know exactly what’s in their food—and around \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=97567&page=1\">90 percent\u003c/a> of Americans say they want to see genetically engineered ingredients in food labeled—this is as much a question of consumer demand as it is a question of regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already see lots of people who are supportive of genetic engineering, calling [gene editing] ‘advanced breeding,’” said Gurian-Sherman. But, he added, “In terms of most of the legal definitions of genetic engineering that are out there right now, it applies. I think it is a legitimate area for argument whether this is generally safer or not or more acceptable, but they clearly don’t want to label it genetic engineering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Michael Hansen, senior staff scientist at Consumers Union, “the FDA’s documents now \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ucm059098.htm\">clearly say\u003c/a> their definition of bioengineering is the same as the \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/04/10/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/definition%2520of%2520modern%2520biotechnolgy\">definition\u003c/a> of modern biotechnology held by \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/\">Codex Alimentarius\u003c/a>.” That’s the “Food Code” established by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The Codex definition refers to any organism made using “the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques.” And since gene editing does precisely that, Hansen believes the answer is clear: Gene editing should be seen as genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone agrees. In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v48/n2/full/ng.3505.html\">editorial\u003c/a> last January, for instance, the editors of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> endorsed “the principle of transparency in the production of genome-edited crops and livestock…with no further need for regulation or distinction of these goods from the products of traditional breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.C. Berkeley’s Montenegro describes CRISPR/Cas9 as a kind of Swiss army knife with the potential to be paradigm-shifting. But, she adds that, for that reason, it calls for a lot more scrutiny and regulatory oversight\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen agrees. Using gene editing, he said, “You can identify a key sequence you want to cut. But wherever that sequence occurs in the genome, you would get a cut. And you will also get a cut at sequences that look similar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen also points to the fact that scientists have experienced at least some \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.13586/full\">off-target effects\u003c/a> with most gene editing technology to date. He points to the case of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/hiv-overcomes-crispr-gene-editing-attack-1.19712\">effort to destroy the HIV virus\u003c/a> with CRISPR/Cas9. Although scientists engineered T-cells with CRISPR to recognize and destroy HIV, he said, “it took the HIV just a couple of weeks to evolve resistance to CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent effort to \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Ostrov_Church_2016.pdf\">artificially synthesize\u003c/a> a new genome for \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a group of scientists decided not to use gene editing because, they wrote, “these strategies…likely would introduce off-target mutations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, CFS’s Gurian-Sherman says there are big questions about how regulatory bodies under the Trump administration will choose to respond to the technology. For one, he says, gene editing could be much harder to test for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Detecting [transgenic] engineered changes, for a molecular biologist is really, really easy,” he said. But some of these [gene edits] are not going to leave much of a fingerprint, if at all, and they’re going to be very hard to trace,” he said. “So something like the kind of testing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a> does probably wouldn’t be possible in foods edited with CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Monsanto appears to be preparing for the possibility of regulation. When Lux Research, an independent technology research and advisory firm, looked into the Monsanto-Bayer merger in December, they surmised that gene editing was an important part of Monsanto’s appeal to Bayer, but that it was by no means the only technology they’re banking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto’s advantage in the space is that they’re super diverse and they have their hands in all the cookie jars,” said Laura Lee, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://members.luxresearchinc.com/research/report/21808\">Lux’s report\u003c/a>. “So they’d be able to advance traits using CRISPR, or if the regulatory bodies step in and decide to classify CRISPR as genetic modification or put a harmful label on it, they’ll have of other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“More Accessible” Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CRISPR and other gene editing tools are seen as more affordable and more efficient, they’re also being touted as more accessible than traditional genetic engineering—and they are already being used in small private laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think the fact that this science is accessible to and being explored by many researchers across the public and private sectors is exciting—and will only improve the types of products that will ultimately be accessible to farmers,” said Monsanto’s Tom Adams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most traditional genetically engineered traits take years and cost millions to produce (an average of $\u003ca href=\"https://croplife.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf_files/Getting-a-Biotech-Crop-to-Market-Phillips-McDougall-Study.pdf\">136 million\u003c/a> to be exact). So bringing that number down could bring more constituents into the fold, despite the consolidation at the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But seeds produced this way will still be subject to strict intellectual property fines, says Gurian-Sherman. “[CRISPR] won’t be as controllable by the big companies, but the patenting (or lack thereof) could really be a limiting factor for smaller companies,” he said. Case in point, a non-exclusive license to use CRISPR/Cas9 is valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsherkow/2017/02/21/how-much-is-a-crispr-patent-license-worth/#141d34066b77\">$265 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if that license is used to create a handful of seed traits, it could be more than worth the investment for a company like Monsanto—particularly if it can deliver on sought-after traits such as drought tolerance. And it might lead one to deduce that a newly merged company such as Monsanto-Bayer would use gene editing to bring down its overall R&D budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not necessarily the case, says Montenegro. In addition to facing pressure from the Trump Administration to spend mightily in the U.S., she points to an economic phenomenon called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox\">Jevons paradox\u003c/a>, wherein technology makes a process more efficient, but that efficiency ends up leading to increasing demand. (Jevon first observed the phenomenon while observing the coal industry of the 19th Century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important question is whether this more accessible technology will be put to use to create seeds designed for alternative or more sustainable farming systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro says she has heard from one plant breeder at the University of Minnesota who was interested in using CRISPR/Cas9 for \u003ca href=\"http://open-pollinated-seeds.org.uk/participatory-plant-breeding/\">participatory plant breeding\u003c/a>—a tactic involving farmers that is often used in the developing world—and to breed plants that could be amenable to diversified organic farming systems. But she says it’s not likely that a wider playing field will change the basic premise of the bulk of the work done using gene-editing technology—which is to engineer seeds used on large-scale industrial farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While I don’t want to foreclose the possibility of using CRISPR for agroecology, [companies and institutions] are underinvesting and undercutting basic agroecology research to such a large degree that even the lower-hanging fruit hasn’t yet been picked,” Montenegro said. This “massive asymmetry” makes her doubtful that the technology will help researchers tread new paths when it comes to sustainable practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurian-Sherman is no more optimistic. “There are ways you can breed or adapt crops for sustainable agricultural systems that don’t rely on inputs like fertilizers and pesticides as much,” he said. “You can breed crops that attract natural enemies, or take advantage of the slower release of organic nutrients from cover crops and manure. I can go on and on about traits that are valuable to sustainable farming. But that’s not going to be of interest to these companies because they’re actually antithetical to their business models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union’s Hansen says the current excitement about gene editing reminds him of the very early days or genetic engineering. “In the late 80s and early 90s, they were saying they’d be able to do everything with GE. Thirty years later, all you have is herbicide-tolerant plants and Bt plants. Or that’s the vast majority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was created in partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://itvs.org/\">ITVS\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTwilight Greenaway is the Managing Editor of Civil Eats. Her articles about food and farming have appeared in The New York Times, NPR.org, The Guardian, TakePart, Modern Farmer, Gastronomica and on Grist, where she served as the food editor from 2011-2012. See more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.twilightgreenaway.com/\">TwilightGreenaway.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/116810/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation","authors":["byline_bayareabites_116810"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_11028","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_15412","bayareabites_12277","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_10773","bayareabites_14236","bayareabites_15823","bayareabites_8523"],"featImg":"bayareabites_116813","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_114979":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_114979","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"114979","score":null,"sort":[1485986966000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-the-arctic-apple-means-you-may-be-seeing-more-gmos-at-the-store","title":"Why The Arctic Apple Means You May Be Seeing More GMOs At The Store","publishDate":1485986966,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Genetically engineered crops are nothing new. But emerging technology that allows scientists to alter plants more precisely and cheaply is taking genetically engineered plants from the field to the kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first version of the Arctic Apple, a genetically modified Golden Delicious, is headed for test markets in the Midwest in February, according to the company that produced it. It is the first genetically engineered apple, altered so that when it is cut, it doesn't turn brown from oxidation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.okspecialtyfruits.com/\">Okanagan Specialty Fruits\u003c/a>, based in British Columbia, Canada, wouldn't say exactly where the apples will first be sold, but says the target consumers are those interested in convenience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The rapid expansion of the fresh-cut industry – bagged carrots, ready-made salads – has led to explosive growth of fresh cut produce,\" says Neal Carter, president of the company. \"I can cut this up for my kid's lunch box ... and it doesn't go brown and they'll actually eat it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic Apple is one of the first foods often termed a \"genetically modified organism\" (GMO) to be marketed to consumers, not at farmers. And it's a sign of how the science of genetic engineering is evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first genetically engineered crops were global commodities like corn, soybeans and cotton. They were \"transgenic,\" meaning they were resistant to pesticides or insects after scientists transferred new DNA into the plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were taking DNA sequences from another, often non-plant species, and moving it into plants,\" says Sally Mackenzie, a plant geneticist at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, new crops are \"cisgenic.\" They work within a plant species' own genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next generation of technologies, those being implemented now — including the new apple – we're not introducing foreign DNA any longer,\" Mackenzie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic Apple uses a technology called \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/new-crops-could-kill-insects-targeting-their-genes\">RNA interference\u003c/a>, sometimes called gene silencing. The target is the gene in the apple that controls production of the enzyme that makes it turn brown. When scientists add an extra strand of RNA, that gene is effectively switched off, or silenced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're basically down-regulating a gene that's already within that apple,\" Mackenzie says. \"So I see that as entirely different. And I think it's important for the average consumer to recognize technologies have moved on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advances like gene silencing and other gene editing methods, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/06/26/325213397/a-crispr-way-to-fix-faulty-genes\">CRISPR\u003c/a> technology, make biotech plant-breeding cheaper and more precise than the first generation of genetically engineered crops. New technologies are also less expensive for companies when it comes to federal regulations, as the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration require fewer costly tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huge companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/\">Monsanto\u003c/a> have dominated the industry, Mackenzie says, in part because of the high cost of regulations. Old biotech crops were aimed at big commodities in large part because it was a sure way to recoup that investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineered plants that don't introduce new genes don't face the same \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/new-genetically-modified-crops-push-old-regulations\">regulatory hurdles\u003c/a>. Groups critical of GMO technology want to see stronger regulations in order to evaluate potential long-term impacts of biotech crops on health and the environment. Federal agencies are reviewing their rules around GMOs to catch up with the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the current regulatory structure, however, it is more economically viable, Mackenzie says, for smaller biotech companies to market their own innovations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're going to see more and more traits coming out that are really consumer friendly, designed to respond to consumer demand,\" Mackenzie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn will still get plenty of attention from plant breeders, but more companies may shift their focus from field to fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most genetically engineered crops are processed into ingredients in foods, so when we eat them they are a few steps removed from the field – think soybean oil in salad dressing or corn syrup in soda. When the Arctic Apple hits the produce aisle, however, it will be one of the first GMOs to reach consumers directly, but it is not the only one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A virus-resistant \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2014/08/local-ordinance-might-still-kill-hawaiian-papaya-saved-by-genetic-engineering/#.WIlx1VMrLIU\">Rainbow papaya\u003c/a> is already on the shelf. So is \u003ca href=\"http://simplot.com/\">Simplot's\u003c/a> bruise-resistant russet, called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepacker.com/news/usda-deregulates-two-more-innate-varieties\">Innate potato\u003c/a>. The fruit company Del Monte has \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepacker.com/news/pink-fda-gives-all-clear-del-monte-pineapple\">approval for a pink pineapple\u003c/a> engineered to carry more lycopene, an antioxidant that supports the body's defense system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The labels on packages of Arctic Apples won't say much about GMOs. They will have a tell-tale snowflake logo, and a QR code that can be scanned with a smartphone to reach a website with information about the science. That fits within the framework of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/content/5-big-questions-about-us-senate-gmo-label-bill#.WIlmOVMrLIU\">GMO labeling law\u003c/a> passed by Congress last year, but it makes genetic engineering in food less obvious than many consumer groups have called for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of consumers \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/976/ge-food-labeling/us-polls-on-ge-food-labeling\">support clear labels\u003c/a> on foods that contain GMO ingredients, just as the vast majority of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/us-panel-releases-consensus-genetically-engineered-crops\">agree that they are safe\u003c/a> to eat. For stores that may sell biotech fruits and vegetables, it pays to be up front with shoppers that these foods are genetically engineered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Transparency is what everything is about,\" says Joan Driggs, editorial director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.progressivegrocer.com/\">Progressive Grocer\u003c/a> which covers the grocery business. \"Any retailer or manufacturer has to be transparent with their customer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question for the biotech industry: Once consumers know how these apples are created, will they care?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic Apple's test run will last through March. Okanagan Specialty Fruits expects a wider commercial release this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003c/em>\u003cem> story comes to us from \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/\">Harvest Public Media\u003c/a>, a reporting collaboration focused on food and agriculture. \u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://netnebraska.org/basic-page/radio/radio\">Nebraska Public Radio Network\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The fruit is one of the first GMOs to be marketed directly to consumers, not at farmers. It's headed to test markets this month. And it's a sign of how the science of genetic engineering is evolving.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1485987042,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":933},"headData":{"title":"Why The Arctic Apple Means You May Be Seeing More GMOs At The Store | KQED","description":"The fruit is one of the first GMOs to be marketed directly to consumers, not at farmers. It's headed to test markets this month. And it's a sign of how the science of genetic engineering is evolving.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why The Arctic Apple Means You May Be Seeing More GMOs At The Store","datePublished":"2017-02-01T22:09:26.000Z","dateModified":"2017-02-01T22:10:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"114979 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=114979","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2017/02/01/why-the-arctic-apple-means-you-may-be-seeing-more-gmos-at-the-store/","disqusTitle":"Why The Arctic Apple Means You May Be Seeing More GMOs At The Store","source":"Food Trends and Technology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/category/food-and-technology/","nprByline":"Grant Gerlock, \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/\">Harvest Public Media\u003c/a> at NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"Courtesy Okanagan Specialty Fruits","nprStoryId":"512633781","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=512633781&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/01/512633781/why-the-arctic-apple-means-you-may-be-seeing-more-gmos-at-the-store?ft=nprml&f=512633781","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 01 Feb 2017 15:10:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 01 Feb 2017 15:10:50 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 01 Feb 2017 15:10:50 -0500","path":"/bayareabites/114979/why-the-arctic-apple-means-you-may-be-seeing-more-gmos-at-the-store","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Genetically engineered crops are nothing new. But emerging technology that allows scientists to alter plants more precisely and cheaply is taking genetically engineered plants from the field to the kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first version of the Arctic Apple, a genetically modified Golden Delicious, is headed for test markets in the Midwest in February, according to the company that produced it. It is the first genetically engineered apple, altered so that when it is cut, it doesn't turn brown from oxidation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.okspecialtyfruits.com/\">Okanagan Specialty Fruits\u003c/a>, based in British Columbia, Canada, wouldn't say exactly where the apples will first be sold, but says the target consumers are those interested in convenience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The rapid expansion of the fresh-cut industry – bagged carrots, ready-made salads – has led to explosive growth of fresh cut produce,\" says Neal Carter, president of the company. \"I can cut this up for my kid's lunch box ... and it doesn't go brown and they'll actually eat it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic Apple is one of the first foods often termed a \"genetically modified organism\" (GMO) to be marketed to consumers, not at farmers. And it's a sign of how the science of genetic engineering is evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first genetically engineered crops were global commodities like corn, soybeans and cotton. They were \"transgenic,\" meaning they were resistant to pesticides or insects after scientists transferred new DNA into the plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were taking DNA sequences from another, often non-plant species, and moving it into plants,\" says Sally Mackenzie, a plant geneticist at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, new crops are \"cisgenic.\" They work within a plant species' own genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next generation of technologies, those being implemented now — including the new apple – we're not introducing foreign DNA any longer,\" Mackenzie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic Apple uses a technology called \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/new-crops-could-kill-insects-targeting-their-genes\">RNA interference\u003c/a>, sometimes called gene silencing. The target is the gene in the apple that controls production of the enzyme that makes it turn brown. When scientists add an extra strand of RNA, that gene is effectively switched off, or silenced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're basically down-regulating a gene that's already within that apple,\" Mackenzie says. \"So I see that as entirely different. And I think it's important for the average consumer to recognize technologies have moved on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advances like gene silencing and other gene editing methods, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/06/26/325213397/a-crispr-way-to-fix-faulty-genes\">CRISPR\u003c/a> technology, make biotech plant-breeding cheaper and more precise than the first generation of genetically engineered crops. New technologies are also less expensive for companies when it comes to federal regulations, as the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration require fewer costly tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huge companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/\">Monsanto\u003c/a> have dominated the industry, Mackenzie says, in part because of the high cost of regulations. Old biotech crops were aimed at big commodities in large part because it was a sure way to recoup that investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineered plants that don't introduce new genes don't face the same \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/new-genetically-modified-crops-push-old-regulations\">regulatory hurdles\u003c/a>. Groups critical of GMO technology want to see stronger regulations in order to evaluate potential long-term impacts of biotech crops on health and the environment. Federal agencies are reviewing their rules around GMOs to catch up with the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the current regulatory structure, however, it is more economically viable, Mackenzie says, for smaller biotech companies to market their own innovations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're going to see more and more traits coming out that are really consumer friendly, designed to respond to consumer demand,\" Mackenzie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn will still get plenty of attention from plant breeders, but more companies may shift their focus from field to fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most genetically engineered crops are processed into ingredients in foods, so when we eat them they are a few steps removed from the field – think soybean oil in salad dressing or corn syrup in soda. When the Arctic Apple hits the produce aisle, however, it will be one of the first GMOs to reach consumers directly, but it is not the only one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A virus-resistant \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2014/08/local-ordinance-might-still-kill-hawaiian-papaya-saved-by-genetic-engineering/#.WIlx1VMrLIU\">Rainbow papaya\u003c/a> is already on the shelf. So is \u003ca href=\"http://simplot.com/\">Simplot's\u003c/a> bruise-resistant russet, called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepacker.com/news/usda-deregulates-two-more-innate-varieties\">Innate potato\u003c/a>. The fruit company Del Monte has \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepacker.com/news/pink-fda-gives-all-clear-del-monte-pineapple\">approval for a pink pineapple\u003c/a> engineered to carry more lycopene, an antioxidant that supports the body's defense system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The labels on packages of Arctic Apples won't say much about GMOs. They will have a tell-tale snowflake logo, and a QR code that can be scanned with a smartphone to reach a website with information about the science. That fits within the framework of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/content/5-big-questions-about-us-senate-gmo-label-bill#.WIlmOVMrLIU\">GMO labeling law\u003c/a> passed by Congress last year, but it makes genetic engineering in food less obvious than many consumer groups have called for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of consumers \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/976/ge-food-labeling/us-polls-on-ge-food-labeling\">support clear labels\u003c/a> on foods that contain GMO ingredients, just as the vast majority of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/us-panel-releases-consensus-genetically-engineered-crops\">agree that they are safe\u003c/a> to eat. For stores that may sell biotech fruits and vegetables, it pays to be up front with shoppers that these foods are genetically engineered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Transparency is what everything is about,\" says Joan Driggs, editorial director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.progressivegrocer.com/\">Progressive Grocer\u003c/a> which covers the grocery business. \"Any retailer or manufacturer has to be transparent with their customer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question for the biotech industry: Once consumers know how these apples are created, will they care?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic Apple's test run will last through March. Okanagan Specialty Fruits expects a wider commercial release this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003c/em>\u003cem> story comes to us from \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/\">Harvest Public Media\u003c/a>, a reporting collaboration focused on food and agriculture. \u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://netnebraska.org/basic-page/radio/radio\">Nebraska Public Radio Network\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/114979/why-the-arctic-apple-means-you-may-be-seeing-more-gmos-at-the-store","authors":["byline_bayareabites_114979"],"categories":["bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_15732","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_15733","bayareabites_15734"],"featImg":"bayareabites_114980","label":"source_bayareabites_114979"},"bayareabites_113832":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_113832","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"113832","score":null,"sort":[1480722986000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"americans-dont-trust-scientists-take-on-food-issues","title":"Americans Don't Trust Scientists' Take On Food Issues","publishDate":1480722986,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>If you're curious about what people really think about some of the hottest of hot-button food controversies, the Pew Research Center has just the thing for you: a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/12/01/the-new-food-fights/\">survey\u003c/a> of attitudes toward genetic modification, organic food and the importance of eating healthfully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey results are published in a 99-page report that can keep you occupied for days. But if you're pressed for time, here are some of the most interesting highlights that caught our eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. A lot of Americans don't care what scientists think about GMOs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, 39 percent of the survey participants believe that genetically modified foods are worse for your health than non-GM food. However, there's essentially no scientific evidence to support that belief — a conclusion confirmed most recently by a National Academy of Sciences \u003ca href=\"http://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/2016/05/16/report-in-brief/\">report\u003c/a>. Among the relatively small group who say they care about the issue of GM foods \"a great deal\" (16 percent of the public), three-quarters believe that GMOs are bad for your health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, it's notable that almost half the respondents — 46 percent to be precise — say that they care about the issue of GMOs \"not too much\" or \"not at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans believe that there's no scientific consensus on GMOs. Just over 50 percent of respondents believe that \"about half or fewer\" of scientists agree that GM foods are safe to eat. Only 14 percent's beliefs match the reality — that \"almost all\" scientists agree that GM foods are safe to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, there is deep cynicism about the motives of scientists. According to the survey, Americans feel that research findings are influenced in equal measure by the following factors: the best available scientific evidence; desire to help their industries; and desire to advance their careers. In the view of the public, all of those factors are more important to scientists than concern for the public interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can take heart, though, from one other finding of the survey. People still trust them more then politicians. Sixty percent of the public still wants scientists to play a major role in government policies toward GM foods. Remarkably, only 24 percent of Americans want their elected officials to have a major role in such policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Food sympathies don't follow political sympathies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly equal shares of Republicans and Democrats (39 percent versus 40 percent) feel that GMOs are worse for people's health. More Democrats than Republicans (60 percent versus 50 percent) believe that organic foods are healthier. It's significant, but not a huge difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This result is quite different from what Pew found in surveys about climate change, says Cary Funk, the Pew Research Center's associate director of research on science and society. When it comes to climate change, she says, liberal Democrats are much more likely to believe that humans are responsible. Food issues, by contrast, are not as politically polarized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also didn't find any major differences between men and women, or between rich and poor, when it came to views about GMOs or about the healthy qualities of organic food. The wealthy, however, were more likely actually to buy organic food regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there's an overwhelming consensus about one point; 72 percent of Americans believe that healthy eating habits are very important in improving one's chances of a long and healthy life, and an additional 25 percent say that it's somewhat important. But most (58 percent) also say they fall short of their goals and that \"most days I probably should be eating healthier.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Food issues don't divide people into neat little camps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you look closely at the results, you find that there aren't clearly defined groups of people who all believe the same things about various food issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, 18 percent of Americans say that their \"main focus\" is eating healthy and nutritious food. And 16 percent says that they care about genetically modified foods \"a great deal.\" But these are not the same people. Only a third of the people who care most about eating healthfully also care a lot about GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And whether a person cares about eating healthful food or not is no predictor of whether he or she considers GMOs to be bad for health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a much stronger connection, however, between attitudes about healthy eating and consumption of organic food. People who describe healthy eating as their \"main focus\" were almost three times as likely to eat organic food regularly, compared with people who say that healthy eating is not at all important to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, support for local and organic food seems to be much more mainstream than the opposition to GMOs. Almost three-quarters of Americans said that they bought local food recently, and just over two-thirds said they had purchased organic food. By comparison, a much smaller group — 44 percent — reported that they'd recently bought food labeled \"GMO-free.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new survey finds strong public support for organic food, and suspicion of GMOs — regardless of whether people vote Republican or Democratic. Also, people don't trust scientists much at all.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1480722986,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":842},"headData":{"title":"Americans Don't Trust Scientists' Take On Food Issues | KQED","description":"A new survey finds strong public support for organic food, and suspicion of GMOs — regardless of whether people vote Republican or Democratic. Also, people don't trust scientists much at all.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Americans Don't Trust Scientists' Take On Food Issues","datePublished":"2016-12-02T23:56:26.000Z","dateModified":"2016-12-02T23:56:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"113832 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=113832","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2016/12/02/americans-dont-trust-scientists-take-on-food-issues/","disqusTitle":"Americans Don't Trust Scientists' Take On Food Issues","source":"Politics, Activism, Food Safety","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/category/politics-activism-food-safety/","nprImageCredit":"ordon Chibroski","nprByline":"Dan Charles, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"Portland Press Herald/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"504034298","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=504034298&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/12/02/504034298/americans-dont-trust-scientists-take-on-food-politicians-even-less?ft=nprml&f=504034298","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 02 Dec 2016 17:49:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 02 Dec 2016 17:02:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 02 Dec 2016 17:49:27 -0500","path":"/bayareabites/113832/americans-dont-trust-scientists-take-on-food-issues","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you're curious about what people really think about some of the hottest of hot-button food controversies, the Pew Research Center has just the thing for you: a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/12/01/the-new-food-fights/\">survey\u003c/a> of attitudes toward genetic modification, organic food and the importance of eating healthfully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey results are published in a 99-page report that can keep you occupied for days. But if you're pressed for time, here are some of the most interesting highlights that caught our eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. A lot of Americans don't care what scientists think about GMOs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, 39 percent of the survey participants believe that genetically modified foods are worse for your health than non-GM food. However, there's essentially no scientific evidence to support that belief — a conclusion confirmed most recently by a National Academy of Sciences \u003ca href=\"http://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/2016/05/16/report-in-brief/\">report\u003c/a>. Among the relatively small group who say they care about the issue of GM foods \"a great deal\" (16 percent of the public), three-quarters believe that GMOs are bad for your health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, it's notable that almost half the respondents — 46 percent to be precise — say that they care about the issue of GMOs \"not too much\" or \"not at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans believe that there's no scientific consensus on GMOs. Just over 50 percent of respondents believe that \"about half or fewer\" of scientists agree that GM foods are safe to eat. Only 14 percent's beliefs match the reality — that \"almost all\" scientists agree that GM foods are safe to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, there is deep cynicism about the motives of scientists. According to the survey, Americans feel that research findings are influenced in equal measure by the following factors: the best available scientific evidence; desire to help their industries; and desire to advance their careers. In the view of the public, all of those factors are more important to scientists than concern for the public interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can take heart, though, from one other finding of the survey. People still trust them more then politicians. Sixty percent of the public still wants scientists to play a major role in government policies toward GM foods. Remarkably, only 24 percent of Americans want their elected officials to have a major role in such policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Food sympathies don't follow political sympathies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly equal shares of Republicans and Democrats (39 percent versus 40 percent) feel that GMOs are worse for people's health. More Democrats than Republicans (60 percent versus 50 percent) believe that organic foods are healthier. It's significant, but not a huge difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This result is quite different from what Pew found in surveys about climate change, says Cary Funk, the Pew Research Center's associate director of research on science and society. When it comes to climate change, she says, liberal Democrats are much more likely to believe that humans are responsible. Food issues, by contrast, are not as politically polarized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also didn't find any major differences between men and women, or between rich and poor, when it came to views about GMOs or about the healthy qualities of organic food. The wealthy, however, were more likely actually to buy organic food regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there's an overwhelming consensus about one point; 72 percent of Americans believe that healthy eating habits are very important in improving one's chances of a long and healthy life, and an additional 25 percent say that it's somewhat important. But most (58 percent) also say they fall short of their goals and that \"most days I probably should be eating healthier.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Food issues don't divide people into neat little camps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you look closely at the results, you find that there aren't clearly defined groups of people who all believe the same things about various food issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, 18 percent of Americans say that their \"main focus\" is eating healthy and nutritious food. And 16 percent says that they care about genetically modified foods \"a great deal.\" But these are not the same people. Only a third of the people who care most about eating healthfully also care a lot about GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And whether a person cares about eating healthful food or not is no predictor of whether he or she considers GMOs to be bad for health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a much stronger connection, however, between attitudes about healthy eating and consumption of organic food. People who describe healthy eating as their \"main focus\" were almost three times as likely to eat organic food regularly, compared with people who say that healthy eating is not at all important to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, support for local and organic food seems to be much more mainstream than the opposition to GMOs. Almost three-quarters of Americans said that they bought local food recently, and just over two-thirds said they had purchased organic food. By comparison, a much smaller group — 44 percent — reported that they'd recently bought food labeled \"GMO-free.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/113832/americans-dont-trust-scientists-take-on-food-issues","authors":["byline_bayareabites_113832"],"categories":["bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_10787"],"featImg":"bayareabites_113833","label":"source_bayareabites_113832"},"bayareabites_111828":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_111828","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"111828","score":null,"sort":[1472751976000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-gmos-cut-the-use-of-pesticides-and-perhaps-boosted-it-again","title":"How GMOs Cut The Use Of Pesticides — And Perhaps Boosted It Again","publishDate":1472751976,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>In the ferocious, sprawling brawl over genetically modified crops, one particular question seems like it should have a simple factual answer: Did those crops lead to more use of pesticides, or less?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, there's no simple answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticides include both insecticides and herbicides. Backers of GMOs point to the example of crops containing new genes that fight off insect pests, so farmers don't have to spray insecticides. Biotech critics \u003ca href=\"https://www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/GE13YearsReport.pdf\">point\u003c/a> to the example of crops that have been altered to tolerate specific weedkillers, like glyphosate, thus encouraging farmers to rely more heavily on those herbicides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, scientists at Iowa State made a fresh \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/8/e1600850\">attempt\u003c/a> to answer this question. It's based on the most detailed data ever assembled to examine the issue. Those data came from a private company, which gathered information about the farm practices of 5,000 randomly selected farmers who grew corn and soybeans, the two most widely planted crops in the country. That information allowed detailed comparisons of pesticide use on fields planted with GMO corn and soybeans, compared to non-GMO fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, this study probably won't settle the debate. It's that complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the study's conclusions is straightforward and difficult to dispute. Genetically modified, insect-protected corn has allowed farmers to reduce their use of insecticides to fight the corn rootworm and the European corn borer. There is, however, concern that this effect won't last. Corn rootworms have evolved resistance to one of the genes that's been deployed against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to weedkillers, though, the picture gets more murky. For one thing, the effect of GMOs has been different in corn than in soybeans. Farmers who switched to glyphosate-tolerant corn also switched herbicides, and used less total herbicide than farmers did on conventional corn — for a while. In the years since 2007, however, glyphosate-tolerant corn got sprayed with more weedkillers, as measured in kilograms per acre, than corn without that GMO trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers who are growing genetically modified, glyphosate-tolerant soybeans, meanwhile, have been using more weedkillers than their non-GMO neighbors. In fact, that gap has been widening in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ageconomics.k-state.edu/directory/faculty_directory/perry/\">Edward Perry\u003c/a> of Kansas State University, a co-author of the new study, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>, says farmers may be using more herbicides on glyphosate-tolerant crops in recent years because they have to fight off an increasing number of weeds that have evolved to become resistant to glyphosate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complicating the picture, however, is the fact that the war on weeds involves many different herbicides, and they vary tremendously in their environmental effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study tries to account for that by comparing the \"environmental impact quotient,\" or EIQ, of the herbicides sprayed on each field, in addition to their weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwyo.edu/plantsciences/department-directory/kniss.html\">Andrew Kniss\u003c/a>, a weed scientist at the University of Wyoming, says that the EIQ falls woefully short as a measure of real environmental impact. \"Toxicity can vary by a factor of 10 or a hundred,\" he says. The EIQ doesn't come anywhere close to capturing those large differences among chemicals, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better, he says, is a \"risk quotient\" measure that's used by the Environmental Protection Agency. \"It is, frankly, disappointing to see continued use of the EIQ in the peer-reviewed literature,\" Kniss wrote in an email to The Salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kniss says the EIQ is such a crude measure that this study can't convincingly show whether GMO crops have been helpful or harmful to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the debate continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There's new and detailed data on the impact of genetically modified crops on pesticide use. Those crops replaced insecticides, and, at first, some herbicides. But herbicide use has rebounded.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1472751976,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":598},"headData":{"title":"How GMOs Cut The Use Of Pesticides — And Perhaps Boosted It Again | KQED","description":"There's new and detailed data on the impact of genetically modified crops on pesticide use. Those crops replaced insecticides, and, at first, some herbicides. But herbicide use has rebounded.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How GMOs Cut The Use Of Pesticides — And Perhaps Boosted It Again","datePublished":"2016-09-01T17:46:16.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-01T17:46:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"111828 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=111828","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2016/09/01/how-gmos-cut-the-use-of-pesticides-and-perhaps-boosted-it-again/","disqusTitle":"How GMOs Cut The Use Of Pesticides — And Perhaps Boosted It Again","nprImageCredit":"Charlie Neibergall","nprByline":"Dan Charles, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"492091546","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=492091546&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/09/01/492091546/how-gmos-cut-the-use-of-pesticides-and-perhaps-boosted-them-again?ft=nprml&f=492091546","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 01 Sep 2016 12:43:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 01 Sep 2016 11:43:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 01 Sep 2016 12:43:00 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/111828/how-gmos-cut-the-use-of-pesticides-and-perhaps-boosted-it-again","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the ferocious, sprawling brawl over genetically modified crops, one particular question seems like it should have a simple factual answer: Did those crops lead to more use of pesticides, or less?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, there's no simple answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticides include both insecticides and herbicides. Backers of GMOs point to the example of crops containing new genes that fight off insect pests, so farmers don't have to spray insecticides. Biotech critics \u003ca href=\"https://www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/GE13YearsReport.pdf\">point\u003c/a> to the example of crops that have been altered to tolerate specific weedkillers, like glyphosate, thus encouraging farmers to rely more heavily on those herbicides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, scientists at Iowa State made a fresh \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/8/e1600850\">attempt\u003c/a> to answer this question. It's based on the most detailed data ever assembled to examine the issue. Those data came from a private company, which gathered information about the farm practices of 5,000 randomly selected farmers who grew corn and soybeans, the two most widely planted crops in the country. That information allowed detailed comparisons of pesticide use on fields planted with GMO corn and soybeans, compared to non-GMO fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, this study probably won't settle the debate. It's that complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the study's conclusions is straightforward and difficult to dispute. Genetically modified, insect-protected corn has allowed farmers to reduce their use of insecticides to fight the corn rootworm and the European corn borer. There is, however, concern that this effect won't last. Corn rootworms have evolved resistance to one of the genes that's been deployed against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to weedkillers, though, the picture gets more murky. For one thing, the effect of GMOs has been different in corn than in soybeans. Farmers who switched to glyphosate-tolerant corn also switched herbicides, and used less total herbicide than farmers did on conventional corn — for a while. In the years since 2007, however, glyphosate-tolerant corn got sprayed with more weedkillers, as measured in kilograms per acre, than corn without that GMO trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers who are growing genetically modified, glyphosate-tolerant soybeans, meanwhile, have been using more weedkillers than their non-GMO neighbors. In fact, that gap has been widening in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ageconomics.k-state.edu/directory/faculty_directory/perry/\">Edward Perry\u003c/a> of Kansas State University, a co-author of the new study, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>, says farmers may be using more herbicides on glyphosate-tolerant crops in recent years because they have to fight off an increasing number of weeds that have evolved to become resistant to glyphosate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complicating the picture, however, is the fact that the war on weeds involves many different herbicides, and they vary tremendously in their environmental effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study tries to account for that by comparing the \"environmental impact quotient,\" or EIQ, of the herbicides sprayed on each field, in addition to their weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwyo.edu/plantsciences/department-directory/kniss.html\">Andrew Kniss\u003c/a>, a weed scientist at the University of Wyoming, says that the EIQ falls woefully short as a measure of real environmental impact. \"Toxicity can vary by a factor of 10 or a hundred,\" he says. The EIQ doesn't come anywhere close to capturing those large differences among chemicals, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better, he says, is a \"risk quotient\" measure that's used by the Environmental Protection Agency. \"It is, frankly, disappointing to see continued use of the EIQ in the peer-reviewed literature,\" Kniss wrote in an email to The Salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kniss says the EIQ is such a crude measure that this study can't convincingly show whether GMO crops have been helpful or harmful to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the debate continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/111828/how-gmos-cut-the-use-of-pesticides-and-perhaps-boosted-it-again","authors":["byline_bayareabites_111828"],"categories":["bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_15583","bayareabites_14400","bayareabites_11445"],"featImg":"bayareabites_111829","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_111224":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_111224","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"111224","score":null,"sort":[1470265135000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"organic-food-fights-back-against-non-gmo-rival","title":"Organic Food Fights Back Against 'Non-GMO' Rival","publishDate":1470265135,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on All Things Considered:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/08/20160803_atc_organic_food_fights_back_against_non-gmo_rival.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did a little experiment the other day. I stood outside a Whole Foods Market in Washington, D.C., with two cartons of large brown eggs. One carton had the words \"Non-GMO Project Verified\" on it, with a little orange butterfly. It also said cage-free. The other carton had a different label; a green and white circle with the words \"USDA Organic.\" One other crucial difference: the organic carton cost 50 cents more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked shoppers which carton they would buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They both sound good,\" says Anna Hansen, sounding indecisive. \"If it's non-GMO, great. If it's USDA organic, great. I don't know!\" Then she pointed at the non-GMO carton. \"This one's a little cheaper, I guess I'd go with this one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the shoppers I met made the same choice, and they're joined by millions of shoppers across the country. \"We've seen exponential growth since our label first launched in 2010,\" says Megan Westgate, Executive Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nongmoproject.org/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a>, which is responsible for that label on the eggs. \"We're currently at about $16 billion in annual sales of products that have the butterfly on them. Just two years ago, we were at $7 billion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic food sales are growing, too, but not as rapidly. And it's creating some soul-searching among organic companies, some of which actually launched the Non-GMO Project because they wanted to have their products tested for the presence of GMOs.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The official organic rules, while they prohibit the use of genetic engineering, do not require organic food companies to test their ingredients for the presence of GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a concern, for sure, that consumers are getting ripped off, or that they're not getting what they think they're getting,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://us.naturespath.com/company-info/our-people/dagfalck\">Dag Falck\u003c/a>, the organic program manager at Nature's Path Organic Foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The non-GMO label has always had its critics. Some people say it's misleading because it implies that non-GMO foods are better for you. Scientists and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have said repeatedly that this is not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, organic food companies are starting — cautiously — to voice concerns about the non-GMO label, too. They're worried that shoppers have become so fixated on GMOs that they don't realize how little it actually means, compared to organic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little frustrating, to be honest,\" says Jesse LaFlamme, CEO and owner of \u003ca href=\"http://peteandgerrys.com/\">Pete and Gerry's Organic Eggs\u003c/a>. \"OK, it's great that there's a non-GMO symbol on there. But do you understand that that product might have been produced with pesticides, antibiotics, and with no regard for animal welfare?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Batcha, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ota.com/\">Organic Trade Association\u003c/a>, puts it this way: \"Non-GMO is agriculture before GMOs were introduced, which is still chemical agriculture.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good place to see what this means, in practice, is the farm near Cerro Gordo, Ill., where Allen Williams grows corn, soybeans and a variety of other crops. It's an unusual farm, because Williams grows crops three different ways: Some are organic, some are \"verified non-GMO\" and some are genetically modified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the way Williams sees it, there are basically two kinds of agriculture here: certified organic and conventional. He considers both the non-GMO and the GMO crops to be conventional, because when it comes to farming practices, both are very similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For both of those groups of crops, he uses factory-supplied fertilizers and chemical weedkillers. The only real difference is, he can use a cheaper weedkiller — glyphosate — on the genetically modified soybeans, and spray it right on top of the crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Williams shows me his organic farming. That's a whole different system. His organic soybeans are also non-GMO, but that's only a tiny part of what makes them organic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out a huge pile of chicken manure, which he will use as fertilizer. To control the weeds, he doesn't spray chemicals. Instead, he brings in local high school students who walk the rows and clear out the weeds by hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of farmers don't want to make the effort to grow crops this way, and as a result, there's a shortage of organic soybeans and corn, which are needed to feed organic animals. It's driven the price of organic crops sky-high. That's great for farmers like Allen Williams. He earned more than twice as much money for a bushel of his organic soybeans, compared to his non-GMO beans.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expensive organic soybeans means expensive organic eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to Hansen, the shopper who preferred the cheaper non-GMO eggs. When I tell her why the non-GMO eggs were cheaper, she changes her mind. \"Now that I know that, I'd definitely pick the USDA Organic,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic food companies are trying to get that message out, but Falck says it's a tough fight. The big problem, he says, is that \"organic\" means \"literally hundreds of things.\" The organic rules cover everything from food additives to animal welfare to soil fertility. Consumers respond better, he says, to a message that focuses on just one thing — like a ban on GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to get better at talking about what organic means, and simplify that message,\" says Falck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan Westgate, from the Non-GMO Project, says that her organization doesn't want to undermine the organic program, which she says \"covers a lot of important things that the Non-GMO project doesn't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is something that we are very sensitive to, and we talk about it a lot, how to protect that [organic] label,\" she says. \"We're trying not to step on anybody's toes. But at the same time, it's really important to test for GMOs.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sales of food labeled \"non-GMO\" are booming, and it's starting to annoy organic food companies. They see the non-GMO label as cut-rate competition that doesn't deliver what shoppers imagine.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1470266121,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1012},"headData":{"title":"Organic Food Fights Back Against 'Non-GMO' Rival | KQED","description":"Sales of food labeled "non-GMO" are booming, and it's starting to annoy organic food companies. They see the non-GMO label as cut-rate competition that doesn't deliver what shoppers imagine.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Organic Food Fights Back Against 'Non-GMO' Rival","datePublished":"2016-08-03T22:58:55.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-03T23:15:21.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"111224 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=111224","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2016/08/03/organic-food-fights-back-against-non-gmo-rival/","disqusTitle":"Organic Food Fights Back Against 'Non-GMO' Rival","source":"Marketing, Advertising & Labeling","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/category/marketing-and-advertising/","nprImageCredit":"Morgan McCloy","nprByline":"Dan Charles, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"NPR","nprStoryId":"487905333","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=487905333&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/08/03/487905333/organic-food-fights-back-against-non-gmo-rival?ft=nprml&f=487905333","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 03 Aug 2016 18:40:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 03 Aug 2016 16:30:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 03 Aug 2016 18:30:11 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/08/20160803_atc_organic_food_fights_back_against_non-gmo_rival.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=225&p=2&story=487905333&t=progseg&e=488477817&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=487905333","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1488568448-76e53c.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=225&p=2&story=487905333&t=progseg&e=488477817&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=487905333","path":"/bayareabites/111224/organic-food-fights-back-against-non-gmo-rival","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/08/20160803_atc_organic_food_fights_back_against_non-gmo_rival.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=225&p=2&story=487905333&t=progseg&e=488477817&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=487905333","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on All Things Considered:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/08/20160803_atc_organic_food_fights_back_against_non-gmo_rival.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did a little experiment the other day. I stood outside a Whole Foods Market in Washington, D.C., with two cartons of large brown eggs. One carton had the words \"Non-GMO Project Verified\" on it, with a little orange butterfly. It also said cage-free. The other carton had a different label; a green and white circle with the words \"USDA Organic.\" One other crucial difference: the organic carton cost 50 cents more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked shoppers which carton they would buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They both sound good,\" says Anna Hansen, sounding indecisive. \"If it's non-GMO, great. If it's USDA organic, great. I don't know!\" Then she pointed at the non-GMO carton. \"This one's a little cheaper, I guess I'd go with this one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the shoppers I met made the same choice, and they're joined by millions of shoppers across the country. \"We've seen exponential growth since our label first launched in 2010,\" says Megan Westgate, Executive Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nongmoproject.org/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a>, which is responsible for that label on the eggs. \"We're currently at about $16 billion in annual sales of products that have the butterfly on them. Just two years ago, we were at $7 billion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic food sales are growing, too, but not as rapidly. And it's creating some soul-searching among organic companies, some of which actually launched the Non-GMO Project because they wanted to have their products tested for the presence of GMOs.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The official organic rules, while they prohibit the use of genetic engineering, do not require organic food companies to test their ingredients for the presence of GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a concern, for sure, that consumers are getting ripped off, or that they're not getting what they think they're getting,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://us.naturespath.com/company-info/our-people/dagfalck\">Dag Falck\u003c/a>, the organic program manager at Nature's Path Organic Foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The non-GMO label has always had its critics. Some people say it's misleading because it implies that non-GMO foods are better for you. Scientists and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have said repeatedly that this is not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, organic food companies are starting — cautiously — to voice concerns about the non-GMO label, too. They're worried that shoppers have become so fixated on GMOs that they don't realize how little it actually means, compared to organic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little frustrating, to be honest,\" says Jesse LaFlamme, CEO and owner of \u003ca href=\"http://peteandgerrys.com/\">Pete and Gerry's Organic Eggs\u003c/a>. \"OK, it's great that there's a non-GMO symbol on there. But do you understand that that product might have been produced with pesticides, antibiotics, and with no regard for animal welfare?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Batcha, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ota.com/\">Organic Trade Association\u003c/a>, puts it this way: \"Non-GMO is agriculture before GMOs were introduced, which is still chemical agriculture.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good place to see what this means, in practice, is the farm near Cerro Gordo, Ill., where Allen Williams grows corn, soybeans and a variety of other crops. It's an unusual farm, because Williams grows crops three different ways: Some are organic, some are \"verified non-GMO\" and some are genetically modified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the way Williams sees it, there are basically two kinds of agriculture here: certified organic and conventional. He considers both the non-GMO and the GMO crops to be conventional, because when it comes to farming practices, both are very similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For both of those groups of crops, he uses factory-supplied fertilizers and chemical weedkillers. The only real difference is, he can use a cheaper weedkiller — glyphosate — on the genetically modified soybeans, and spray it right on top of the crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Williams shows me his organic farming. That's a whole different system. His organic soybeans are also non-GMO, but that's only a tiny part of what makes them organic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out a huge pile of chicken manure, which he will use as fertilizer. To control the weeds, he doesn't spray chemicals. Instead, he brings in local high school students who walk the rows and clear out the weeds by hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of farmers don't want to make the effort to grow crops this way, and as a result, there's a shortage of organic soybeans and corn, which are needed to feed organic animals. It's driven the price of organic crops sky-high. That's great for farmers like Allen Williams. He earned more than twice as much money for a bushel of his organic soybeans, compared to his non-GMO beans.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expensive organic soybeans means expensive organic eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to Hansen, the shopper who preferred the cheaper non-GMO eggs. When I tell her why the non-GMO eggs were cheaper, she changes her mind. \"Now that I know that, I'd definitely pick the USDA Organic,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic food companies are trying to get that message out, but Falck says it's a tough fight. The big problem, he says, is that \"organic\" means \"literally hundreds of things.\" The organic rules cover everything from food additives to animal welfare to soil fertility. Consumers respond better, he says, to a message that focuses on just one thing — like a ban on GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to get better at talking about what organic means, and simplify that message,\" says Falck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan Westgate, from the Non-GMO Project, says that her organization doesn't want to undermine the organic program, which she says \"covers a lot of important things that the Non-GMO project doesn't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is something that we are very sensitive to, and we talk about it a lot, how to protect that [organic] label,\" she says. \"We're trying not to step on anybody's toes. But at the same time, it's really important to test for GMOs.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/111224/organic-food-fights-back-against-non-gmo-rival","authors":["byline_bayareabites_111224"],"categories":["bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_12555","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_10774","bayareabites_14080","bayareabites_65"],"featImg":"bayareabites_111225","label":"source_bayareabites_111224"},"bayareabites_111121":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_111121","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"111121","score":null,"sort":[1470072146000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"crime-in-the-fields-how-monsanto-and-scofflaw-farmers-hurt-soybeans-in-arkansas","title":"Crime In The Fields: How Monsanto And Scofflaw Farmers Hurt Soybeans In Arkansas","publishDate":1470072146,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>When agricultural extension agent Tom Barber drives the country roads of eastern Arkansas this summer, his trained eye can spot the damage: soybean leaves contorted into cup-like shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's \u003ca href=\"http://www.arkansas-crops.com/2016/07/07/dicamba-potential-soybean/\">seeing\u003c/a> it in field after field. Similar damage is turning up in Tennessee and in the \"boot-heel\" region of Missouri. Tens of thousands of acres are affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is no natural phenomenon of weather or disease. It's almost certainly the result of a crime. The disfigured leaves are evidence that a neighboring farmer sprayed a herbicide called \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/dicamba_gen.html\">dicamba\u003c/a>, probably in violation of the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dicamba has been around for decades, and it is notorious for a couple of things: It vaporizes quickly and blows with the wind. And it's especially toxic to soybeans, even at ridiculously low concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Damage from drifting pesticides isn't unfamiliar to farmers. But the reason for this year's plague of dicamba damage is unprecedented. \"I've never seen anything like this before,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://personnel-directory.uaex.edu/People/uaex905809/Robert-Scott\">Bob Scott\u003c/a>, a weed specialist from the University of Arkansas. \"This is a unique situation that Monsanto created.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts with Monsanto because the St. Louis-based biotech giant launched, this year, an updated version of its herbicide-tolerant soybean seeds. This new \u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/products/pages/roundup-ready-2-xtend-soybeans.aspx\">version\u003c/a>, which Monsanto calls \"Xtend,\" isn't just engineered to tolerate sprays of glyphosate, aka Roundup. It's also immune to dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto created dicamba-resistant soybeans (and cotton) in an effort to stay a step ahead of the weeds. The strategy of planting Roundup-resistant crops and spraying Roundup to kill weeds isn't working so well anymore, because weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Adding genes for dicamba resistance, so the thinking went, would give farmers the option of spraying dicamba as well, which would clear out the weeds that survive glyphosate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was just one hitch in the plan. A very big hitch, as it turned out. The Environmental Protection Agency has not yet approved the new dicamba weedkiller that Monsanto created for farmers to spray on its new dicamba-resistant crops. That new formulation of dicamba, according to Monsanto, has been formulated so that it won't vaporize as easily, and won't be as likely to harm neighboring crops. If the EPA approves the new weedkiller, it may impose restrictions on how and when the chemical may be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Monsanto went ahead and started selling its dicamba-resistant soybeans before this herbicide was approved. It gave farmers a new weed-killing tool that they couldn't legally use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto says it did so because these seeds weren't just resistant to dicamba; they also offered higher yields, which farmers wanted. In an email to The Salt, Phil Miller, Monsanto's vice president for global regulatory and government affairs, wrote that \"there's incredible value in the Xtend technology independent of herbicide applications: There is great demand for strong yield performance and our latest industry leading genetics.\" Monsanto says it also made it clear to farmers that they were not allowed to spray dicamba on these dicamba-resistant beans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers themselves, however, may have had other ideas. Robert Goodson, an agricultural extension agent in Phillips County, Ark., believes that some farmers were hoping that the EPA would approve the new dicamba weedkiller in the course of the growing season, so they'd get to spray it over their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe some farmers secretly intended to violate the law, using regular old dicamba, even without EPA approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in this part of the country are struggling to control a weed called Palmer amaranth, also known as pigweed. Many of the weedkillers they've used in the past don't work anymore. Weed expert Bob Scott says they're desperate for new tools. \"If we didn't need this so bad, we wouldn't be having this conversation,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe in the back of their mind they thought, 'Well, I'm not going to hurt anything if I do [spray dicamba],' \" says Tom Barber. \"Some of these guys may have thought they didn't have an option, they had to use dicamba or they'd lose the crop. I don't know what they were thinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the original motivation for buying Xtend seed, some scofflaw farmers did try to take advantage of it by spraying dicamba on their soybean fields. Swaths of vulnerable soybeans on neighboring fields are \u003ca href=\"http://deltafarmpress.com/soybeans/dicamba-drift-incidents-have-ripple-effect?page=1\">showing\u003c/a> the damage. \"There's a tremendous amount of injury on soybean fields,\" says Barber. There also are reports of damage to vegetable crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barber says farmers whose fields are damaged are especially angry, because they're already under economic stress because of low crop prices. \"They see their soybeans out there all cupped up and stunted, their reaction is not good,\" Barber says. \"We've seen cases of herbicide drift before. Usually the farmers work it out among themselves. But it's getting to the point now, it's made a lot of farmers upset with their neighbors. It's an unfortunate thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 farmers in Missouri have filed formal complaints with the state's Department of Agriculture. In Arkansas, 25 complaints have been filed. If investigators decide that a farmer has sprayed dicamba illegally, the farmer can be fined. In Arkansas, the maximum fine for a violation is $1,000, but \"our fines aren't stopping them,\" says Susie Nichols, who is in charge of pesticide regulation for Arkansas. State regulators are considering raising that to $5,000 or even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols says the Arkansas Plant Board also is considering new regulations that could drastically restrict the use of dicamba, even if the EPA does approve the use of Monsanto's new and reformulated version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weed scientists from the University of Arkansas believe that the new version of dicamba also could damage nearby soybean fields. So if any farmers are permitted to use it on soybeans, other farmers may be forced to buy Monsanto's dicamba-resistant soybean varieties just to protect themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Barber, that threat is adding to farmers' frustration. \"They're afraid that they're not going to be able to grow what they want to grow. They're afraid that they're going to be forced to go with that technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's one final and, for farmers, unwelcome twist to this story. If they do manage to limit dicamba's collateral damage, and start to use it widely, there's new \u003ca href=\"http://www.uaex.edu/media-resources/news/january2016/01-26-2016-Ark-Pigweed-Dicamba.aspx\">evidence\u003c/a> that the chemical may quickly become ineffective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weedsummit.ca/speakers/jason-norsworthy\">Jason Norsworthy\u003c/a>, a weed expert at the University of Arkansas, wanted to see if pigweed could evolve resistance to dicamba. In a greenhouse, he sprayed pigweed plants with light doses of dicamba — not enough to kill most of the plants, but enough to give an advantage to any individual plants that might be slightly resistant to the herbicide. He recovered seeds from surviving plants and repeated the process. After just three generations, he found pigweed plants that were able to survive full-dose sprays of dicamba. Most likely, the same process would occur rather quickly in field conditions, leaving farmers once again desperate for a new solution to their pigweed problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extension agent Robert Goodson says that in the long run, farmers in Arkansas may be forced to take a different approach to managing weeds, probably by growing different crops. Instead of soybeans, farmers may grow more sorghum, rice or other crops. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new type of genetically engineered crop is tempting farmers to use a weedkiller illegally. The illicit chemical use has damaged nearby crops and provoked conflict among neighbors.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1470072146,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1240},"headData":{"title":"Crime In The Fields: How Monsanto And Scofflaw Farmers Hurt Soybeans In Arkansas | KQED","description":"A new type of genetically engineered crop is tempting farmers to use a weedkiller illegally. The illicit chemical use has damaged nearby crops and provoked conflict among neighbors.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Crime In The Fields: How Monsanto And Scofflaw Farmers Hurt Soybeans In Arkansas","datePublished":"2016-08-01T17:22:26.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-01T17:22:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"111121 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=111121","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2016/08/01/crime-in-the-fields-how-monsanto-and-scofflaw-farmers-hurt-soybeans-in-arkansas/","disqusTitle":"Crime In The Fields: How Monsanto And Scofflaw Farmers Hurt Soybeans In Arkansas","nprByline":"Dan Charles, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"Courtesy of the University of Arkansas","nprStoryId":"487809643","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=487809643&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/08/01/487809643/crime-in-the-fields-how-monsanto-and-scofflaw-farmers-hurt-soybeans-in-arkansas?ft=nprml&f=487809643","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 01 Aug 2016 07:00:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 01 Aug 2016 07:00:29 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 01 Aug 2016 07:00:29 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/111121/crime-in-the-fields-how-monsanto-and-scofflaw-farmers-hurt-soybeans-in-arkansas","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When agricultural extension agent Tom Barber drives the country roads of eastern Arkansas this summer, his trained eye can spot the damage: soybean leaves contorted into cup-like shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's \u003ca href=\"http://www.arkansas-crops.com/2016/07/07/dicamba-potential-soybean/\">seeing\u003c/a> it in field after field. Similar damage is turning up in Tennessee and in the \"boot-heel\" region of Missouri. Tens of thousands of acres are affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is no natural phenomenon of weather or disease. It's almost certainly the result of a crime. The disfigured leaves are evidence that a neighboring farmer sprayed a herbicide called \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/dicamba_gen.html\">dicamba\u003c/a>, probably in violation of the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dicamba has been around for decades, and it is notorious for a couple of things: It vaporizes quickly and blows with the wind. And it's especially toxic to soybeans, even at ridiculously low concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Damage from drifting pesticides isn't unfamiliar to farmers. But the reason for this year's plague of dicamba damage is unprecedented. \"I've never seen anything like this before,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://personnel-directory.uaex.edu/People/uaex905809/Robert-Scott\">Bob Scott\u003c/a>, a weed specialist from the University of Arkansas. \"This is a unique situation that Monsanto created.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts with Monsanto because the St. Louis-based biotech giant launched, this year, an updated version of its herbicide-tolerant soybean seeds. This new \u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/products/pages/roundup-ready-2-xtend-soybeans.aspx\">version\u003c/a>, which Monsanto calls \"Xtend,\" isn't just engineered to tolerate sprays of glyphosate, aka Roundup. It's also immune to dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto created dicamba-resistant soybeans (and cotton) in an effort to stay a step ahead of the weeds. The strategy of planting Roundup-resistant crops and spraying Roundup to kill weeds isn't working so well anymore, because weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Adding genes for dicamba resistance, so the thinking went, would give farmers the option of spraying dicamba as well, which would clear out the weeds that survive glyphosate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was just one hitch in the plan. A very big hitch, as it turned out. The Environmental Protection Agency has not yet approved the new dicamba weedkiller that Monsanto created for farmers to spray on its new dicamba-resistant crops. That new formulation of dicamba, according to Monsanto, has been formulated so that it won't vaporize as easily, and won't be as likely to harm neighboring crops. If the EPA approves the new weedkiller, it may impose restrictions on how and when the chemical may be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Monsanto went ahead and started selling its dicamba-resistant soybeans before this herbicide was approved. It gave farmers a new weed-killing tool that they couldn't legally use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto says it did so because these seeds weren't just resistant to dicamba; they also offered higher yields, which farmers wanted. In an email to The Salt, Phil Miller, Monsanto's vice president for global regulatory and government affairs, wrote that \"there's incredible value in the Xtend technology independent of herbicide applications: There is great demand for strong yield performance and our latest industry leading genetics.\" Monsanto says it also made it clear to farmers that they were not allowed to spray dicamba on these dicamba-resistant beans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers themselves, however, may have had other ideas. Robert Goodson, an agricultural extension agent in Phillips County, Ark., believes that some farmers were hoping that the EPA would approve the new dicamba weedkiller in the course of the growing season, so they'd get to spray it over their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe some farmers secretly intended to violate the law, using regular old dicamba, even without EPA approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in this part of the country are struggling to control a weed called Palmer amaranth, also known as pigweed. Many of the weedkillers they've used in the past don't work anymore. Weed expert Bob Scott says they're desperate for new tools. \"If we didn't need this so bad, we wouldn't be having this conversation,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe in the back of their mind they thought, 'Well, I'm not going to hurt anything if I do [spray dicamba],' \" says Tom Barber. \"Some of these guys may have thought they didn't have an option, they had to use dicamba or they'd lose the crop. I don't know what they were thinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the original motivation for buying Xtend seed, some scofflaw farmers did try to take advantage of it by spraying dicamba on their soybean fields. Swaths of vulnerable soybeans on neighboring fields are \u003ca href=\"http://deltafarmpress.com/soybeans/dicamba-drift-incidents-have-ripple-effect?page=1\">showing\u003c/a> the damage. \"There's a tremendous amount of injury on soybean fields,\" says Barber. There also are reports of damage to vegetable crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barber says farmers whose fields are damaged are especially angry, because they're already under economic stress because of low crop prices. \"They see their soybeans out there all cupped up and stunted, their reaction is not good,\" Barber says. \"We've seen cases of herbicide drift before. Usually the farmers work it out among themselves. But it's getting to the point now, it's made a lot of farmers upset with their neighbors. It's an unfortunate thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 farmers in Missouri have filed formal complaints with the state's Department of Agriculture. In Arkansas, 25 complaints have been filed. If investigators decide that a farmer has sprayed dicamba illegally, the farmer can be fined. In Arkansas, the maximum fine for a violation is $1,000, but \"our fines aren't stopping them,\" says Susie Nichols, who is in charge of pesticide regulation for Arkansas. State regulators are considering raising that to $5,000 or even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols says the Arkansas Plant Board also is considering new regulations that could drastically restrict the use of dicamba, even if the EPA does approve the use of Monsanto's new and reformulated version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weed scientists from the University of Arkansas believe that the new version of dicamba also could damage nearby soybean fields. So if any farmers are permitted to use it on soybeans, other farmers may be forced to buy Monsanto's dicamba-resistant soybean varieties just to protect themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Barber, that threat is adding to farmers' frustration. \"They're afraid that they're not going to be able to grow what they want to grow. They're afraid that they're going to be forced to go with that technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's one final and, for farmers, unwelcome twist to this story. If they do manage to limit dicamba's collateral damage, and start to use it widely, there's new \u003ca href=\"http://www.uaex.edu/media-resources/news/january2016/01-26-2016-Ark-Pigweed-Dicamba.aspx\">evidence\u003c/a> that the chemical may quickly become ineffective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weedsummit.ca/speakers/jason-norsworthy\">Jason Norsworthy\u003c/a>, a weed expert at the University of Arkansas, wanted to see if pigweed could evolve resistance to dicamba. In a greenhouse, he sprayed pigweed plants with light doses of dicamba — not enough to kill most of the plants, but enough to give an advantage to any individual plants that might be slightly resistant to the herbicide. He recovered seeds from surviving plants and repeated the process. After just three generations, he found pigweed plants that were able to survive full-dose sprays of dicamba. Most likely, the same process would occur rather quickly in field conditions, leaving farmers once again desperate for a new solution to their pigweed problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extension agent Robert Goodson says that in the long run, farmers in Arkansas may be forced to take a different approach to managing weeds, probably by growing different crops. Instead of soybeans, farmers may grow more sorghum, rice or other crops. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/111121/crime-in-the-fields-how-monsanto-and-scofflaw-farmers-hurt-soybeans-in-arkansas","authors":["byline_bayareabites_111121"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_15550","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_10773","bayareabites_14756","bayareabites_15549"],"featImg":"bayareabites_111122","label":"bayareabites"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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